Browse Topic: Materials properties

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Sustainable Manufacturing Approach: Application of Post Consumer Recycled Aluminium in Engine Component2025-32-0009To be published on 11/03/2025
India has committed for carbon neutral by 2070. European Commission has notified Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to reduce the carbon emitted during production of raw materials that are imported to Europe. It is necessary to align with these regulations and transit to a low carbon economy to combat climate change. In the two-wheeler automotive sector, the raw material manufacturing stage accounts for 10-12% of the life cycle emissions. Aluminium is the commonly used lightweight material in automotive applications due to its high strength to weight ratio. Virgin aluminium is the preferable choice in automotive applications due to its high purity, consistent quality, and superior mechanical properties. But, production of virgin aluminium is highly energy-intensive, emitting approximately 10-16 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of aluminium produced, yielding it be a major contributor to CO2 emissions during upstream processes. However, secondary aluminium has emission factor less than 2
Pandi, Dinesh Babu, Anbalagan, Prathap, Nagarkatti, Arun, SHANMUGAM, GOMATHY PRIYA
Technical Paper
Development of CAE technology for the design optimization of piston pin circlip2025-32-0015To be published on 11/03/2025
This study focuses on the technology for establishing design criteria for the piston pin circlip (hereinafter referred to as "circlip"), which is a component that holds the engine piston pin. The circlip is assembled into the piston by compressing it to the size of the piston circlip groove. However, in high-revving engines, the inertia forces caused by engine rotation can cause the circlip to disengage from the groove, potentially leading to the piston pin falling out and damaging the engine. To prevent this, it is possible to compress the circlip more and increase the reactive force acting on the groove to prevent falling out. However, this countermeasure raises concerns about the deterioration of the assemblability of the circlip. Therefore, it is necessary to establish evaluation criteria that prevent the circlip from disengaging and deteriorationg the assemblability of the circlip. To enable appropriate design of the circlip during the engine specifications review phase, we
Ishizuka, Atsushi
Technical Paper
Impacts of enhanced physics-based estimation modeling for trapped air and EGR estimation in real-time control of hydrogen injection in a PFI internal combustion engine2025-32-0047To be published on 11/03/2025
Hydrogen PFI engines face abnormal combustion issues, especially during transient operation. The air-to-fuel ratio and trapped exhaust gas significantly affect combustion stability and NOx emissions, requiring continuous monitoring. Real-time estimation of the trapped gas composition and thermodynamic state is therefore crucial but challenging. This work introduces a real-time, physics-based Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) model for accurately estimating trapped air and exhaust gas mass at the intake valve closing (IVC) event. In detail, the estimation model makes use of dynamic in-cylinder and exhaust pressure measurements to accurately model mass flows and heat exchange equations with 0.5 CAD resolution. This allows an extremely high fidelity when modelling the physical properties of the various chemical species along the engine cycle. Moreover, the model calibration appears only in the form of two coefficients implemented on a lookup table for twelve different operating points
Galli, Claudio, Ferrara, Giovanni, Grilli, Niccolò, Balduzzi, Francesco, Romani, Luca, Vichi, Giovanni
Technical Paper
Fatigue in Plastic Field of AISI 304L on an Engine Component: An Interesting Case on a Pulley for Automotive Application2025-32-0080To be published on 11/03/2025
This study investigates the failure mechanisms of a press-fitted AISI 304L pulley, which is used to drive an engine coolant variable water pump in automotive applications. The analysis focuses on the peculiar loading scheme of the pulley resulting from the innovative water pump design which combines high mean stress from press fitting with cyclic stress from rotating bending loads that exceed the material's yield point. This is coupled with the cyclic material behavior of AISI 304L which exhibit a strong cyclic hardening. This combination significantly influences the stress distribution and fatigue life of the component under cyclic loads combined with material plasticity, ultimately leading to fatigue failure at the pulley-shaft mating surface. Assembly endurance tests were conducted on a specialized test bench, allowing control of pulley bending load. A comprehensive failure analysis, including visual inspection, metallurgical examination, and finite element analysis (FEA) was
Franceschini, Alessandro, Squarcini, Raffaele, Rybicki, Gilles
Technical Paper
Temperature effect on the static and fatigue performance of thermoset and thermoplastic composites2025-32-0006To be published on 11/03/2025
The growing demand for lightweight, durable, and high-performance materials in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy has driven the development and evaluation of thermoset and thermoplastic composites. This study investigates the static and fatigue behavior of one thermoset material and two thermoplastic composites at varying temperatures (-30°C, 22°C, and 120°C) to simulate extreme environmental conditions. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate mechanical performance and fatigue strength, focusing on the influence of temperature on strength and life cycles. The results highlight the significant impact of temperature on static properties and fatigue behavior, offering critical insights into their application in temperature-sensitive environments. A numerical modeling approach was applied to predict fatigue behavior by incorporating the effects of mean stress and temperature. Different fatigue damage models, including temperature-dependent formulations, were
Chiocca, Andrea, Sgamma, Michele, Franceschini, Alessandro, Vestri, Alessio, mancini, Simone, Bucchi, Francesco, Frendo, Francesco, Squarcini, Raffaele
Technical Paper
Challenges in Quantifying Tire Wear Particle Emissions on an Outer Drum Test Bed2025-01-0352To be published on 09/15/2025
Tire wear is a major source of microplastics and airborne particles (<10 µm), posing environmental and health risks. Accurate quantification is essential for regulatory control. This study develops a method to measure tire wear and tire wear particles on an outer drum test bed while achieving realistic wear rates. A key challenge is the necessity of de-gumming methods, such as talcum powder, to prevent tire adhesion to the drum. However, this complicates emission measurements. The test bed at TU Graz features an enclosure with flow-optimized baseplates and AirKnifes to minimize background emissions. The sampling system, compliant with GTR-24 (brake wear), includes two AVL Particle Counters, two PM-Samplers, and an ELPI+ for size distribution analysis. Results show that background emission reduction is critical for accurate measurement. The de-gumming method increased tire wear rates by a factor of 10 but introduced additional particle sources. Size distribution analysis revealed clear
Schubert, Ludwig, Arias Torres, María Alejandra, Bigl, Stephan, Steiner, Gerald, Huber, Michael, Lex, Cornelia
Technical Paper
Influence of Titanate Composition and Particle Size on Friction Stability and Wear in Brake Pads2025-01-0337To be published on 09/15/2025
Stable friction and low wear are essential for reliable brake performance. This study investigates the effects of platelet titanate particle size and chemical composition on the tribological behavior of brake pads. We examined platelet titanates with varying particle sizes and compositions—potassium titanate and potassium magnesium titanate—to understand their impact on friction stability, wear resistance, and transfer film formation. Characterization techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability, pin-on-disc friction testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for wear surface analysis. The results show that platelet titanate particle size and composition significantly influence transfer film characteristics. Brake pads with potassium magnesium titanate and optimized particle size formed a more uniform and robust transfer film, improving friction stability and reducing wear rates. These findings
Jara, Diego Chavez, Conforti, Michael, Lorenzana, Carlos
Technical Paper
Durable aluminum alloys for brake disc and rotor applications2025-01-0358To be published on 09/15/2025
Lightweight materials are essential in reducing the overall weight and improving the efficiency and performance of ICE and electric vehicles. The use of aluminum alloys is critical in transitioning to a more energy sustainable and environmentally friendly future. The accessible combinations of high modulus to density and strength to weight ratios, as well as their excellent thermal conductivity, make them an ideal solution for weight reduction in vehicles, thereby improving fuel efficiency and reduce emissions generated during braking events. Aluminum alloys with high strength and lifetime thermal stability have been industrialized for usage in brake rotor applications. Amongst the most used aluminum alloys with high thermal stability are 2618 and 4032 used both in aerospace and automotive industries. However, when it comes to prolonging the life of a product at temperatures that exceed 200°C, these alloys will degrade their properties quickly within the first 300 hours. Therefore, a
Duchaussoy, Amandine, Lorenzino, Pablo, Franklin, Jack, Tzedaki, Maria
Technical Paper
Further Investigation of Variables Affecting Brake Squeal: Porosity Effect on Lowmet Pad Properties2025-01-0335To be published on 09/15/2025
As Lowmet pad porosity increases, pad hardness decreases; pad ISO compressibility increases; the nominal friction coefficient increases (SAE J2522); and the disc wear/pad wear decreases. Brake squeal occurrence is affected by the total wear of disc and pads; the wear differential between the inboard pad and outboard pad; pad tangential taper; and pad hardness/material damping. Also, pad chamfer shape has a strong influence on brake squeal occurrence.
Rhee, Seong Kwan, Rathee, Aman, Singh, Shiv Raj, Sharma, Devendra
Technical Paper
A Novel Simulation Method for Vehicle Brake Wear Emissions2025-01-0361To be published on 09/15/2025
The effective reduction of particulate emissions from modern vehicles has shifted the focus to tire, brake, road wear and re-suspended particulate emissions. To meet future EU air quality standards and even stricter WHO targets for PM2.5, a reduction in non-exhaust particulate (NEP) emissions seems to be essential. For this reason, the EURO 7 emissions regulation contains limits for PM and PN emissions from brakes and tire abrasion. Graz University of Technology develops test methods, simulation tools and evaluates technologies for the reduction of brake wear particles and is involved in and leads several international research projects on this topic. The results are applied in emission models such as HBEFA (Handbook on Emission Factors). In this paper, we present our brake emission simulation approach, which calculates the power at the wheels and mechanical brakes, as well as corresponding rotational speeds for vehicles using longitudinal dynamics equations integrated in the
Landl, Lukas, Ketan, Enis, Hausberger, Stefan, Dippold, Martin
Technical Paper
Effect of Casting Microstructure on the Mechanical Performance of Recycled EN AC-43200 Al-Si Alloy2025-01-0357To be published on 09/15/2025
Nowadays, the automotive industry is moving toward the reduction of CO2 emissions implementing different strategies. Beyond the direct reduction of emissions from the vehicles, an important role is played by the production of parts made with recycled materials. This is particularly relevant for automotive components (e.g., brake calipers and steering knuckles) produced using cast Aluminium-Silicon (Al-Si) alloys, whose primary production from bauxite is highly energy-intensive. However, recycled cast Al-Si alloys could have different mechanical performances with respect to their primary counterparts, due to the presence of impurity elements from the recycling process. For this reason, it becomes fundamental to study the effect of different casting parameters (e.g., molten alloy temperature, sprue design and mould temperature) on the solidification microstructure of recycled, cast Al-Si alloys and, as a consequence, on the mechanical performances of the material. In this context, this
Pavesi, Arianna, Barella, Silvia, D'Errico, Fabrizio, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bertasi, Federico
Technical Paper
Further Investigation of Disc Pad Compression during ISO Compressibility and Dynamic Modulus Measurements2025-01-0334To be published on 09/15/2025
In an earlier publication, it was reported that the pad compressibility measured under 160 bars on Lowmet formulas keeps decreasing with increasing number of repeated measurements due to unrecoverable residual deformation of the friction material combined with increasing moisture adsorption, which increases the hardness of the friction material. This current investigation was undertaken to find out if this same phenomenon occurs for NAOs under a low pressure of 100 bars during the compressibility measurement and under 45 bars during the dynamic modulus measurement. In all cases, it is found that the same phenomenon occurs, meaning that friction materials become permanently compressed without full recovery, making them harder to compress and raising up the modulus. The dynamic modulus of friction material attached to a backplate is found to be underestimated by 3.5% as compared with the friction material without the backplate, using the iETEK estimation method.
Sriwiboon, Meechai, Rhee, Seong Kwan, Sukultanasorn, Jittrathep
Technical Paper
Water Interaction and its Effect on the Tribological Behavior of NAO friction materials.2025-01-0336To be published on 09/15/2025
Moisture is known to be a relevant factor during a friction material life, affecting tribological behaviors such as friction coefficient and torque variations. In this study we investigated the interaction between friction materials and water; employing various techniques such as contact angle measurements, soaking, and exposure to controlled environmental condition changes. For this study, specifically selected materials were studied to highlight differences and understand mechanisms. Material modifications, in particular, organic content and hydrophobic agents, were examined. Characterization results showed that brake pads hydrophobicity can be influenced by water interaction conditions; even low-wettability surfaces, such as those treated with hydrophobic modifiers, can still absorb water depending on internal factors (e.g., porosity) and external conditions (e.g., contact time, humidity). Additionally, we investigated the capacity of a friction material to adsorb water and desorb
Iodice, Valentina, Durando, Pietro, Balestra, Simone, Pellerej, Diego
Technical Paper
A Novel Framework for Elastic Constants and Damping Ratio Optimization of Friction Material in Brake Squeal Simulations2025-01-0350To be published on 09/15/2025
Friction material properties critically impact brake squeal simulation outcomes due to their nonlinear and transversely isotropic behaviours, which vary with load type and direction. To improve the reliability of brake squeal predictions, this study introduces the Transversely-isotropic Elastic Constants Optimization (TECO) method, a novel multi-dimensional constrained optimization framework for refining the elastic constants and damping ratio of friction materials. By integrating experimental testing, finite element analysis (FEA), and an advanced optimization technique - Gradient Response Surface Algorithm (GRA), the TECO method minimizes discrepancies between simulated and experimental data, ensuring accurate characterization of elastic properties. The TECO method offers significant advantages, including flexibility and robustness, making it an effective alternative to ultrasonic measurements and traditional optimization techniques, especially for anisotropic friction lining
Philip, Rony, Muralidharan, Sudharsan, Mohanam, Gopalakrishnan
Technical Paper
Improving the Comparability of Brake Wear Solid Particle and Total Particle Number Emission Measurement2025-01-0362To be published on 09/15/2025
Authors (not in final order): Sampsa Martikainen, Madlen Pramstrahler, Christoph Weidinger, Christian Wanek-Rüdiger, Michael Huber, Andreas Rainer      The United Nations Global Technical Regulation (GTR) defines the framework for brake wear emission measurements. The definitions and limits for the emission measurement system, such as sampling configuration and allowed background concentration, are a part of it. The particle number (PN) measurement is divided into Solid Particle Number (SPN) and Total Particle Number (TPN), referring to the emitted particles that exclude, or include, volatile particle matter, respectively. In this study we present conclusions drawn from a large set (>700) of PN emission factors, regarding the comparability of SPN and TPN, uniformity of particle concentration in the sample transport tunnel, and the effect of background concentration on the final emission result. Additionally, we evaluate the suitability of a flow splitter in the brake wear PN
Martikainen, Sampsa, Pramstrahler, Madlen, Weidinger, Christoph, Rainer, Andreas, Engler, Dieter, Huber, Michael
Technical Paper
Achieving Euro 7 Compliance: Cost-Effective Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Performance with FNC-Smart ONC® GCI Rotors2025-01-0332To be published on 09/15/2025
Over the past few years, NITREX has developed an advanced ferritic nitrocarburizing process combined with a specialized post-oxidation treatment known as FNC + Smart ONC®. This innovative approach allows the use of grey cast iron brake rotors in their original form, significantly reducing PM 10 emissions to levels below the Euro 7 limits for most vehicles equipped with at least some recuperative braking capabilities, all without compromising performance. We have rigorously tested these rotors according to several industry standards, including SAE J2707B (Block Wear Test including Highway), GRPE-81-12 Emission Test (Full WLTP Brake Cycle 6 Times), and SAE J2522 (AK-Master Performance). These tests were designed to compare the behavior of treated rotors against standard untreated rotors, as well as to evaluate performance with different lining materials. Additionally, our process addresses the issue of corrosion, which is particularly relevant for brake rotors that experience less use in
Winter, Karl-Michael, Holly, Mike
Technical Paper
Premixed Hydrogen-Methane Combustion Modelling in a Pre-Chamber RCEM with Flamelet-Based and Detailed-Chemistry Approaches2025-24-0046To be published on 09/07/2025
In the fight against climate change, one of the key pathways to decarbonizing the transport sector is the use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. Hydrogen emerges as a promising solution for transforming internal combustion engines into a greener alternative, paving the way for a fuel-flexible era and enabling a rapid reduction in tailpipe carbon emissions. Coherent with this vision, this numerical study investigates different hydrogen/methane mixtures to evaluate the performance of various combustion models based on different modelling approaches. On one hand, a flamelet-based model (ECFM) is presented, demonstrating its ability to fit experimental data through a calibration process that manages turbulence-chemistry interactions by adjusting model parameters. On the other hand, a detailed chemistry solver (SAGE), which employs a kinetics mechanism and does not require calibration, is also analysed in this paper and results are compared against the one coming from the
Sola, Riccardo, Baratta, Mirko, Misul, Daniela, D'Elia, Matteo, Ferretti, Luca, Venkataramanan, Jyothish Kumar
Technical Paper
Evaluating safety behavior of Li-ion batteries regarding negative electrode composition2025-24-0149To be published on 09/07/2025
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus Armando, Lecompte, Matthieu, Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo, Pelissier, Serge, Abada, Sara
Technical Paper
Enabling near-zero emissions and superior efficiency in large-bore, medium-speed engines with a hydrogen-argon power cycle2025-24-0001To be published on 09/07/2025
Combustion engines operating on a hydrogen-argon power cycle (H-APC) offer potential for superior thermal efficiency with true zero exhaust emissions. The high specific heat ratio of argon allows extrapolation of the theoretical efficiency of the Otto cycle to almost 90%. However, this potential is significantly constrained by challenges in combustion control, excessive thermal loading, and system integration, particularly regarding argon recovery. This study investigates these trade-offs, within the context of real-world engine-based peaking power plants. An experimentally validated 1D-simulation model of a prototype Wärtsilä 20 DF engine serves as reference for analysis of a retrofit incorporating a closed-loop argon cycle, with dedicated H₂ and O2 injectors, a water condenser and water separator. Engine performance is evaluated at reference operating point of 75% load, considering pre-ignition, peak pressure and exhaust temperature constraints, condenser limitations, and impurity
Ahammed, Sajid, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Kakoee, Alireza, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Technical Paper
Thermal Stress Reduction in Diesel Engine Pistons Using Semitransparent Ceramic Coatings: A 3D Numerical Study with OpenFOAM2025-24-0003To be published on 09/07/2025
This research focuses on the thermal analysis of internal combustion engine pistons, evaluating the effects of high-temperature exposure during operation. A three-dimensional numerical study is conducted using OpenFOAM, modifying the software’s governing equations to analyze temperature distribution in different piston geometries. The study aims to assess the spatial temperature variation within the entire volume of the piston, providing a detailed understanding of heat transfer mechanisms. A multilayer approach is implemented, considering various configurations of ceramic coatings with distinct thermal and optical properties. The investigation incorporates an internal heat source model, where the heat absorption characteristics of the coating material influence the thermal behavior of the system. By evaluating aluminum- and titanium-based ceramic coatings, the study examines how semitransparency and heat radiation absorbance affect heat accumulation and transfer. The results highlight
Gutierrez, Marcos, Taco, Diana, Bösenhofer, Markus
Technical Paper
Iron-Nickel Alloy, Strip 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al Solution Heat Treated, Cold Rolled, 10% ReductionAMS5223H (Current)07/09/2025
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.1874 inch (0.51 to 4.760 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy Plate, 5.7Zn - 2.2Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.22Cr (7475-T7351), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4202F (Current)07/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 4.000 inches (6.35 to 101.60 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Salts, Heat-Treating (for Metals)AMS2821A (Current)07/09/2025
This specification covers the procurement of granular heat-treating salts suitable for use in the molten state.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.06Ti - 0.10V - 0.18Zr Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally Aged (2219 -T31/-T351)AMS4601B (Current)07/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 6.000 inches (0.551 to 152.4 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Round Bars 20Cr - 35Ni - 35Co - 10Mo Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted Solution Heat Treated, Work Strengthened, and AgedAMS5845L (Current)07/09/2025
This specification covers a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy in the form of bar up to 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in diameter (see 8.2).
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Application of AMS3144 Anodic Electrodeposition PrimerAS8491 (Current)07/09/2025
This standard establishes the recommended requirements for application of AMS3144 anodic electrodeposition primer to aerospace components. Adherence to these requirements will help facilitate satisfactory performance of the applied primer.
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Technical Standard
July 2025 AMS IndexAMSJULY-202507/07/2025
Reference
800P3-2 Cabin Connectors and Cables, Part 3, Specification of CablesARINC800P3-2 (Current)07/07/2025
This specification describes the general cable and wire characteristics recommended for use in cabin systems for commercial aircraft. Supplement 1 adds new definitions of 26 AWG 2-pair (Quad), 4-pair (Oct) data cables, and copper-fiber optic hybrid composite cables. Supplement 2 includes definitions of shielded twisted pair ethernet over single pair for data rates up to 1000Base-T1.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
Luminous Reflectance in Safety Glazing Materials for Road VehiclesJ2134_202507 (Current)07/07/2025
The scope of this SAE performance standard is to provide a simple, practical, and broadly applicable test procedure for appraising luminous Illuminant A reflectance of reflecting safety glazing materials for road vehicles. This SAE performance standard, which provides a simple test procedure widely used in the optics field, may be used to measure the reflectivity which films applied to safety glazing materials for road vehicles may enhance. This test procedure applies to conditions where feasibility, rather than accuracy of measurement, is of prime importance. Measurements can be made outside laboratories in a quality control environment and in similar applications, when glazings, instead of small test specimens, have to be tested.
Glazing Materials Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Methodology for Fast-Running, Time-Resolved Simulation of Non-Exhaust Particle Emissions from Brake Wear Abrasion2025-01-027507/02/2025
Non-exhaust particle emissions, particularly those generated by brake wear, are a significant source of fine particulate matter in urban environments. These emissions contribute to air pollution and pose serious health risks, particularly in densely populated areas. While vehicle exhaust emissions have been extensively studied and regulated, the contribution of non-exhaust sources, including brake wear, remains a critical factor in air quality management. This paper presents a novel methodology for fast-running, time-resolved simulation of non-exhaust particle emissions, specifically those from brake wear abrasion. A 3D CFD model computes the turbulent flow field around the disc brake. The resulting information on the convective air cooling is applied as boundary conditions on a 3D thermal model. This thermal simulation setup is compared and verified with experimental data from literature. The 3D numerical models produce data and boundary conditions for an efficient 1D numerical
Herkenrath, Ferris, Lückerath, Moritz, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Stiffness of Rubber Grommet by Experimental and FEA Method2025-01-027407/02/2025
Vibration control is most important in automotive applications, and generally, rubbers are used to dampen these vibrations due to their inherent nature and low-cost manufacturing methods. Now, to select a rubber material, Shore hardness is considered in engineering applications, but to additionally control the behaviour, we need to understand its static and dynamic stiffness. These values help to determine the vibration isolation obtained by these rubbers. In this paper, we will discuss methods to calculate the static and dynamic stiffness of rubber grommets using experimental methods and FEA modelling. As elastomers have non-linear material properties, various material modelling techniques in FEA are used to capture multiple phenomena like creep, fatigue, and dynamic conditions. Rubber compounding is used in order to improve the physical and chemical properties, which in turn would give desirable linear characteristics. Certain guidelines and thumb rules are used in the rubber
Khamkar, Prasad Subhash, Gaikwad, Vikrant Chandrakant
Technical Paper
Improving Gearbox Acoustics through Elastomer-Based Bearing Damping2025-01-032307/02/2025
This study analyses the effect of external damping of roller bearings on the acoustic behaviour of gearboxes in electric powertrains. The growing use of electric vehicles has increased the importance of reducing gearbox noise, as the lack of noise masking from internal combustion engines and the higher operating speeds of electric motors exacerbate the acoustic challenges. Gearbox noise, which is primarily caused by tooth mesh excitation and its transmission through shafts and bearings, requires strategies to minimise its impact on vehicle comfort and performance. External damping is achieved through the integration of specific elements at the circumference of the outer bearing ring. These elements are utilised to modify the vibration transfer behaviour of the bearing assembly. This, in turn, can lead to a reduction in both structure-borne and airborne noise emissions at the gearbox housing. A test design was created to quantify the effects of different damping configurations. This
von Schulz, Kai, Linde, Tilmann, Jäger, Steffen
Technical Paper
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7255-T7751) 8.0Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.0Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and OveragedAMS4463B (Current)07/01/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.750 to 1.500 inches, incl (19.05 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Anodic Treatment - Titanium and Titanium Alloys Solution pH 13 or HigherAMS2488F (Current)07/01/2025
This specification establishes the engineering requirements for producing an anodic coating on titanium and titanium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Coating, Corrosion-Preventative, for Aircraft Integral Fuel Tanks for Use to 250 °F (121 °C)AMSC27725E (Current)07/01/2025
This specification establishes requirements for three types of corrosion-preventative coatings for protection of aircraft integral fuel tanks.
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Material Specification
Alloy, Sheet and Strip 42Fe - 37.5Ni - 14Co - 4.8Cb (Nb) - 1.6Ti (Alloy 909) Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable Multiple Melted, High Temperature, Low ExpansionAMS5892D (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a low expansion iron alloy in the form of sheet or strip 0.250 inch (6.35 mm) and under in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars and Wire 19Cr - 10Ni (304) High Yield Strength, Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS5857E (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of cold-worked bars and wire up to 1.750 inches (44.45 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni (SAE 30301) Cold Rolled, Full Hard, 185 ksi (1276 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5519R (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) and over in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Heavy-Duty Electrical Connector Performance StandardJ2030_202506 (Current)06/30/2025
This SAE Standard encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component. This document provides environmental test requirements and acceptance criteria for the application of connectors for direct current electrical systems of 60 V or less in the majority of heavy-duty applications typically used in off-highway machinery. Severe applications can require higher test levels or field-testing on the intended application.
CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems
Technical Standard
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 19Cr - 9.2Ni (304) Cold Rolled, Full Hard, 185 ksi (1276 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5913D (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
An Investigation into Friction Stir Surfacing of AA 6061-T6 Alloy on Low-Carbon Steel: Microstructural and Mechanical Analysis05-19-02-001306/30/2025
Friction stir surfacing is an advance surface modification technique, which is functionally evolved from the friction stir welding process. However, the fundamental reason behind the joining of Al/steel is difficult due to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC). To address the problem of IMC formation, the current study suggested an alternate production technique with solid-state friction surfacing deposition. In this work, the adhesion mechanism and metallurgical properties of solution-treated AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy cladding over a low-carbon steel IS2062 substrate were investigated. Impact procedural factors (axial frictional force, spindle speed, table traverse speed, consumable rod diameter, and substrate roughness) were examined. Push-off and hardness tests were used to inspect the mechanical properties of cladded samples. 67–77± HV hardness is observed at the interface of the cladded cross-section. A push-off strength of 9 kN was achieved, indicating
Badheka, Kedar Hiteshkumar, Sharma, Daulat Kumar, Badheka, Vishvesh
Journal Article
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni Cold Rolled, 1/2 Hard, 150 ksi (1034 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5518P (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 19Cr - 9.2Ni (304) Cold Rolled, 3/4 Hard, 175 ksi (1207 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5912D (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 19Cr - 9.2Ni (304) Cold Rolled, 1/2 Hard, 150 ksi (1034 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5911D (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Grease, Aircraft, General Purpose, Low Temperature Range, Lithium ThickenedAMS3052B (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers grease for use within an aircraft. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in the grease formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in 2.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before a grease is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific grease in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builder and/or governmental authorities and is not implied by compliance with or qualification to this specification.
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Primer, Anodic Electrodeposition for Aircraft ApplicationsAMS3144B (Current)06/30/2025
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion-inhibiting, chemical- and solvent-resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Material Specification
Grease: Wide Temperature Range Lithium or Lithium Complex Thickened for Aircraft Wheel BearingsAMS3058B (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers grease for use on aircraft wheel bearings. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in the grease formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in 2.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a qualified products list (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before a grease is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific grease in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builder and/or governmental authorities and is not implied by compliance with or qualification to this
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Fluid, Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing, Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic), SAE Types II, III, and IVAMS1428M (Current)06/27/2025
The AMS1428 specification defines the technical requirements for Type II, III, and IV aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids. These non-Newtonian thickened fluids are formulated to effectively remove frost, ice, and snow from aircraft surfaces while offering protection times longer than Type I fluids against refreezing or frozen contamination. The document outlines key performance criteria, such as freezing point, aerodynamic acceptance, and anti-icing performance, alongside environmental properties like biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Operational considerations, including storage stability, materials compatibility, exposure to dry air, dry-out exposure to cold dry air, successive dry-out and rehydration, and physical properties like pH, refraction, and rheological properties (viscosity) are also specified. Additionally, the specification details the required testing methods to evaluate these properties and sets forth
G-12ADF Aircraft Deicing Fluids
Material Specification
Nonlinear Finite Element Calculation of Ultimate Breakage Load for Pyro-Inflator Housing2025-01-504506/27/2025
Accurate prediction of the ultimate breakage pressure load for pyro-inflator housing is a critical aspect of inflator development. In this study, the tensile test of a specimen, from its initial shape to fracture, is simulated to verify the material properties of the inflator housing. The numerical results demonstrate high accuracy, with the tensile force–displacement curve, maximum tensile force, necking in the concentrated instability zone, fracture location, and inclined angle all closely matching the experimental data. Following material correlation, the ultimate breakage load of the inflator housing under hydrostatic burst test conditions is calculated using an explicit solver. A stress tensor state analysis method is proposed to define the ultimate load based on the onset of plastic instability in the thickness direction at the top center of the inflator. Compared to experimental results, the accuracy of the ultimate breakage pressure prediction using this method is 99.04%, while
Wang, Cheng
Technical Paper
Study of Processing Parameters and Aging Treatments on Relative Density and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel05-19-02-001206/23/2025
This research examined maraging steel (C300), which is widely used in the automotive industry. The study investigated how various 3D printing parameters—laser power (P), scanning speed (V), and layer spacing (H)—as well as post-processing heat treatment factors such as time (t) and temperature (T) affect the properties of C300 steel produced via selective laser melting (SLM). The primary properties assessed included relative density, porosity, hardness, and microstructure. The first part of the analysis focused on how processing parameters, time, and temperature influenced porosity types and manufacturing defects. Subsequently, ANOVA was employed to explore the sensitivity of relative density and microhardness to these parameters. The results revealed an optimal combination of parameters that improved both microstructural and mechanical properties. Additionally, the post-processing heat treatment was found to impact microhardness by modifying the microstructure and martensite lath size
Jaballah, Ola, Omidi, Narges, Iltaf, Asim, Barka, Noureddine, El Ouafi, Abderrazak
Journal Article
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