Browse Topic: Polymers

Items (8,648)
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) summarizes data and background relative to age control of specific classes of those nitrile type synthetic elastomers used in sealing devices which are resistant to petroleum base hydraulic fluids, lubricating oils, and aircraft fuels. This includes, but is not limited to, those nitrile (NBR or BUNA-N) elastomers previously covered by Section I of MIL-STD-1523
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
ABSTRACT Additions of both carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) as reinforcements to polyurea (PUr) based adhesives are computationally investigated. Both CF and CNTs show an increase in stiffness. The effect of CF reinforcements on the PUr is more pronounced than the CNT’s but this due to CNT loading being dramatically lower. On percent basis the CNT effect on strength was greater than the CF. Increasing hard segment content of PUr also had a positive effect on the joint strength, but a negative effect on the shear joint displacement. Finally the addition of CF reinforcements moved the performance of a PUr formulation from a Group IV adhesive into the Group III category. This paper illustrates the potential for commonly available reinforcements to be used to tailor the strength elongation characteristic of a PUr adhesive system. Citation: Demetrios A. Tzelepis, Robert Hart, “Optimization of Nano-Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives Through Combined Experimental and Computational
Tzelepis, Demetrios A.Hart, Robert
ABSTRACT Rubber is the main element of tires and the outside layer of tracks. Tire and track heating is caused by hysteresis effects due to the deformation of the rubber during operation. Tire temperatures can depend on many factors, including tire geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load and speed, road type and temperature and environmental conditions. The focus of this study is to develop a finite element approach to computationally evaluate the temperature field of a steady-state rolling tire and track. The 3D thermal analysis software Radtherm was applied to calculate the average temperature of tread and sidewall, and the results of Radtherm agreed with ABAQUS results very well. The distributions of stress and strain energy density of the rolling tracks were investigated by ABAQUS as well. The future works were finally presented
Tang, TianJohnson, DanielLedbury, EmilyGoddette, ThomasFelicelli*, Sergio D.Smith, Robert E.
ABSTRACT Militaries worldwide are increasing their Research and Development (R&D) into RAS. Within the next 10 – 15 years RAS will play an active part in operations as the future battlefield becomes more complex. CRT technology can significantly reduce platform weight, fuel consumption, noise and vibration levels[1][2][3]. Armies and vehicle manufacturers have initiated a series of independent trials that confirmed the benefits and reliability of CRT on a tracked military vehicle. With the increase in RAS technologies comes a desire to utilize the proven benefits identified from manned platforms. The author’s objective is to highlight the findings of these trials[1][2][3] and provide substantiated data on how CRT technology can benefit RAS in terms of weight saving, whilst reducing maintenance and vibration. Citation: Fabien Lagier, Ing. MBA, “Composite Rubber Track (CRT) for Robotic & Autonomous System (RAS)”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Lagier, Fabien
ABSTRACT Fiber reinforced thermoset composites are well known for delivering 50% or more weight savings when compared with steel components while also providing strength, stiffness, and toughness. Nanoparticle additives have been shown to significantly increase the mechanical properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polymer matrices over the base matrix values. Extensive testing and characterization of composites containing graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) has been conducted and reported by XG Sciences’ (XGS) collaborators at the Michigan State University (MSU) Composite Materials and Structures Center. In a recent program with U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), MSU investigated lightweight composites for blast and impact protection. High strain rate test facilities as well as high speed photography and non-destructive interferometry-based evaluation techniques were used to evaluate blast performance. The experimental results are presented
Privette, R.Fukushima, H.Drzal, L.T.Robinson, M.
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on development of methods for manufacturing structural thermoplastic composite materials, characterizing the mechanical properties of such composites, and modeling the static and dynamic performance in relevant military vehicle modeling and simulation environments. A thermoplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) / fiberglass composite was selected for this study due to the high specific strength of e-glass fibers, the high toughness of the PET thermoplastic, and relatively low price point, all which make it an attractive candidate for structural lightweighting of vehicles. The raw materials were manufactured into composite laminates using a compression molding process and then the mechanical properties were characterized using experimental test methods. Properties like stiffness, strength, and strain-to-failure of the composite were characterized using standard ASTM methods, and the resulting properties were directly fed into a computational material model
Patton, Evan G.Hart, Robert J.
ABSTRACT The first part of this paper will outline the conception of the testing apparatus (Figure 1), along with its operation and preliminary results. The second part of the paper will discuss a new methodology used to correlate the dependence of crack growth rate for strain crystallizing natural rubbers in terms of tearing energy. The tearing energy which depends on the type of elastomer, geometry and stress strain behavior of a particular specimen demonstrates a direct correlation with the crack growth rate at different R-ratios (= min tearing energy/max tearing energy). Figure 1 Schematic of the testing apparatus
Kujawski, DanielDiStefano, DarenBradford, William
ABSTRACT In this work, Abrams tank track system T-158LL backer pad elastomer self-heating and fatigue behavior was characterized experimentally, and the backer pad design was digitally twinned to show how complex in-service conditions can be evaluated virtually. The material characterization included measurement of the thermal properties and dissipative characteristics of the rubber compound, as well as its fatigue crack growth rate curve and crack precursor size. The analysis included 1) a structural finite element analysis of the backer pad in operation to obtain the load history, 2) a thermal finite element analysis to obtain steady-state operating temperature distribution within the backer pad, and 3) a thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis using the Endurica CL fatigue solver to estimate the expected service life and failure mode of the backer pad. As validation, experiments were conducted on the backer pad to measure operating temperature, fatigue life, and failure mode over a
Mars, William V.Castanier, MatthewOstberg, DavidBradford, William
ABSTRACT Tracked vehicles are known to provide excellent off-road mobility, but traditional steel tracks do come with some important compromises. The recent introduction of Composite Rubber Tracks (CRT) on the CV90 IFV (77,000 lb) has shown that this robust and operationally proven CRT technology significantly reduces the vehicle weight, fuel consumption, noise, and vibration levels. Inspired by this new enthusiasm for tracked vehicles, provided by CRT, armies and original vehicle manufacturers initiated a series of independent trials confirming the benefits and reliability of CRT. The author’s objective is to present the conclusions of these independent CRT trials, more specifically focusing on the Warrior IFV, providing substantiation data on how CRT technology enhances tracked vehicle performance
Marcotte, Tommy
ABSTRACT A 3D printed battery bracket is strengthened via post-print thermal annealing, demonstrating a transitionable approach for additive manufacturing of robust, high performance thermoplastic components. Citation: E. D. Wetzel, R. Dunn, L. J. Holmes, K. Hart, J. Park, and M. Ludkey, “Thermally Annealed, High Strength 3D Printed Thermoplastic Battery Bracket for M998,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Wetzel, E. D.Dunn, R.Holmes, L. J.Shearrow, CaseyHart, K.Park, J.Ludkey, M.
ABSTRACT In this study, a styrene butadiene rubber, which is similar to the rubber used in road wheel backer pads of tracked vehicles, was investigated experimentally under monotonic and fatigue loading conditions. The monotonic loading response of the material was obtained under different stress states (compression and tension), strain rates (0.001/s to 3000/s), and temperatures (-5C to 50C). The experimental data showed that the material exhibited stress state, strain rate and temperature dependence. Fatigue loading behavior of the rubber was determined using a strain-life approach for R=0.5 loading conditions with varying strain amplitudes (25 to 43.75 percent) at a frequency of 2 Hz. Microstructural analysis of specimen fracture surfaces was performed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to determine the failure mechanisms of the material. The primary failure mechanisms for both loading conditions were found to be the debonding of particles on
Brown, H.R.Bouvard, J.L.Oglesby, D.Marin, E.Francis, D.Antonyraj, A.Toghiani, H.Wang, P.Horstemeyer, M.F.Castanier, M.P.
ABSTRACT Barriers to the introduction of composite materials for ground vehicle applications include material property selection and cost effective material processing. Advancements in processing of thermoplastic composites for use in applications for semi structural and structural applications have created opportunities in “Out of Autoclave” processing utilizing preconsolidated unidirectional reinforced tapes. Traditional tooling for the bending formation of high temperature reinforced structural thermoplastic laminates typically involves matched metal tooling consisting of steel or aluminum and are costly and heavy. In this research, a comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the use of a large scale 3D printed forming tool in comparison to a traditional metallic mold. Material processing considerations included the development of a technique for localized laminate heating to achieve optimized energy input in the forming process. Considerations in tooling development included
Erb, DavidDwyer, BenjaminRoy, JonathanYori, WilliamLopez-Anido, Roberto A.Smail, AndrewHart, Robert
ABSTRACT High life cycle costs coupled with durability and environmental challenges of tracked vehicles in South West Asia (SWA) have focused R&D activities on understanding failure modes of track components as well as understanding the system impacts on track durability. The durability limiters for M1 Abrams (M1, M1A1, and M1A2) T-158LL track systems are the elastomeric components. The focus of this study is to review test methodology utilized to collect preliminary data on the loading distribution of a static vehicle. Proposed design changes and path forward for prediction of durability of elastomers at the systems level from component testing will be presented
Ostberg, DavidBradford, Bill
This work aims to define a novel integration of 6 DOF robots with an extrusion-based 3D printing framework that strengthens the possibility of implementing control and simulation of the system in multiple degrees of freedom. Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as an extrusion material for testing, which is a thermoplastic that is biodegradable and is derived from natural lactic acid found in corn, maize, and the like. To execute the proposed framework a virtual working station for the robot was created in RoboDK. RoboDK interprets G-code from the slicing (Slic3r) software. Further analysis and experiments were performed by FANUC 2000ia 165F Industrial Robot. Different tests were performed to check the dimensional accuracy of the parts (rectangle and cylindrical). When the robot operated at 20% of its maximum speed, a bulginess was observed in the cylindrical part, causing the radius to increase from 1 cm to 1.27 cm and resulting in a thickness variation of 0.27 cm at the bulginess location
Srivastava, KritiKumar, Yogesh
This specification covers a silicone (MQ/VMQ/PVMQ) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. This specification should not be designated for use in molded O-rings and molded O-ring cord, molded rings, compression seals, molded-in-place gaskets, and plate seals for aeronautical and aerospace applications
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
To gain high efficiencies and long lifetimes, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems require precise control of the relative humidity of the cathode supply air. This is usually achieved by the use of membrane humidifiers. These are passive components that transfer the product water of the cathode exhaust air to humidify the supply air. Due to the passive design, controllability is achieved via a bypass. It is possible to use map-based control strategies to avoid the use of humidity sensors. Such map-based control requires deep insights into the humidifier behavior in all possible thermodynamic operating states, including various water loads. This paper focuses on typical operating conditions of heavy-duty application at high load, specifically on the occurrence of liquid water in the cathode exhaust gas, which has not been sufficiently investigated in the literature yet. In order to simulate these conditions, we built a test rig with an optically accessible single-channel set
Mull, SophieWeiss, LukasWensing, Michael
Imagine if physicians could capture three-dimensional projections of medical scans, suspending them inside an acrylic cube to create a hand-held reproduction of a patient’s heart, brain, kidneys, or other organs. Then, when the visit is done, a quick blast of heat erases the projection, and the cube is ready for the next scan
A flexible and stretchable cell has been developed for wearable electronic devices that require a reliable and efficient energy source that can easily be integrated into the human body. Conductive material consisting of carbon nanotubes, crosslinked polymers, and enzymes joined by stretchable connectors, are directly printed onto the material through screenprinting
Elastomeric bushings are common components in vehicles, used to reduce noise, vibration, and harshness. Rubber bushings are employed in suspension components such as control arm bushings, subframe bushings, and motor mount bushings, each with varying static and dynamic stiffness requirements depending on vehicle weight and ride and handling performance. Traditional rubber bush simulations typically use simple material models like hyperelastic or viscoelastic models. However, recent advancements have introduced more sophisticated material models to capture the nonlinear and time-dependent behavior of rubber materials. These advanced models may incorporate nonlinear viscoelasticity, strain rate dependency, and damage mechanics. Rubber bushings experience multiple physical phenomena simultaneously, such as mechanical loading, thermal effects, and fluid-structure interaction. New simulation techniques enable the coupling of different physics domains, allowing for a comprehensive analysis
Hazra, SandipMore, VishwasTangadpalliwar, Sonali
This specification covers virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of molded rods, tubes, and shapes. This specification does not apply to product over 12 inches (305 mm) in dimension parallel to the direction of applied molding pressure, rods under 0.750 inch (19.05 mm) in diameter, and tubes having wall thickness under 0.500 inch (12.70 mm
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This specification covers two types of virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of molded rods, tubes, and shapes. This specification does not apply to product over 12 inches (305 mm) in length, rods under 0.750 inch (19.05 mm) in diameter, and tubes having wall thickness under 0.500 inch (12.70 mm
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This specification covers virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of sheet manufactured by compression molding and sintering
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides an overview of the various types of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backup rings for hydraulic and pneumatic fluid power applications, including their advantages and disadvantages
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the etching of fluoropolymer electrical wire insulations to ensure that all facets of the process from the chemistry to the processing, to the storage and handling are well defined
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Eight arguments for these resins, compounds and composites. Weight reduction in EV battery components is an important factor in optimizing battery energy density, which in turn is critical to extending vehicle range and boosting power and performance. Although traditional metals such as steel and aluminum are widely used in EV batteries, the ongoing push for higher energy density is opening new opportunities for thermoplastic resins, compounds, and composites. The main advantage of these materials vs. metals is their inherent lighter weight - particularly in the case of lower-density polymers. Thermoplastics can be 30-50 percent lighter than metals. They also increase design freedom, which permits further weight-out through part consolidation and thin walls
Bobba, Somasekhar
Inspired by the paper-folding art of origami, North Carolina State University engineers have discovered a way to make a single plastic cubed structure transform into more than 1,000 configurations using only three active motors. The findings could pave the way for shape-shifting artificial systems that can take on multiple functions and even carry a load – like versatile robotic structures used in space, for example
Silicone elastomers have become a vital material in the medical device industry due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, durability and chemical inertness. Silicone materials are categorized based on their unvulcanized consistency, which significantly affects their processability and their physical properties. This article compares high consistency silicone rubbers (HCRs), liquid silicone rubbers (LSRs), and low consistency elastomers (LCEs), analyzing their characteristics and the implications in selecting each during different phases in the development of silicone medical devices
Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence to accelerate materials discovery. Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, GA Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar. These are just a few familiar polymers - large-molecule chemical compounds - that have changed the world. From Teflon-coated frying pans to 3D printing, polymers are vital to creating the systems that make the world function better. Finding the next groundbreaking polymer is always a challenge, but now Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence (AI) to shape and transform the future of the field. Rampi Ramprasad's group develops and adapts AI algorithms to accelerate materials discovery
Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar. These are just a few familiar polymers — large-molecule chemical compounds — that have changed the world. From Teflon-coated frying pans to 3D printing, polymers are vital to creating the systems that make the world function better
Thermal management in electric vehicles plays a significant role, in keeping all the electronic components under the safe operating region for lower power dissipation, higher efficiency and this increases the component’s life. Based on the increase in range of e-vehicles, the power dissipation requirement had increased from OEMs. In addition, the compact size, weight, and limited cooling technique have increased the thermal management requirements in printed circuit boards (PCB). In a passive cooling technique, high thermally conductive metal with plastic overmould concept in PCB cover or housing will have a huge advantage in transferring the heat from e-components to keep within operating temperature conditions [1, 6]. The advantage of alumina or mica metal insert is that it has higher thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, which helps to dissipate the heat at a higher level when it is locally in contact with hot spot regions of the PCB. This concept also helps to reduce the
Rajasekaran, Arun PrasadRajendran, RathinBadiger, Shashikanth
This document establishes age limit and guidance for acceptance of hose and hose assemblies containing elastomeric materials for use in aircraft, space vehicles, missiles and component assemblies thereof at time of delivery to the contractor, procuring activity, or contracting officer. This document does not establish limitations on storage times for military/civil activities nor operating life
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This specification covers a fluorocarbon (FKM) rubber in the form of O-rings, O-ring cord, compression seals, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Arsenic and ammonia in ground and surface waters pose significant health risks globally, especially for remote areas where access to safe drinking water is a concern for U.S. military personnel. Current removal materials and methods lack contaminant specificity. This study developed adsorptive resins and membranes specifically targeting arsenate and ammonia removal using molecularly imprinted acrylate polymers supported on graphitic carbon nitride. These materials showed comparable arsenate removal capacity to commercial resins. Higher ammonia removal capacity but lower selectivity was demonstrated by these materials in comparison to commercial resins. This research aims to enhance water treatment materials for ensuring clean drinking water access in remote military locations
Nichols, CatrianaZulqarnain, SyedMarquez, ItzelAnang, EmmanuellaBusari, AboladeKirisenage, PriyalathaMyers, JordanMueller, AnjaFahlman, BradDusenbury, James
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. This specification should not be used for molded rings, compression seals, molded O-rings, molded O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
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