Browse Topic: Materials properties

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Fabrication And Analysis of Pneumatically Actuated Soft Robotic Gripper With Negative Pressure2025-28-0145To be published on 02/07/2025
Soft-bending actuators are gaining considerable attention in robotics for handling delicate objects and adapting to complex shapes, making them ideal for biomimetic robots. Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) are favoured in soft robotics due to their compliance and safety features. Using negative pressure for actuation, it enhances stability by reducing the risk of sudden or unintended movements, crucial for delicate handling and consistent performance. Negative pressure actuation is more energy-efficient, safe and are less prone to leakage, increasing reliability and durability. This paper involves development of a new soft pneumatic actuator design by comparing various designs and to determine its performance parameters. This paper depicts on designing, and fabricating flexible soft pneumatic actuators working under negative pressure for soft robotic applications. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to characterise the properties of materials used to fabricate the soft actuator, and
Warriar J S, Sreejith, Sadique, Anwar, George, Boby
Technical Paper
Investigating the Influence of Fiber Orientation on Frequency Response of Laminated Composite Plates using Taguchi Method2025-28-0183To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the frequency response characteristics of laminated composite rectangular plates, focusing on the influence of fiber orientation. The composite plates, composed of 12 layers of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites (GFRP), were chosen for their superior mechanical properties and broad applicability in engineering fields, including the automotive sector. In automotive engineering, these composites are valued for their lightweight properties and high strength, contributing to enhanced performance and fuel efficiency. The analysis employed a combination of finite element methods and Taguchi experimental design techniques to understand how fiber orientation affects the dynamic behavior of these plates. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL), a computational tool known for handling complex geometries and material behaviors accurately. This software enabled precise simulations of the dynamic responses of the
N, Suhas, C V, Prasshanth, U, Anish Kumar, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Technical Paper
Optimization and Regression Modeling of Additive Manufacturing (Fused Deposition Modeling) of PETG Material for Automobile applications2025-28-0146To be published on 02/07/2025
Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), have transformed the manufacturing industry by allowing the creation of intricate shapes using different materials. Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) is a thermoplastic that is commonly used in additive manufacturing (AM) because of its advantageous mechanical properties, resistance to chemicals, and ease of processing. PETG is used especially for producing automotive components that require impact resistance, dimensional stability, and good surface finish. It can be used for interior trim parts, protective covers, and exterior components The primary objective of this study is to enhance the FDM process parameters for PETG material and construct regression models that can accurately forecast important performance metrics. An investigation was carried out through experimental trials to examine the impact of FDM process parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and
Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Shanmugam, Loganayagan, Katta, Lakshmi Narasimhamu, Silambarasan, R, Kiruthika, Jothi
Technical Paper
Finite Element Fatigue Life Prediction and Test Correlation for Seam Welded Joints in Sheet-Metal Assemblies2025-28-0054To be published on 02/07/2025
Tractors, agricultural machines comprising diverse interconnected assemblies, collaboratively perform specific functions to attain desired outputs. Among these assemblies, the footstep assembly—an affixed structure or platform facilitating convenient access for the operator to the tractor cabin or platform. The components of the footstep assembly are fabricated from sheet metal and are connected using various joining technologies, such as bolts, welds, and others. During field operations, several failures have been noted in the footstep component, specifically at the weld connections. This paper delineates a methodology for simulating and predicting the occurrences of weld joint failures in the sheet-metal components. The inherent characteristics of the welding process lead to welded joints generally exhibiting a fatigue strength lower than that of the individual parts being joined. Additionally, welds are frequently applied at geometric features or points of section changes within a
Kumar, Arun, Pandey, Manoj Kumar, Thirugnanam, Vivekanndan, Mani, Suresh, Redkar, Dinesh
Technical Paper
Optimization of Vibrational characteristics Using Taguchi Method for CNT Reinforced Composite Plates2025-28-0174To be published on 02/07/2025
The integration of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into composite materials has revolutionized various high-performance industries, including aerospace, marine, and defence, due to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The critical nature of these applications demands precise control over the manufacturing process to ensure the optimal performance of the CNT-reinforced composites. This study employs the Taguchi approach to systematically investigate and determine the optimal proportion of CNT volume fraction, fiber volume fraction, and stacking sequence in composite materials to achieve the optimal fundamental frequency. The Taguchi method, known for its efficiency in optimizing design parameters with a minimal number of experiments, enables the identification of the most influential factors and their optimal levels for enhancing material properties. Our findings demonstrate that the proper arrangement and proportioning of these components significantly improve the
B, Srivatsan, Balakrishna Sriganth, Pranav, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu, Biswas, Sayan
Technical Paper
Cutting-Edge Coating Materials for Dual Fuel Diesel Engines Using Acetylene Aspiration2025-28-0134To be published on 02/07/2025
A diesel engine with a Yttria Stabilised Zirconium (YSZ) thermal barrier layer (TBL) on the piston crown was used in an experiment. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the influence of the thermal barrier layer on the efficiency and pollution levels of a diesel engine. The selection of YSZ as the coating material was based on its desirable physical properties including a high coefficient of expansion when exposed to heat, low degree of thermal conductivity, and a high Poisson's number. These characteristics make it a suitable material for use in coatings applied to engine components. In addition to their current research, the scientists are also focusing on identifying sustainable substitutes for conventional petroleum fuels. This is because of the growing concern over environmental impacts and the limited availability of fossil fuel resources. The researchers are seeking new options that are both environmentally friendly and capable of meeting the world's energy demands. By
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Technical Paper
Structural Analysis of Two-Wheeler Handlebars under Varied Loads2025-28-0053To be published on 02/07/2025
This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of a two-wheeler handlebar subjected to various loading conditions, aiming to evaluate its strength, durability, and safety. During operation, two-wheelers encounter multiple forces, making the handlebar a critical component for rider control and safety. The analysis begins by investigating the different types of loads experienced during typical riding scenarios, including static loads when the bike is stationary, and dynamic loads arising from rider movements, braking, and handling. The primary objective is to understand how these loads impact the handlebar's structural integrity. To achieve this, critical load cases are identified and categorized. Braking loads, which apply force primarily in the forward direction due to deceleration, are examined. Manhandling loads are analyzed to understand the multidirectional forces acting on the handlebar during transportation and parking. Additionally, vertical loads are assessed
Prajapati, Akash, Rathore, Avijit Singh, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Technical Paper
Forced Vibration Analysis of Cracked Functionally Graded Beams2025-28-0169To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the forced vibration characteristics of functionally graded material (FGM) beams with square cross-sections featuring V-shaped cracks. FGMs, characterized by a gradual transition in mechanical composition from a ceramic to a metallic surface, offer unique advantages in various engineering applications due to their non-uniform microstructure, which imparts varying material properties throughout the structure. This research employs ANSYS Workbench to conduct a comprehensive numerical analysis, focusing on evaluating the frequencies and mode shapes of cracked FGM beams under simply supported boundary conditions. The analysis delves into the impact of three critical crack parameters: crack opening width, crack depth, and crack location. The findings highlight that the crack opening width significantly influences the vibrational frequencies of the FGM beam. Specifically, as the crack opening width increases from 0.002 meters to 0.01 meters, the frequencies decrease
D, Manish, C V, Prasshanth, N, Suhas, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Technical Paper
Innovative Automation Solutions for Agricultural Tractors: Boosting Efficiency and Reducing Fatigue2025-28-0192To be published on 02/07/2025
This paper presents the automation of tasks performed by agricultural tractor operators at headlands, aimed at enhancing comfort and productivity while reducing operator fatigue. The system, developed through Electronic Depth & Draft Control, features automatic one-side braking based on wheel angle, automatic implement lift, and PTO rotation stop during headland turns. Field tests demonstrate up to 9% fuel savings and an 11% productivity increase. The advanced technology significantly boosts efficiency and cost-effectiveness, achieving a 24% increase in operator savings and overall productivity
M, Rojer Denny, Natarajan, Saravanan, Baskar, Augustin
Technical Paper
Enhancing Disc Brake Performance: Investigating Squeal Noise, Wear, and the Application of Functionally Graded Materials in Brake Rotors2025-28-0162To be published on 02/07/2025
Disc brakes play a vital role in contemporary automotive braking systems, offering a dependable and effective means of decelerating or halting a vehicle. The disc brake assembly functions by converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into thermal energy through friction. Two key factors that greatly influence the brake assembly's performance and user experience are squeal noise and wear performance. This paper delves into the fundamental mechanisms behind squeal noise and assesses the wear performance of the disc brake assembly. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are an innovative type of composite material, characterized by gradual variations in composition and structure throughout their volume, leading to changes in properties such as mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. FGMs have emerged as a groundbreaking solution in the design and manufacturing of brake rotors, addressing significant challenges related to thermal stress, wear resistance, and overall
C V, Prasshanth, S, Gurumoorthy, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu, S, Sridhar, S, Badri Narayanan, Kumar, Ajay, Biswas, Sayan
Technical Paper
Investigating Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber and Alumina-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Application of Taguchi and Grey Analysis for Automotive Components2025-28-0113To be published on 02/07/2025
Natural fiber composites hold significant promise for a range of engineering applications due to their exceptional characteristics, which include substantial weight reduction, high strength, and cost-effectiveness. These materials are also biodegradable and renewable, adding to their appeal in sustainable engineering practices. This research focuses on evaluating the mechanical properties of jute fiber and AlO3-reinforced polymer composites, exploring their potential for advanced engineering uses. The study employs the Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array, incorporating three levels and three factors to systematically explore various combinations of process variables in the fabrication of these polymer composites. The primary goal is to optimize the mechanical properties of the composites, including tensile modulus, tensile stress, and weight percentage increase. Detailed investigations are conducted to understand the effects of these process variables on performance metrics. The
Somsole, Lakshmi Narayana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Katta, Lakshmi Narasimhamu, Vivekananda, Soma
Technical Paper
Investigation of Mechanical, Barrier, and Tribological Properties of Jute/Glass Fiber Hybrid Epoxy Composites2025-28-0031To be published on 02/07/2025
In the present study, jute/glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-based polymer hybrid composites were fabricated using the resin infusion technique. To compare various properties, composites were fabricated from pure jute fiber (100% jute), pure glass fiber (100% glass), and hybrid composites containing 75% jute and 25% glass fiber, 50% jute and 50% glass fiber, and 25% jute and 75% glass fiber. Various physical, mechanical, and tribological analyses were conducted. The results revealed that the hybrid composite containing 25% jute and 75% glass fiber exhibited the best performance, with a tensile strength of 177 MPa, a flexural strength of 188.3 MPa, an impact strength of 130 kJ/m², a storage modulus of 17,050 MPa, a loss modulus of 2,883 MPa, and minimal moisture absorption and wear loss. Compared to the pure jute fiber composite, this hybrid composite showed a 172% increase in tensile strength, a 278% increase in flexural strength, a 238% increase in impact strength, a 184% increase in
J, Chandradass, T, Thirugnanasambandham, M, Amutha Surabi, P, Baskara Sethupathi, Rajendran, R, Murugadoss, Palanivendhan
Technical Paper
Influence of fibre weight fraction on the mechanical characteristics of the Caryota urens fiber reinforced polyester composite2025-28-0114To be published on 02/07/2025
The present study aims to assess the tensile properties of caryota urens fibre reinforced polyester composites. Composites were fabricated with different fiber weight fraction starting from 5% to 30% with 5% increment. The testing of composite material was done using ASTM standards. The results indicated that the tensile, impact and flexural properties of composite material were increased up to 25% fiber weight fraction after that it has been reduced due factors like fiber distribution had not uniform and adhesion between fiber and matrix had be reduced. Optimal weight fraction found from this study is 25%. The maximum tensile, impact and flexural strength obtained for the composites were 36.22 MPa, 62.21 MPa and 96.21J/m
Santhanam, K, Raja, K., Naveen, M, Saranbala, M, M, Naveenkumar
Technical Paper
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites: A Case Study of Bamboo Leaves and Coconut Leaves2025-28-0112To be published on 02/07/2025
The research project focused on investigating the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of composite plates made from bamboo leaves and coconut leaves reinforced with epoxy resin that has received limited attention in previous studies. The bamboo and coconut leaves underwent alkaline treatment, were thoroughly washed with distilled water, and dried in sunlight for 24 hours. For the fabrication of three composite plates, Hand lay up method was employed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The compositions of the composite plates were varied as first Composition has 25 wt% bamboo leaves, 25 wt% coconut leaves and 50 wt% resin, the Second Composition has 30 wt% bamboo leaves, 30 wt% coconut leaves, and 40 wt% resin and the third composition has 35 wt% bamboo leaves, 35 wt% coconut leaves, and 30 wt% resin. Tensile test, shear and flexural tests helped determine the tensile strength, shear strength, and flexural strength of the composite
D R, Rajkumar, O, Vivin Lenin, R, Saktheevel, S, Edwin Roshan
Technical Paper
Synthesis and characterisation of poly (aniline –co-chloroaniline) polymers and applications in automotive industries as paint coatings2025-28-0037To be published on 02/07/2025
Polyaniline (PANI)-polymer based paints have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing the durability and performance of automobile surface coatings. These paint coatings offer superior corrosion resistance, conductivity, and environmental stability, making it an ideal. Here novel copolymers of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid aided poly (aniline-co-m-chloroaniline) nanocomposites of various compositions were prepared by oxidative method in micellar solution. The nanocomposites were analyzed by using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. The crystalline nature of the polymer was evidenced through XRD patterns. SEM revealed the presence of particles with spherical morphology 100 nm in diameter. The electrical activity of the doped polymer was found to be content increasing from 3:1 to 3:3 x 10-2 S/cm to 5.64 x 10-7 S/cm with chloroaniline. These copolymers are added as additives in manufacturing of paint. These novel paints offer multiple protective mechanisms, including barrier
Pachanoor, Vijayanand, Moorthi, Bharathiraja
Technical Paper
Effect of Hardening and Tempering Temperatures on the Mechanical Behavior of Alloy Steel2025-28-0027To be published on 02/07/2025
Alloy steel possesses high strength, hardenability, fatigue strength, and good impact toughness. It is widely used for making various machine parts, automobile components, shafts, gears, connecting rods, and more. Hardening and tempering develop the optimum combination of hardness, strength, and toughness in engineering steel, thereby providing components with high mechanical properties. Hardening and tempering temperatures are crucial factors that affect the mechanical and metallurgical properties of 42Cr4Mo steel. In this research work, 42Cr4Mo alloy steel samples were subjected to hardening and tempering processes. The hardening temperatures were set at 830°C, 850°C, and 870°C, while the tempering temperatures were maintained at 590°C and 650°C. The test results show that hardening at 830°C and tempering at 590°C achieve high strength, which decreases as the temperature increases. Different hardening temperatures and constant tempering temperatures will be optimized to achieve the
Murugesan, Venkatasudhahar, Ganesan, Dharmalingam, Tarigonda, Hariprasad
Technical Paper
A Machine learning Approach for the prediction of Surface Roughness Using The Tool Vibration Data In Turning Operation2025-28-0152To be published on 02/07/2025
Surface roughness is a key factor in different machining processes and plays an important role in ergonomics, assembly, wear and fatigue life of components. Functionality, performance and durability of parts are also affected by surface roughness. Although maintaining an optimum surface roughness is a major challenge in many manufacturing industries. Surface roughness during machining depends upon machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Also, tool vibrations during machining have significant influence in surface roughness. In this work an attempt is made to predict the surface roughness of machined components during the turning process by using machine learning techniques with vibration signals. By varying different machining parameters and keeping other tooling and material properties same, a range of surface roughness values can be obtained. For each condition, corresponding tool vibration signals were recorded. Our experimental setup involves
S S, Safeer, Sadique, Anwar, D, Navaneeth
Technical Paper
Optimization of Fused Deposition Modeling Using Taguchi-Based Grey Relational Analysis for TPU used in Auto parts2025-28-0158To be published on 02/07/2025
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a highly adaptable additive manufacturing method that is extensively employed for creating intricate structures using a range of materials. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a highly versatile material known for its flexibility and durability, making it well-suited for use in industries such as footwear, automotive, and consumer goods. Hoses, gaskets, seals, external trim, and interior components are just a few of the many uses for thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) in the automobile industry. The objective of this study is to enhance the performance of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) by optimizing the parameters specifically for Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) material. This will be achieved by employing a Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method. The researchers conducted experimental trials to examine the impact of key FDM parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical responses
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Ramesh Naik, Mude, Silambarasan, R, D, Palanisamy
Technical Paper
Vibrational, Thermal and Mechanical Performance Analysis of Hybrid Composite Plates Composed of Kenaf and Ridge Gourd Fibers with Waste Plastic Materials2025-28-0030To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the performance and highlights the mechanical, thermal, and vibrational characteristics of hybrid fibre composite plate composed of Kenaf Fibre (KF), Ridge Gourd Fibre (RGF), Waste Plastic Materials (WPM), and matrix materials. The raw materials undergo an alkaline treatment involving 2 hours of agitation with 5% NaOH. Following treatment, KF, RGF, and WPM are combined with epoxy resin using compression moulding to form four different hybrid composite plates in the %wt of 10:20:5, 20:10:5, 10:10:5, and 20:20:5. Various tests are conducted to evaluate their properties, including the Tensile Test, Shear Test, and Flexural Test, adhering to ASTM standards D638, D7078, and D790, respectively. The results indicate that 20:20:5 plate showed higher tensile strength (21.70 MPa), flexural strength (77.23 MPa), and shear strength (18.13 MPa. Subsequently, Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted on the 20:20:5 composite plate due to its superior mechanical
D R, Rajkumar, R, Baranitharan, Basha, Mohamed Humayun, S, Kamalesh
Technical Paper
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE PCM TO ENHANCE HEAT TRANSFER RATE WITH THE ADDITION OF NANOPARTICLES IN THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE2025-28-0023To be published on 02/07/2025
This paper explores the augmentation of thermal conductivity in paraffin wax through the incorporation of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, leading to the development of composite phase change materials (PCMs). The objective is to enhance heat transfer rates, crucial for various energy storage applications including industrial waste heat recovery and solar thermal energy storage. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) testing was employed to experimentally investigate the thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposite PCM.The experimental results reveal that the nanocomposite PCM, composed of 96.14% paraffin wax, 2% aluminum oxide, and 1.6% copper oxide, exhibits 1.35 times increase in heat transfer rate compared to conventional paraffin wax. The integration of nanoparticles into the PCM matrix, facilitated by a magnetic stirrer at 50°C for 4 hours, results in uniform distribution and improved grain morphology, as evidenced by SEM images. Moreover, the
Tarigonda, Hariprasad, Kumar, YB Kishore, Kala, Lakshmi K, R L, Krupakaran
Technical Paper
Optimization and Regression Modeling of Fused Deposition Modeling for TPU Material used in automotive instrument panels2025-28-0142To be published on 02/07/2025
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely recognized additive manufacturing method that is highly regarded for its ability to create complex structures using thermoplastic materials. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a highly versatile material known for its flexibility and durability. TPU has several applications, including automobile instrument panels, caster wheels, power tools, sports goods, medical equipment, drive belts, footwear, inflatable rafts, fire hoses, buffer weight tips, and a wide range of extruded film, sheet, and profile applications.. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the FDM parameters for TPU material and construct regression models that can accurately forecast printing performance. The study involved conducting experimental trials to examine the impact of key FDM parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical responses, including dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Silambarasan, R, Kiruthika, Jothi
Technical Paper
Investigation on Heat Transfer Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets Blended Distilled Water-Ethylene Glycol Mixtures in Battery thermal management system2025-28-0089To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the heat transfer properties of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) blended with distilled water-ethylene glycol (DW-EG) mixtures, focusing on their potential application in battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Compared to other nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures exhibit higher thermal conductivity due to their low density and integrated thermal conductivity. The experimental findings are relevant in that compared with the base fluid, nanofluid samples had heat transfer capability. The physicochemical characteristics of investigated GNP were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), pH and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The thermal conductivity and physical properties of graphene platelets having the specific surface area of 500 m2/g in the base fluid of Distilled Water-Ethylene Glycol (DW-EG 70:30) and 100 % vol. of Ethylene Glycol (EG 100) were determined after 120 minutes of sonication time. The graphene nanofluids with the platelet
S, Palanisamy, Selvan, Arul Mozhi
Technical Paper
Revolutionizing Titanium Alloy Machining: ANFIS Model for Advanced Machining Performance Optimization2025-28-0046To be published on 02/07/2025
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in electrically conductive materials, regardless of their hardness. Due to the growing demand for superior products and the necessity for quick design adjustments, decision-making in the manufacturing industry has become increasingly complex. This study specifically examines Titanium Grade 9 and suggests the creation of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model for predictive modeling in ECM. The study employs a Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) methodology to attain multi-objective optimization, with the goal of concurrently maximizing material removal rate, minimizing surface roughness, and achieving precise geometric tolerances. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to assess the relevance of process characteristics that impact these performance measures. The ANFIS model presented for Titanium Grade 9 provides more flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy in comparison to
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Raju, Dhanasekar, Kiruthika, Jothi, Katta, Lakshmi Narasimhamu, Silambarasan, R
Technical Paper
Evaluation on Mechanical and Metallurgical properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured ER 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel for Automotive and Marine applications2025-28-0108To be published on 02/07/2025
The advancement of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a significant opportunity to revolutionize the production of automotive components through the fabrication of complex, high-performance structures. This study specifically investigates the metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion properties of WAAM-fabricated ER2209 duplex stainless steel structures, known for their superior mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and favorable tribological behavior. The research aims to optimize WAAM process parameters to achieve high-quality deposition of ER2209, ensuring structural integrity and performance suitable for both marine and various automotive applications. Microstructural analysis of the produced samples revealed the alloy’s dual-phase nature, with roughly equal amounts of ferrite and austenite phases uniformly mixed across the layers of deposition. This balanced microstructure contributes to the alloy’s excellent mechanical properties. Yield strength
A, Aravind, S, Jerome, Kumar, Ravi
Technical Paper
Microstructural and Mechanical characterization of Overhanging AA 4043 structures fabricated by CMT Pulse based WAAM for Automotive applications2025-28-0140To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of overhanging structures using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) pulse based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique, specifically targeting automotive applications on commercial aluminum components. Focusing on optimal welding strategies for overhanging structures, components are fabricated by providing offsets during consecutive deposition of layers, thus producing parts with angles of 45, 60 and 90 degree inclinations from the substrate. Three specimens undergo twenty-three layers of deposition, resulting in structurally sound joints within this specified angle range. AA 4043 electrode is utilized, and welding parameters are optimized through trials by verifying with bead on plate deposition. Successful outcomes are achieved within the specified angle range, though challenges arise beyond 60 degrees, complicating the maintenance of desired weld quality. The study further evaluates the microstructure, microhardness
A, Aravind, S, Jerome, A, Rahavendran
Technical Paper
Grey Relational Analysis for Multi-Objective Optimization in Aerospace Machining of Titanium Grade 192025-28-0047To be published on 02/07/2025
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in electrically conductive materials, irrespective of their hardness. Due to the growing need for superior products and quick design adjustments, decision-making in production has become increasingly complex. This study focuses on Titanium Grade 9 and proposes creating predictive models using a Taguchi-grey technique to achieve multi-objective optimization in ECM. The experiments are structured based on Taguchi's principles, utilizing Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) to simultaneously optimize several performance indicators, including the material removal rate, surface roughness, and geometric tolerances. ANOVA is employed to assess the significance of process variables affecting these measures. The proposed predictive technique for Titanium Grade 9 outperforms current models in terms of flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy, providing enhanced capabilities for monitoring and control
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Krishnamachary, PC, Katta, Lakshmi Narasimhamu, Silambarasan, R
Technical Paper
Optimization and Regression Modeling of Fused Deposition Modeling for PLA Material for Vehicle interior applications2025-28-0159To be published on 02/07/2025
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a prominent method of additive manufacturing known for its capacity to create intricate structures using thermoplastic materials. Automobile components consisting of PLA are easily recovered from end-of-life vehicles (ELV) at a cheap cost, potentially yielding better purity recycled lactic acid monomers. PLA is used by automobile manufacturers (including Ford and Mazda) to make floor mats, tires, and consoles. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a commonly utilized biodegradable thermoplastic recognized for its environmentally friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and straightforward processing. This study aims to optimize the FDM parameters for PLA material and construct regression models to accurately predict printing performance. The study involved conducting experimental trials to investigate the impact of important FDM parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical outcomes, including dimensional
Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, C, Navya, Kiruthika, Jothi, Silambarasan, R
Technical Paper
Preparation and Evaluation of lubricating properties of Neem seed oil under the influence of an Anti-wear additive as Sustainable alternative to commercial Engine oil2025-28-0116To be published on 02/07/2025
The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of neem seed oil with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Poly alpha olefin 6 (PAO6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nano particles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to
Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai
Technical Paper
Sensitivity Analysis of the Thickness Mapping and Local Stiffness for Bumper Grille Structural Simulations2024-36-010212/20/2024
In recent decades, thermoplastics have become fundamental materials for the automotive industry, due to characteristics such as low density and increased possibility of manufacturing parts into complex geometries. Correlate the mechanical behavior of parts made with these materials, between virtual and physical testing, still poses a challenge that can be explained by the inherent nature of polymeric compounds, which generally exhibit a complex microstructural composition. This study uses a Bumper Grille made of Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) as case study. This part is a fundamental external vehicle component, not only for safety criteria, but also for consumer satisfaction. To analyze the structural behavior of a vehicle components such as a Grille, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools with the Finite Element Method (FEM) are commonly applied, in which a good understanding of the analysis setup and physical properties used to define the model are essential. For models built
Ferreira, Gabriel Ramos, Souza Silva, Paulo, Soares, Annelise Heidrich Pietro, Maciel, Ronei Santos, Carvalho, Gimaézio Gomes, Sanchez, Jorge Romero
Technical Paper
Porosity Effect on the Scratch Tests of Austenitic Stainless Steel (AISI 316L2024-36-011212/20/2024
Austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) is highly valued in various industries for its properties, especially related to wear and corrosion resistances. There are several applications of austenitic stainless steel in the automotive industry. This study investigates the effects of porosity of SS316L samples fabricated using powder metallurgy (uniaxial pressure). Two different compaction pressures, 300 MPa, and 600 MPa, were applied to analyze their influence on the material’s density, porosity, microstructure, hardness, and abrasion responses. The SS316L samples were sintered at 1120 °C for 30 min. The microstructural analysis revealed that the sample pressed at 600 MPa exhibited higher density and lower porosity (18.9%) compared to the sample pressed at 300 MPa (29.2%). This increased compaction pressure led to a more uniform microstructure with smaller grain sizes and a more consistent distribution of circular pores. Consequently, the hardness of the 600 MPa sample was significantly
Tahanzadeh, Samira, Seriacopi, Vanessa, Rodrigues, Daniel, Machado, Izabel Fernanda
Technical Paper
Presentation of Biocomposites for Proposal for Use in Car Bumpers2024-36-014812/20/2024
Car bumpers are protective structures for the occupants of a vehicle during a collision, absorbing impact energy, such a structure is located at the front and rear of the vehicle. Metals were used to manufacture the first bumpers, and it was subsequently assessed that using a different material would reduce their weight, for example plastic, resulting in increased fuel economy and impact absorption. Also, the use of polymers reinforced by glass fibers offer good mechanical strength. This work evaluates the replacement of conventional materials by an ecologically more viable alternative, natural fibers as plastic reinforcement, reducing costs, without considerable loss in the material mechanical properties. Specimens of reinforced composite material were produced with jute fiber. The fibers, obtained through fabrics, were standardized in length of 5.0 mm and 15.0 mm. The matrix phase applied was the unsaturated and pre-accelerated terephthalic polyester resin manufactured by Royal
Soares, Rafael Vilhena, Dias, Roberto Yuri Costa, de Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victor, Junior, Waldomiro Gomes Paschoal, Fujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
Technical Paper
Preliminary Indication Approach of Jute Fiber Fabric with Polyester for Bumpers of Passenger Cars2024-36-014912/20/2024
Polypropylene has been the plastic traditionally used in the manufacture of bumpers. Composite materials have been presented as an alternative due to lightness and sustainability. This article presents a composite of polyester resin and jute fiber fabric as an innovative alternative to be studied for the manufacture of automotive bumpers. Composite material was manufactured for characterization. It was used as matrix the terephthalic polyester resin, unsaturated and pre-accelerated, and the catalyst MEK V388 for curing the composite. The chosen reinforcement was the jute fiber fabric. Silicone molds with dimensions according to ASTM 3039 were used to manufacture specimens, and subsequent tensile strength test to determine properties and compare with literature data. The composite with jute fiber reinforcement with alignment 0°/0°/0° was evaluated as viable for the application in car bumpers, having its value of tensile strength surpassed that of the composite reinforced by jute fiber
Dias, Roberto Yuri Costa, Soares, Rafael Vilhena, de Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victor, dos Santos, Jose Emilio Medeiros, Miranda, Igor Ramon Sinimbú, Junior, Waldomiro Gomes Paschoal, Fujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
Technical Paper
Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), Aircraft Quality, SpheroidizedAMS6351M (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars, and Forgings, Aircraft Quality, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740), Heat Treated, 105 ksi (724 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6325M (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat-treated bars and forgings
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, 1.0Cr - 0.20Mo - 0.45Se (0.39 - 0.48C) (4142H Modified), Die-Drawn, 130 ksi (896 MPa) Yield Strength, Free MachiningAMS6378J (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers a free-machining, low-alloy steel in the form of round bars 3.50 inches (88.9 mm) and under in nominal diameter produced by a die-drawing process
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Iron-Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 44Fe - 18.5Cr - 35Ni - 1.15Si (Alloy 330), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5592H (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant iron-nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), Aircraft QualityAMS6350R (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, Tubing, and Forging Stock, 1.0Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.40Mo (0.17 - 0.22C), Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted, Premium Aircraft QualityAMS6493C (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Alclad Sheet, 6.2Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.2Mg - 0.12Zr (Alclad 7050-T76), Solution Heat Treated and OveragedAMS4243D (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of alclad sheet 0.040 to 0.187 inch (1.02 to 4.75 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.6
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Molybdenum Disulfide Coating, Thin Lubricating Film, Impingement AppliedAMS2526E (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers requirements for a coating consisting of finely powdered molybdenum disulfide in a heat resistant inorganic binder applied to parts
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Automated Gaseous Nitriding Controlled by Nitriding PotentialAMS2759/10D (Current)12/18/2024
This document specifies the procedure and requirements for nitriding steel parts in a process automatically controlled by the nitriding potential (see 2.3.6
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Sheet and Strip, 0.25 Carbon, Maximum (SAE 1020), Hard TemperAMS5045L (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers a carbon steel in the form of sheet and strip
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Coating, Plasma Spray DepositionAMS2437E (Historical)12/18/2024
This specification covers the engineering requirements for applying coatings to parts by the plasma spray process and the properties of such coatings
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, Plate and Foil, 48Ni - 20Cr - 20Co - 5.9Mo - 2.2Ti - 0.45Al (Alloy 263), Consumable Electrode Remelted or Vacuum Induction Melted, Solution Heat TreatedAMS5872G (Historical)12/18/2024
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Fatigue Simulation Analysis of an Automotive Stabilizer Bar Linkage2024-01-703712/13/2024
As a part of an automobile suspension structure, fatigue durability performance of the automotive stabilizer bar linkage is crucial to the safety and reliability of the suspension system. In this study, the modeling and simulation analysis methods of the stabilizer bar linkage were described in detail, especially for the welded positions between the connecting rod and the spherical shells (or sleeves). Based on the equivalent structural stress method and the theory of critical distances, damage values of welded positions in the stabilizer bar linkage were solved. For the spherical shell end, the simulation reproduced the bench test; and for the sleeve end, the analysis approach was determined by comparing in several different modeling ways. Mooney-Rivlin model was adopted to fit the constitutive relationship of rubber material in the bushing. The above methods were applied to predict the fatigue durability performance of the stabilizer bar linkage product, and the effectiveness was
Wang, Xu, Han, Chao, Deng, Jianjiao
Technical Paper
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 19Cr - 9.5Ni (304L), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5511L (Current)12/12/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn; (2024-T81 Sheet, -T851 Plate), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Artificially AgedAMS4268B (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.010 to 1.500 inches (0.254 to 38.07 mm), inclusive, in thickness, supplied in the -T81/-T851 temper (see 8.5
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes, 4Al - 2.5V -1.5 Fe, Annealed, Heat TreatableAMS6947C (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash-welded rings, and drawn shapes 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) and under and stock for forging, heading, or flash-welded rings of any size (see 8.6
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Beryllium Near-Net Preforms, Standard Grade, Cold Isostatic Pressed, SinteredAMS7910E (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers beryllium in the form of bar, rod, tubing, and shapes fabricated from impact-ground beryllium powder consolidated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and sintering
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7065-T7451), 7.7Zn - 2.1Cu - 1.65Mg - 0.10Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, and OveragedAMS4361B (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
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