Browse Topic: Refractory materials

Items (617)
The machining process is employed to transform a workpiece into a predefined geometry with the assistance of a cutting tool. Throughout this process, the cutting tool undergoes various adverse effects, including deformation, stress, thermal gradient, and more, all of which impact tool sharpness, surface finish, and tool life. These outcomes are also influenced by cutting parameters, specifically cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The present investigation aims to demonstrate the application of ANSYS analysis software in predicting stress, deformation, thermal gradient, and other factors on the tool insert tip for various machining parameters. To achieve this, an experimental setup was arranged to collect cutting force and temperature data using a dynamometer and thermocouples during the machining process of maraging steel with a tungsten carbide tool insert. Experiments were conducted with different combinations of machining parameters using design of experiments (DoE). The
Balasubramanian, K.Jeyakumar, R.Rajendran, C.Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna
Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is a type of stainless steel made of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). In the present work, a 1.6 mm wide thin sheet of SDSS is joined using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The ideal parameter for a bead-on-plate trial is found, and 0.216 kJ/mm of heat input is used for welding. As an outcome of the welding heating cycle and subsequent cooling, a microstructural study revealed coarse microstructure in the heat-affected zone and weld zone. The corrosion rate for welded joints is 9.3% higher than the base metal rate. Following the corrosion test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the welded joint’s oxide development generated a larger corrosive attack on the weld surface than the base metal surface. The percentages of chromium (12.5%) and molybdenum (24%) in the welded joints are less than those in the base metal of SDSS, as per energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Corrosion modeling is done using the COMSOL
Kumar, SujeetKumar, YogeshE. K., Vimal K.
Solid rods of dissimilar metals are easily welded by friction welding. This process is a solid-state process where no fumes or gases are released which is friendly to the environment. In advanced engineering practice, joining Titanium (Ti) alloy and stainless steel (SS) is very important due to poor bonding strength in direct joining. These materials are easily joined by an interlayer technique using materials like nickel, silver, niobium, aluminum, and copper. Special surface geometry techniques hold the interlayer materials between dissimilar metals in different forms like coating, foils, and solid metals. In this investigation, the finite element method is used for modeling the process, and the Johnson-cook equation was used to find the analysis of output values with the defined material properties. The heat generated is calculated and numerically compared and analyzed with experimental results. Observations such as metallography, hardness, and tensile test were studied. The results
Balasubramanian, M.Prathap, P.Madhu, S.
The main objective of the work is to investigate the friction and wear behavior of sintered copper-based brake composite friction material with a change in the volume percentage of soft reinforcement particles namely MoS2 by pin-on-disc tribometer for medium-duty automotive applications. The composite brake friction material contains copper (Cu) as a matrix, tin (Sn) as an additive, silicon carbide (SiC) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as hard and soft reinforcement particles and barium sulfate (BaSO4) as filler. These hybrids copper-based brake composite friction (pin) samples are successfully prepared by a change in compositions of MoS2 from 0 to 5 vol. % in the step of 1 vol. % and the characterizations of friction samples are studied to understand the physical and mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and compressive strength. Finally, the dry sliding friction and wear test is conducted against grey cast iron material (disc) at constant load and sliding speed of 50 N and
P, RajaRamkumar, Penchaliah
High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is
Natarajan, HarshavardhanaVincent, Akash
Dissimilar metal welding (DMW) gives a distinctive and complex process because each zone in the different welding area has unique structures and characteristics. The customized weld zone has a unique structure and may have a heating effect on weld metal properties. DMW is used in aerospace, marine, oil refineries, petrochemical industries, power plants including nuclear and other engineering applications due to economic considerations and offered lightweight in design. This paper's main objective is to investigate the microstructure evolution and impact strength of a joint Austenitic AISI 321 plates and Duplex UNS32205 stainless steel welded using pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW). The base plates were joined by ER2209 filler metal and the microstructure of base and weld metal zones was observed. The selected filler metal was a duplex in nature and contains equal ratio of austenite and ferrite phase in the different weld metal zones of UNS32205 and AISI 321 weldments. The fractography
Kumar, S PraveenKilari, Naveen
This specification covers engineering requirements for the grinding of tungsten carbide high velocity oxygen/fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings applied to high strength steels (220 ksi and above
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum hybrid composites are driving a new trend in metal matrix composites for high strength-to-weight ratio applications such as the automotive industry (piston–cylinder, brakes, shafts), aircraft (engines, airframe), aerospace (space panels), and marine (body frame). Al 6061 is chosen as the matrix for its compatibility and excellent castability in the current work. The reinforcements were silicon carbide (SiC) of size 65μ and tungsten carbide (WC) of 3–5μ due to their enhancing mechanical and corrosion behavior with low density. Composites were prepared through stir casting using different quantities of SiC wt.% 10 and 15, while WC is 0–6% by weight in 2% increments. The results show that mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness enhanced due to the gradual strengthening of grains leads to high wear resistance. SEM images of tensile failure show that pits, voids, cracks, burrs, and grain fractures characterize composite failure. Corrosion tests show that the 15
Pendhota, VijayBrahma Raju, K.Ramji, K.Kamaluddin, Syed
This specification covers two types of free-machining, corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars and forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
New research suggests that laser-based devices are poised to become a lot smaller. Researchers at Columbia University and Politecnico di Milano studied a 2D material called molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and characterized how efficiently devices built from stacks of MoS2 less than one micron thick — 100 times thinner than a human hair — convert light frequencies at telecom wavelengths to produce different colors
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers one type of aluminum silicon bronze in the form of rods and bars up to 3.00 inches (76.2 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or distance between parallel sides, and forgings and forging stock of any size (see 8.5
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of wire 0.010 inch (0.25 mm), up to and including 0.25 inch (6.35 mm
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers one type of bronze in the form of bars and rods of any size, and tubing over 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) in nominal outer diameter (see 8.5
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a silver alloy in the form of wire, rod, sheet, strip, foil, pig, powder, shot, and chips, and a viscous mixture (paste) of powder in a suitable binder
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a silver alloy in the form of wire, rod, sheet, strip, foil, pig, powder, shot, and chips and a viscous mixture (paste) of powder in a suitable binder
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers established inch/pound manufacturing tolerances applicable to bars and rods of copper and copper alloys ordered to inch/pound dimensions. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted. The term “exclusive” is used to apply only to the higher figure of a specified range
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a special aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars and forgings 199 square inches (1284 cm2) and under in cross section, and forging stock of any size
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip from 0.0005 to 0.1874 inch (0.013 to 4.760 mm) in thickness
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers two types of carbon steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
The element niobium (Nb), a transition metal, stands ready to improve the performance of one of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery’s confusing array of possible electrode chemistries — the LTO (lithium titanium oxide) anode, which after graphite is the second most-produced. During battery charging, lithium ions leave the positive cathode and move through the battery’s electrolyte to take up positions of higher energy in the anode. During discharge, this process reverses and drives electrons through an external circuit to power the load
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat treated bars and forgings 1.00 inches (25.4 mm) and under in nominal cross section or diameter and for hexagonal shapes, least distance between parallel sides
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers the requirements for the acquisition of two alloys of copper-beryllium alloy strip, having higher electrical conductivity than copper-beryllium alloy strip normally used (see 6.1). All sizes of strip are covered by this specification
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a copper-beryllium alloy in the form of mechanical tubing 2 inches (50.8 mm) and under in wall thickness (see 8.8
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat resistant work strengthened nickel alloy in the form of bars and wire, 1½ inches (38 mm) and under in nominal diameter (See 8.2
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a carbon steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Performance evaluation of martensitic press-hardened steels by VDA 238-100 three-point bend testing has become commonplace. Significant influences on bending performance exist from both surface considerations related to both decarburization and substrate-coating interaction and base martensitic steel considerations such as structural heterogeneity, i.e., banding, prior austenite grain size, titanium nitride (TiN) dispersion, mobile hydrogen, and the extent of martensite tempering as result auto-tempering upon quenching or paint baking during vehicle manufacturing. Deconvolution of such effects is challenging in practice, but it is increasingly accepted that surface considerations play an outsized role in bending performance. For specified surface conditions, however, the base steel microstructure can greatly influence bending performance and associated crash ductility to meet safety and mass-efficiency targets. This study reports and elucidates the positive effect of niobium
Enloe, Charles M.Mohrbacher, Hardy
Alumina (Al2O3) thin film coatings are applied on Al alloys using Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) method to reduce the wear and corrosion problems. Plasma Electrolytic Aluminating (PEA) is a technique which could generate Alumina coatings on cast iron, mild steel and copper alloys. In this study, the aim is to explore the anti-wear and anti-corrosion behaviours of PEA Alumina coatings on gray cast iron. The dry sliding tribology test data was obtained from Pin-on-Disk (POD) tests against SAE 52100 steel and Tungsten Carbide (WC) counterfaces. Comparing with the PEO Alumina coatings, the PEA Alumina coating has much lower Coefficient of Friction (COF) and less wear. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase composition of this coating were investigated with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. There was FeO (or FeAl2O4) found on the PEA Alumina coating. To figure out the relationship
Sun, JiayiCai, RanTjong, JimiNie, Xueyuan
In automotive body manufacturing the dies for blanking/trimming/piercing are under most severe loading condition involving high contact stress at high impact loading and large number of cycles. With continuous increase in sheet metal strength, the trim die service life becomes a great concern for industries. In this study, competing trim die manufacturing routes were compared, including die raw materials produced by hot-working (wrought) vs. casting, edge-welding (as repaired condition) vs. bulk base metals (representing new tools), and the heat treatment method by induction hardening vs. furnace through-heating. CaldieTM, a Uddeholm trademarked grade was used as trim die material. The mechanical tests are performed using a WSU developed trimming simulator, with fatigue loading applied at cubic die specimen’s cutting edges through a tungsten carbide rod to accelerate the trim edge damage. The tests are periodically interrupted at specified cycles for measurement of die edge damage. The
Lu, PengyanChen, XingyuYang, QingyuWu, XinMiller, Patricia
This specification covers a gold-nickel alloy in the form of wire, rod, sheet, strip, foil, pig, powder, shot, chips, preforms, and a viscous mixture (paste) of the powder in a suitable binder
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers one type of nickel-aluminum bronze in the form of extruded bars, rods, and tubes
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a premium-aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers tungsten carbide-cobalt chrome in the form of powder
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
The critical components in earlier were manufactured by mild steel but due to low corrosion resistance, stainless steel and aluminium alloy are being utilised. However a component of aluminium alloy has to be enriched by anodizing for long durability and better corrosion resistance. But peel off, pit formation, low adhesion and white rust formation are still the downfalls faced by the industries in the coated components over cyclic duration. High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is an adaptable method that can produce high-density coating with less than 1% porosity, high resistant to chemical environment providing better adhesion and increase the life of mating components. Though stainless steel and anodized aluminium alloy offers far superior life span and corrosion resistance but still more expensive than mild steel. This work evaluates the behaviour of HVOF thermal sprayed with tungsten, nickel and chromium containing WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating material over mild steel were found
gopal, ShanthoshR, SoundararajanSakthivel, Vellingiri
AA2014 Aluminum alloys are most widely used for automobile and aerospace structures where specific strength is important. Hot cracking is a major problem while welding these alloys. In the present investigation, the metallurgical studies, viz, hot cracking sensitivity, microstructure and the mechanical properties, viz, hardness and tensile strength of the 4 mm thickness AA2014 aluminum alloy were studied using two different methods. The first method involves TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding with continuous current process and the second method involves TIG welding with pulsed current process. In both the process commercial argon pure gas was used as a shielding gas. The results showed that hot cracking sensitivity was decreased when the specimen was welded using pulsed current process compared to continuous current process. Similarly, the specimen was welded with pulsed current process and showed improved mechanical properties compared to continuous current process because low heat
Kaliyaperumal, BalasubramanianR, SoundararajanRengaraj, JeyakumarRangasamy, Ramamoorthi
This work inspects the metallurgical and tensile demeanor of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded ERNiCrCoMo-1 filler wire on alloy 80A weldment. Defect free weldment was achieved in a four pass through PCGTA welding. The center of the weld microstructure is decorated with equiaxed dendritic structure and columnar dendritic structure. SEM analysis showed the existence of Mo, Fe and Ti secondary phase precipitation in the grain boundary region of the weld zone. Tensile testing was conducted to analysis the strength and ductility of weldment. The result showed that the tensile strength and ductility were lower than that of base metal (BM
Pasupathi, SubramaniMathiyazhagan, SathishkumarKesavan, Gokul KumarManoharan, ManikandanNaiju, CDNatarajan, Arivazhagan
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