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[LATEST UPDATE] The legacy version of Mobilus (Mobilus 3.0) has now been officially sunset. Thank you for your valuable feedback and continued support in helping to improve Mobilus. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] IMPORTANT UPDATE: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0 (legacy version) We would like to inform you of an important update regarding SAE Mobilus - As part of our ongoing commitment to enhancing your experience, the legacy version of the platform (Mobilus 3.0) will be phased out on October 31, 2024. The current website with the newly redesigned interface introduced back in April, featuring an intuitive interface, improved search capabilities, advanced search, and in-depth browsing capabilities, will continue to remain operational going forward to support your needs. What You Need to Know: Last Day of Service (Mobilus 3.0): October 31, 2024 Content Access: You will retain access to all subscribed content through your institutional subscription. Personal Preferences Migration: While most settings tied to your Dasboard in Mobilus 3.0 (alerts, annotations, folders) will transfer over to the new platform, saved searches will not be retained and will need to be recreated in the new platform through your complimentary My Library account. Access the New Platform: Your institutional preferences around login (IP authentication, SSO, username/password) will be retained. We appreciate your understanding during this transition. Thank you for your continued support. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Answers to common questions / FAQs are accessible here. Best regards, The Mobilus Team SAE International

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 163

AI in Wonderland: Engineering in the Age of Overpromised Technology

EPR202500201/14/2025

This report explores the move from traditional industry practices to emerging technologies, specifically the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in engineering service sectors. It highlights the increasing problem of “technology washing,” when organizations overstate (sometimes deceivingly) their technology abilities and ethics, posing challenges to accountability, transparency, and trust in various fields. The rise of AI-based solutions in sectors like autonomous mobility, manufacturing, and aerospace has exposed a contrast between ambitious future aspirations and current technological barriers. With this, the role of human knowledge in guaranteeing ethical, efficient, and clear technology incorporation becomes essential. Starting with an examination of today’s technological scene, this report tackles topics such as the buzz around autonomous systems and the difficulties of standardizing fresh innovations. It also points out the problem of organizations exaggerating

Barriers to Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Metal Additive Manufacturing

EPR202500101/14/2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact metal additive manufacturing (AM). Understanding how one might use AI in AM is challenging because AM experts are not AI experts, nor the other way around. This document introduces AI in AM and guides researchers in accessing relevant literature. It also discusses the hype surrounding AI in AM, the rush to publish peer-reviewed papers that use AI in AM, and the resulting uneven quality of the literature. Conclusions regarding the application of AI in both large and small enterprises are discussed. This document is intended to help illuminate AI in AM for Hands-on engineers who need to quickly understand what levels of problems they might encounter when dealing with AI in AM Engineering managers who need to stay current on emerging trends in their technical realm of responsibilities Policymakers who may not have the relevant technical expertise Faculty and students who want an introduction to AI in AM NOTE: SAE Edge Research

SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning

EPR202402912/12/2024

It is the tenth anniversary of SAE International’s Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice effort SAE J3016 to establish a nomenclature standard for driving automation systems and levels of automation. While not exhaustive, this report covers motivation, initiation, and continued development of J3016 regarding driving automation systems, noting that J3016 evolved as a learning device that facilitated the evolution of driving automation systems. It initially worked by establishing common terminology for the technical learning in the field, but over time, J3016 expanded to recognize the human roles in driving automation systems, with later iterations considering broader transportation ecosystems, including fleet operations and remote assistance centers. SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning emphasizes ongoing learning to integrate diverse insights about technical, social, and socio-technical challenges of

Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry

EPR202402812/12/2024

Recent advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the broader advanced air mobility (AAM) movement have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. Many new applications have been identified and are under development, with considerable potential for market growth and exciting potential. However, talent resources are the most critical parameters to make or break the AAM vision, and significantly more talent is needed than the traditional aviation industry is able to currently generate. One possible solution—leverage rapid advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the gaming industry to help attract, identify, educate, and encourage current and future generations to engage in various aspects of the AAM industry. Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry discusses how the modern gaming population of 3.3 million

Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling

EPR202403012/12/2024

In today's world, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing a remarkable boom with increasing global demand. With it, comes the surging and unprecedented need for EV batteries. Recycling these batteries has become of crucial importance, as it not only plays a vital role in ensuring the security of the battery supply chain but also serves as a key measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still several issues that remain unresolved in this domain. Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling delves deep into these issues, thoroughly exploring the current state of the industry and potential solutions to drive sustainable EV battery recycling. By addressing these challenges, we can strive towards a more sustainable future in the EV sector. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges

EPR202402711/25/2024

Original equipment manufacturers, Tier 1 suppliers, and the rest of the value chain, including the semiconductor industry, are reshaping their product portfolios, development processes, and business models to support this transformation to software-defined vehicles (SDVs). The focus on software is rippling out through the automotive sector, forcing the industry to rethink organization, leadership, processes, and future roadmaps. The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges assesses the state of SDVs and explores the potential hurdles to execution and examines the work being done in the industry. The goal is to evaluate whether the implementation of SDVs will encounter the same fate as electrification or autonomous technologies, which after some level of disillusionment, are expected to pick up momentum in a more mature way. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions

EPR202402611/25/2024

There is great recognition regarding the importance of hydrogen as an energy route for the decarbonization of road vehicles. Several countries are making large investments to create products, services, and infrastructures that allow hydrogen to be used as a clean source for propulsion, but there are still many open questions. This complete hydrogen chain involves production, transformation, transport, storage, and use. Although many initiatives are seeking global production, the use of low-carbon hydrogen is not yet economically competitive. Therefore, for this industry to establish itself, and acknowledging the characteristics of each region, there needs to be more intense coordination of efforts between the different industrial and political segments. Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions establishes premises for the hydrogen economy and its main environmental aspects. It also includes proposals and scenarios to establish a strategy that relates to

Product Governance and Management for Software-defined Battery Electric Vehicles

EPR202402510/21/2024

In recent years, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have experienced significant sales growth, marked by advancements in features and market delivery. This evolution intersects with innovative software-defined vehicles, which have transformed automotive supply chains, introducing new BEV brands from both emerging and mature markets. The critical role of software in software-defined battery electric vehicles (SD-BEVs) is pivotal for enhancing user experience and ensuring adherence to rigorous safety, performance, and quality standards. Effective governance and management are crucial, as failures can mar corporate reputations and jeopardize safety-critical systems like advanced driver assistance systems. Product Governance and Management for Software-defined Battery Electric Vehicles addresses the complexities of SD-BEV product governance and management to facilitate safer vehicle deployments. By exploring these challenges, it aims to enhance internal processes and foster cross

Systems Design Engineering: A Holistic Requirements-led Approach to Concept Design

EPR202402410/21/2024

Many organizations are falling far short of achieving the lifecycle potential of their new product designs. One major source of this suboptimal business performance stems from underleveraging key Systems Engineering and Design Engineering principles in the early phases of the design process. If these are being poorly applied, the following will likely occur: Inefficient use of engineering (and other cross-functional) resources Unnecessarily high product development costs Delayed time-to-market Subpar launch quality Poor system-level safety Suboptimal lifecycle sustainability-related performance Compromised design innovation This report addresses these challenges and articulates how Systems Design Engineering provides nonburdensome and quickly applied methods for overcoming these shortcomings, placing a dedicated focus on the three high-level principles that govern lifecycle product design success. Excellent and efficient performance against each of them is needed to achieve a new

Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization

EPR202402310/21/2024

Multi-sensor fusion (MSF) is believed to be a promising tool for vehicular localization in urban environments. Due to the differences in principles and performance of various onboard vehicle sensors, MSF inevitably suffers from heterogeneous sources and vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Therefore, an essential requirement of MSF is the capability of providing a consumer-grade solution that operates in real-time, is accurate, and immune to abnormal conditions with guaranteed performance and quality of service for location-based applications. In other words, an MSF algorithm depends heavily on data synchronization, cost, an accurate process model, a prior knowledge of covariance matrices, integrity assessments, and security against cyber-attacks. Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization addresses trending technologies in MSF-based vehicle localization and outlines some insights into the unsettled issues and their potential solutions. The discussions and outlook are presented as a

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Materials and Manufacturing

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 976

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-579-M01/02/2025

This eBook has been provided as the textbook for course number MECH ENG 5543 at Missouri State University. "Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future

Spacecraft System Health Management: Current Practices and Emerging Technologies

R-56612/12/2024

Ensuring the safe and reliable operation of spacecraft is a complex task that requires advanced technologies and innovative approaches. This comprehensive guide provides a deep dive into the world of spacecraft system health management. From understanding the intricacies of spacecraft systems to exploring cutting-edge technologies like AI and digital twins, this book offers a valuable resource for anyone interested in the field. Key Features: - Clear and accessible language: The book is written for both technical experts and general readers, making it easy to understand complex concepts. - Real-world examples: Case studies and examples from actual missions bring the theoretical concepts to life. - Future-focused: The book explores emerging technologies that are shaping the future of spacecraft health management, giving readers a glimpse into the future of space exploration. Whether you're a seasoned space engineer or simply curious about the wonders of space exploration, this book

SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

R-56112/04/2024

Welcome to SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, the ultimate reference for mastering the complex and fast-evolving world of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. Designed for engineers, researchers, students, and enthusiasts, this comprehensive guide is your key to navigating the intricate vocabulary and concepts driving the future of sustainable transportation. As the automotive industry pivots toward greener, more efficient solutions, understanding the terminology and technology behind electric and hybrid vehicles is crucial. This dictionary offers precise, accessible definitions for a wide range of terms—from foundational principles to the latest innovations in battery technology, motor design, and smart charging systems. Each entry has been meticulously curated by experts to ensure accuracy and relevance, providing clear explanations that enhance both comprehension and application. Reflecting the most recent advancements in automotive engineering

Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction, Second Edition

R-58712/02/2024

Discover the Art and Science of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction "Provides excellent guidance on the documentation and reconstruction process and is a good field guide for anyone investigating an aircraft accident." ― Anthony T. Brickhouse, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Dive into the essential aspects of aircraft crash investigation with the new edition of Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction. Written by industry veteran Don Knutson, this comprehensive guide covers the intricacies of investigating crashes, the mindset needed for thorough investigations, and the step-by-step processes for on-scene reconstruction. Designed for practitioners, students, and enthusiasts alike, this book offers detailed references for further reading and research. Through generic yet real-life scenarios, Knutson provides valuable insights into aircraft crash investigations. Whether you're with a government aviation agency, a manufacturer, the military, an insurance company, law

Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis

R-56711/19/2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of automotive technology, fire safety remains a critical concern. From the era of steam-powered vehicles to today’s cutting-edge electric and hybrid models, understanding the risks and preventive measures for automotive fires is essential for protecting lives and assets. In Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles, Erbis Biscarri, a seasoned expert with extensive experience in both automotive equipment manufacturing and major car manufacturers, presents a definitive guide on the subject. This book provides a thorough exploration of the physical phenomena leading to vehicle fires, offering in-depth analysis methods and prevention strategies tailored to both traditional internal combustion engines and the latest hybrid and electric vehicles. Organized into three key sections—Theory, Prevention, and Analysis—the book delves into the fundamental concepts of fire initiation, sustenance, and propagation, covering a wide range of vehicle systems. It

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-57911/14/2024

"Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future

Intelligent Electric Vehicles

R-58411/01/2024

Embark on a journey into the future of transportation with Intelligent Electric Vehicles. This comprehensive guide demystifies complex concepts, offering a roadmap to harness the monetization opportunities within the thriving IEV ecosystem. From management strategies to cutting-edge technology, this book provides a holistic perspective on the IEV industry. Explore real-world case studies, learn about emerging trends like cockpit intelligence and connected vehicles, and discover how to navigate the challenges and opportunities of this transformative space. Key Features: • Interdisciplinary approach: Bridges the gap between management and technology. • Real-world case studies: Grounds theoretical knowledge in practical applications. • Future-focused insights: Prepares readers for the next wave of innovations. • Monetization roadmap: Offers strategic advice for capitalizing on IEV advancements. Whether you're an automotive industry professional, technology enthusiast, or investor

By the Numbers: Principles of Automotive Parts Management, Second Edition

R-57710/28/2024

In By the Numbers, industry expert Gary J. Naples offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the complexities of modern parts department management. Designed for both new and experienced professionals, this book provides a solid foundation in essential business and personnel management techniques. Understanding that effective parts management requires more than just product knowledge, the author explores the broader aspects of the role, including: • Business acumen: Develop the financial and operational skills needed to succeed. • Inventory management: Optimize stock levels and reduce costs. • Team leadership: Build and motivate a high-performing team. • Customer service: Deliver exceptional service to enhance customer satisfaction. Featuring a new self-assessment tool, Inventory Effectiveness Quotient (IEQ), this book empowers parts managers to measure and benchmark their department's performance. With clear explanations, practical examples, and real-world case studies, By the Numbers

Critical Mass: The One Thing You Need to Know About Green Cars

R-57510/23/2024

In an era where climate change dominates global discourse, Felix Leach and Nick Molden dive deep into the complexity of vehicle emissions in their groundbreaking new book. Building on the insights from Felix's previous work, Racing Toward Zero, this new release confronts the bewildering landscape of automotive pollution with a clear, rigorous approach: what one piece of information can best describe the environmental impact of cars? Our digital age bombards us with information, yet meaningful understanding often eludes us, particularly when it comes to climate issues like road vehicle emissions. As simple solutions to such a complex problem remain elusive, Leach and Molden advocate for a sophisticated, yet accessible perspective. They propose a radical simplification of how we consider the environmental impact of cars and explore the multifaceted impacts of various vehicle powertrains, pushing beyond CO2 emissions to address broader environmental and societal concerns. The authors

Product Design and Testing for DOE for Automotive Engineering Volume II

R-55009/17/2024

Explore Product Design and Testing for Automotive Engineering: Volume II, an essential guide reshaping vehicle manufacturing with unprecedented reliability. As part of SAE International's DOE for Product Reliability Growth series, this practical resource introduces cutting-edge methodologies crucial for predicting and improving product reliability in an era of automotive electrification. The book navigates statistical tolerance design, showcasing how variability in part fabrication and assembly can enhance reliability and sustainability. Key topics include: - Statistical tolerance design's impact on manufacturing and material selection, focusing on non-normal distributions' effects on product assembly and cost. Methods like maximum likelihood estimators and Monte Carlo simulations are used for assembly strategy synthesis. - Reliability DOEs using log-location-scale distributions to estimate lifetimes of non-normally distributed components, especially in accelerated life testing. It

Recently Published

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Matching Buyers & Sellers to Advance SDV Development

1349701/16/2025

From evolving consumer expectations to changing business models to updates to the car itself, there is no doubt that software is radically transforming the automotive industry--and companies must adapt now or risk being left behind. The rise of smartphones has permanently altered consumer expectations, and software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are expected to provide experiences akin to those found on mobile devices. Preferences for infotainment and safety features through advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are also increasingly central to purchase decisions. In an effort to meet these demands and accelerate the development of SDVs, SDVerse was developed as a B2B sales marketplace for buyers and sellers of automotive software. The matchmaking platform is available to all OEMs, suppliers, and other companies with relevant software offerings and tools. To learn more, we sat down with Prashant Gulati, Chief Executive Officer, to discuss the role of SDVerse in the automotive industry's

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Top EV Trends to Watch in 2025

1349601/16/2025

2024 saw several advancements in EV technology and charging capabilities including the rollout of the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program and the growing adoption of the J3400 charging standard. Looking ahead to 2025, new EV models and more affordable options are poised to make an impact, capturing public interest and continuing to drive adoption, even amidst current EV infrastructure challenges and the potential rollback of EV tax credits. To break down the key EV headlines of 2024 and what to expect in the year ahead, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Patrick George, Editor-in-Chief of InsideEVs, the go-to online publications for all things electrification. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the announcement of the universal plug and charge platform. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas

Hineman, Marcie

Investigating the Orientation-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Fabricated via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

2025-01-5001

01/15/2025

Additive manufacturing technologies, particularly wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), have gained recognition for their ability to produce large metallic components efficiently and cost-effectively. This study investigates both the mechanical properties and microstructure of 304L austenitic stainless steel produced via WAAM, focusing on orientation-dependent behavior. Tensile specimens were prepared in transversal, diagonal, and longitudinal orientations according to ASTM E8 standards, and their mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that the diagonal sample exhibited the highest tensile strength of 555 MPa with an elongation of 47.9%, while the longitudinal sample demonstrated the highest ductility with a notable elongation of 61.4%. Microstructural analysis, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed refined grain structures and alignment that influenced mechanical properties and stress distribution. Hardness measurements showed an increase across all

Navaneethasanthakumar, S., Suresh, R., Santhosh, V., Godwin Raja Ebenezer, N., Sankarapandian, S.

Influence of High-Temperature Annealing Parameters on Wear and Friction Mechanisms in Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composites

2025-01-5000

01/15/2025

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing method employed for printing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Nonetheless, the performance of printed parts is often constrained by inherent defects. This study investigates how the varying annealing parameter affects the tribological properties of FDM-produced polypropylene carbon fiber composites. The composite pin specimens were created in a standard size of 35 mm height and 12 mm diameter, based on the specifications of the tribometer pin holder. The impact of high-temperature annealing process parameters are explored, specifically annealing temperature and duration, while maintaining a fixed cooling rate. Two set of printed samples were taken for post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min, respectively. The tribological properties were evaluated using a dry pin-on-disc setup and examined both pre- (as-built) and post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min printed samples

Nallasivam, J.D., Sundararaj, S., Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna, Pradab, R.

AI in Wonderland: Engineering in the Age of Overpromised Technology

EPR2025002

01/14/2025

Khan, Samir

Barriers to Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Metal Additive Manufacturing

EPR2025001

01/14/2025

King, Wayne

NVH Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Liquid Cooling System

10-09-01-0004

01/13/2025

The aim of the article is to evaluate the effect of the cooling system on the NVH behavior of traction permanent magnets synchronous motors (PMSMs). An effective numerical method is proposed for modeling the fluid–structure interaction in the cooling system of PMSMs. A simplified physical prototype of a cooling jacket of a PMSM is realized by welding two concentric tubes with an internal cavity filled by coolant. A finite element model of the structure is realized. The coolant is modeled as an acoustic domain to account for the fluid–structure interaction in the cavity and a coupled acoustic–structural dynamic problem is solved. The model is validated by experimental modal tests conducted on the prototype of the cooling jacket both with and without the presence of coolant. The validated model is employed to quantify the effect of the cooling system on a real PMSM. The structure of a 10-poles, 12-slots electric machine is modeled by means of finite element method. The model includes the

Barri, Dario, Soresini, Federico, Ballo, Federico, Lucà, Francescantonio, Manzoni, Stefano, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Mastinu, Giampiero

Verification of Vulnerable Road User Pre-Crash Scenarios in Vision-Based Safety Applications

12-08-01-0004

01/10/2025

Verifying training datasets in vision-based vehicle safety applications is crucial to understanding the potential limitations of detection capabilities that may result in a higher safety risk. Vision-based pedestrian safety applications with crash avoidance technologies rely on prompt detection to avoid a crash. This research aims to develop a verification process for vulnerable road user safety applications with vision-based detection functionalities. It consists of reviewing the application’s safety requirements, identifying the target objects of detection in the operational design domain and pre-crash scenarios, and evaluating the safety risks qualitatively by examining the training dataset based on the results of pre-crash scenarios classification. As a demonstration, the process is implemented using open-source pedestrian tracking software, and the pre-crash scenarios are classified based on the trajectories of pedestrians in an example training dataset used in a pedestrian

Hsu, Chung-Jen

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: How AI Alignment Makes AVs Safer

1349501/10/2025

In order for AVs to perform safely and reliably, we need to teach them the language of human preference and expectations--and accelerating AI alignment can do just that. Enter Kognic, the industry-leading annotation platform for sensor-fusion datasets (e.g., camera, radar, and LIDAR data). By helping companies gather, organize, and refine massive datasets used for training AI models, Kognic is helping to ensure that AD/ADAS perform reliably and meet safety standards--all while minimizing costs and optimizing teams. To learn more, we sat down with Daniel Langkilde, Co-Founder and CEO, to discuss why the future of autonomous driving depends on effectively managing AI-driven datasets and how Kognic is leading dataset management for safety-critical AI. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in

Hineman, Marcie

In-Vehicle Network Anomaly Detection Based on a Graph Attention Network

12-08-04-0034

01/10/2025

The increased connectivity of vehicles expands the attack surface of in-vehicle networks, enabling attackers to infiltrate through external interfaces and inject malicious traffic. These malicious flows often contain anomalous semantic information, potentially leading to misleading control instructions or erroneous decisions. While most semantic-based anomaly detection methods for in-vehicle networks focus on extracting semantic context, they often overlook interactions and associations between multiple semantics, resulting in a high false positive rate (FPR). To address these challenges, the Adaptive Structure Graph Attention Network Model (AS-GAT) is proposed for in-vehicle network anomaly detection. Our approach combines a semantic extractor with a continuously updated graph structure learning method based on attention weight similarity constraints. The semantic extractor identifies semantic features within messages, while the graph structure learning module adaptively updates the

Luo, Feng, Luo, Cheng, Wang, Jiajia, Li, Zhihao

Ancillary Deicing/Anti-Icing Information

AIR8468 (Current)01/10/2025

This manual contains information regarding aircraft deicing/anti-icing surfaces and areas

G-12M Methods Committee

Metallic Whiskers

AIR4129A (Current)

01/09/2025

This AIR presents an abbreviated review of the metallurgical phenomena known as whiskers. It is not all encompassing; rather, it is intended to introduce the design engineer to the technical issues of metallic whiskers, their formation, and the potentially dangerous problems they can cause

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Aerospace - Evaluation of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluid - Membrane Procedure

ARP4285A (Current)

01/09/2025

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes a method for evaluating the particulate matter extracted from the working fluid of a hydraulic system or component using a membrane. The amount of particulate matter deposited on the membrane due to filtering a given quantity of fluid is visually compared against a standard membrane in order to provide an indication of the cleanliness level of the fluid

A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee

LEDs and Aircraft Applications

ARP6253A (Current)

01/09/2025

This document presents minimum criteria for the design and installation of LED assemblies in aircraft. The use of "shall" in this specification expresses provisions that are binding. Nonmandatory provisions use the term "should

A-20C Interior Lighting

Actuators, Linear Mechanical, General Specification Guide

ARP5812 (Current)

01/09/2025

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes design, manufacturing performance and test requirements for linear mechanical actuators intended to be used for linear motion applications in response to manual or automatic power control system inputs. It is applicable, but not confined to, ball screws, sliding contact screws, roller screws, helical splines, rack and pinion assemblies, and skewed roller actuators. It is a reference for preparing detail specifications for mechanical actuators compatible and applicable to military or commercial aircraft systems

A-6B3 Electro-Mechanical Actuation Committee

Method for Predicting Lateral Attenuation of Airplane Noise

AIR5662 (Current)

01/09/2025

This document describes analytical methods for calculating the attenuation of the level of the sound propagating from an airplane to locations on the ground and to the side of the flight path of an airplane during ground roll, climbout after liftoff, and landing operations. Both level and non-level ground scenarios may be modeled using these methods, however application is only directly applicable to terrain without significant undulations, which may cause multiple reflections and/or multiple shielding effects. This attenuation is termed lateral attenuation and is in excess of the attenuation from wave divergence and atmospheric absorption. The methods for calculating the lateral attenuation of the sound apply to: turbofan-powered transport-category airplanes with engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage (on the sides of the fuselage or in the center of the fuselage as well as on the sides) or under the wings propeller-driven transport-category or general-aviation airplanes

A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling

INSERT, SCREW THREAD, HELICAL COIL, METRIC SERIES, FREE RUNNING, CRES, UNCOATED

MA3279D (Current)

01/09/2025

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Air in Aircraft Hydraulic Systems

AIR5829 (Current)

01/09/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the forms that air may take in aircraft hydraulic systems. Further, the effects of the various air forms on system operation are addressed. Recommended system design to prevent air effects and maintenance procedures to prevent and remove air are provided. Nitrogen leakage from accumulators is also a source of gas in hydraulic systems and may compose a portion of the “air” in the hydraulic system. The term “air” in this report does not differentiate between a gas composed strictly of normal atmospheric air or one that includes a mixture of additional nitrogen as well. The discussions of the report apply equally with any proportions of atmospheric air and nitrogen in the system

A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee

Superfinishing of HVOF Applied Tungsten Carbide Coatings

AMS2452 (Current)

01/09/2025

This specification covers requirements for the superfinishing of High Velocity Oxygen/Fuel (HVOF) applied tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

On the Potential of Upcycling Plastic Wastes to Carbon-Capturing Materials Using Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Injection Molding Process

13-05-03-0021

01/09/2025

With the extensive production and widespread use of plastics, the issue of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, researchers have been focusing on developing efficient methodologies for upcycling waste plastics and converting them into value-added materials. This hybrid review–conceptual article first provides an overview of strategies for upcycling waste plastic into carbon-capturing materials. It presents carbonization and activation as key steps in converting plastic waste into adsorbent materials and explores strategies for converting common waste plastics. Building upon this foundation, the article introduces and conceptualizes a novel upcycling approach with two manufacturing routes to convert plastic waste into carbon-capturing materials using supercritical fluid (ScF)-assisted injection molding process. It continues by investigating the potential of developing lightweight components made of such carbon-capturing

Pirani, Mahdi, Meiabadi, Mohammad Saleh, Moradi, Mahmoud, Enriquez, Lissette Garcia, Sreenivasan, Sreeprasad T., Farahani, Saeed

Vehicle Collision Avoidance Path Planning Based on Trajectory Prediction

12-08-03-0029

01/07/2025

To address the issues of unreasonable collision avoidance path planning algorithms and inadequate safety in high-speed scenarios, a trajectory prediction-based collision avoidance path planning algorithm has been proposed. First, a trajectory prediction model is constructed using the long–short-term memory (LSTM) network, and the trajectory prediction model is trained and tested with the HighD dataset. Second, the future trajectory of the obstacle car is predicted, the future trajectory information of the two cars is combined to generate the lane-changing decision, and the three-times B-spline curves are used to generate the collision avoidance path clusters. The optimal collision avoidance paths are generated based on the multi-objective optimization function. Finally, build a MATLAB/CarSim simulation platform to verify the reasonableness and safety of the planned paths by taking the three scenarios of the continuous overtaking, preceding car pulling out, and the neighboring car

Liu, Xiao Long, Zhang, Lei, Li, Peng Kun, Xie, Ru, Wang, Qing, Li, Ran Ran

Analysis of the Characteristics of Hybrid Vehicles and Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil Based on Real Road Tests in Four Extreme Environments

04-18-02-0009

01/07/2025

As countries around the world attach more importance to carbon emissions and more stringent requirements are put forward for vehicle emissions, hybrid vehicles, which can significantly reduce emissions compared with traditional fuel vehicles, as well as low-viscosity lubricating oil, have become significant trends in the industry. In this article, a total of nine vehicles of 48 V mild-hybrid models and full-hybrid models are tested. Using three kinds of low-viscosity lubricating oil and driving a total of 120,000 km in environments with low temperature, high humidity, high temperature, or high altitude, the engines are then disassembled and scored. The effects of the four extreme environments on the engine starts–stops, ignition advance angle, engine power, state of charge (SOC), acceleration performance, and oil consumption characteristics of hybrid vehicles are studied; the oxidation characteristics and iron content change characteristics of low-viscosity lubricating oil are analyzed

Zhu, Gezhengting, Pan, Jinchong, Hua, Lun, Shao, Heng, Zhang, Heng, Hu, Hua, Jiang, Jiandi, Luo, Yitao, Yan, Jingfeng, Xu, Zhengxin, Jiao, Yan, Wei, Guangyuan

Self-Learning Method for Shift Hub Position in a Double-Input Shaft Hybrid Gearbox Using Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Nutcracker Optimization Algorithm

02-18-01-0004

01/07/2025

Due to manufacturing, assembly, and actuator wear, slight deviations between the actual and logical positions of various gears in a transmission system may accumulate, affecting shift quality, reducing shift accuracy, and causing operational anomalies. To address this issue, a self-learning method based on the top dead center (TDC) and lower dead center (LDC) was proposed, specifically for the hybrid gearbox of an electric torque converter (eTC) module and a double-input shaft gearbox (DIG). The linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) method was employed to estimate and manage the nonlinear resistance during the motion of the shifting motor. To simplify the controller parameter problem, the nutcracker optimization algorithm (NOA) was utilized to tune the LADRC parameters, thereby optimizing the position self-learning process. The control strategy was modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and its reasonableness was verified through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests. Based on these

Hong, Hanchi, Quan, Kangning, d’Apolito, Luigi, Xu, Li

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reshaping Air Freight with Blended Wing Body Design

1349401/06/2025

For more than 60 years, the air freight industry has adapted passenger aircraft for cargo fleets resulting in limited capacity and diminished fuel efficiency. However, a long-overdue shift toward a volume-optimized blended wing body (BWB) design is enabling freight aircrafts to carry 40-50% more in cargo capacity per trip while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading the way is Natilus, a company that develops hyper-efficient cargo and passenger BWB aircraft that dramatically improve aerodynamic efficiency and provide a powerful increase in internal volume. The result? Less fuel burn, lower emissions, higher payloads, and lower operating costs. To learn more, we sat down with Aleksey Matyushev, CEO and Co-Founder, to discuss how Natilus' next-generation BWB aircraft design can improve economic efficiency and sustainability, as well as the company's foray into the passenger aircraft space. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and

Hineman, Marcie

The Use of Pressure Constructs in Aerodynamics May Lead to Misinformation

01-17-03-0020

01/06/2025

From biology, to genetics, and paleontology, these fields share the DNA as a common and time-proven tool. In science, pressure may be such a tool, shared by thermodynamics, material science, and astrophysics, but not by aerodynamics. Pressure is a shorthand for a force acting perpendicular to a surface. When this surface is reduced to zero, so should the pressure. The wing area of an aircraft acts as a reference area to calculate its parasite drag coefficient. In this scenario, the parasite drag acts as a force over the wing area. If the wing area is reduced to zero, its parasite drag does not, as the fuselage is still generating parasite drag. The ratio of the parasite drag and wing area is an example of a pressure construct that uses a physically irrelevant reference area and has no absolute zero. Pressure constructs, more frequently used than pressures in aerodynamics, are a math-based parameter that preserve dimensional propriety according to the Buckingham Pi theorem but lacks a

Burgers, Phillip

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