Browse Topic: Materials properties

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Key Modeling Considerations for Reliable FEM-Based Demagnetization Evaluation of IPMSM2026-01-0741To be published on 07/01/2026
The reduction of heavy rare earth elements such as dysprosium and terbium, which are associated with high cost, geopolitical risk, and sustainability concerns, is a key objective in the electromagnetic design of IPMSM for traction applications. As these elements are the primary contributors to magnet intrinsic coercivity, their minimization increases the risk of irreversible demagnetization of the permanent magnets. In IPMSM designs with reduced heavy rare earth content, it is therefore necessary to operate close to the demagnetization limit of the permanent magnets and accurately identify them. Consequently, precise and reliable finite element based prediction of demagnetization robustness is essential for systematic and material efficient machine design. This paper investigates the key factors required for reliable assessment of demagnetization robustness in IPMSM using electromagnetic FEM. Unlike existing literature, which typically neglects the accuracy of magnet material data
Malner, Max, Naumoski, Hristian, Gretzinger, Stefan, Izquierdo, Patrick, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Optimizing recycled and recyclable PET felt lightweight formulations for best acoustic insulation as poroelastic springs with minimum weight2026-01-0702To be published on 06/20/2026
For sustainability reasons, the automotive market is requesting 100% mono-material noise treatments, particularly for the end-of-life recycling without any part separation operation. But also, the OEMs require super light, highly performance insulating noise treatments for electric vehicles in order to extend vehicle autonomy. PP meltblown fiber felts present good mono-material characteristics with very good absorption, but generally not so good insulation properties behind an airtight barrier due to lack of stiffness. Moreover, these PP meltblown fiber felts are relatively expensive and not thermoformable, thus obliging to use them as 2D die-cut parts behind existing hard or soft trims classically. The optimization approach proposes to return to 100% thermoformable recycled and recyclable PET formulations blending unusual coarse mechanical specific fibers, in order to optimize the viscothermal exchanges, while maintaining good mechanical properties, with microfibers for best
Duval, Arnaud, Lei, Lei, Wilkinson, Alexandre, Delinselle, Eric
Field-Based Evaluation of Physiological Fatigue Reduction in Fuel Cell Refuse Collection Vehicle Using Heart Rate Variability2026-01-0690To be published on 06/20/2026
This study compared the physiological fatigue of drivers and accompanying workers operating diesel-powered (DI) and fuel cell-powered (FC) garbage compactor trucks under real-world working conditions. Reducing driver fatigue is critical for ensuring occupational safety and maintaining work efficiency, as fatigue in waste collection tasks is influenced by multiple factors such as vibration, noise, and vehicle operation characteristics. In this study, heart rate sensors and smartwatches were used to continuously monitor physiological responses during identical driving routes. Fatigue was evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV) indices—specifically, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and Lorenz plot (LP) area—calculated from RRI data. The results indicated that the RMSSD of drivers in FC trucks was approximately 60% higher and their LP area about 50% larger than those in diesel trucks. For accompanying workers, RMSSD was around 20% higher and LP area approximately
Utsumi, Atsuko, Yakoh, Takahiro
High-Fidelity NVH Analysis Model Development Process for EV Traction Motors Based on Experimental Correlation2026-01-0685To be published on 06/20/2026
This study presents a high-fidelity NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) analysis model development process for EV traction motors. The proposed process consists of two main components: Path refinement through structural stiffness tuning, and Source refinement, focused on the motor’s excitation mechanisms. Model accuracy was validated through comparison of simulation results with dyno test data, with particular focus on the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration observed in an 8-pole, 48-slot motor. Path refinement was achieved through modal correlation between experimental results and finite element (FE) analysis. Nine modal test and simulation stages were conducted, ranging from individual components to the complete motor assembly. Mode shapes were compared using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC), and natural frequencies were matched within a 5% error margin by adjusting FE material properties. For the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration, simulation results agreed with test data within
Kim, Donghee, Kim, Dong-Jun, Lee, SangHan, Kim, Seon Hyeong, Hwang, Seung Gyu, Valente, Giorgio, Parisouz, Shahriar, Halse, Christopher
Effect of Backing PU Foam Material Properties on Acoustic Insulation Pad Insertion Loss2026-01-0678To be published on 06/20/2026
The effect of backing PU foam material on the insertion loss of insulation pads was investigated. First, the material properties affecting the resonant frequency—which determines the insertion loss—were theoretically identified, and practical methods for calculating both the resonant frequency and the insertion loss of the insulation pad were developed. These methods were then applied to evaluate how changes in material properties influence the resonant frequency and insertion loss of the insulation pad. It was found that Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and thermal characteristic length are the primary material properties that affect these outcomes. The optimal levels of these properties, which are beneficial for interior noise reduction, are derived and presented in this study.
Chae, Ki-Sang, Lee, Moonseok, Kim, Hyunwoo
Validation of an adaptive order Finite Element model for transmission loss simulation of trimmed automotive structures2026-01-0707To be published on 06/20/2026
Vehicle electrification and increasing demands for driving comfort present significant challenges for designing effective noise control treatments in modern vehicles. Lightweight, low-emission designs often compromise acoustic efficiency. One way of compensating this is through the use of multi-layer ‘trim’ material configurations to mitigate noise across a wider frequency range. Traditional 3D finite element models, while accurate and even needed to capture the full dynamic behaviour, become computationally prohibitive for complex automotive structures like firewalls, which feature intricate shapes, high curvature, and material compression. This computational burden limits design exploration and timely noise performance predictions. This paper introduces the use of an innovative adaptive higher-order finite element method to address these challenges. The method utilizes a fixed finite element discretization of trim components and surrounding acoustic fluid, incorporating an automated
Van Genechten, Bert, Vansant, Koen, Purohit, Bimal, Effinger, Veronika
Design-Driven Sustainability of Automotive Components: A Comparative LCA from Conventional to Metal and Composite Additive Manufacturing2026-37-0037To be published on 06/09/2026
The increasing pressure to decarbonize manufacturing systems is pushing industry beyond conventional lightweighting strategies toward material and process paradigms, capable of delivering functional performance with radically lower environmental impact. In this context, polymer-based composite Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers an underexplored yet highly promising pathway for sustainable production of load-bearing components. This study presents a preliminary comparative cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Formula SAE brake pedal, assessing the environmental transition from conventional CNC machining of Aluminum 7075-T6 to additive manufacturing solutions, with specific focus on Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites. Two topology-optimized designs, respectively for Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) in AlSi10Mg and Material Extrusion (MEX) in PETG-CF are compared to machined aluminum benchmark. The analysis is integrated in the product and process design following ISO
Dalpadulo, Enrico, Russo, Mario, Apté MD, Raphaëlle, Leali, Francesco
A predictive methodology for 3D-CFD simulation of piston thermal field in sustainable high-performance engines2026-37-0002To be published on 06/09/2026
In recent years, especially in high performance engines, the thermal stress of pistons has gradually increased due to the implementation of various technologies, aimed at meeting emission reduction and specific power increase requirements. If the heat is not properly dissipated, cracking and plastic deformation of the material as well as formation of hot spots triggering self-ignition can occur. To overcome these problems, one or more jets of oil are directed towards the piston undercrown region, impacting at high speed. This technique ensures immediate cooling and allows the engine performance to be increased without compromising the useful life. In order to optimize the oil jet effectiveness, 3D-CFD can be proficiently adopted. In this regard, the aim of this work is to define a robust numerical methodology able to simulate oil jet impingement and piston thermal field. In particular, a 3D-CFD Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) simulation is used to numerically assess the oil jet impact and
Duni, Andrea, Berni, Fabio, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Gilioli, Filippo
Augmented Reality and Multimodal Interfaces for Astronaut Training and In-Orbit Operations2026-26-0796To be published on 06/01/2026
Augmented Reality (AR) and multimodal human–machine interfaces (HMI)—combining visual overlays, voice, gesture, eye-tracking, and biometric sensing—are now maturing into flight-relevant technologies capable of transforming astronaut training and in-orbit operations. These interfaces reduce task time, lower error rates, and mitigate cognitive load, thereby strengthening both crew autonomy and mission safety. For India, the timing is critical: Gaganyaan human spaceflight program is approaching decisive crewed missions in the late 2020s, and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is targeted for the 2030s. AR/MMI can be positioned not as an accessory but as a core enabling system for training throughput, real-time crew support, and resilient station operations. This paper provides (i) an overview of India’s current scenario, including Gaganyaan astronaut training ecosystems, IIT Madras collaborations on AR/VR, and Vyommitra humanoid readiness; (ii) synthesis of global case studies—NASA
Yadav, Anoop Singh
Finite Element Approach for Fatigue Life Prediction of Threaded Bolts with Experimental Validation2026-26-0745To be published on 06/01/2026
Predicting the fatigue life of threaded bolts is crucial in aerospace and mechanical assemblies where cyclic loading can cause early joint failure. Previous research conducted experiments to develop S-N curves for high-strength bolts under different pretension and temperature conditions (Zhang et al. 2024). However, there are a very few numerical methods that can replicate these results, especially for bolts with screw threads. In this work a finite element analysis (FEA) methodology is developed to predict the fatigue performance of threaded bolts under axial loading and validated using the experimentally derived Series-1 S-N data for M20 high-strength bolts. The approach includes detailed FEA modelling (3D solid) with explicit thread geometry to capture local stress distributions under cyclic tensile loading. Peak stress amplitudes are employed to estimate fatigue life by applying the Basquin relation and the Series-1 S-N curve. The results are compared with the calculated fatigue
K R, Lesanth, S, Suhail Ahmed, C, Arunvetrivel, P, Krishnakumar, P S, Premkumar, Vasantharaj, C
IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES THROUGH ADDITION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE2026-26-0753To be published on 06/01/2026
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) demand structural materials that are lightweight, strong, impact-resistant, and durable in diverse environments.The synthetic fiber and natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have varying mechanical performance depending on the fibermatrix interfacial properties. This research analyzes the influence of Graphene Oxide (GO) nano fillers on mechanical properties of composites. Firstly, the epoxy resin was was modified by incorporating different weight percentage of graphene oxide. This resin was used to make an composite laminate using different materials (Carbon, Glass and Natural Fibers). Then the composites were put through the tensile, compression, flexural, and impact strength tests. The synthetic fiber and natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have a significant improvement in mechanical properties due to the addition of graphene oxide.
Manoharan, Dinesh, Langford, Peter, M.K., Padmanabhan, R, Prithviraj, Rajkumar, Subbiah, Karthikeyan, Ravikumar, Veeramuthu, Balasubramaniyan, Gunaseelan, John, T, Thangaraj
Wear Resilience Characteristics of 2% Silicon Nitride Strengthened AZ31 Magnesium Composite2026-26-0740To be published on 06/01/2026
To develop magnesium matrix composites, ceramic silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles are used to strengthen the magnesium (AZ31) matrix by adding 2 wt.%. The composite is developed by disintegrated melt deposition vacuum stir casting method. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of Si3N4 particles and their uniform distribution. A L9 orthogonal array planned using Taguchi’s experimental design is chosen for three wear parameters axial load (AL), rotational speed (RS), and time duration (TD) for trials as per G99 standard in pin-on-disc apparatus. Experimental outcomes show a rise in axial stress; wear loss increases dramatically. Because the area of contact shrinks as sliding speed increases, wear loss diminishes dramatically. When the AL is low, CoF increases, and when the AL is large, CoF drops. When the sliding speed is increased, CoF decreases. To optimize multiple responses effectively, the TOPSIS method (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was
Senthilkumar, N., Dhinakar Raj, C K
Predictive model and analysis of the resultant force in the dry machining of Mg-4Zn/Si3N4 nanocomposites2026-26-0762To be published on 06/01/2026
In aerospace and automotive applications, the usage of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys and composites reduces the structural weight due to their low density. They also possess good specific strength and are abundantly available. The Mg-4Zn alloy is one such Mg-based alloy that is also biodegradable and biocompatible. In spite of these advantages, there is a strong need and scope to improve its wear resistance and mechanical properties. Mg-4Zn nanocomposites with Si3N4 reinforcements (also a biocompatible bio-ceramic) are hypothesized to possess superior properties. Sustainable machining with minimal subsurface defects and minimal energy consumption is necessary to manufacture components from these vacuum stir-cast nanocomposites. The resultant machining force (Fr) is a good indicator of subsurface quality and energy consumption in machining. The addition of Si3N4 reinforcement to improve the properties of the Mg-4Zn alloy could introduce challenges in machining and could influence Fr. To
N, Anand, Shaju, Tony M, G, Nagamalleswara Rao, D, Bijulal, K, Jayaprakash Reddy, K, Vijayan, Chaman, Joji J
Evaluation of Thermal and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Ramie Fiber/Delrin Composites for Aircraft Cabin Components2026-26-0754To be published on 06/01/2026
Abstract This study investigates the fabrication and evaluation of Delrin (polyoxymethylene, POM) composites reinforcing 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% chopped ramie fiber (RF). The polymer composites were fabricated via injection moulding technique. Glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal conductivity, Vicat softening temperature (VST), heat deflection temperature (HDT), melt flow index (MFI), and coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) were the various thermo-mechanical and thermal characteristics of the composites that were systematically evaluated as per the ASTM standards. The Delrin matrix's performance was drastically altered by the addition of RF. Within the formulations, the composite with 15 wt.% RF had the best combination of properties: higher VST and HDT values responsible for more dimensional stability at high temperatures, lower CLTE producing lesser thermal expansion, comparatively better thermal conductivity and more heat dissipation. Eventually, there was a moderate
S, Thirumalvalavan, Senthilkumar, N., Selvarasu, S
Reducing Test Campaigns through Advanced Yield Surface Modeling for New Aircraft Metal Grades2026-26-0755To be published on 06/01/2026
Qualification of new aerospace alloys requires extensive mechanical testing to capture anisotropy and ensure reliable performance under complex loading conditions. This process is costly and time-consuming, particularly with emerging manufacturing routes such as additive manufacturing. Advanced yield surface prediction offers a route to reduce test campaigns by linking microstructural features to macroscopic constitutive models. In this work, Digimat is employed as a multi-scale material modeling platform to generate yield surfaces of polycrystalline metals using computational homogenization. Representative volume elements (RVEs) are constructed from experimental texture and grain morphology data, and their response under multiaxial loading is simulated using a crystal plasticity framework. The computed yield loci are then fitted with phenomenological functions (e.g. Barlat2000), enabling calibration of anisotropic yield models from virtual testing. As a case study, an AA6016-T4 sheet
Padhan, Manas, Uppaluri, Rohith, Lemoine, Guerric, Soni, Ganesh
Non-Intrusive Fatigue Detection and Alerting for Pilots2026-26-0793To be published on 06/01/2026
Pilot fatigue represents a critical concern in aviation safety, as it can significantly impair cognitive functions, decision-making abilities, and reaction times. In addition to decreasing performance, chronic fatigue has negative long-term health effects. Possible causes of fatigue include sleep loss, extended time awake, circadian phase irregularities and workload. Conventionally, the risk due to fatigue in aerospace is reduced by limiting pilot's flying hours and controlled rest requirements. Despite regulations on flying hours and optimal rostering, fatigue cannot be prevented completely. Hence, there is need to detect pilot fatigue in real time, annunciate in cockpit and transmit the information to airliners post-flight for appropriate fatigue risk management. There is ongoing research to detect pilot fatigue using devices that can capture Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Though these devices have high fidelity, they are intrusive and can limit pilot
Nyamagoudar, Vinayak, P R, Namratha, Ramachandran, Venkataramani
Porosity Matters: Multiscale Simulation of Composite Panel Performance in Aerospace Structures2026-26-0731To be published on 06/01/2026
Porosity in carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) remains a critical concern for aerospace engineers, as even minor voids introduced during manufacturing can undermine the reliability of structural components. This work explores the influence of interply porosity on composite panel behaviour, employing a multiscale simulation approach that bridges material characterisation and full-scale structural analysis. The study begins with virtual coupon testing using Digimat-VA and Digimat-MF, enabling the prediction of material allowables and the assessment of defect variability. Homogenised material properties derived from these simulations are then applied to detailed panel models constructed in MSC Apex, ensuring accurate representation of layup and orthotropic behaviour. The workflow can support a range of structural load cases, allowing for the evaluation of stiffness, buckling, or other relevant scenarios as dictated by aerospace certification requirements. Nonlinear finite element
Savane, Vishal, Kumar, Rajat
Investigation of Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Zirconium oxide and Solid Lubricant Attributes for Brake and Clutch Components of Aircrafts2026-26-0752To be published on 06/01/2026
For brake and clutch components of aircraft, which require higher mechanical strength and wear resistance, lightweight aluminum composites were developed by infusing solid lubricant. In this study, hybrid composites were developed using the powder metallurgy route, using aluminum alloy AA356 and various amounts of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) as reinforcements. A solid lubricant, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), at a fixed 5 wt.% is considered. Following the appropriate ASTM guidelines, the specimens were mechanically characterized by measuring their density, porosity, micro-hardness, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength, among other properties. The findings showed that the composites' physical and mechanical behaviour were greatly affected by the addition of ZrO₂.Porosity increased as a result of particle clustering and interfacial voids, while density increased gradually as ceramic content increased. Consistently increasing ZrO₂ addition
Senthilkumar, N.
Hybrid Digital Twin for Aero-Engine Bearing Prognostics: A Physics-Informed Machine Learning Approach to RUL Prediction2026-26-0718To be published on 06/01/2026
Unscheduled maintenance due to the failure of critical components, such as aero-engine rolling element bearings, is a leading cause of costly Aircraft-on-Ground (AOG) events; consequently, current time-based maintenance practices are inefficient and prone to risk. This paper develops a resource-efficient Hybrid Digital Twin (HDT) model for an engine bearing, focusing on the dynamic prediction of spall growth due to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF), thereby enabling a condition-based maintenance paradigm. The HDT architecture integrates two core models: (1) a physics-informed model that uses established life and fatigue theory to define initial degradation thresholds and constrain the failure envelope, and (2) a data-driven Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) (specifically, an LSTM) for dynamic degradation rate modeling. The methodology utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation coupled with RCF progression equations to generate a large, synthetic run-to-failure dataset under varying operational loads
Mohamed, Abbas
Lightweight Magnesium Nanocomposites with Enhanced Wear Resistance for Landing Gear Application2026-26-0751To be published on 06/01/2026
This study systematically evaluated the wear behaviour of an AZ61 magnesium alloy reinforced with 15 wt.% SiC and different amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry sliding circumstances, adopting a pin-on-disc apparatus (ASTM G99). To identify the influence of factors like sliding speed (SS) (1-3 m/s), axial load (AL) (10-30 N), and MWCNT concentration (0-3 wt.%) on tribological performance, experiments were developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Findings showed that wear loss (WL) was greatly amplified by increasing AL owing to localized heating and contact stresses, and that a compacted tribolayer was formed by increasing SS, which decreased WL but marginally raised the coefficient of friction (CoF). At moderate AL (15-20 N), SS (2 m/s), and 2 wt.% MWCNT, the wear resistance was significantly improved by improving load transfer and creating a lubricating carbon-rich coating, resulting in a decreased WL of around
Senthilkumar, N.
Characterization, Conducted ImmunityJ2628_201806 (Historical)5/22/2026
The methods included in this document are: a Voltage-Temperature Design Margins. b Voltage Interruptions and Transients. c Voltage Dropouts and Dips. d Current Draw Under a Number of Conditions. e Switch Input Noise These methods are best applied during the Development stage but can be used at all stages (e.g., Pre-Qualification, Qualification or Conformity).
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Design And Analysis of Low-Temperature Liquid Nitrogen Tank Car2026-99-17125/22/2026
The design and analysis of the wave plate of the tank body of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank car are carried out. According to the design method of the empirical formula, the 0.43 MPa low-temperature mobile liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate with the working temperature of -196°C to -178°C is optimized. According to the analysis and design standards, the stress distribution law of the mobile liquid nitrogen tank body under the forward impact condition is analyzed by the method of numerical analysis. The results show that the stress value will gradually increase near the junction of the tank body and the support, and the parts such as the head, the pad, the angle steel ring, and the Z3848 glass steel pipe meet the requirements of the analysis and design standards. At the same time, the first six orders of the natural mode vibration frequency of the tank body are analyzed, which provides a reliable and effective data analysis for the optimization design of the low-temperature
Ding, Xuqiang, Ni, Yiwei, Gu, Chen, Yan, Dongdong, Xu, Zhiquan, Wang, Qi
Study on Impact Resistance of Sandwich-Structured Battery Protection Panels2026-99-17285/22/2026
With new energy vehicles developing rapidly, battery safety, as an important part of the impact on the range of new energy vehicles and vehicle safety, has become the focus of attention. The battery pack protection plate is a core component to protect the battery, its performance needs not only impact resistance, but also lightweight, honeycomb sandwich structure with its excellent energy absorption characteristics and weight reduction performance by the battery pack protection plate performance research. At present, the core-to-face sheet interaction in conventional sandwich structures subjected to impact loads has not been fully elucidated, and the quantitative characterization of damage is insufficient, so this paper aims to optimize the lightweight impact-resistant structure by exploring the synergistic energy dissipation mechanism between the high-strength core material and the steel plate. The study combines theory and simulation, adopting ideal rigid-plastic film theory to
Zhang, Guanghao, Zhang, Mingming, Luo, Changjie, Zhou, Jun, Zhang, Fengqiang, Yu, Wenze, Li, Jiongfeng, Guo, Qingrong
Motorcycle Stop Lamp SwitchJ1167_201401 (Current)5/22/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice defines the test conditions, procedures, and performance specifications for 6- and 12-v stop lamp switches intended for use on motorcycles.
Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
Fabrication of Ultrathin Polyimide Optical Filter Films2026-99-17115/22/2026
Polyimides are a class of polymers with imide rings in their main chains. They are renowned for their exceptional mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, low-temperature endurance, and resistance to chemical solvents, which allow for long-term use under harsh medical operating conditions. Consequently, research on polyimide films has garnered widespread attention. In this study, a two-step method was employed to simplify and optimize the preparation process of polyimide. Initially, a polyamic acid (PAA) solution was prepared, and PAA films were fabricated using a spin coater. Subsequently, the films were imidized to obtain polyimide (PI) films. The impact of various parameters, such as spinning speed, layer number, and temperature, on the film-forming properties of polyimide was investigated using the method of controlling variables. The findings indicate that by setting the spin coater parameters to 700 revolutions per minute (r/min) for 90 seconds, followed by a
Huang, Jiehao, Xu, Zihui, Zhao, Kaihong, Lin, Qiting, Hu, Wenzhong, Wang, Liying
Seven Conductor Cable - Truck and BusJ1067_201208 (Current)5/21/2026
This SAE standard establishes the minimum construction and performance requirements for seven conductor 1/8-1/10-5/12 cable for use on trucks, trailers and converter dollies. Where appropriate, the standard refers to two types of cables, (Type F and S, described later in the standard), due to the variation in the performance demands of cables used in flexing and stationary applications.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Materials for Use in Optical Parts Such as Lenses and Reflex Reflectors of Motor Vehicle Lighting DevicesJ576_202601 (Current)5/21/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document establishes additional performance requirements and provides test methods and requirements to evaluate the suitability of materials intended for optical applications in motor vehicles. The tests are intended to determine physical and optical characteristics of the materials only. Performance expectations of finished assemblies, including plastic components, are to be based on tests for lighting devices, as specified in SAE Standards and Recommended Practices for motor vehicle lighting equipment. Glass and materials inclusive to the light source are not in scope for this method.
Lighting Materials Standards Committee
Remover, Temporary Coating Alkaline Type, Water BaseAMS1388A (Current)5/20/2026
This specification covers two types of thickened, water base temporary coating remover in the form of an alkaline liquid.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Advanced Composites Prepreg - Nominal 250 °F (121 °C) Cure - 12K Tow Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resin, Plain Weave FabricAMS3914B (Current)5/15/2026
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of plain weave fabric epoxy prepreg product with 250 °F (121 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (see 4.3).
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Fatigue Resistance of High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessels with Aluminum Liner2026-99-07315/15/2026
Although carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum-lined hydrogen storage vessels (Type III) exhibit outstanding specific strength and specific stiffness, the constraints imposed by their design parameters on fatigue performance and ultimate load-bearing capacity remain incompletely elucidated. We propose a fatigue life prediction method for high-pressure vessels that couples progressive damage in the fiber composite with cumulative damage in the metallic liner, aimed at forecasting the fatigue performance of Type III pressure vessels under cyclic loading. Furthermore, a finite element analysis systematically investigates the influence of key design parameters, for nominal pressure, liner diameter and liner thickness, on fatigue performance and ultimate load-bearing capacity. Results indicate that fatigue life significantly decreases with increasing nominal pressure and liner diameter, with nominal pressure exerting a more pronounced effect. Notably, altering the autoclave pressure alone cannot
Bi, Zhihai, Zhang, Qian
Advanced Composites Prepreg - Nominal 250 °F (121 °C) Cure - Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resin, Unidirectional TapeAMS3960B (Current)5/15/2026
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of carbon fiber epoxy prepreg product with 250 °F (121 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (see 4.3).
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
A High-Sensitivity and High-Throughput Inductive Sensor for Abrasive Particle Detection Using Rectangular Coils2026-99-07575/15/2026
The analysis of wear particles within machinery lubricants constitutes a critical methodology for assessing equipment health and enabling the early identification of potential failures. However, conventional inductive abrasive particle sensors typically exhibit lower detection sensitivity compared to other sensing technologies, limiting their practical application in precision condition monitoring. To address this limitation, this paper introduces an inductive abrasive particle sensor with enhanced sensitivity and throughput, employing rectangular coils, together with a custom-designed signal conditioning circuit. The sensor features two symmetrically arranged rectangular excitation coils and two symmetrically arranged rectangular sensing coils, with their respective axes mutually perpendicular. This unique spatial configuration not only ensures strong magnetic field intensity within the detection region but also significantly enhances magnetic field utilization efficiency. The sensing
Jiang, Ziyang, Qian, Min, Huang, Honglian, Lu, Yanlu, Zhang, Junjian, Pan, Chengliang
Research on the Friction Performance of EVA Insulating Mats for Live Working in Smart Grids2026-99-07145/15/2026
Live-line operation is a critical technique for maintaining the reliability and continuity of power supply in modern distribution networks. Insulating mats serve as essential protective equipment during such operations by providing both electrical insulation and mechanical shielding. In practical service conditions, insulating mats are subjected to repeated mechanical contact and friction against conductors, metallic fittings, and ground surfaces, which progressively deteriorates their surface integrity and compromises operational safety. Current performance standards for insulating mats emphasize dielectric and tensile properties, while tribological durability remains unaddressed. In this study, an EVA – PA6 composite film fabricated via the tape casting method was selected as the representative outer insulating layer of insulating mats. Reciprocating friction tests were conducted using an SDR339 abrasion tester to evaluate the effects of normal load and sliding speed on wear behavior
Sun, Xin, Wen, Libin, Kou, Hanpeng
Titanium Alloy Welding Wire, 6Al - 4V, Extra Low Interstitial, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS4956J (Current)5/15/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of wire for welding filler metal (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extruded Profiles (2196-T8511), 2.9Cu - 1.7Li - 0.4Mg - 0.4Ag - 0.10Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, and Artificially AgedAMS4416C (Current)5/14/2026
This specification covers an aluminum-lithium alloy in the form of extruded profiles 0.040 to 1.000 inch (1.00 to 25.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Optimizing Coil Structural Parameters to Enhance the Sensitivity of Wear Particle Sensor2026-01-50335/14/2026
If wear particles generated during the operation of automobile engines are not monitored in time, they will contaminate the lubricating oil, leading to system failures or even accidents. Therefore, real-time wear particle monitoring is crucial for the stable operation of engines. Among mainstream wear particle monitoring sensors, the three-coil inductive sensor demonstrates significant application potential due to its ability to distinguish wear particle materials and strong resistance to environmental interference. However, its insufficient sensitivity to small-diameter wear particles limits further performance improvement. This paper takes the three-coil inductive wear particle monitoring sensor as the research object. First, a mathematical model of the sensor’s operation is established based on the law of electromagnetic induction, clarifying the relationship between structural parameters (such as channel radius, turns, coil spacing, and length) and the peak induced voltage
Yin, Hao, Zhao, Lijun, Shen, Yitao
An Analytical Piecewise-Linear Joint Stiffness Model for Predicting Load Distribution in Multi-Bolt Metal–Composite Joints05-19-04-00285/14/2026
Accurate prediction of load distribution in multi-bolt metal–composite joints relies heavily on high-fidelity modeling of single-bolt joint stiffness. Current models, however, inadequately capture the complex effects of bolt–hole clearance, including delayed load take-up and reduced bearing chord stiffness, as well as multi-interface friction interactions. To overcome these limitations, quasi-static tests were conducted on single-bolt, single-lap aluminum–CFRP joints with varying clearances. By integrating experimental findings with an analysis of the load-transfer mechanisms, we identified five distinct loading states and formulated corresponding analytical load-deformation equations along with explicit transition criteria, culminating in a novel piecewise-linear stiffness model. Enhancements over traditional tri-linear models encompass: (a) subdivision of the transition region into separate local and global slip phases, facilitating an accurate representation of asynchronous slip
Liu, Haolong, Sun, Qingping, Liu, Yang, Zhao, Qi, Liu, Yue
Evaluation of Mechanical Tensile Properties on TIG-Welded AISI 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Principal Component Analysis05-19-04-00275/14/2026
The reliability of welded joints is a vital factor in modern manufacturing, directly affecting product performance and durability. This study investigates methods to enhance the mechanical and metallurgical quality of butt joints in AISI 304L stainless steel welded by the gas tungsten arc (GTA) process. A systematic experimental design was implemented using the Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array, considering welding current, gas flow rate, and travel speed as the main parameters. To determine overall weld performance, the joints were characterized by measuring ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, percentage elongation, and examining their microstructural morphology. An experimental strategy based on the Taguchi approach has been implemented. The welding performance of the material was investigated, and the process parameters were optimized using multiresponse optimization through principal component analysis (PCA), incorporating an orthogonal array design, signal-to
Ghosh, Nabendu, Roy, Angshuman
Compound, Cleaning Gel for Aircraft SurfacesAMS79_015 (Current)5/11/2026
This SAE Standard specifies requirements for a gelled compound for cleaning the soiled exterior of service aircraft. The cleaning gel may be applied by pressure pump as a thixotropic liquid, by brushing or by swabbing. The surfaces to be cleaned may be unpainted metal or surfaces painted with glossy or matt schemes, including strippable acrylic paint complying with DTD 5599. This Standard includes tests to limit specific forms of corrosion that affect aircraft structural materials.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Compound, Cleaning, Foaming, for Aircraft SurfacesAMS79_017 (Current)5/11/2026
This SAE Standard specifies requirements for a foaming liquid cleaning compound which, when diluted with water 1:9 v/v, is suitable for cleaning the soiled exterior of Service aircraft. The cleaning compound may be applied by spraying, either as foam or liquid, by brushing or by swabbing. The surfaces to be cleaned may be unpainted metal or surfaces painted with glossy or matt schemes, including strippable acrylic paint complying with DTD 5599. This Standard includes tests to limit specific forms of corrosion that affect aircraft structural materials.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, Rings and Stock for Forging, Flash-Welded Rings or Heading, 13Cr - 2.0Ni - 3.0W (Greek Ascoloy), AnnealedAMS5616P (Current)5/10/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Hardness and Conductivity Inspection of Wrought Aluminum Alloy PartsAMS2658E (Current)5/7/2026
This specification establishes hardness and electrical conductivity acceptance criteria for finished or semifinished parts made from wrought aluminum alloys after heat treatment (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Tape Epoxy Repair Prepreg, Vacuum Curing Part 5 - Material Specification for Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Tape Epoxy Prepreg for Repair and Film Adhesive for Repair, 120 to 145 °C (250 to 290 °F) CuringAMS6885/5 (Current)5/7/2026
AMS6885/5 is the Material Specification (MS) which defines the requirements of a unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy repair prepreg capable of curing under vacuum for repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures. It also defines the requirements of an epoxy film adhesive to be applied in a co-bonding process with the prepreg for solid laminate and sandwich bonding.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Tape Epoxy Repair Prepreg, Vacuum Curing Part 3 - Purchasing Specification for Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Tape Epoxy Repair PrepregAMS6885/3 (Current)5/7/2026
This Purchasing Specification, AMS6885/3, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy prepreg used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy prepreg is used as part of the repair system defined in AMS6885 and AMS6885/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials qualified against AMS6885 (refer to PRI-QPL-AMS6885) and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organisation.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Sealing Compound, Polythioether Rubber, Fast Curing for Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose, Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)AMS3277M (Current)5/7/2026
This specification covers polythioether rubber fuel-resistant sealing compounds supplied as a two-component system that cures at room temperature.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Tape Epoxy Repair Prepreg, Vacuum Curing Part 4 - Purchasing Specification for Film AdhesiveAMS6885/4 (Current)5/7/2026
This Purchasing Specification, AMS6885/4, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for film adhesive used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the film adhesive is used as part of the repair system defined in AMS6885 and AMS6885/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials qualified against AMS6885 (refer to PRI-QPL-AMS6885), and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organisation.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 2.7Cu - 2.2Li - 0.12Zr (2090-T83), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4251D (Current)5/6/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.040 to 0.249 inch (1.02 to 6.32 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
WIRE - STEEL, CORROSION AND HEAT RESISTANT, SAFETY, 1800 °FAS9226B (Current)5/4/2026
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 1.0Mg - 0.8Si - 0.8Cu - 0.5Mn (6013-T4), Solution Heat Treated and Naturally AgedAMS4347F (Current)5/2/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet from 0.020 to 0.249 inch (0.51 to 6.32 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forging Stock, Forgings, and Rings, 52Co - 20Cr - 10Ni - 15W (L-605)AMS5759P (Current)5/2/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
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