Browse Topic: Materials properties

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Understanding Tyre Wear Particle Emissions: Volatile Dominance, Variability, Coarse Particles and Measurement System Development for Chassis Dynamometer Use2026-24-0018To be published on 09/21/2026
This paper presents a set of targeted tyre emissions studies carried out within the Department for Transport’s Non Exhaust Emissions programme. The work was directed at improving the measurement of airborne particles generated by tyres, and at examining the factors that influence particle number and particle mass emission, plus explored physical tread wear. To achieve this, a revised sampling duct system was developed with high extraction flow and partial wrap-around of the tyre, and a coarse hard-wearing surface was applied to the chassis dyno roller. The sampling system supplied Total PN4, PN10 (volatile and non volatile), PM2.5, and particle size instrumentation. Multiple tyre types were selected to represent a broad range of sizes, constructions, manufacturers, compounds, and mileages. Tests were performed on a dedicated tyre testing facility using PG42, WLTC, and RDE based cycles, together with additional cycles designed to investigate the influence of temperature, speed, and
Andersson, Jon, Campbell, Michael, de Vries, Simon, Kramer, Louisa, Marshall, Ian, Southgate, Jason, Waite, Gary
Machine Learning Prediction of Wear of NAO Brake Pad Using Scaled-Down FMVSS 135 Testing2026-01-0808To be published on 09/14/2026
Brake pad lifespan significantly influences environmental pollution and public health due to non-exhaust particulate emissions. Global vehicle production reached approximately 7 billion units in 2025, with brake systems generating an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 metric tons of wear debris annually, underscoring the need for improved durability and material optimization. This study investigates the capability of a Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) to predict brake pad wear and support formulation optimization. Controlled experiments were performed using a simplified FMVSS 135 protocol on a Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) to simulate realistic braking conditions. Wear loss was measured under varying normal loads, sliding velocities, and interface temperatures. An FCNN was selected for its ability to capture nonlinear interactions between operating conditions and tribological responses. Despite a limited but high-quality dataset, the application of data standardization
Katakam, Abhishek, Eslamiat, Hossein, Kancharla, Sai Krishna, Filip, Peter
Assessing brake wear particle emissions and performance characteristic of NAO-ceramic formulation for Euro 7 Compliance2026-01-0828To be published on 09/14/2026
EU7 regulation has focused on non-exhaust emission from brake and tire wear and has set the brake particle emission limits accordingly. The current PM10 limit is set at 7 mg/km for IC vehicles and 3 mg/km for EV (electric/battery vehicles) of M1, N1 category. Hence, the brake particle emissions test should be conducted according to the UN Global Technical Regulation No. 24 (GTR-24) procedure on the brake inertia dynamometer. Due to these new requirements; brake systems need to be homologated with regard to EU7 emissions limits. In this study, NAO-ceramic formulation is developed and tested for performance, wear, noise and brake emission on brake inertia dyno using the global standards such as SAE J2522 (AK-Master Performance), SAE J2707B (Block Wear Test), SAE J2521 (NVH) and, Emission Test (WLTP/GTR-24. The developed NAO-ceramic friction grade not only having better friction, wear and NVH properties, but also reduce the brake emissions substantially and meets the current PM10 limit
Kumar, Mukesh, Tomar, Bharat, Ali, Sharafat, Kalel, Navnath
Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Prediction of Lamellar Graphite Cast Iron Brake Disks Using Advanced Material Models and Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics2026-01-0816To be published on 09/14/2026
A comprehensive thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life prediction methodology is developed for cast iron brake disks. The approach employs transient temperature fields as thermal loads in a nonlinear structural finite-element analysis (FEA). To obtain reliable stress and strain histories for cast iron, a time- and temperature-dependent plasticity model is required that captures viscous effects, nonlinear kinematic hardening, and tension–compression asymmetry. For this purpose, a unified elasto-viscoplastic Chaboche constitutive model coupled with damage is developed and implemented as a user material subroutine (UMAT) in the general-purpose FEA software Abaqus by Dassault Systèmes. In addition, a mechanism-based short-crack TMF model is extended to three-dimensional stress states under transient non-proportional loading conditions for TMF life prediction. The material parameters of the constitutive and the damage models are identified for lamellar graphite cast iron using isothermal and
Lee, Heewook, Garcia, Arnoldo, Liu, Yi, Hazime, Radwan, Boughanmi, Heni, Kassir, Abdallah
Data to Decisions: An AI-Driven Test Intelligence Platform for Integrated Analysis of Raw Data, Test Reports, and Specification Compliance in Brake System Validation2026-01-0807To be published on 09/14/2026
Validation of brake systems is increasing in complexity due to electrification, software-defined architecture, integrated control modules, and higher functional safety requirements. Although physical testing remains the primary source of engineering evidence, interpretation of results including DVP&R/PVP&R compliance verification, anomaly detection, documentation, and milestone decision support continues to rely heavily on manual engineering analysis. This results in extended feedback cycles, inconsistent interpretation across teams, and limited traceability between raw data, reports, and governing specifications. To support engineers with more objective validation processes, there is a growing need for structured, data-driven intelligence that transforms dispersed test artifacts into actionable engineering decisions. This paper presents Data to Decisions, an AI-driven Test Intelligence Platform designed for integrated analysis of raw measurement data, test reports, validation plans
Divakaruni, Saikiran, Willey, Joseph, Srivastava, Namrata, Sankar, Arya, Namala, Divya, Gowtham, Rahul Sangani
Advanced Brake Force Distribution on trailers with Bendix Electronic Brake Controller2026-01-0797To be published on 09/14/2026
Commercial vehicle fleets frequently operate with tractors that connect to different trailers and dollies, resulting in combinations with varying brake pad wear across wheel‑ends. Traditional brake force distribution strategies whether proportioned, electronic, or load‑adaptive do not account for these pad life differences. This can lead to uneven brake utilization, irregular maintenance intervals, and increased total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in mixed‑fleet and multi‑trailer operations. This work introduces an advanced brake force distribution function, a mechatronic brake control concept that incorporates brake pad health information into supervisory brake force allocation. In the proposed architecture, the tractor is equipped with a Brake Control ECU, which collects brake pad life status from each trailer or dolly through Pad Wear Sensing ECUs over the Tractor‑Trailer CAN (TT‑CAN) network. The Pad Wear Sensing ECUs report pad wear information only and do not host braking
Ganesha, Vinodkumar
Further Investigation of Brake Squeal: Effect of (Inboard/Outboard) Pads Property Differential2026-01-0799To be published on 09/14/2026
It was reported earlier that the wear differential between the inboard pad and the outboard pad leads to brake squeal generation. The (I/O) pads wear differential can occur due to hardware issues such as brake pad drag and/or two different wear rates of the (I/O) pads, which is caused by two different properties of the pads although the pad formula may be the same. The current investigation focuses on the pad property issues. It is found that pad compressibility differential and pad hardness differential are closely related to brake squeal generation. The property differentials are caused by pad porosity variations. The implications of hardness differential on friction/vibration will be discussed.
Liu, Richard, Wu, Shane, Wu, Godot, Li, Aihong, Zou, Tianlang
Correlation of tribological characteristics with Brake Emission Factors in automotive disc brakes2026-01-0829To be published on 09/14/2026
Following the recent introduction of the Euro 7 regulations, research on non-exhaust emissions, including brake wear particles, has increased. However, full-scale dynamometer tests are affected by complex variables such as vehicle class and brake system specifications, which makes it difficult to analyze the unique characteristics of friction materials independently. Previous studies have predominantly focused on comparing emission levels by friction material composition or on disc surface treatments, and quantitative correlations, resolved by friction material type, between the physical wear mass of friction materials and the Brake Emission Factor (BEF), remain scarce. In this study, the brake emissions from various friction materials were precisely measured using a scale dynamometer reflecting the UN-GTR No. 24 standards. By applying the WLTP cycle, a quantitative correlation was derived between the friction characteristics and the BEF for each braking section. The results show that
Jang, Pan Gyu, Kim, Duck Hyeon, Jeong, Yoon Oh, Kwon, Sung-Wook, Jung, Kwang Ki, Lee, Jungju
Study on the Friction Characteristics of Disc Brakes with Ceramic Surfaces for High Performance Vehicle2026-01-0827To be published on 09/14/2026
In this study, various methods were reviewed to simultaneously satisfy the high-temperature braking performance required for high-performance vehicles and the brake dust criteria by environmental regulations. Among them, the characteristics of two types of Brake disc with ceramic composite surfaces were evaluated to prevent disc wear even under the condition of using metallic friction materials with excellent fade performance. As a result of the evaluation, carbon ceramic disc without metal-to-metal contact during braking showed superior characteristics compared to hard metal cladding disc.
Kim, Yoon Cheol, yeongwoo, cho, KIM, YOUNGMIN
Bridging Human Expertise and Machine Intelligence in Chassis System Teardown Evaluation2026-01-0805To be published on 09/14/2026
Teardown evaluation of chassis system components plays a critical role in benchmarking, failure analysis, and competitive product assessment. These inspections rely heavily on experienced engineers who interpret visual defect patterns, material conditions, wear signatures, and manufacturing variations. However, expert driven evaluation processes are often subjective, difficult to standardize, and challenging to scale across global engineering teams. This paper presents a structured AI-assisted expert evaluation framework developed to enhance consistency, preserve institutional knowledge, and enable continuous improvement in chassis component teardown analysis. The proposed system integrates convolutional neural network architectures, including ResNet18 and its variants, into a human in loop inspection workflow. AI models perform initial classification of component images (e.g., OK/not OK and defect subclasses) and provide associated confidence scores. These predictions are presented as
Divakaruni, Saikiran, Vaibhav, Veer, hansen, Scott, Hood, Trevor, Agrawal, Rahul
Application of Electrochemical Noise Analysis for Rapid Assessment of Corrosion Resistance in Anodized AlSi Alloys2026-01-0803To be published on 09/14/2026
Aluminum-Silicon (AlSi) alloys are widely used in the automotive industry due to their excellent combination of low density, castability and mechanical properties. However, AlSi alloys are characterized by a native Aluminum oxide layer, only a few nanometers thick, which provides insufficient protection against corrosive environments. Anodizing is widely recognized as an effective strategy to enhance the corrosion resistance of AlSi alloys by forming a thick, micrometric Aluminum oxide layer. The capability of the anodic layer, as obtained using anodizing, to protect against corrosive media, is typically evaluated using Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) tests, in accordance with ISO 9227:2022. This type of test is based on the visual evaluation of the aesthetic appearance of the corroded components and is therefore strongly affected by a certain degree of subjectivity. In addition, NSS tests typically require hundreds of hours, thus imposing significant time constraints on the validation of
Abello, Mary Angel, Mezzomo, Lorenzo, Mataloni, Valentina, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bertasi, Federico
Optimizing Brake Pedal Feel and Driver Comfort in Buses with Pneumatic Braking Systems2026-01-0804To be published on 09/14/2026
Abstract:- Brakes are a critical safety component in vehicles, and every parameter of the braking system plays a vital role in vehicle operation. Among these, brake pedal feel and driver confidence are key factors, in addition to achieving the required brake force, deceleration, and stopping distance. These aspects depend on the system-generated torque, available pneumatic pressure, lining material properties, and Electronic Braking System (EBS) parameters. This paper focuses on the factors influencing brake pedal feel while maintaining a balance between driver comfort and confidence during bus operation. Under optimal braking conditions, brake pedal response and brake torque gradient must align with the driver’s deceleration demands. The braking system must respond promptly, completing the application in the shortest possible duration. The brake torque gradient values specified in the EBS file should be neither too low nor too high, and the brake pedal feel must remain consistent
Pujari, Sachin Subhashrao, Karampurwala, Zoeb, RAJ, AMRITESH
Real-time Estimation of Brake Temperature using Physics-Informed Machine Learning Model2026-01-0810To be published on 09/14/2026
The current work presents a novel approach to estimate brake surface temperature in real time to aid in brake wear prognostics. Brake prognostics involve estimating the brake pad wear in real-time that helps in its predictive maintenance. Brakes are a safety critical system for vehicles, therefore, demands accurate and robust pad wear estimation, ensuring vehicle safety. However, it involves several challenges. The estimation of pad wear is fundamentally a two-stage process: the first stage involves the accurate prediction of brake pad surface temperature, while the second stage utilizes this thermal history to calculate cumulative material wear. A significant challenge in estimating brake pad wear without expensive sensor is that it is sensitive to the surface temperature prediction; any error in the thermal model propagates and compounds in the wear prediction stage. To identify surface temperature, traditional physical sensors are often cost-prohibitive or prone to failure in the
Gannavarapu, Shivadath, Pal, Anuj, Fan, Mengdi
A Virtual-Physical Mapping Model for Aluminum Alloy Pitting Corrosion2026-99-1611To be published on 07/24/2026
Corrosion critically damages structural strength and affects the structural safety, so there is an urgent need for a method that can accurately model and predict corrosion. Digital twin technology offers new methodologies for corrosion research. This study develops a digital twin-enabled virtual-reality mapping model for simulating aluminum alloy pitting corrosion. The model accounts for the effect of temperature on corrosion and establishes temporal correlations between field conditions and simulations through damage factor (DF) analysis coupled with detailed fatigue rating (DFR) methodology. Experimental validation using 7A04 aluminum specimens confirms the model’s reliability, with maturity analysis demonstrating its applicability in aircraft corrosion research. Through numerical simulation methods, this study simulates the evolutionary law of pitting corrosion development, reflecting the level of structural pitting corrosion damage. This investigation establishes a fundamental
Lv, Shengli, Liu, Chenglong, Sun, Jingjue
Evaluation of Structural Service Performance of Low-temperature Modified Asphalt Pavement based on Peavy-Duty traffic Engineering2026-99-1645To be published on 07/24/2026
Relying on the reconstruction project, the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement significantly reduces the construction temperature of the asphalt mixture by 40 °C compared with the traditional asphalt pavement, and improves the road performance of the material. By comparing the two mixture rolling schemes, the compaction effect of scheme 2 is better. For AC-13 mixture, the flexural tensile strength of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 0.67 MPa higher than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and compared with SBS modified asphalt mixture, the final rut depth of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 2.68 mm shallower than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and the total deformation rate is 43.8% lower than that of the latter. The post-construction quality evaluation shows that the stability of the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement test section under the bearing capacity and high-temperature-water coupling is better than that of the conventional road
Liu, Chuanfeng, Xu, Ke, Shi, Zheng, Hao, Jidong, Zhao, Liandi, Xianwei, Wang
Research on the Hysteresis Performance of Welded Hollow Spherical Joints under Low Temperature2026-99-1641To be published on 07/24/2026
The extreme cold environment has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of welded hollow ball nodes, which are crucial components in large-span steel structures. In this paper, based on the comprehensive test data of drum-shaped welded hollow sphere nodes from Beijing Daxing International Airport, a sophisticated finite element model incorporating welding residual stress is established. Through detailed static loading analysis and systematic hysteresis performance studies, the research thoroughly explores the influence mechanisms of low temperature on node bearing capacity, deformation capability, and energy dissipation performance. The investigation reveals that while the bearing capacity of the nodes increases significantly in low-temperature environments, both their plastic deformation capacity and energy consumption performance are notably reduced. These findings provide valuable theoretical references for the design and optimization of large-span mesh frame structures
Luo, Yanzhi, Jin, Changming
Structural Fatigue Life Prediction and Safety Performance Evaluation of Adjustable-Angle Dental Implants2026-99-1654To be published on 07/24/2026
Adjustable-angle dental implants are favored by many patients due to the advantages they provide, such as high chewing force, aesthetics, comfort, and no harm to the adjacent teeth. This paper proposes a finite element modeling method for adjustable-angle dental implants by changing the material used for manufacturing the implants and predicting the life span of the dental implants with the help of Pro/E and ANSYS Workbench software, which provides biomechanical data reference for the selection of new implant parameters for industrial production and clinical use. The results show that the structural life of the implant is almost 764 years for pure titanium, 821 years for Ti6Al4v, and 1,274 years for βTi. From the analysis of the safety factor diagrams of the structures, it can be obtained that the smallest safety factor of the entire implant system occurs in the part where the abutment and the connection are in contact with each other during loading. In contrast, the smaller safety
Gu, Wei, Cheng, Siyuan, Liao, Jifei
Research on the Fabrication of Composite Lattice by the Expandable Mold Method2026-99-1649To be published on 07/24/2026
Advanced composite materials have garnered widespread attention in the aerospace and other fields with stringent weight requirements, owing to their superior properties, such as lightweight, high strength, high modulus, and corrosion resistance. Compared with traditional metal materials, advanced composite materials can reduce structural weight by 30%. Lattice structures possess unique characteristics, including high designability, low cost, and high damage tolerance. As a specialized reinforced structure, they have been identified as one of the key structural configurations for next-generation aircraft. Composite lattice structures, which integrate the advantages of composite materials and lattice architectures, provide an ideal structural material for achieving lightweight and multifunctional aerospace equipment. However, due to the intricate geometries and diverse functional design requirements of lattice structures, the fabrication of these structures presents significant
Han, Shuhao, Lv, Zhen, Ma, Cheng, Xiu, Zhifeng, Song, Yanhua
Research on Magnetic Measurement and Evolution Characterization of Fatigue Damage in Ferromagnetic Materials2026-99-1651To be published on 07/24/2026
To address the detection and monitoring needs of fatigue damage in ferromagnetic materials, this paper proposes a nondestructive testing method based on the evolution of magnetic hysteresis characteristics. By constructing a hysteresis loop measurement system, the variation patterns of coercivity (Hc) in Q235 steel specimens under cyclic loading were investigated, revealing three-phase characteristics of fatigue damage: the initial linear growth phase (N ≤ 8,000), the rapid rise phase (8,000 < N ≤ 12,000), and the stable oscillation phase (N > 12,000). Experimental results demonstrate that the relationship between coercivity and damage degree (D) can effectively characterize the processes of crack initiation, propagation, and instability, with significant inflection points observed at D = 0.6 and D = 0.8. The quantitative model based on coercivity provides a novel method for early warning and condition assessment of fatigue damage, offering advantages such as non-contact operation and
Chen, Li, Ding, Keqin
Influence of Modified Fly Ash Content on the Properties of Resin-Based Friction Materials2026-99-1657To be published on 07/24/2026
In this study, five resin-based brake pad samples with modified fly ash contents of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% were prepared to investigate the influence of fly ash content on the comprehensive performance of the friction materials. The tribological properties of all samples were evaluated under temperature conditions ranging from 100 °C to 350 °C, and their overall performance was assessed using five evaluation indices. Based on the AHP-MOORA algorithm, sample F12 exhibited the highest comprehensive weighted score of 0.11, followed by samples F0 and F8 with scores of 0.10 and 0.09, respectively, indicating a slight decline. In contrast, the comprehensive weighted scores of F4 and F16 were relatively low, at 0.05 and −0.01, respectively. Among the five composites, F12 demonstrated the best overall performance, with F0 and F8 ranking next, while F4 and F16 performed poorly. These results suggest that, within a certain range, increasing the fly ash content can enhance the comprehensive
Li, Xiaobiao, He, Kang, Zhao, Zhuanzhe, Wu, Bo, Sun, Fei
Biodegradable Polylactic Acid/tea Polyphenols Scaffolds and in Vitro Degradation2026-99-1631To be published on 07/24/2026
In this study, a polylactic acid (PLA)/tea polyphenols (TP) polymer blend was developed for coronary artery stents. Using a high-efficiency mixer, we prepared optimal mixtures, which were then hot- and cold-pressed into thin films of varying thicknesses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle tests were used to analyze surface changes and biodegradability over time. The mechanical properties of drug-loaded films were evaluated via a universal testing machine. Tea polyphenols enhanced specimen hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and stability by reinforcing the microstructure. This is crucial for long-term implants as it extends service life and minimizes complications from material fatigue.
Sun, Xuyu
Lubrication Design and Experimental Verification of Long-Lifespan Ball Screw for Space Environment2026-99-1635To be published on 07/24/2026
Ball screws, as classic high-precision transmission structures, are widely used in various linear motion mechanisms. To meet the needs of space applications, it is necessary to address issues such as microgravity and long lifespan to enhance the in-orbit lifespan and reliability of ball screws. Traditional oil or grease lubrication methods are often unsuitable for space environments due to microgravity and vacuum evaporation problems. This paper conducts relevant research on lubrication design, friction pair design, and friction and wear verification to solve the lubrication and lifespan issues of long-lifespan ball screws for space applications.
Xie, Wen, Zhao, Jian, Gong, Kang, Hu, Xiaonan, Guo, Menglei, Jiao, Hanyu
Energy-saving and Economic Evaluation of Vacuum Insulation Panels with Glass Wool Core-polyimide Membrane Structure in Hotel Buildings under Different Climatic Conditions2026-99-1652To be published on 07/24/2026
This study prepares high-performance PI/VIP composite thermal insulation materials for buildings by integrating polyimide (PI) composite membranes and vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), and uses EnergyPlus to explore their impacts on building energy conservation, operating costs, and carbon emissions under different climates. Experimental results show the materials have low thermal conductivity, long service life, and excellent thermal insulation and flame-retardant properties due to their internal vacuum structure inhibiting heat transfer. Simulations in Jinan (tropical monsoon), Heilongjiang (cold temperate), and Shenzhen (subtropical humid) climates indicate that compared with traditional XPS and rock wool boards, buildings using PI/VIP composites achieve 21.3%, 34.7%, and 18.9% higher annual energy-saving efficiency respectively, with 27%-41% lower carbon emissions; the most significant effects in Heilongjiang highlight the material’s great promotion potential in severe cold areas.
Bian, Chenqian, Chen, Zhaofeng
Research on the Microstructure and Properties of X80 Steel Circumferential Welds Under Different Automatic Welding Processes2026-99-1636To be published on 07/24/2026
Two sets of X80 pipes with a diameter of 1219 mm × 27.5 mm were welded using a fully automatic welding process (GMAW) and a combined automatic welding process (GTAW + FCAW-G), respectively. By analyzing the microstructure, strength, impact toughness, and fracture toughness of welded joints, the differences in microstructure and properties of circumferential weld joints under different automatic welding processes were studied. The results showed that the design of multi-layer and multi-pass welding and appropriate heat input controlled the microstructure of the weld seam and heat-affected zone area of the circumferential weld joint. Both automatic welding processes obtained welded joints with finer microstructure, thereby ensuring the strength and toughness of the joint. The tensile strength and yield strength of the welded joints under two automatic welding processes reach over 680 MPa and 600 MPa, respectively. The welded joints under both automatic welding processes have good impact
Liu, Jian, Niu, Huli, Wang, Hong, Sun, Xinyan, Yang, Huaqing, Bai, Qian
Calculation and Test on Ultimate Burst Strength of Tubing2026-99-1605To be published on 07/24/2026
Tubing Ultimate burst strength Full scale test
Cheng, Wenjia, Yang, Hongbin, Ge, Yuan, Zhong, Chongdi, Meng, Lingkun, Ji, Bingyin, Shi, Jiaoqi
Fatigue Life Analysis of Diesel Engine Filter Seat under Random Vibration Condition2026-99-1656To be published on 07/24/2026
3.067
Gu, Kexuan, Zhu, Yi, Xie, Liang, Wang, Wei
Biomimetic Design and Numerical Analysis of a VIV Suppression Fairing for Offshore Risers2026-99-1640To be published on 07/24/2026
As oil and gas exploitation advances into deep seas, risers linking offshore platforms and subsea extraction systems endure long-term complex marine loads. Fatigue damage from Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) has become a key factor limiting the safe operation of deep-sea engineering structures. To address this issue, a bionic adaptive rotating fairing, which is adjustable to ocean current directions, was designed. Its main components include buoyancy blocks, a fairing with spiral guide rails on the inner wall, and clamps, which work together to reduce VIV by regulating flow patterns. Numerical simulations of concave and convex fairings showed that under subcritical flow, shifting from a concave to convex cross-section gradually enhances the fairing’s drag and lift reduction effects on risers, with a steady improvement trend. Further comparisons were made between 0.25D convex fairings, 0.35D convex fairings, and bare risers, focusing on drag/lift reduction, vortex shedding frequency, and
Zhang, Xu, Song, Guangming, Wang, Baozhong, Zhao, Jinpeng, Chen, Qianshuo
Analysis of Quadrotor UAV Position Accuracy Based on EKF Multi-Sensor Data Fusion2026-99-1859To be published on 07/17/2026
When quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operate in urban low-altitude airspace, especially within complex environments, their sensor perception signals are highly susceptible to blockages, deviations, and the inclusion of high-frequency noise. These factors, in turn, induce nonlinear variations in the UAVs’ flight mechanical properties, giving rise to abnormal flight stability issues such as attitude jitter, altitude fluctuations, and trajectory deviations. To address these challenges, this paper puts forward a method aimed at enhancing the positional accuracy of quadrotor UAVs, which is based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) multi-sensor fusion. In conjunction with the redundant configuration of sensors, a proportional-integral controller is specifically designed to allow optical flow sensors to compensate for the speed data generated by inertial sensors. Building on the EKF method, a comprehensive data fusion model is established, encompassing both position and speed states
Cui, Nan, Liu, Wenzhi, Liu, Hanqi, Wang, Jingrui, Wang, Zhizhong, Zhi, Haonan
Optimization of the Light Environment for the Remote Control Tower Humancomputer Interaction Interface Based on Ergonomics2026-99-1847To be published on 07/17/2026
The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model
Zhong, Linfeng, Hu, Ruohui, Luo, Peilin, Zuo, Qinghai, Zhong, Qingwei, Ai, Yi
Human-Machine Ergonomics Analysis of Civil Aircraft Electric Pilot Seats2026-99-05707/10/2026
This paper uses a structured evaluation framework to study the ergonomics of electric pilot seats in modern civil aircraft. We have established a multi-level indicator system to examine the adjustability, pressure distribution, dynamic response and, fatigue relief effect of the seat. All experimental data were obtained from a full-scale cockpit simulator environment, where a ground-based mock-up and motion-free simulated cockpit were used to replicate real operational posture, control-reach conditions, and long-duration mission loads. This framework combines experimental measurement and fuzzy evaluation techniques to quantify the quality of human-computer interaction. Test results show that compared with ordinary seats, the prototype seat has a wider adjustment range, a more uniform pressure distribution, and a smoother dynamic response. It is particularly worth mentioning that it can delay the emergence of fatigue during long-term operation, which proves the advantages of the electric
Tian, Yanan, Pi, Zhengyang
Temperature Influence Analysis and Compensation Method of Hemisphere Resonator Gyroscope2026-99-05147/10/2026
Hemisphere resonant gyroscope (HRG) is a new type of vibration gyroscope with high precision, high reliability, and long lifespan. Improving the temperature stability of a hemispherical resonant gyroscope (HRG) has profound implications for navigation and guidance systems as well as airborne sensor technology. By optimizing temperature compensation algorithms or improving material thermal properties, the angular velocity measurement error caused by temperature drift can be significantly reduced, thereby improving the long-term positioning reliability of navigation systems in extreme temperature fluctuation scenarios. This article starts with the structure of the hemispherical resonant gyroscope, studies the temperature characteristics of the hemispherical resonator through formula theory, verifies and analyzes the temperature characteristics of the hemispherical resonant gyroscope through experiments, and designs a temperature compensation scheme. Through experimental data analysis
Wang, Jiachen, Chen, Pu, Yao, Zhiqiang, Zhang, Yi, Bai, Fan
Study on Mechanical Performances and Fatigue Life of the Compensation Ropes in High-Speed Railway Contact Network2026-99-05157/10/2026
The compensation rope is a special steel wire rope used as a driving component in the ratchet device. The compensation rope will endure severe random cycling loading during service time, which will lead to fatigue failures and catastrophic disasters. Experimental studies are hard to mimic the practical working conditions and time consuming, therefore, this study establishes a finite element model of the compensation rope and simulates the stress distribution under axial tensile and bending loads. Fatigue life is analysed based on both stress and strain fatigue theories under alternating tensile and bending loads. The results indicate that under axial tensile loads, the stress in the outermost wires of the core strands of the compensation rope is the largest, with the minimum fatigue life. As the stress ratio of the alternating tensile load increases, the fatigue life also improves due to smaller stress amplitudes. Under the conditions of bending loads, the outermost wires of the
Du, Fei, Cong, Jiajia, Bian, Haoxiang, Zhu, Junchen, Zhao, Aiguo
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock, 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476G (Current)7/8/2026
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Key Modeling Considerations for Reliable FEM-Based Demagnetization Evaluation of IPMSM2026-01-07417/1/2026
The reduction of heavy rare earth elements such as dysprosium and terbium, which are associated with high cost, geopolitical risk, and sustainability concerns, is a key objective in the electromagnetic design of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) for traction applications. Since these elements are the primary contributors to magnet intrinsic coercivity, their minimization increases the risk of irreversible demagnetization of the permanent magnets. In IPMSM designs with reduced heavy rare earth content, it is therefore necessary to operate close to the demagnetization limit of the permanent magnets and accurately identify them. Consequently, a precise and reliable finite element method (FEM) based prediction of demagnetization robustness is essential for systematic and material efficient machine design. This paper investigates the key factors required for reliable assessment of demagnetization robustness in IPMSM using electromagnetic FEM. Unlike existing literature
Malner, Max, Naumoski, Hristian, Gretzinger, Stefan, Izquierdo, Patrick, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IIB-994_VOLUME27/1/2026
Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IB-994_VOLUME17/1/2026
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener
Powder, Chromium Carbide Plus Nickel-Chromium Alloy 75Cr3C2 + 25 (80Ni - 20Cr Alloy)AMS7875F (Current)6/24/2026
This specification covers a blend of chromium carbide and a nickel-chromium alloy in the form of powder.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, and Forgings 12Cr - 9Ni - 2Mo – 0.7Al – 0.3Ti Vacuum Induction Plus Vacuum Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5928 (Current)6/24/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
High-Strength Carbon and Alloy Die Drawn SteelsJ935_202606 (Current)6/22/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide basic information on properties and characteristics of high-strength carbon and alloy steels which have been subjected to special die drawing. This includes both cold drawing with heavier-than-normal drafts and die drawing at elevated temperatures.
Metals Technical Committee
Optimizing Recycled and Recyclable PET Felt Lightweight Formulations for Best Acoustic Insulation as Poroelastic Springs with Minimum Weight - 26SNVH-00292026-01-07026/20/2026
For sustainability reasons, the automotive market is requesting 100% monomaterial noise treatments, particularly for the end-of-life recycling without any part separation operation. But also, OEMs require super light, highly performance insulating noise treatments for electric vehicles in order to extend vehicle autonomy. PP melt-blown fiber felts present good mono-material characteristics with very good absorption, but generally not so good insulation properties behind an airtight barrier due to lack of stiffness. Moreover, these PP melt-blown fiber felts are relatively expensive and not thermoformable, thus forcing them to be used as 2D die-cut parts behind existing hard or soft trims classically. The shown optimization approach proposes to return to 100% thermoformable recycled and recyclable PET formulations blending unusual coarse mechanical specific fibers, in order to optimize the viscothermal exchanges, while maintaining good mechanical properties, with microfibers for best
Duval, Arnaud, Lei, Lei, Wilkinson, Alexandre, Delinselle, Eric
High-Fidelity NVH Analysis Model Development Process for EV Traction Motors Based on Experimental Correlation2026-01-06856/20/2026
This study presents a high-fidelity NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) analysis model development process for EV traction motors. The proposed process consists of two main components: Path advancement through structural stiffness tuning, and Source advancement, focused on the motor’s excitation mechanisms. Model accuracy was validated through comparison of simulation results with dyno experiment data, with particular focus on the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration observed in an 8-pole, 48-slot motor. Path advancement was achieved through modal correlation between experimental results and finite element (FE) analysis. Nine modal experiment and simulation stages were conducted, ranging from individual components to the complete motor assembly. Mode shapes were compared using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC), and natural frequencies were matched within a 5% error margin by adjusting FE material properties. For the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration, simulation results agreed with
Kim, Donghee, Kim, Dong-Jun, Lee, SangHan, Kim, Seon Hyeong, Hwang, Seung Gyu, Valente, Giorgio, Parisouz, Shahriar, Halse, Christopher
Effect of Backing PU Foam Material Properties on Acoustic Insulation Pad Insertion Loss2026-01-06786/20/2026
The effect of backing polyurethane (PU) foam material properties on the insertion loss of acoustic insulation pads was investigated. First, the material properties affecting the resonant frequency, which mainly determines the insertion loss, were theoretically identified, and practical methods for calculating both the resonant frequency and the insertion loss of the insulation pad were developed. These methods were then applied to evaluate how changes in material properties influence the resonant frequency and insertion loss of the insulation pad. It was found that Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and thermal characteristic length are the primary material properties that affect these outcomes. The optimal levels of these properties, which are beneficial for interior noise reduction, are derived and presented in this study.
Chae, Ki-Sang, Lee, Moonseok, Kim, Hyunwoo
Validation of an Adaptive Order Finite Element Model for Transmission Loss Simulation of Trimmed Automotive Structures2026-01-07076/20/2026
Vehicle electrification and increasing demands for driving comfort present significant challenges for designing effective noise control treatments (NCTs) in modern vehicles. Lightweight, low-emission designs often compromise acoustic efficiency. A popular and efficient way of compensating for this is through the use of multi-layer ‘trim’ material configurations to noise radiating surfaces to mitigate noise across a wider frequency range. Traditional 3D finite element models, while accurate and even needed to capture the full dynamic behaviour, become computationally prohibitive for complex automotive structures like firewalls, which feature intricate shapes, high curvature, and material compression. This computational burden limits design exploration and timely noise performance predictions. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents an innovative adaptive higher-order finite element method to evaluate the sound transmission loss (STL) of automotive, including the effect of
Van Genechten, Bert, Vansant, Koen, Purohit, Bimal, Effinger, Veronika
Alloy Wire, Round, 35Pd - 30Ag - 14Cu - 10Au - 10Pt - 1Zn, Solution Heat TreatedAMS7735F (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers a palladium-silver alloy in the form of round wire 0.004 to 0.080 inch (0.10 to 2.03 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy, Welding Wire, 8Al - 1Mo - 1VAMS4955K (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-O), AnnealedAMS4476B (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 5.000 inches (127.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least thickness between parallel sides (bars, rods, wire, profiles) or nominal wall thickness (tubing) (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings, 6.0Al - 4.0V, Annealed, Heat Treatable, Modified StrengthAMS4963F (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and flash-welded rings up through 3.999 inches (101.57 mm), inclusive, and stock for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Metal Injection Molded Nickel Based Alloy 718 Parts Hot Isostatically Pressed, Solutioned and AgedAMS5917 (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of metal injection molded (MIM) parts.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy Wire, 44.5 Cb (Nb)AMS4982H (Current)6/19/2026
The specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of wire (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Cold-Finished, Bars, Rods, Wire, and Flash-Welded Rings, Annealed, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-O)AMS4115L (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of rolled or cold-finished bars, rods, wire, and flash-welded rings and of stock for flash-welded rings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
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