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This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical analysis, hardness, microstructure, and physical characteristic requirements for low carbon cast steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
This study investigates the characterization and dry machining performance of advanced physical vapor deposition (PVD) aluminum titanium nitride (AlTiN) and aluminum chromium titanium nitride (AlCrTiN) coatings deposited using three techniques: cathodic arc evaporation (CAE), high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and scalable pulse power plasma (S3p). The coatings were evaluated for thickness, microstructure, surface roughness, coefficient of friction (CoF), adhesion strength, and microhardness. Among the tested coatings, the S3p-deposited AlCrTiN showed the best performance, exhibiting the highest microhardness (40 GPa), the strongest adhesion (108 N), and the lowest CoF (0.25), along with a defect-free microstructure. Under the selected dry turning condition of 150 m/min cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed rate, and 0.7 mm depth of cut, the S3p-deposited AlCrTiN coating achieved a maximum tool life of 10,800 mm, nearly three times higher than the CAE-deposited AlTiN coating. In contrast, CAE coatings showed comparatively lower hardness and weaker adhesion, with minimum values of 25 GPa and 68 N for C1, along with higher CoF values of 0.58–0.60. Furthermore, AlCrTiN coatings produced by HiPIMS and S3p provided 20–30% longer tool life than AlTiN coatings under identical cutting conditions, highlighting the importance of deposition technique.
Dinkar Sonawane, Gaurav
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of die forgings 3 inches (76 mm) and under in nominal thickness at time of heat treatment, hand forgings 6 inches (152 mm) and under in nominal thickness, and forging stock of any size (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to explain the functions of the various sections of the specifications, why some of the terms in AMS specifications are used, and how the specification system works. Starting with Section 4 of this document, the topics are presented in the order they usually appear in AMS specifications.
Aerospace Materials Systems Group
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of forgings and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers flash-welded rings made of aluminum and aluminum alloys (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy procured in the form of sheet 0.078 to 0.197 inch (2.00 to 5.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness, Alclad on both sides (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Amid the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the vehicle frame, as the core load-bearing component of the entire vehicle, plays a direct role in the vehicle’s safety, lightweight design, and power performance through its design and performance. Although research on new energy vehicle frames has matured, issues related to the lightweighting of drive shaft-associated structures and the balance between weight reduction and strength/stiffness still require in-depth exploration. This study focuses on the chassis of new energy vehicles, utilizing Q295 low-alloy high-strength steel. Based on the vehicle’s dimensions and mass parameters, a simplified 3D model was constructed using SolidWorks. Static analysis under bending and torsion conditions, along with a 6th-order modal analysis, was conducted using ANSYS software. Based on the analysis results, optimizations were implemented at both structural and material levels: structurally, the central crossbeam was widened, holes were opened on the crossbeam’s vertical plane to reduce weight, and the longitudinal beam welding process was optimized; materially, Q295 steel was retained in high-stress zones, while aluminum alloy replaced it in low-stress zones. The optimized frame achieved a 15% reduction in torsional stress, a 16% decrease in bending stress, a 2% reduction in torsional deformation, and a 3% decrease in bending deformation. Total mass decreased by 12.7 kg, with both strength and stiffness meeting design requirements. This approach synergistically enhances frame lightweighting and performance, providing technical support for optimizing the overall performance of new energy vehicles.
Guo, LihongWang, YiyouYang, Zihao
Fracture failure of girth welds in high-grade steel pipelines poses a critical threat to pipeline integrity. Leveraging enhanced digitalization in pipeline engineering, a statistical database has been developed to support reliability analysis based on actual operational data. This study utilizes real project data to analyze the failure probability and key influencing factors of girth welds containing crack defects, thereby providing theoretical support for safety design and risk management. To overcome the conservatism of traditional deterministic methods, a probabilistic reliability model was established, incorporating a modified PRCI-CRES ultimate tensile strain criterion. Addressing the inefficiency of standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in high-dimensional low-probability contexts, an efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-Subset Simulation (HMC-SS) strategy was introduced. Results show that HMC-SS improves computational efficiency by 99.95% over MC, with only 0.90% relative error. Key findings include: crack depth has the strongest influence – variation from 0.92 mm to 3.68 mm, which increases failure probability by 103 times; the strength matching coefficient is dominant, and higher values reduce failure risk; strain demand exhibits a positive correlation with failure probability and couples with material properties. It is concluded that high- or equal-strength material matching should be emphasized in welding, and reliability-informed design should account for multi-parameter interactions to ensure global safety.
Yang, KaiWang, KaihongWang, BinShao, JiaYu, WeichaoZhang, Dong
This paper focuses on the control challenge of the movable ladder section of an offshore boarding ladder. A dynamic sliding mode control (DSMC) method based on the backstepping approach is proposed. To address the disturbance mismatch problem in traditional control strategies, the backstepping approach is adopted for the hierarchical design of the control law, decomposing the complex nonlinear system into low-order subsystems for step-by-step processing. Meanwhile, by integrating the strong anti-disturbance advantage of DSMC, a composite control framework with disturbance compensation capability is constructed, which effectively suppresses the nonlinear disturbances caused by external disturbances and system parameter perturbations during the movement of the movable ladder section. The stability of the proposed control method is strictly proven using the Lyapunov function. Simulation results show that the speed response adjustment time of the movable ladder section is less than 10.3 ms, and the position tracking error is controlled within 1.03 mm. Compared with the traditional PID control, the rise time of DSMC is improved by 89.16%, and the tracking accuracy is improved by 90.98%. Facts fully prove that the effectiveness of the proposed method is solidly established.
Yang, LixinGuo, LidongXu, Liang
Effective shock absorption is essential for maintaining stability during landing events. Aerospace systems traditionally rely on oleo-pneumatic struts, while robotic platforms utilize lightweight compliant joints for impact mitigation. Recent advances have shifted attention toward adaptive solutions, including magnetorheological and electrorheological dampers, which can adjust their damping characteristics in real time through sensor feedback and control algorithms. By integrating established mechanical design principles with advanced materials and intelligent control strategies, modern landing systems can achieve improved energy dissipation and enhanced performance under variable and unpredictable conditions. This work evaluates the transition from passive to adaptive shock absorption technologies by examining landing dynamics, the mechanical architectures of conventional and semi-active systems, and the control strategies that enable adaptive damping. The findings indicate that, although passive systems offer reliability and simplicity, they lack the adaptability required for highly variable environments, while semi-active systems provide enhanced performance through real-time modulation enabled by advanced control algorithms. However, challenges related to power requirements, system complexity, material durability, and long-term reliability continue to limit widespread implementation of adaptive technologies. Overall, this review highlights the limitations of passive designs, evaluates the tradeoffs between MR and ER damping technologies, examines the evolution of semi-active control strategies, and identifies the key technical barriers that must be addressed before adaptive shock absorption systems achieve broader operational adoption.
Shah, RajeshPatel, ParthMittal, Vikram
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of wire 0.007 to 0.625 inch (0.18 to 15.88 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter, cold drawn to Condition C, and capable of being precipitation heat treated to Condition CH900.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This document (Technical Specification) gives information about qualification rules and the relation between the different specification parts involved, such as the Technical Specification (TS), Material Specification (MS), and Purchasing Specification (PS). The link to the material qualification and qualified products is presented.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
g-C₃N₄, a metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst, demonstrates remarkable potential, but its practical application in pollutant degradation is significantly limited by the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and low photocatalytic efficiency. To address this, a series of magnetic recyclable g-C₃N₄/CoFe₂O₄ composite photocatalysts with different CoFe₂O₄ doping ratios were innovatively designed and prepared via thermal polymerization, sol- gel, and combined with ultrasonic and heat treatment processes. The novelty of this composite design lies in the effective integration of magnetic CoFe₂O₄ with g-C₃N₄ through a heterojunction structure. It substantially boosts the absorption of visible light. Concurrently, it effectively fosters the separation and mobility of photo-induced charge carriers. The composite materials were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Using tetracycline hydrochloride as the target pollutant, the photocatalytic activity of the composites was evaluated under visible light irradiation, and the effects of initial concentration, catalyst dosage, and the influence of solution pH on degradation efficiency were also examined. The results indicated that the composite with a CoFe₂O₄ to g-C₃N₄ mass ratio of 1:3 (denoted as 3-CN/CFO) exhibited the optimal performance: a TCH degradation rate of 80.29 % within 105 minutes and a total organic carbon removal rate of 61.63 %. After five consecutive cycling experiments, the degradation efficiency remained above 70 %, demonstrating good reusability and stability. The performance improvement is attributed to the formation of heterojunctions in the composite, which effectively facilitates charge separation, inhibits carrier recombination, and enhances visible light absorption. Furthermore, the inherent magnetism of the composite permits efficient recovery, streamlining its integration into practical applications. Toward the purification of antibiotic-contaminated water, this research proposes a viable method for fabricating highly effective and recyclable photocatalysts.
Hua, LongjunChai, TianWang, YimingZhang, JingHe, Ting
Steel structures subjected to complex loading conditions undergo various types of damage, including fatigue, crack propagation, plastic deformation, and corrosion. As time and loads accumulate, these damages may lead to structural failure. The investigation of the damage mechanisms and constitutive models for special equipment steel structures under complex loading has been a significant challenge in engineering. This study develops a constitutive model for steel structure damage under static and dynamic loads, as well as vibration disturbances, through a normalization approach. The proposed model is validated via simulation to assess its feasibility. The findings offer a theoretical foundation for the design, life prediction, and health monitoring of steel structures in special equipment, aiming to enhance their safety and reliability. This research provides critical insights into damage analysis, failure prediction, and the optimization of repair strategies for steel structures, with significant practical implications in engineering applications.
Wang, JunYu, ZhenHuang, Yong-qiangChen, Wei-bi
In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are applied to systematically examine the influence of varying temperatures (300 K, 500 K, and 700 K) on the Elevated-temperature compression behavior and micromechanical characteristics of polycrystalline Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy. A nanopolycrystalline model was established to analyze the stress–strain response, dislocation evolution, and crystal structure changes occurring during the deformation process. The simulation results show that the yield strength and elastic modulus both decline as temperature increases, indicating a pronounced thermal softening effect. During the early stage of plastic deformation, dislocations mainly have their nucleation sites at grain boundaries and then propagate into the grain interiors, where they form interconnected networks along with stacking faults and twin structures. This work reveals the thermal deformation mechanisms of Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy at the atomic scale and provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of its hot-working processes.
Sun, RuifengLiu, ShoukuiWang, RuiSun, XuemeiDing, ShuliMa, Xiaofei
Corrosion-wear damage behavior affects the bearing life and reliability seriously in a corrosive environment. The accurate evaluation of the tribocorrosion behavior of 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel samples is critical for the application and protection of bearings. The present work seeks to establish the relationship between laboratory salt spray accelerated experiments and the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steel samples in real outdoor marine atmosphere exposure, and investigate the tribological behavior in the corrosion-wear process under artificial seawater. Results show that salt spray corrosion tests can well simulate the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steels in marine atmospheric exposure. The tribocorrosion performance of 8Cr4Mo4V steels under artificial seawater conditions is affected by the temperature effect of the corrosive liquid and the working conditions. Increased normal load and reduced rotational speed can improve the anti-friction performance. This work offers the possibility and reference of precise control of corrosion-wear-coupled damage failures for bearings.
Zhao, ChaoYing, LixiaNie, ChongyangZhu, TianlinSun, Dong
This study investigates the convective heat transfer mechanism in the unlocking process of magnesium strip-based solid propellant mechanisms, supported by numerical simulations. Through developing a multiphysics coupled model for the unlocking mechanism, we analyze magnesium strip fracture and unlocking processes, revealing how convective heat transfer affects unlocking duration. The simulation results demonstrate excellent agreement with experimental data, providing theoretical guidance for engineering design of magnesium strip-based solid propellant systems.
Wang, HaoxuZhong, Jianlin
The issue of current-carrying friction wear in the sliding ring slider of a controllable pitch propeller (CPP) oil distributor under shaft current conditions was addressed through the development of a specialized wear test device. Comparative tests were carried out with and without the application of electrical current in order to assess lubrication performance in bio-oil, mineral oil, and gear oil. Under conditions of low electrical current, the device exhibited significant signs of current-induced friction wear, in addition to substantial oil oxidation and the accumulation of deposits within the bio-oil. Conversely, the level of wear experienced was minimal in both mineral oil and gear oil conditions. These results imply that CPP systems utilising bio-oil encounter a considerable risk of wear under current-carrying circumstances. Quantitative analysis revealed that the wear depth of the friction pair in bio-oil under energized conditions reached 0.02 mm, accompanied by the formation of a phase-transformed layer up to 11.2 μm thick, which was approximately twice that observed in mineral or gear oils. Metallographic evidence confirmed severe arc erosion as the dominant wear mechanism, which was significantly exacerbated by the inferior oxidation stability and higher electrical conductivity of the bio-oil. In engineering practice, the utilisation of alternative lubricants is to be given precedence, and the shaft-type oil distributor is to be electrically insulated.
Xia, MiaoLi, JiyueChang, LongWu, Rongjia
In order to improve the polar adaptability of the submarine, a protective coating was applied to a large surface injection-molded part. The anti-icing characteristics of the protective coating under a low-temperature environment were studied using the protective coating as the research object. The contact angle test, freezing time test, and hydrophobic face ice adhesion test between liquid droplets and coating surfaces at low temperatures were completed by controlling variables.The results showed that temperature had a significant impact on the contact angle, with a decrease of 8% to 11% from 25 °C to 0°C, while the droplet salinity only gave a small effect on the contact angle. The inherent properties of coatings and droplet salinity had a huge impact on the ice adhesion on droplets and freezing time.Under the same droplet salinity, there are significant differences in the time of freezing and ice adhesion of droplets on distinct coating surfaces. However, as the droplet salinity increases from 0‰ to 35‰, the droplets on the protective coating surface freeze more slowly, the time increases by 64.7 seconds, and the ice adhesion decreases by 43.9%.
Feng, ShengyaoZou, DeboGuo, ChaoJiang, YongYou, ChuangLu, Bingju
To improve stress-distribution uniformity and reduce wear during polishing, a biomimetic flexible polishing tool was developed by incorporating microstructured surface features inspired by the gastropod shell. A biomimetic flexible polishing tool was first geometrically modeled, and then the tool–workpiece contact was analyzed in the elastic polishing regime using Preston’s material removal equation to elucidate stress transmission and contact deformation mechanisms. An Abaqus finite-element model of the elastic tool–workpiece contact was subsequently established to compute tool and workpiece stress fields and contact-area fraction during polishing. The biomimetic tools were fabricated by curing silicone rubber mixed with carbon nanotubes. Polishing validation was performed on a small CNC platform using quartz glass under the parameters α=15°, ap=2mm, and w=30r/s. Results indicate that the biomimetic tool incorporating gastropod-shell microstructures increases the machining contact area by up to 48.60% relative to a conventional tool, and after t=30 min of polishing the surface roughness Ra decreased from 1.019μm to 76nm. These outcomes demonstrate that the biomimetic microstructured flexible tool effectively improves contact stress uniformity and enhances surface- processing accuracy for quartz glass.
Song, JintaoHui, JizhuangGuo, LeiXu, ChenHei, ZhengqiangZhong, TaiyangWang, JiaweiLiu, Jin
During well testing and killing operations, tubing couplings with a larger diameter than the tubing body significantly increase the flow friction in the casing-tubing annulus, alter the rheological behavior of the kill fluid, thereby affecting operational accuracy and even leading to operational failure in severe cases. Most existing relevant studies focus on the impact of changes in flow area on flow, but ignore the effect of the coupling’s own structural configuration. Moreover, the research conclusions lack verification by downhole measured data, and there is an urgent need to further improve the analysis accuracy. Taking an ultra-deep well in the Xinjiang Oilfield as the engineering background, this paper conducts targeted research: first, a physical model of the flow field in the casing-tubing annulus passing through the tubing coupling is established, and a method for judging and determining the rheological properties of the kill fluid based on the fitting of the physical model and key parameters is proposed; on this basis, a numerical model including the coupling’s structural configuration is established and solved, and the friction calculation equation for the casing-tubing annulus passing through the tubing coupling is obtained through nonlinear fitting; finally, the calculation results of this equation are compared and verified with the measured data and numerical simulation results. The research results show that: under six working conditions, the flow characteristics of the kill fluid all conform to the characteristics of Bingham fluid, which is also consistent with the general flow regime of kill fluid flow; comparing the numerical analysis results of the target well in the Xinjiang Oilfield with the calculation results of the fitting equation, the maximum error, minimum error, and average error of friction analysis under the six working conditions are 14.46%, 0.39%, and 6.15% respectively; the total friction of the casing-tubing annulus in the entire well section calculated based on the theoretical equation is 12.085 MPa, and the relative error compared with the field measured 13 MPa is 7.57%, which meets the engineering accuracy requirements. The equation proposed in this study provides a universal equation for predicting the pressure drop of non-uniform flow in the wellbore, and also has an important reference value for predicting the wellbore pressure in drilling and oil-gas production operations.
Song, ZhitongJiang, WuMi, HongxueCao, YinpingDou, Yihua
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a nitriding grade of premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock. AMS6496 and AMS6498 cover UNS K23280 with other quality levels.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a manganese bronze alloy in the form of sand and centrifugal castings (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a gold-palladium-nickel alloy in the form of wire, rod, sheet, strip, foil, pig, powder, shot, chips, preforms, and a viscous mixture (paste) of the powder in a suitable binder.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.250 inch (0.51 to 6.35 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, extrusions, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, extruding, or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
What if there were a fabric that, like Superman, could take a bullet and self-heal? Such a super-dynamic, action-powered polymer might actually help protect real-life flyers in space.
A machine-learning strategy has generated a new class of ultra-high strength and ductility steel for 3D printing that costs less, resists rust, and requires only a fraction of the usual processing time.
Led by Dr. Marina Freitag, a research group from the School of Natural and Environmental Sciences created dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells based on a copper (II/I) electrolyte, achieving an unprecedented power conversion efficiency of 38 percent and 1.0V open-circuit voltage at 1,000 lux (fluorescent lamp). The cells are non-toxic and environmentally friendly — setting a new standard for sustainable energy sources in ambient environments.
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a new small-scale metal extrusion tool, called a conventional friction stir extrusion (C-FSE) machine that may be attached or added-on to a conventional friction stir welding (C-FSW) system. The C-FSE machine uses the heat generation and plastic deformation processes underpinning C-FSW to perform metal extrusion instead of metal joining.
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center, in collaboration with innovators at American Oxygen, have developed a solid-state system and process that separates oxygen from ambient air and compresses the resulting purified oxygen — with a significant reduction in power consumption compared to prior state-of-the-art. It is based upon a proven solid oxide electrochemical oxygen separation and compression technique that derives purified oxygen from ambient air and compresses it using an electrochemical pumping method.
A team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (MPI-IS) in Stuttgart developed a biohybrid micro swimmer covered with magnetic material, whose swimming ability is largely unaffected by the coating. The team from the Physical Intelligence Department at MPI-IS published their work in the journal Matter, which covers a wide range of materials science research.
To improve the mobility and reliability of special-purpose vehicles that are operated in extreme conditions and to minimize the influence of tire failure on the vehicle’s mobility, this paper investigates how the mechanical properties of honeycomb non-pneumatic tires are affected after high-speed impacts from external projectiles. A prototype of a network non-pneumatic honeycomb tire was initially developed, which was made of polyurethane material. The five parameter model of the Mooney-Rivlin model was selected as its constitutive relation and the experimental study was performed to validate three-dimensional stiffness simulation model for the tire. Secondly, a LS-DYNA-based finite element model was developed to describe the dynamic behaviors of the tire under an external impact at various locations (e.g. tread, single spoke plate and joints), and to investigate the influence of local damage and spoke plate fracture on the stiffness of the tire. The results indicate that the tire has better performance of resisting the impacts at small and medium levels, with the decrease of radial stiffness of the tire less than 4% after experiencing the ultrahigh load; after the spokes plate is broken, the radial stiffness of tire drops significantly by comparing with the intact tire, that is 24.17%, which has a great effect on the support performance of the tire. The findings of this work offer theoretical support and design guidelines for the structural optimization and properties improvement of NPTS.
Yao, TuzaoSun, XiaowangZhang, QiangFu, LeiHuang, Jianbin
Ultrasonic guided waves enable long-range, low-intrusion inspection of pipelines. This study examines how array topology and axial spacing influence the quality of defect echoes when the longitudinal axisymmetric mode L(0,2) is used. We build COMSOL finite-element models of a steel pipe and excite it with PZT-4 at 80 kHz; three practical layouts are compared: (i) odd–even receiving, (ii) 8-transmit/8-receive, and (iii) 16-transmit/8-receive, arranged as two axially separated groups. The spacing between the groups is chosen to suppress parasitic modes such as L(0,1) and to strengthen L(0,2). Results show that the two-group configuration sharpens the defect echo and reduces modal interference; increasing the number of transmitters further raises the defect-wave amplitude and improves the separation from end-reflection echoes. Among the schemes, 8×8 performs well for small-defect identification, while 16×8 yields the clearest boundaries and fastest defect indication. These findings clarify how sensor number and placement govern modal purity and sensitivity, and they offer practical guidance for designing guided-wave arrays that improve the reliability of long-range pipeline inspection. - Ultrasonic guided waves Pipeline non-destructive testing L(0,2) mode; Sensor array layout; Finite element simulation; Guided wave signal processing.
Liao, WeiLi, TengfeiZhang, WenhuiLin, QingmingGuo, Yanbing
The suspended converter valve constitutes the fundamental equipment essential for the functioning of direct current power transmission infrastructure. The electrical equipment has been severely damaged in historical seismic events, underscoring the earthquake resistance of thyristor valve is critical for maintaining secure and consistent performance of energy delivery systems. Current seismic research focuses on ±800 kV converter valves, while studies on ±600 kV converter valves are lacking. Due to significant differences in the length of suspended insulators between ±600 kV and ±800 kV converter valves, their seismic responses differ considerably. A three-dimensional finite element model encompassing both the ±600 kV suspended converter valve and its supporting valve hall structure was developed to accurately capture their dynamic interactions under seismic excitation. The modal analysis is conducted, and the natural frequencies and mode shapes of converter valve and valve hall system are obtained. The seismic analysis results indicate that under 1 g seismic excitation, the calculated maximum seismic displacement of the suspended valve tower is 421 mm, exceeding the engineering design limit of 400 mm. The calculated minimum stress safety factor for the converter valve suspended insulators is 1.46, failing to meet the specified requirement of no less than 2. Both the swing amplitude of the converter valve and the stress on the suspended insulators exceed design limits. It not only poses a mechanical safety risk to the converter valve, but the excessive seismic displacement can also lead to seismic coupling effects between the converter valve and critical equipment. Therefore, further research on damping measures is required for the seismic vulnerabilities of ±600 kV suspended converter valves.
Lin, SenZhu, ZhubingLu, ZhichengSun, Yuhan
Vacuum laser welding trials were carried out on 42CrMo steel, a material widely utilized in the defense sector. By employing a 30 kW fiber laser system, complete penetration welds were successfully produced on 20 mm thick 42CrMo steel plates. The resulting joints displayed satisfactory surface quality on both the top and bottom sides, with no evident defects such as cracks or porosity. A comprehensive analysis of the joint microstructure and mechanical properties was conducted. Findings reveal that the weld zone (WZ) is predominantly composed of lath martensite, accompanied by minor quantities of plate martensite, organized as columnar crystals. The joints demonstrated high tensile strength at ambient temperature, with fracture consistently occurring within the base metal (BM). Microhardness measurements indicated higher values within the weld relative to the base metal, and no pronounced softening was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Additionally, the joints exhibited commendable impact toughness, suggesting overall superior mechanical performance.
Shi, HaichengZhang, GuoyuLi, WuhongCao, DongxuLiu, Tianlei
Addressing the inaccuracies in interface curvature computation using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and the lack of mass conservation in the Level Set (LS) method, a novel interface tracking method, the Coupled Volume of Fluid and LS (CVOFLS) method, is established. This approach synergistically integrates the strengths of both VOF and Level Set methodologies. It simultaneously solves for the VOF and LS functions based on fluid velocity, corrects fluid mass using the surface obtained by the VOF approach, and computes interface normals using the LS function, thereby eliminating the need for LS function reinitialization. This effectively overcomes the shortcomings of both methods. Numerical simulations of interface tracking demonstrate that the CVOFLS method ensures high tracking accuracy of free interfaces, good mass conservation, and improved computational efficiency.
Cui, LiyingSun, HuiXu, Wei
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