Browse Topic: Polymers

Items (8,766)
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
This specification covers an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber in the form of molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Plastic materials are used for a wide variety of spacecraft applications including seals, bearings, fasteners, electrical insulators, thermal isolators, and radomes. Selecting plastics for use in space is complex due to wide operating temperature ranges, vacuum conditions, and exposure to radiation and atomic oxygen. Additionally, some spacecraft applications require sealing flammable propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen. This article will present some design considerations when selecting plastics for use in spacecraft. It will provide rich data on the performance characteristics of plastics as well as examples of successful spacecraft applications.
The possibility of reducing CO2 emissions through sustainable paraffinic fuels opens opportunities for the continued use of existing infrastructure and combustion systems. At the same time, fuel switching also presents challenges in terms of the materials used. The changing composition of paraffinic fuels and their impact on plastic materials is a frequent topic of discussion. Compared to distillate diesel, neat paraffinic fuels contain almost no aromatics, which are known to cause swelling in plastics, especially elastomers. This literature review aims to examine and summarize studies on the influence of paraffinic fuels compared to distillate diesel on elastomers. On the fuel side, attention will be given to fuels with different total aromatics content and neat paraffinic fuels. In the field of elastomers, materials used for sealing applications and hoses are analyzed in detail. Special attention will be paid to NBR, FKM, and EPDM. The review aims to answer three questions. The first
Conen, TobiasHäfele, BenjaminDahlmann, Rainer
FibreCoat, the German materials startup, has developed a groundbreaking fiber reinforced composite that is capable of making aircraft, tanks and spacecraft invisible to radar surveillance. The company was officially founded in Aachen, Germany, in 2020, however its core founding team first began developing new approaches to the use of materials that make commercial and military vehicles invisible to radar as back as 2014. FibreCoat is known for inventing a novel technology to coat metals and plastics onto fibers, thus combining the properties of the fibers and the coating material, during the fiber-spinning process.
University of Liège Liège, Belgium
Medical tubing is an essential component of countless healthcare applications, from intravenous (IV) and oxygen lines to catheters and diagnostic equipment. These tubes, often made of clear flexible polymers, must be produced to exacting standards: free of contaminants, strong under pressure, and biocompatible. However, the joining process to connect these tubes can introduce significant manufacturing challenges.
Researchers have developed a soft, thin-film auditory brainstem implant (ABI). The device uses micrometer-scale platinum electrodes embedded in silicone, forming a pliable array just a fraction of a millimeter thick. This novel approach enables better tissue contact, potentially preventing off-target nerve activation and reducing side effects.
This specification covers one type of a non-melting, heat-stable silicone compound, for use in high tension electrical connections, ignition systems, and electronics equipment, for application to unpainted mating threaded or non-threaded surfaces, and as a lubricant for components fabricated from elastomers. This compound is effective in the temperature range from -54 °C (-65 °F) to +204 °C (400 °F) for extended periods. This compound is identified by NATO symbol S-736 (see 6.5).
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Brazil produces approximately 40 million tires annually and discards over 450,000 tons within the same period. Improper disposal turns tires into an environmental liability; each unit can take about 600 years to decompose in nature. This can cause environmental damage and contribute to disease proliferation by creating mosquito breeding grounds, including vectors for Dengue, Zika virus, Chikungunya, and Yellow Fever. To mitigate these damages, Block Selantes was founded in 2018. The company utilizes discarded tires to produce automotive sealants that prevent punctures and tire wear. It is the only company globally to use recycled tires as a sustainable raw material for sealants, a process protected by an industrial patent, resulting in a unique product fully compatible with tire rubber. Additionally, using the sealant in automotive applications significantly enhances vehicle operation safety, reduces costs, and improves logistical efficiency. The use of recycled raw materials also
Cardoso, Diego JardimBarros, Dimitri AugustoCiapparini, Joel VicenteRausch, BrunoBen, Bernardo Sacilotode Gonzaga Paul, DácioFascina, Luiz Henrique
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have developed an innovative new technique using carbon nanofibers to enhance binding in carbon fiber and other fiber-reinforced polymer composites — an advance likely to improve structural materials for automobiles, airplanes and other applications that require lightweight and strong materials.
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7274 rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings machined from AMS3617 polyamide material. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification and part standard specifies polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin material and the dimensional requirements for scarf-cut retainers (backup rings) previously specified by MIL-R-8791 and MIL-R-8791/1. The retainers are intended for use in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with seals and O-rings.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a standardized test procedure that can be used to evaluate material capability in a dynamic sealing application. This procedure will be utilized by applicable elastomer material specifications which are used for production of O-rings and other seals. This specification is applicable to the dynamic testing requirements for aerospace elastomer parts utilizing materials conforming to AMS7XXX series specifications, user specifications, or print on a Purchase Order (PO) that calls out this document for aerospace applications. This procedure is intended for testing NBR. Other elastomers may have different requirements which will require a separate procedure.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Vibration control is most important in automotive applications, and generally, rubbers are used to dampen these vibrations due to their inherent nature and low-cost manufacturing methods. Now, to select a rubber material, Shore hardness is considered in engineering applications, but to additionally control the behaviour, we need to understand its static and dynamic stiffness. These values help to determine the vibration isolation obtained by these rubbers. In this paper, we will discuss methods to calculate the static and dynamic stiffness of rubber grommets using experimental methods and FEA modelling. As elastomers have non-linear material properties, various material modelling techniques in FEA are used to capture multiple phenomena like creep, fatigue, and dynamic conditions. Rubber compounding is used in order to improve the physical and chemical properties, which in turn would give desirable linear characteristics. Certain guidelines and thumb rules are used in the rubber
Khamkar, Prasad SubhashGaikwad, Vikrant Chandrakant
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion-inhibiting, chemical- and solvent-resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
This study presents a novel biomimetic flow-field concept that integrates a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous architectures with a hierarchical leaf-vein-inspired distribution zone, fabricated through 3D printing. By mimicking natural transport systems, the proposed design enhances oxygen delivery and water removal in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The results showed that I-FF and G-FF significantly improved mass transport and water management compared to conventional CPFF. The integrated design I-FF-LDZ achieves up to 32% improvement in power density at 1.85 A/cm2@0.4 V and delays the onset of mass transport losses. The study also reveals that optimizing the volume fraction Vf significantly affects gas penetration, with lower Vf (30%) improving performance in the mass-limited region. These findings underscore the promise of nature-inspired, 3D-printed flow-field architectures in overcoming key transport limitations and advancing the scalability of next
Ho-Van, PhucLim, Ocktaeck
The aim of this work is to present the overviewing results of the low friction coating technology for modern automotive application with the themes, e.g. electric vehicle (EV), R&D trends and bioethanol fuel application. According to Forbes, China, armed with EV, could have several companies among the top 10 global brands by sales in 2030. EV’s friction is more severe than traditional powertrain friction. For the protection of EV’s wear and friction, the coatings, diamond like carbon (DLC) and CrCuN, are compared in the literature. Global coating companies developed with the keywords: hybrid process, low-temperature coating process for polymer material. Last coating conferences showed R&D trends: coating for polymer materials, tetrahedral amorphous carbon (taC) coating, low-temperature coating process and multi-elements containing coatings. In Korea, research institutions, universities and Hyundai Motor Group have a long-term project for the development of ultralow friction coatings of
Cha, Sung ChulMoon, Kyoung IlKim, JongkukPark, Chang HoKim, Dong Sik
Researchers have created a technique to turn waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most recyclable polymers, into components of batteries.
Researchers developed wearable skin sensors that can detect what’s in a person’s sweat. Using the sensors, monitoring perspiration could bypass the need for more invasive procedures like blood draws and provide real-time updates on health problems such as dehydration or fatigue. The sensor design can be rapidly manufactured using a roll-to-roll processing technique that essentially prints the sensors onto a sheet of plastic.
Low density polyurethane foam was first proposed as an alternative to expandable baffles and tapes for sealing vehicle body cavities towards the end of the last century. Despite several inherent advantages for cavity sealing, the high equipment cost of dispensing amongst other reasons, this technology has not spread as widely as expected. With the advent of electric vehicles, there is an increased emphasis on controlling higher frequencies from motors, inverters and other components, and polyurethane foam can be a viable solution by providing more robust sealing. Polyurethane foam sealing is already being employed in the new breed of electric vehicles, but its NVH advantages have not been fully studied or published in literature. Using an existing electric vehicle with conventional expandable baffles & tape sealing measures, a comprehensive evaluation of NVH performance using the closed-cell polyurethane foam solution was conducted. Testing included component level bench test on body
Kavarana, FarokhGuertin, Bill
Mechanical light detection and ranging (LiDAR) units utilize spinning lasers to scan surrounding areas to enable limited autonomous driving. The motors within the LiDAR modules create vibration that can propagate through the vehicle frame and become unwanted noise in the cabin of a vehicle. Decoupling the module from the body of the vehicle with highly damped elastomers can reduce the acoustic noise in the cabin and improve the driving experience. Damped elastomers work by absorbing the vibrational energy and dispelling it as low-grade heat. By creating a unique test method to model the behavior of the elastomers, a predictable pattern of the damping ratio yielded insight into the performance of the elastomer throughout the operating temperature range of the LiDAR module. The test method also provides an objective analysis of elastomer durability when exposed to extreme temperatures and loading conditions for extended periods of time. Confidence in elastomer behavior and life span was
Russell, CaseyMasterson, PeterO'Connell, Kerry
Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and rubber bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this
Kim, JunguReichart, Ronde Klerk, DennisSchütler, WillemMalic, MarioKim, HyeongjunKim, Uije
High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) is a significant issue that impacts customer perception and alters their overall view of the vehicle. This undesirable acoustic environment arises from the interaction between motor polar resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. To address this challenge, the proposal introduces an innovative approach to predicting and tuning the frequency response by precisely adjusting the shape of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The approach includes the cumulation of two solutions: a precise adjustment of rubber flap dimensions and the integration of ML. The ML model is trained on historical data, derived from a mixture of physical testing conducted over the years and CAE simulations, to predict the effects of different flap dimensions on frequency response, providing a data-driven basis for optimization. This predictive capability is further enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization of flap
Hazra, SandipKhan, Arkadip
The world of plastic products has been growing due to its versatile properties and has become an intrinsic and fundamental part of engineering for new products. The most important aspects contributing to this spectacular growth are the design and assembly, making sure that plastic parts are designed optimally. The safety requirements have been increased due to the safety ratings and thus interior parts must provide more absorption and protection to occupants. The main connection types used in the plastic parts are heat stakes and snap fits. The purpose of a good snap fit is not only to have a high retention effort but also to present ergonomic characteristics with optimal insertion and extraction effort because each part requires a different function. With the time-dependent loading, the material will redistribute its internal energy thereby performing a time-related flow leading to reduced pretension thus decreasing stiffness. This paper presents an analytical and numerical method for
Michael Stephan, Navin Estac RajaC M, MithunMohammed, RiyazuddinR, Prasath
This specification covers a synthetic rubber in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, molded shapes, and extrusions. This specification should not be used for molded rings, compression seals, molded O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
This SAE Standard outlines the requirements for a preformed thermosetting hose intended for use in heavy-duty vehicle engines, such as air cleaner inlet, crank case vent, or air cleaner to turbo or to engine inlet.
Non-Hydraulic Hose Committee
Climate-neutral aviation requires resource-efficient composite manufacturing technologies and solutions for the reuse of carbon fibers (CF). In this context, thermoplastic composites (TPC) can make a strong contribution. Thermoforming of TPC is an efficient and established process for aerospace components. Its efficiency could be further increased by integration of joining processes, which would otherwise be separate processes requiring additional time and equipment. In this work, an integrative two-step thermoforming process for hollow box structures is presented. The starting point are two organosheets, i.e. fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheets. First, one of the organosheets, intended for the bottom skin of the uplift structure, is thermoformed. After cooling, the press opens, the organosheet remains in the press and an infrared heater is pivoted in, to locally heat up just the joining area. Meanwhile, a second organosheet, intended for the top skin, is heated and thermoformed and
Vocke, RichardSeeßelberg, LorenzFocke, OliverDietrich, Jan YorrickJobke, KatrinAlbe, ChristopherMay, David
Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer composites (TPC) are gaining relevance in aviation due to their high specific strength, stiffness, potential recyclability and the ability to be repaired thanks to their meltability. To maximize their potential, efficient repair methods are needed to maintain aircraft safety and structural integrity. This article introduces a novel repair technique for damaged TPC structures, involving the joining of a repair patch with induction welding using a susceptor material. The susceptor consists of a material with high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability and therefore reacts stronger to the electromagnetic field than the composite, even if the composite is carbon fiber based. I. e. the thermal energy is specifically concentrated in the repair area. In this study, the susceptor was placed on the patch and also in the welding zone. The repair process begins by identifying and preparing the damaged area, followed by precise scarfing. Care is
Geiger, MarkusGlaap, AntonSchiebel, PatrickMay, David
Traditional silicon-based solar cells are completely opaque, which works for solar farms and roofs but would defeat the purpose of windows. However, organic solar cells, in which the light absorber is a kind of plastic, can be transparent.
Polymer composites, such as fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), are widely used in shipbuilding, aerospace, and automobile industries due to their lightweight and high strengths. In real-world conditions, ship hulls are exposed to harsh environmental factors, including variations in moisture and salinity. FRPs tend to absorb water and moisture, leading to an increase in weight and a reduction in strengths over time, which is undesirable for ship and aircraft structures. This study investigates the reduction in energy absorption and specific energy absorption of glass FRPs (GFRP) and aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites (AHSC) due to exposure to moisture and salinity. Experimental analysis was conducted by immersing the materials in saline and non-saline water. A comparative assessment of the percentage reduction in specific energy absorption (SEA) of GFRP and AHSC is presented. Additionally, the influence of honeycomb parameters such as cell size (CS), foil thickness (FT), and core
Rajput, ArunKumar, AshwinSunny, Mohhamed RabiusChavhan, Harikrishna
The use of plastic gears has expanded due to their lightweight properties, low noise emission, and cost-effective manufacturing. For instance, in the transportation equipment industry, some metal gears are being replaced with plastic gears. To achieve further size and weight reduction, gears must be able to withstand higher loads without damage. Gears have various modes of damage. Since there are different types of wear, each with different factors, it is important to identify the factors and take appropriate countermeasures. In gear meshing, there are many factors that affect wear, so restricted-factor tests are required to confirm the effectiveness of countermeasures. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the wear regime in high-load gear meshing and then to establish a simplified evaluation method replicating the meshing of gears for wear resistance focusing on the relative sliding between the two surfaces of metal and plastic. In the evaluation, changes in wear morphology over
Yamamoto, JimpeiSuzuki, TakaharuAko, NatsukiIwasaki, ShinyaKurita, Hirotaka
Mechanical analysis was performed of a non-pneumatic tire, specifically a Michelin Tweel size 18x8.5N10, that can be used up to a speed of 40 km/h. A Parylene-C coating was added to the rubber spoke specimens before performing both microscopic imaging and cyclic tensile testing. Initially, standard ASTM D412 specimens type C and A were cut from the wheel spokes, and then the specimens were subjected to deposition of a nanomaterial. The surfaces of the specimens were prepared in different ways to examine the influence on the material behavior including the stiffness and hysteresis. Microscopic imaging was performed to qualitatively compare the surfaces of the coated and uncoated specimens. Both coated and uncoated spoke specimens of each standard type were then subjected to low-rate cyclic tensile tests up to 500% strain. The results showed that the Parylene-C coating did not affect the maximum stress in the specimens, but did increase the residual strain. Type C specimens also had a
Collings, WilliamLi, ChengzhiSchwarz, JacksonLakhtakia, AkhleshBakis, CharlesEl-Sayegh, ZeinabEl-Gindy, Moustafa
The advance of regulatory emission standards for light-duty vehicles, trucks and motorcycles, coupled with rising sustainability concerns, particularly United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production), has created an urgent need for lighter, stronger, and more ecological materials. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer derived from plant sources, offers promising mechanical tensile strength and processability. Nanocomposites, a solution that combines a base matrix with a nanoreinforcing filler, provides a path toward developing sustainable materials with new properties. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are a valuable nanofiller obtained through industrial waste or vegetal fibers, offer a promising avenue for strengthening PLA-based materials. Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained popularity due to its ability to create complex parts, prototyping designs, and to evaluate new nanocomposite materials such as PLA/CNF, showing significant
de Oliveira, ViníciusHoriuchi, Lucas NaoGoncalves, Ana PaulaDe Andrade, MarinaPolkowski, Rodrigo
The interplay of electrochemistry, two-phase flow, and heat transfer generates complex transport phenomena within the porous materials of fuel cells that are not yet fully understood. This lack of comprehensive understanding complicates the modeling of liquid water transport, which is critical because the hydration of the polymer electrolyte membrane significantly impacts the cell performance. The liquid water transport mechanisms in porous media can be explained by capillary force, hydraulic permeation and gravity effects, as well as water condensation and evaporation. In general, the liquid water transport is mainly driven by the capillary force, while body forces, such as gravity, do not significantly affect its momentum. Due to limited experimental data on capillary pressure and saturation in gas diffusion media, the Leverett approach has been widely used for modeling liquid water transport in PEMFCs. The Leverett approach is a polynomial fitting of capillary pressure data for
Marra, CarmineCroci, FedericoFontanesi, StefanoBerni, FabioD'Adamo, Alessandro
As a crucial connecting component between the powertrain and the chassis, the performance of rubber mounts is directly related to the NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) characteristics of electric vehicles. This paper proposes a double-isolation rubber mount, which, compared to traditional rubber mounts, incorporates an intermediate skeleton and features inner and outer layers of “cross-ribs”. The design parameters can be simplified to: skeleton diameter, skeleton thickness, main rib width, and main rib thickness. To comprehensively evaluate its performance, a finite element analysis (FEA) model of the proposed double-isolation rubber mount was first established in Abaqus, with static stiffness and dynamic performance analyzed separately. The results indicate that, compared to traditional rubber mounts with similar static stiffness, this design effectively controls dynamic stiffness in the high-frequency range. To expand the effective vibration isolation frequency range of the
Xu, CheKang, YingziTu, XiaofengShen, Dongming
In the field of automotive engineering, the performance and longevity of suspension bushings and powertrain mounts are critical. These components must endure fatigue loads characterized by their variable amplitude, multi-axial nature, and out-of-phase oscillations. The challenge lies in comprehensively characterizing these service loads during the early stages of vehicle production to foresee potential issues that may arise during later stages. Additional complexity in this analysis is introduced by the nonlinear hyperelastic deformation exhibited by natural rubber, a common material used in these components. To address these challenges, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers employ Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) techniques for fatigue life predictions. These predictions are complemented by physical testing involving what are known as block cycles. However, the results obtained from these approaches often fail to fully represent the real loading conditions that a
Zarrin-Ghalami, TouhidDatta, Sandip
Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly susceptible to high-frequency noise, with rubber eigenmodes significantly influencing these noise characteristics. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs experience pronounced variations in dynamic preload during torque rise, which are substantially higher. This dynamic preload variation can markedly impact the high-frequency behaviour of preloaded rubber bushings in their installed state. This study investigates the effects of preload and amplitude on the high-frequency dynamic performance of rubber bushings specifically designed for EV applications. These bushings are crucial for vibration isolation and noise reduction, with their role in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) management being more critical in EVs due to the absence of traditional engine noise. The experimental investigation examines how preload and excitation amplitude variations influence the dynamic stiffness, damping properties, and overall performance of
Hazra, SandipKhan, Arkadip Amitava
Plastic waste, in the past few years, has risen to be one of the most concerning and endangering pollutants to environment and life, making its effective management and reduction a major domain of focus among researchers and industrialists. This comparative study is an attempt to utilize recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) fibres combined with Epoxy Resin in various combinations, to provide effective and low-cost insulation in moderate to low requirements. The above-mentioned components serve as viable insulators. Moisture resistance of both materials and temperature resistance of Epoxy resins ranging from 120°C to 150°C (depending upon the grade of Epoxy used) indicate a good stability in harsh external operating environment. While Epoxy resins are not inherently flame retardants, additives are introduced for this purpose in order to render the composite safer to use. Owing to the excellent adhesive properties of the Epoxy resin, the rPET fibres are allowed to bond together
Purihella, Sri Sai KrishnaPali, Harveer SinghKumar, PiyushSharma, Ved Prakash
The automotive industry leverages Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) -based Additive Manufacturing (AM) to reduce lead time and costs for prototypes, rapid tooling, and low-volume customized designs. This paper examines the impact of print orientation and raster angle on the tensile properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA), selected for its ease of use and accessibility. Dog bone samples were designed to the ASTM D638 tensile testing standard and printed solid with a 0.2 mm layer height, two outer walls, and varying raster-fill angles, with layers alternating by 90°. Testing was conducted on the MTS Criterion Model 43, 50 kN system. Varying print orientation along the X and Y axes (double angle builds) produced a Young's modulus (YM) range of 0.7519, reflecting a 34.42% increase between the witnessed minimum and maximum values. These builds exhibited more brittle behavior than most single angle builds, except for X10 Y10 Z0 at a 45° raster (the lowest recorded YM) and X0 Y15 Z0 at a 30
Strelkova, DoraUrbanic, Ruth Jill
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