Browse Topic: Lightweight materials

Items (311)
This Experimental study demonstrates the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and boron carbide (B4C) reinforcements on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of lightweight hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) tailored for compact automobile applications. The Aluminium metal matrix composites were synthesized using stir casting technique to ensure uniform dispersion of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and boron carbide (B4C) reinforcements within the aluminium matrix. Characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical Microscopy, were employed to analyze the microstructural evolution and phase distribution. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated significant enhancements in mechanical performance with 38% increase in tensile strength, 22% increase in impact strength which are attributed to the synergistic effects of TiO2 and B4C. These
Jaswin, M. ArockiaGeetha, R.Mathialagan, SaravananSuresh, S.
Growing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles and lower CO2 emissions has led to the development of lightweight materials. Aluminum composites are being used to achieve lightweighting to improve performance, efficiency, and sustainability across various industries. The unique properties of aluminum composites make them an attractive choice for researchers and designers looking to optimize their products. Reinforcement materials play a vital role in the development of these composites, acting as barriers to dislocation movement within the aluminum matrix. This effectively strengthens the material and prevents deformation under load, resulting in increased tensile strength and fatigue resistance. Additionally, aluminum composites exhibit improved thermal and electrical conductivity, making them suitable for automotive applications. In this study, metal matrix composites (MMCs) of aluminum 7075 alloys were developed using silicon carbide (SiC) and flyash as reinforcements. Three different
Manwatkar, Asmita AshokSantosh Jambhale, MedhaMahagaonkar, NitinSharma, Dipesh
ABSTRACT The Applied Science and Technology Research Organization of America (ASTRO America), Ingersoll Machine Tool (Ingersoll), MELD Manufacturing (MELD), Siemens Digital Industries (Siemens), The American Lightweight Materials Manufacturing Innovation Institute (ALMII), and the US Army CCDC-GVSC have partnered to show the feasibility of fabricating very large metal parts using a combination of additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies. The Army seeks new manufacturing technology to support supply chain strategy objectives to replace costly inventories and reduce lead times. While additive manufacturing (AM) has demonstrated production of metallic parts for military applications, the scale of these demonstrations is much smaller than required for large vehicle components and/or complete vehicle hull structures. Leveraging AM for large scale applications requires enhancements in the size, speed, and precision of the current commercially available state-of-the-art equipment
Rodriguez, Ricardo X.Wells, CorrineCarter, Robert H.LaLonde, Aaron D.Goffinski, Curtis W.Cox, Chase D.Bell, Tim S.Kott, Norbert J.Gorey, Jason S.Czech, Peter A.Hoffmann, KlausHolmes, Larry (LJ) R.
ABSTRACT This paper addresses candidate technologies for attaching steels to selected lightweight materials. Materials of interest here include aluminum and titanium alloys. Metallurgical challenges for the aluminum-to-steel and titanium-to-steel combinations are first described, as well as paths to overcome these challenges. Specific joining approaches incorporating these paths are then outlined with examples for specific processes. For aluminum-to-steel joining, inertia, linear, and friction stir welding are investigated. Key elements of success included rapid thermal cycles and an appropriate topography on the steel surface. For titanium-to-steel joining, successful approaches incorporated thin refractory metal interlayers that prevented intimate contact of the parent metal species. Specific welding methods employed included resistance mash seam and upset welding. In both cases, the process provided both heat for joining and a relatively simple strain path that allowed significant
Gould, Jerry E.Eff, MichaelNamola, Kate
ABSTRACT Flow fields in bipolar plates of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells distribute fuel and oxidant over the reactive sites of the membrane electrode assembly. Bipolar plates are typically graphite with parallel or serpentine channels as flow fields. Drawbacks of graphite include weight, fabrication inaccuracy, cost, porosity, and brittleness. In this paper, open-cell metal foam is experimentally investigated as a flow field for a new bipolar plate design. Using experiments, the performance of the conventional bipolar plate/flow field was directly compared to that of the metal-foam designs at the same operational conditions. Results show that the cell current, voltage and power density were improved and temperature and pressure distribution on the membrane were even. As importantly, the conversion efficiency was higher for the metal-foam design, and the weight was reduced significantly. Citation: Nihad Dukhan, PhD, Yussef Awin, “Novel Metal-Foam Flow Fields for PEM Fuel Cells
Dukhan, NihadAwin, Yussef
ABSTRACT For this particular effort, the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Center for Systems Integration (CSI) was tasked to develop a buoyancy/survivability kit that would serve multiple functions. The underbody kit would meet or surpass current required protection levels. Plus the kit was to ensure that the LAV-25A2 (Light Armored Vehicle) continues to meet the swim requirement. However, the overarching objective is to meet the survivability, ground mobility, and water mobility requirements. Combining the accomplishments in the TARDEC & PM-LAV (Program Manager for the Light Armored Vehicle) survivability program in 2013-2014 with the TARDEC & PM-LAV buoyancy/survivability kit developed in 2015-2016, the overall weight is decreased, water mobility is improved, and survivability is significantly improved. This is a unique challenge as a combination of buoyancy, mine blast, and structural requirement on a ground military vehicle is novel
Capouellez, JamesVunnam, MadanKhatib-Shahidi, BijanTison, NathonLee, In-HoDunbar, PatrickHelsel, FloydKerr, SteveHarowitz, Jack
ABSTRACT Over the last several years all branches of the United States military have experienced an increased number of orthopedic and internal injuries to knees lower back, neck, and digestive system. Additionally the level of severity has also been increasing. Primary cause factors contributing to the overall increase in injuries to US military personnel include the increase in overall individual loads being carried by the individual soldier which at times can approach 150 pounds, higher operations tempo which results in greater exposure to higher levels of impact forces and for a greater duration. The greater impact forces are a result of the poor design of the current bench deployed on United States tactical vehicles, and the brutal nature of the third world transportation networks in Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper documents the engineering approach utilized by AOM Engineering Solutions to achieve the following primary design objectives; improved ergonomic design for injury
Micheli, JohnDonovan, LTC Ken
ABSTRACT The armor research and development community needs a more cost-effective, science-based approach to accelerate development of new alloys (and alloys never intended for ballistic protection) for armor applications, especially lightweight armor applications. Currently, the development and deployment of new armor alloys is based on an expert-based, trial-and-error process, which is both time-consuming and costly. This work demonstrates a systematic research approach to accelerate optimization of the thermomechanical processing (TMP) pathway, yielding optimal microstructure and maximum ballistic performance. Proof-of-principle is being performed on titanium alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and utilizes the Hydrawedge® unit of the Gleeble 3800 System (a servo-hydraulic thermomechanical testing device) to quickly evaluate mechanical properties and simulate rolling schedules on small samples. Resulting mechanical property and microstructure data are utilized in an artificial intelligence (AI
Lillo, ThomasChu, HenryAnderson, JeffreyWalleser, JasonBurguess, Victor
ABSTRACT For this particular effort, TARDEC Center for Systems Integration (CSI) was tasked to lead an effort to develop an underbody kit that would serve multiple functions. The underbody kit would provide an additional 1,200 lbs of net buoyancy to enhance water mobility per the LAV. This program is in the development and testing phase with a prototype expected to be produced June of 2015. This program is one of multiple efforts to ensure the FOLAV meet all system requirements to keep the vehicle viable to 2035. In addition, the TARDEC concept/prototype must meet the same mine blast protection provided by the underbody D-Kit that was produced for the fleet of vehicles in 2010. This is a unique challenge as a combination of buoyancy, mine blast, and structural requirement on a ground military vehicle is novel idea. Vehicle weight and survivability requirements are difficult challenges on combat vehicles, to include the LAV, so the TARDEC solution would have to reduce the weight of the
Capouellez, JamesVunnam, MadanKhatib-Shahidi, BijanMcCarty, Steven L.Hullinger, David
ABSTRACT Vehicle light weighting is a priority for the U.S. Army. Due to increased survivability requirements, additional protection measures have been added to vehicles resulting in decreased fuel economy, decreased reliability and associated vehicle availability. The automotive industry response to new CAFE requirements as well as market pressures has not only created new light-weight materials and associated manufacturing technologies, but also a supply chain capable of meeting the military’ needs. This paper describes a project that is designed to test this hypothesis through the design, manufacture, and evaluation of a functional tactical demonstration vehicle with an affordable, weight optimized, multi-material substructure. The project is jointly funded by the National Automotive Center (NAC) of the United States Army, the Marine Corp, the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC), and General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS
Gerth, Richard J.
Vehicle light-weighting constitutes a critical component in the automotive sector’s drive to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the various options for lightweight materials, thermoplastic foams are distinguished by their durability, low weight, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the manufacturing of novel graphene-filled polypropylene (PP) foam, employing supercritical nitrogen as an eco-friendly substitute instead of conventional chemical foaming agents, and investigated the role of over-molding a solid skin over a foamed core on the flexural strength of the molded component. Our approach is broken down into four distinct investigations—Study I investigated the effect of different graphene content by weight percentage (wt.%), namely 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, on flexural properties and foam morphology obtained for 15 wt.% reduction of the PP thermoplastic, thereby helping identify an optimum graphene loading wt.%. Study II broadened the wt
Pradeep, Sai AdityaDeshpande, Amit MakarandShah, BhavikKhan, SaidaFarahani, SaeedSternberg, JamesLi, GangPilla, Srikanth
Despite their many similarities, natural fibers have superior mechanical properties to synthetic fibers, including higher ultimate strength, greater elongation, resistance to ethering, biodegradability, lightweight, and fewer toxications. The mechanical characteristics of several matrices reinforced with synthetic and hemp fibers were examined in the current paper. We made the various hemp composites using vinyl ester, cellulose acetate (CA), treated CA, and GFRP (glass fiber-reinforced polymer) with CA. Composites were examined for mechanical characteristics such as tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness. Composites have a density of 1.19 g/cm3. Hemp with vinyl ester has higher tensile strength and flexural properties than other composites, but in impact, GFRP with CA has more impact strength of nearly 400 J/m, so for making eco-friendly biocomposite for lightweight structural applications
Vinoth Kumar, K.Karthick, K.Balasubramanian, M.Chidhamparam, R.S.Jones, S.
Bio-composites have gained significant attention within the aerospace industry due to their potential as a sustainable solution that addresses the demand for lightweight materials with reduced environmental impact. These materials blend natural fibers sourced from renewable origins, such as plant-based fibers, with polymer matrices to fabricate composite materials that exhibit desirable mechanical properties and environmental friendliness. The aerospace sector's growing interest in bio-composites originates from those composites’ capacity to mitigate the industry's carbon footprint and decrease dependence on finite resources. This study aims to investigate the suitability of utilizing plant-derived flax fabric/PLA (polylactic acid) matrix-based bio-composites in aerospace applications, as well as the recyclability potential of these composites in the circular manufacturing economy. The bio-composite laminate is produced through a compression molding process involving interleaved layers
B S, DakshayiniKancherla, Kishore BabuRaju, BenjaminRoy Mahapatra, Debiprosad
In commercial aerospace, the application areas for motors are wide and varied, each with their own unique requirements. From electric vehicle take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxis to business jets to long-haul commercial transport aircraft, DC motors must endure various environmental conditions like extreme temperatures, shock and vibration, atmospheric pressures and signal interference, to name just a few. These applications may also demand motors that provide a fast response, high power or torque density. In addition to these requirements, the aerospace industry perpetually calls for lightweight materials and smaller installation spaces. Taken together, it can be very difficult to specify and buy a reliable motor for mission-critical equipment. This article will present common commercial aerospace applications that pose performance and environmental challenges for DC motors along with a summary of the stringent aerospace industry standards that the motors must satisfy. It will also
A natural fiber based polymer composite has the advantage of being more environment-friendly from a life cycle standpoint when compared to composites reinforced with widely-used synthetic fibers. The former category of composites also poses reduced health risks during handling, formulation and usage. In the current study, jute polymer laminates are studied, with the polymeric resin being a general purpose polyester applied layer-by-layer on bi-directionally woven jute plies. Fabrication of flat laminates following the hand layup method combined with compression molding yields a jute polymer composite of higher initial stiffness and tensile strength, compared to commonly used plastics, coupled with consistency for engineering design applications. However, the weight-saving potential of a lightweight material such as the current jute-polyester composite can be further enhanced through improvement of its behavior under mechanical loading. A weakness of a natural fiber reinforced composite
Karthika, M RDeb, AnindyaArockiasamy, Madasamy
The aerospace industry's unceasing quest for lightweight materials with exceptional mechanical properties has led to groundbreaking advancements in material technology. Historically, aluminum alloys and their composites have held the throne in aerospace applications owing to their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio. However, recent developments have catapulted magnesium and its alloys into the spotlight. Magnesium possesses two-thirds of aluminum's density, making it a tantalizing option for applications with regard to weight-sensitive aerospace components. To further enhance magnesium's mechanical properties, researchers have delved into the realm of metal matrix composites (MMCs), using reinforcements such as Alumina, Silicon carbide, Boron carbide and Titanium carbide. However, meager information is available as regards to use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a reinforcement in magnesium based MMCs although, CNTs exhibit excellent stiffness coupled with very low density
Mukunda, SandeepBoppana, Satish BabuChinnakurli Suryanarayana, RameshT, AravindaKhan, Saleem
Lightweight materials are in great demand in the automotive sector to enhance system performance. The automotive sector uses composite materials to strengthen the physical and mechanical qualities of light weight materials and to improve their functionality. Automotive elements such as the body shell, braking system, steering, engine, battery, seat, dashboard, bumper, wheel, door panelling, and gearbox are made of lightweight materials. Lightweight automotive metals are gradually replacing low-carbon steel and cast iron in automobile manufacture. Aluminium alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys, advanced high-strength steel, Ultra-high strength steel, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers, and polymer composites are examples of materials used for light weighing or automobile decreased weight. The ever-present demand for fuel-efficient and ecologically friendly transport vehicles has heightened awareness of lowering weight and performance development. Titanium alloys properties are
Ramana Murty Naidu, S. C. V.Kalidas, N.Venkatachalam, SivaramanMukuloth, SrinivasnaikAsary, Abdul RabNaveenprabhu, V.Vishnu, R.Vellingiri, Suresh
Working on the nanoscale gives researchers a lot of insight and control when fabricating and characterizing materials. In larger scale manufacturing, as well as in nature, many materials have the capacity for flaws and impurities that can disrupt their complex structure. This creates several weak points that can easily break under stress. This is common with most glass, which is why it is thought of as such a delicate material
Most motor mounts, even for EV applications, are made of metal alloys. It makes intuitive sense: It's a vibration-intensive mounting application that demands durability that matches the life of the vehicle itself. But there is another way. Now, a composite nylon-based motor mount on the Cadillac Lyriq has won the Society for Automotive Analysts' Innovation in Lightweighting Award. The mount is a collaboration between GM, anti-vibration parts maker DN Automotive and chemical company Celanese. It is made with Zytel PA NVH Gen 2, a new polyamide (PA 66). The results not only showed up in development data, but in the end product, which has reviewers raving about how quiet the Lyriq's cabin is - “crypt quiet,” according to Automotive News
Clonts, Chris
With the rise of worldwide trends towards light weighting and the move towards electric vehicles, it is now more important than ever for the automotive industry to develop and implement lightweight materials that will result in significant weight reduction and product improvements. A great deal of research has been done on how to best combine and configure honeycomb cores with the right face sheets for Truck-Mounted Container Applications. Honeycomb structures possess the ability to bring about superior structural rigidity when the core parameters are selected and optimized based on the automotive application requirements. Through a variety of experimental tests for various combinations of the core parameters, the selection of the critical honeycomb core parameters to efficiently increase the compressive strength and panel rigidity of the entire container assembly has been evaluated and compared in order to determine the most effective combination to produce superior results for
Phukan, PrernaDave, Rajeev
One of the most common types of lightweight materials used in aerospace is magnesium alloy. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is ideal for various applications. Due to its corrosion resistance, it is commonly used to manufacture of fuselages. Unfortunately, the conventional methods of metal cutting fail to improve the performance of magnesium alloy. One amongst the most common methods used for making intricate shapes in harder materials is through Wire-Electro-Discharge (WEDM). In this study, we have used magnesium alloy as the work material. The independent factors were selected as pulse duration and peak current. The output parameters of the process are the Surface Roughness (SR) and the Material Removal Rate (MRR). Through a single aspect optimization technique, Taguchi was able to identify the optimal combination that would improve the effectiveness of the WEDM process. The findings of the experimentation revealed that the technique could significantly enhance the wire-cut
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKumar, VKrishnamachary, PCKiruthika, JothiKotapati, Gowthami
Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a variant of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, which represents an innovative method for the removal of material from a workpiece. The aforementioned process is frequently employed for the machining of harder materials that possess intricate geometries. Titanium alloys are a class of lightweight materials that find extensive utilization in many technical applications. Titanium Grade-5 is a titanium-based alloy that exhibits enhanced mechanical strength and improved resistance to corrosion. The objective of this exploratory analysis is to establish empirical correlations between the selected input variables, namely ‘Pulse on,’ ‘Pulse off,’ and peak current, and the desired output measures, which are material removal rate and surface roughness. The experimental design employed the Taguchi method to effectively organize the combination of tests by considering input factors. Multiple regression analysis has been developed to
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeD, PalanisamyUmapathi, DKiruthika, JothiKotapati, Gowthami
Titanium alloys are deemed as one amongst the light weight material most preferably adopted in numerous engineering applications due to its exceptional features such as corrosive resistance and thermal strength. These alloys are predominantly used in components of IC engines such as valves and springs, connecting rods. Especially Ti-Grade 5 adopted in aircraft, automobile parts ski plates and bicycles. The preliminary goal of this present research is to optimize the machining variables for Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) of Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) to accomplish improved rate of material removal and surface finish. Taguchi’s design and analysis method was chosen for devising and examining the experiments by considering input factors (pulse duration and current). An L9 OA was utilized for experimentation to analyze the various output variables, such as surface finish and material removal rate, using the response analysis of Taguchi. ANOVA and interaction analysis also performed to
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuSomsole, Lakshmi NarayanaKiruthika, JothiSilambarasan, R
Industrialization concerns are stimulating research in development of new materials for automotive industries. Natural fibers which are available abundantly can be extracted naturally from environment. Preventing further pollutants on environment from depleting dwindling wood resources from forests and earth surface. Natural fibers are derived from renewable sources, making them environmentally friendly. Their use in composites reduces dependence on non-renewable resources and helps lower the carbon footprint of automobiles. Natural fibers, such as hemp, jute, and flax are lightweight materials. By incorporating them into polymer composites, the overall weight of automobile components can be reduced, leading to improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Natural fibers are generally less expensive than synthetic fibers, incorporating natural fibers into polymer composites can help reduce material costs in automobile manufacturing. Natural fiber polymer composites can be recycled at
Malkapuram, Devaiah
Historically, patch antennas have been used for SmallSat communications. While new antenna technologies are in development, some are not optimized for size, mass, and performance — especially beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO). Engineers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center identified the need for a small form factor antenna to provide high data rate communications for such missions
Over the last decade, Climate change due to fossil fuel burning has taken centre stage in all discussions. Automotive sector has come under some flak for being one of the contributors to this Climate Change. Active steps have been taken by Vehicle Manufacturers and their Suppliers to address this issue. This sector has been facing below challenges to reduce pollutant in the air by A. Reducing Emissions, B. Increasing Energy Efficiency C. Use of Renewable Energy. One of the many alternatives by the Automotive Industry was to have a phased introduction to Electric Vehicles (EV), Hybrids, Fuel cells and other variants. As various emission norms and safety requirements takes Centre stage, it invariably, increases the weight of the vehicle. Now a days, Vehicles are having challenges to make it lightweight to achieve Range for an EV and improve fuel efficiency without sacrificing safety. It has also been observed that the weight of a vehicles is more due to the Structural Members made out of
GEORGE, ANILKHACHANE, BHUSHAN HEMRAJ
Materials play a key role in our day to day life and have shaped the industrial revolution to a great extent. Right selection of material for meeting a particular objective is the key to success in today’s world where the cost as well as sustainability of any equipment or a system have assumed greater significance than ever before. In automotive industry, materials have a definitive role as far as the mobility and safety is concerned. Materials that can absorb the required energy or impact can be manufactured through different manufacturing as well as metallurgical processes which involves appropriate heat treatment and bringing correct chemical compositions etc. However, they can also be formed by simpler methods such as combining certain materials together in the form of layered combinations to form light weight composites. Analyzing the response of different materials during incidents such as high-speed impact or transmission of shock waves as a result of earthquakes, tsunami or
Singh, SwatiChauhan PhD, R. S.Sandhu PhD, Inderpal SinghSharma PhD, Prince
Surface engineering is becoming increasingly crucial for several automotive and aerospace components that involve intense surface interactions. Friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective surface modification and hardening technique in recent days. The technique also allows the incorporation of reinforcement into the modified surface to enhance the strength and hardness further. This work applied FSP to develop a pure Ti particulate reinforced AA6061 metal matrix composite (MMC). Six different strategies were adapted (in the form of micro grooves, micro drills on the surface) to effectively infuse reinforcement on the alloy surface. Microstructural changes before and after FSP were studied using SEM and EBSD. Other tests such as post-mortem EDS, XRD, hardness, and compression were also done to examine the performance of developed composite. Microstructural lineaments revealed a more uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in the matrix when the particles were
Hussain, IlyasImmanuel, Jose
To reduce the noise in the frequency range of 100Hz~1000Hz, a metamaterial structure composed of lightweight frame, hard membrane-like material and added mass is proposed in this paper. The advantage of this structure is that it is lightweight and the membrane-like material does not need to be stressed in advance. Finite element method (FEM) and experiment are used to investigate the sound transmission loss (STL) performance of the metamaterial structure. The results show that the peak STL is caused by the local resonance of the added mass and the membrane-like material. The valley versus frequency results from the resonance frequencies of metamaterial structure, and it is divided into three resonance frequencies: resonance frequencies from added mass, membrane-like material and frame. Frame resonance will influence vibration of membrane-like material, if the frequency of frame resonance is close to the frequency at peak STL, the frequency at peak STL will be changed and the amplitude
Yang, Xu-HaoKang, YingziXie, XinxingZhang, QuShangguan, Wen-Bin
The paper discusses the process of developing an SAE damping measurement test method that is suitable for testing bars that are not made of steel or are difficult to measure with the traditional Oberst bar method. The method is based on measuring mechanical impedance (force over velocity) of a vibrating bar. The bar is excited at the center using a shaker and hence it is also called a CenterPoint method. The paper discusses the round robin tests that have been conducted so far and discusses the test results that will help develop the standard. The paper discusses the variability of the round robin test results within a laboratory, between laboratories, as well as the coefficient of variation for these measurements. The paper also discusses various parameters that should be carefully monitored in this study, that otherwise could affect the precision of the test procedure
Saha, PranabAnderson, Codi
Automotive industry is looking for high strength and durable lightweight material with resistance to wear and friction. To meet this requirement, a new hybrid polymer composite material has been developed using reinforcement as SS 304 wire mesh and jute fibre. Present paper explores the experimental findings of wear performance of hybrid polymer composite under dry condition. Four different laminates with configurations JJSJJSJJ, (JJSJJSJJ)450, GGSGGSGG and GJSJJSJG along with their virgin counterpart were developed by hand layup technique supported by compression moulding. These laminates were tested as per the ASTM standards to investigate its performance for friction and wear using pin on disc machine with steel as a counterpart. Testing parameters were sliding distance, applied load and sliding speed. Experimental results showed that, applied load have major influence on the friction and wear performance of developed hybrid composites. As load rises, friction force value increases
Salve, Aniket VinayakMache, Ashok
In the era of electric vehicles(EVs), the need for weight reduction of the vehicle body is increasing in order to maximize the driving distance of the EV. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for research to efficiently apply lightweight materials, such as aluminum and CFRP, to the EV body parts. In this study, design methodologies and optimization measures to increase lightweight efficiency when applying lightweight materials to EVs will be discussed. Based on theoretical basis and basic performance of each part of the EV, the “Material Substitution Method” of replacing existing parts of a steel body with aluminum materials will be defined, and the optimal design process on how to overcome performance trade-off caused by material characteristics will be addressed. In applying the “Material Substitution Method” to the actual EV body design process, it was possible to convert 93% of the components from steel to aluminum and reduce the overall weight of the body by 23%. Based on
An, ByeongdoCha, MunsooAn, YongdokKim, HeejuOh, HeedaeKim, KyungboJang, YounghoonNam, ByeunggunChun, YunbaeLee, Hunky
Ground clearance plays a vital role in an off-road vehicle during off roading. Higher the ground clearance, higher is the difficulty during ingress & egress of the vehicle. This brings in the necessity to provide entry-assist grab-handles for vehicle with more ground clearance (>200mm). Entry-assist grab handles alleviates the pain of the occupants during ingress and egress. For entry-assist grab handles’ purpose to be served, it should provide comfortable ergonomic grip & have to take the load of passengers while ingress or egress through-out the complete life cycle of the vehicle. Entry Assist grab handles can be fitted on A-Pillar zone to assist first row passengers & on B-pillar zone to assist second row passenger. Providing entry-assist grab handles on pillar trims make the grab-handles exposed to head-impact zone and hence, in most of the cases, it should pass the head impact regulations framed for respective countries. This paper dwells upon the importance of a material used for
Khairnar, Prashant DattatrayD, GowthamD, AnanthaBornare, HarshadKakani, Phani KumarSriperumbudur, Srivatsa
The use of lightweight materials is one of the important means to reduce the quality of the vehicle, which involves the connection of dissimilar materials, such as the combination of lightweight materials and traditional steel materials. The riveting quality of self-piercing riveting (SPR) technology will directly affect the safety and durability of automobiles. Therefore, in the initial joint development process, the quality of self-piercing riveting should be inspected and classified to meet safety standards. Based on this, this paper divides the self-piercing riveting quality into riveting appearance quality and riveting section quality. Aiming at the appearance quality of riveting, the generation of cracks on the lower surface of riveting will seriously affect the riveting strength. The existing method of identifying cracks on the lower surface of riveting based on artificial vision has strong subjectivity, low efficiency and cannot be applied on a large scale. Therefore, based on
Wang, KunZhan, ZhenfeiXu, HailanHu, KeChen, Xiatong
With the introduction of advanced lightweight materials with complex microstructures and behaviors, more focus is put on the accurate determination of their forming limits, and that can only be possible through experiments as the conventional theoretical models for the forming limit curve (FLC) prediction fail to perform. Despite that, CAE engineers, designers, and toolmakers still rely heavily on theoretical models due to the steep costs associated with formability testing, including mechanical setup, a large number of tests, and the cost of a stereo digital image correlation (DIC) system. The international standard ISO 12004-2:2021 recommends using a stereo DIC system for formability testing since two-dimensional (2D) DIC systems are considered incapable of producing reliable strains due to errors associated with out-of-plane motion and deformation. This work challenges that notion and proposes a simple strain compensation method for the determination of FLCs using a low-cost single
Agha, AkshatAbu-Farha, Fadi
In recent years there has been an increase in the development of vehicles that use alternative energy sources, more specifically electric vehicles, intending to establish the transition from combustion engines, bringing to the automotive chain a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels. Electrified vehicles help to improve air quality by drastically reducing the emission of harmful gases and contributing to a considerable improvement in sound quality, due to the use of their silent electric motors. A material allied to these alternative technologies is graphene, few layers (usually up to 6) of Carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal and crystalline form in a two-dimensional plane lattice. Its unique chemical structure allows it to share its exceptional properties with other materials, making it a strong candidate to meet the needs and improve products of the automotive sector. When applied to polymeric composites, they can be used to replace conventional materials, such as metallic
de Bortoli, Bruna FariasRodrigues Camargo, Monique Camillede Oliveira Polkowski, Rodrigo Denizartede Albuquerque, Ricardo Ferreira Cavalcanti
Weight reduction and safety are key factors on the automotive market. Lightweight materials have been widely discussed as an alternative to reduce CO2 emissions levels and fuel efficiency. Press-hardened steels (PHS), such as 22MnB5 steel, are known to combine high ultimate strength resistance and low thickness. To improve this correlation, new generations of ultra-high strength (UHS) hot forming steel grades are under development. Once the mechanical properties improve after the hot forming process it is possible to decrease the thickness keeping the same performance. An example is the 37MnB5 steel which has some adjustments in terms of chemical composition, increasing its hardenability and providing a more refined quenched martensite. A simulation study of weight reduction for a body in white (BIW) application will be presented considering a 37MnB5 steel grade. Additionally, some preliminar results of this steel are discussed. The heat treatment, performed in laboratorial scale
Santana, Dr. JessicaGomes Pallu, LucasCurti, GustavoHirota, Frederico
Several factors stimulate the development of new materials in the industry. From specific physical-chemical characteristics to strategic market advantages, technology companies seek to diversify their raw materials. In the automotive sector, the current trend of electrification in vehicles and the increase of government and market demand for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases makes lighter materials more and more necessary. As electric vehicles use heavy batteries, the vehicle weight is directly related to its power demand and level of autonomy. The same applies to internal combustion vehicles where the vehicle weight directly impacts fuel consumption and emissions. In this context, there is a lot of research on special alloys and composites to replace traditional materials. Aluminum is a good alternative to steel due to its density which is almost five times smaller while that material still has good mechanical properties and has better impact absorption capability. This work
de Oliveira Neto, Raimundo ArraisMatile Cascelli, Luis Antoniode Matos Souza, FarleySayuri Hattori, CarolinaSalomão Peres, Lucas
The purpose of this research is to fabricate a multipurpose drone with different lightweight materials that are used for water irrigation as well as pesticide spraying in agricultural fields. Components are collected and the drone is fabricated based on the parameters required for payload, weight, and design calculations. After the completion of fabrication, the drone is tested using different masses of payload for better endurance. The drone arms are made of balsa wood and stands are fabricated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and carbon fiber. The obtained results proved that a full payload is able to fly for 7 min; at the same time if we reduce the payload to 50%, the endurance will be increased double the time. In this study, the same drone and pumping configuration is used to perform the water and pesticide irrigation over various areas on agricultural land, which is achieved by changing the tank quantity. It will reduce the human work and cost of purchasing two different drones
Balaji, K.Babu, V.Sulthan, S.
In the current research, an aluminum alloy AA8090 is welded using the friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The main objective is to eliminate the chances of defects in the weld joint, which were observed in the conventional joining process. Experiments were planned according to the one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. The input process parameters involved during the present work are welding speed (WS), rotational speed (RS), tilt angle (TA), and dwell time (DT). However, the response variables investigated at different input parametric combinations are tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation (EL), microhardness (MH), and macroscopic structure. Due to the combination of both attributes of optimization (the higher the better in TS and the lower the better in EL), the multi-performance quality characteristics optimization approach, i.e., grey relational analysis (GRA), is implemented. The maximum TS (357 MPa) was observed at a WS of 40 mm/min, RS 500 rpm, TA 1°, and DT 10 s
Dahiya, Munna SinghGupta, Meenu
In the era of rapidly increasing of EV/AVs, there are more electronic Modules/sensors & bigger battery packs added to EV (Electric Vehicles) vehicles, which has resulted in added mass penalty thereby impacting the range of EV vehicles. Range anxiety remains one of the biggest obstacles to widespread electric-car adoption, which drives the necessity of mass optimization to improve EV range. Multi-material design is a trend to lightweight automotive structures. The automotive industry is looking to make use of carbon fibers in their subsystem design. The challenge in current unidirectional carbon fiber design is difficulty to tailor stiffness/ strength across the fiber direction & orienting plies to system / vehicle load path. Optimization of ply angle for unidirectional composite provides constant fiber angle across the ply which does not address multiple load paths of all component /system. This drives for an opportunity to get the fiber angles tailor made to specific load path
Subramanian, Vijayasarathy
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR5271) covers the basic attributes of a second-generation robust, reliable high-density fiber optic interconnect system for aerospace applications. The intent is to take advantage of recent commercial developments in materials, components and manufacturing methods to develop rugged high-density fiber optic interconnects optimized for aerospace and automotive applications, which can accommodate a variety of optical fiber waveguide types. These waveguide types include single mode and multi-mode glass/glass fibers and waveguides, plastic clad silica fibers and waveguides, and all polymer fibers and waveguides. This second generation interconnect system should represent a dramatic improvement over first generation. The cable should be extremely robust eliminating any concerns over cable damage or fiber breakage in an aerospace environment. A high-density fiber optic interconnect system provides the physical medium for optical data and control
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Composite materials have time and again proven to be highly useful, especially in the aerospace industry with the increasing need for light-weight materials albeit with high stiffness to strength ratios. The Ceramic Particle Reinforced Composites can be effectively utilized in tuning the natural frequencies of components by varying the volume fractions up to 40% with the help of Representative Volume Element (RVE) / Unit Cell Models as explained in Reference [1]. The aim of this paper is to tune the natural frequencies of a typical blade used in a gas turbine engine by modifying the material properties without changing the design profile significantly. The design profiles of blades are arrived at after a lot of engineering iterations from aerodynamics stability point of view and are also finalized based on meeting key performance parameters. However, the structural analysis studies are carried out after the profile generation, which may sometime predict that the natural frequencies are
Putrevu, RaviKari, Sreedhar
The transition from traditional gasoline-powered automobiles to electric vehicles has taken time. Two significant challenges of engine-powered vehicles are greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy. Working with lightweight materials has emerged as a critical area for improvement in the automotive industry in today’s world. The most efficient method for increasing power output is to reduce the weight of vehicle components. Composite materials have significantly benefited from research and development because they are stronger, more recyclable, and easier to integrate into vehicles. The primary goal of this research is to design the body and chassis frame of a two-seater electric car. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to determine the body’s drag coefficient and structural analysis to obtain the frontal impact and torsional rigidity of the chassis to develop a practical electric car design. The design was carried out with the help of CATIA V5 software, while
Aiyan, MohammedSagar, S. SumanthRaghav S., Sanjay
Researchers have developed a lighter, yet more robust knee brace for the elderly who suffer from knee problems. Using 3D printing techniques, the team has managed to reduce the weight of a traditional exoskeleton knee brace (typically built using metal) by 30 percent, thanks to an innovative design that uses lightweight plastic and assistive springs
The spring is an important component part of the suspension of motorcycles and automobiles. As the spring constitutes an unsprung weight, the suspension complies more quickly if the spring weighs less. Especially in off-road motorcycles, which are often subjected to extremely hard conditions such as full acceleration and braking, quick turning and jumping, a reduction of unsprung weight contributes to an enhancement of dynamic performance. As an effective means to reduce weight, use of the light-weight titanium instead of the commonly used steel is seen in some examples. However, applications of titanium are limited only to large-diameter springs because of its higher cost and challenging in coiling. To achieve a steel spring that weighs lower than a titanium counterpart, we aimed at a spring that features such a fatigue strength that allows stressing as higher as to 1520 MPa. Three technical options are used, 1) Shot peening, 2) Removal of decarburized surface on wire material, 3
Kato, HidekiKasatori, ShinjiKameda, HirokatsuSuzuki, Shoichi
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