Browse Topic: Materials testing

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This document (Technical Specification) gives information about qualification rules and the relation between the different specification parts involved, such as the Technical Specification (TS), Material Specification (MS), and Purchasing Specification (PS). The link to the material qualification and qualified products is presented.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Recent advances in precision motion technology have heightened the requirement for precise stiffness analysis in flexible mechanisms. This paper begins with a theoretical analysis, constructing a mathematical expression for the stiffness of flexible mechanisms, providing a systematic framework for analysis. Subsequently, the study employed finite element analysis on both single and double parallelogram flexible mechanisms to validate the proposed theoretical stiffness formulas. This process not only confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed expressions but also highlighted the influence of different structures on stiffness characteristics. The finite element analysis results validate the proposed theoretical model as an effective and reliable tool for predicting the stiffness of flexible mechanisms. By establishing a reliable predictive model, this research paves the way for the informed design and systematic optimization of next-generation flexible mechanisms in precision motion engineering.
Cai, Dongchen
When the aluminum alloy closure of the solid rocket motor nozzle is opened, tearing occurs at the root of the adhesive surface, which belongs to damage failure under a complex stress state. To help in the prediction and control of blasting pressure and nozzle closure failure morphology, this work designed and manufactured various shapes of 1060 aluminum alloy test specimens, performed damage tests, and calibrated the damage constitutive model parameters. The results gathered were utilized to create a finite element model of the nozzle aluminum alloy closure, and the blasting procedure was calculated. We conducted air pressure explosive tests on closures to confirm the finite element results. The numerical predictions and experimental results are very consistent, and the closure breaks along the adhesive surface. The constitutive characteristics obtained during material testing accurately characterize the closure’s damage process, providing a theoretical framework for the design and verification of aluminum alloy closures.
Jia, KaiLi, Weinan
Long wave ultraviolet or UV-A irradiation (between 320 and 400 nm) is used for fluorescent inspections in magnetic particle and liquid penetrant examinations. UV-A irradiation is obtained from either LED, fluorescent, or high intensity discharge lamps that are stationary or portable. Commercially available UV-A lamps possess a large variation in intensity output that may introduce a legitimate concern for possible health hazards. This document reviews the nature of UV-A irradiation emitted by lamps and acceptable UV dosage limits adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) and European Union and recommendation of proper practices when working with UV-A irradiation.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
This novel method deals with emulation of Strain of a Structural Measurement System which includes software validation, acceptance tests and training. Current methods for simulating strain and force data for developing and verifying data acquisition (DAQ) software typically rely on costly electronic simulators or specialized hardware, making it challenging and expensive for developers, researchers, and small organizations to test their solutions under realistic conditions. To verify DAQ software, multiple specialized hardware solutions are deployed, that include Electronic Simulators, Commercial DAQ Modules and Hydraulic/Pneumatic test rigs. These technologies pose a challenge with limited flexibility and scalability options for small-scale prototyping, especially in budget-constrained scenarios. The sensors on these equipment may or may not be company approved inducing acceptance challenges. Our invention is an inexpensive, scalable, and mechanically simple alternative. Using a 3D-printed structure combined with standard cantilever load cells and easily accessible weights, it enables realistic and customizable strain simulations without the need for expensive electronic simulation equipment. All platforms namely NI based, Dewesoft, VTI and others can be integrated into a unified test framework in this method which otherwise needs to be simulated on suitable equipment individually.
Murthy, HarshaBhat Venkatesh, AditiK Padmanabhan, RahulMadhu, SheetalGarag, Naveen
Using vibration data to estimate buckling loads is proven effective for a wide range of structures, including rods, plates, and shells. The Arbelo formulation of the vibration correlation technique improves prediction reliability for cylindrical and spherical shells. In this study, we introduce a simplified variant of the Arbelo approach that provides higher prediction accuracy while requiring significantly lower pre-load levels. We define a new parameter, the Stiffness Decay Index (SDI), to characterize stiffness degradation by normalizing the loaded natural frequency with respect to the unloaded state. This metric enables accurate buckling prediction without causing structural damage or permanent deformation. We evaluate SDI numerically and experimentally for multiple isotropic geometries and demonstrate its advantages over the Arbelo method, particularly for ellipsoidal domes subjected to external pressure. We conduct experiments on rods, plates, oblate shells, and beverage cans to measure frequency shifts under pre-loading. The results show that when load data above 50% of the critical value is available, the SDI approach predicts the buckling load with accuracy exceeding 90%. These findings confirm that SDI, by directly correlating vibration response with stiffness loss, provides superior buckling-load prediction and serves as a reliable, non-destructive alternative to the Arbelo vibration-correlation method.
Rangarajan, GopikrishnaV, VishwajithRaju, GangadharanDinavahi, Ramkrishna
Automotive Engineering: May 202626AUTD055/14/2026
Forvia Hella ready with ADB, but NHTSA test stands in the way A demonstration ride shows the glare-free, game-changing power of adaptive driving beams, already available in Europe. An approval test from NHTSA is proving difficult for OEMs to pass. Sharper validation without brute force How CERTUS reshapes AV testing. Simulation-driven battery development From material selection to system-level performance. How simulation unlocks efficient and innovative motor design Engineers are still at the heart of the development process as simulation tools become great levelers. Engineering in the second quarter of the 21st Century Building a trusted digital twin and decision-centric simulation ecosystem. Engineering in the second quarter of the 21st Century Building a trusted digital twin and decision-centric simulation ecosystem. Independent materials testing for OEM validation How validated data provides the foundation for approved components. Editorial All the ways: Learning via print in a digital era The Navigator Uber wants a piece of every robotaxi Bosch Shows off its first U.S. electrolyzer in support of hydrogen research Engineering better reusable bulk containers for the industry The dawn of agentic autonomy in factories Some Automakers Retreat from North American EV Market Enabling certified GoogleTest for safety-critical embedded software Toyota expands all-electric bZ 'family' First Drive: 2026 Subaru Outback Wilderness Product Briefs Spotlight: Testing & simulation, semiconductors Q&A TMMK president: Solar and bright, quieter factory floor help production
This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection of thin wall metal tubing of titanium, titanium alloy, and corrosion- and heat-resistant steels and alloys having nominal OD over 0.1875 inch (4.762 mm) with OD to wall thickness ratio of 8 or greater and wall thickness variation not exceeding ±10% of nominal.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
This procedure describes a method of measuring the resistance to wet color transfer of materials such as textiles, leather, and composites.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Automotive electronic components are exposed to different environmental conditions, and these conditions may impact the functioning of the components, leading to failures in vehicles globally. These failures often create inconvenience for customers across OEMs. Addressing failures requires measures that incur extra costs. One of the environmental factors is insect entry inside the components. This Quality research paper aims to address the need for revision in design standards due to failures caused by Ant entry. The increase in integration of technology in vehicles has led to an increase in the use of electronic components such as switches, control modules, and controllers. Vehicles are often parked in open areas (under trees, open grounds, basements or construction sites) and are in close vicinity to Ant nests or feeding areas. Ants may be drawn to the warmth and shelter provided by vehicle engine bays and wiring compartments. In some cases, especially in tropical regions, ants have been found nesting inside electrical enclosures, fuse boxes, and connectors. Ant / insect entry eventually results in-to failures such as short circuits, and open circuits. A study was conducted on the failed parts received from the market, and the head sizes of the ants were measured through magnification. The smallest head size of the ant gave direction to us for finalizing maximum allowed clearances in a part. However, there are some of the parts which still need higher clearances for which guidelines are laid down to protect the electronic components from Ant entry-related failures. This data gave us a new perspective to revise the design standards & can also enable other OEMs to better understand the unique market problems & take necessary action for Ant entry-related failures.
Marwah, RamnikDasgupta, SaikatUpadhyay, SiddharthJoshi, RohitTaneja, BhavneshBose, SushantSharma, PankajGarg, Vipin
Weather-strip sealing systems are critical to automotive closure performance, influencing water- and dust-tightness, aerodynamic noise control, and overall NVH quality. Conventional validation often relies on flat or straight JIG-based tests that inadequately represent the curved, angled, and non-uniform geometries of real closures such as doors, tailgates, hoods, roofs, and fixed or movable glass. This disparity limits the predictive accuracy of sealing performance in actual vehicles. This study proposes a vehicle-integrated validation framework that mirrors true geometric and contact conditions. The methodology combines finite element analysis (FEA) of both flat JIG and full-vehicle CAD geometries with experimental JIG tests, establishing a baseline for pressure distribution, compression load, and sealing contact behavior. A comparative analysis highlights significant deviations between flat-section predictions and vehicle-specific closure profiles. Results demonstrate that the integrated method more accurately reflects sealing efficiency, sound transmission loss, and long-term deformation, offering improved reliability for early-stage NVH optimization and product qualification. The findings recommend incorporating vehicle-profile-based validation into standard development practice for automotive weather-strips.
Ganesan, KarthikeyanSeok, Sang Ho
This recommended practice describes two methods for determining the tendency of interior materials used in automobiles and other vehicles to (a) produce a light scattering deposit (fog) on a glass surface, or (b) produce a measurable deposit (mass) on aluminum foil.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
The scope of this document is to define a test method for performing the Compression Stress Relaxation (CSR) Test with the Automotive Standard (ASD) or HP CSR Jig using the appropriate test fixtures, configurations, and procedures. This standard defines the equipment needed, guidelines for running the test, and the format for generating the results and analyzing the data.
Committee on Automotive Rubber Specs
The present study details the design evolution and failure analysis of a novel hybrid stabilizer bar link (stab link) developed for the front suspension of a born electric sports utility vehicle (SUV) platform characterized by higher gross vehicle weight (GVW), increased wheel travel, and constrained packaging space. To address these challenges, a unique hybrid stab link was designed featuring dual plastic housings at both the metal ball joint ends, connected by a steel tube, and achieving a 30% weight reduction while offering enhanced articulation angles for extremely lower turning circle diameter (TCD) of the vehicle, compared to the conventional stab link. The unique hybrid stab failed under complex loading conditions during accelerated durability testing (ADT), prompting a comprehensive investigation. The failure analysis included road load data acquisition across various stab bar diameter configurations evolved during suspension tuning, different stabilizer link designs evolved during the design stages, comparative load assessments on different road patches, simulation of failure scenarios on test rigs, and extensive material testing. Investigation techniques such as fishbone diagram, destructive testing, part quality and dimensional accuracy evaluation, mechanical property evaluation, chemical composition analysis, metallography, and microscopic examination were employed. Results confirmed that the mechanical and chemical properties of the stab link met the design specifications. The comprehensive failure analysis was concluded by attributing to fatigue fracture caused by excessive loading of the stab link. This paper introduces a unique methodology for hybrid link design optimization that considers real-world loading conditions such as higher equivalent ADT block cycle during the hybrid stab link development process. The study concludes with insights into the iterative design enhancements and investigative procedures that led to improved durability and performance of the stab link assembly, offering a significant advancement over conventional stab link designs.
Selvendiran, PJ, RamkumarNayak, BhargavM, SudhanPatnala, Avinash
The rising importance of sustainability in the automotive sector has led to increased interest in circular and environmentally responsible materials, particularly for plastic trims parts, both interior and exterior. This study focuses on developing textile solutions using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) sourced from post-consumer plastic waste, along with bio-based fibres such as bamboo. These materials made into woven and knitted fabrics are studied to suit different vehicle interior applications. r-PET textiles show promising strength, aesthetic appeal, and durability performance. Bamboo fabrics are known for their natural antimicrobial properties and enhanced breathability. Extensive testing is performed to validate explored sustainable materials performance against key automotive requirements. With this study, we gain an understanding of the performance of variedly sourced sustainable raw materials for automotive specific textile applications by different manufacturing methods.
Deshpande, SanjanaBorgaonkar, Subodh
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in selecting the material during the product development stage. In this paper, analysis of VOCs emissions from different types of foam which are typically used in the interior of automobiles is presented. This information can be very useful for material/ component manufacturers and for vehicle design engineers for selecting a candidate material for use in the vehicle interior at the design stage itself.
PAtil, Yamini JitendraThipse, SukrutBawase, Moqtik
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up to 4.000 inches (101.60 mm), inclusive (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Brazil produces approximately 40 million tires annually and discards over 450,000 tons within the same period. Improper disposal turns tires into an environmental liability; each unit can take about 600 years to decompose in nature. This can cause environmental damage and contribute to disease proliferation by creating mosquito breeding grounds, including vectors for Dengue, Zika virus, Chikungunya, and Yellow Fever. To mitigate these damages, Block Selantes was founded in 2018. The company utilizes discarded tires to produce automotive sealants that prevent punctures and tire wear. It is the only company globally to use recycled tires as a sustainable raw material for sealants, a process protected by an industrial patent, resulting in a unique product fully compatible with tire rubber. Additionally, using the sealant in automotive applications significantly enhances vehicle operation safety, reduces costs, and improves logistical efficiency. The use of recycled raw materials also reduces CO2 emissions and generates carbon credits for logistics operators. This paper details the tests and results obtained during the technical validation of the sealant when applied to commercial passenger and cargo vehicles.
Cardoso, Diego JardimBarros, Dimitri AugustoCiapparini, Joel VicenteRausch, BrunoBen, Bernardo Sacilotode Gonzaga Paul, DácioFascina, Luiz Henrique
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but it may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 rpm stepped power test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 3600 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a Friction material b Fluid c Reaction plates These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document. This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This specification covers procedures for sampling and testing aircraft-quality, special aircraft-quality, and premium aircraft-quality steels requiring transverse tensile property testing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
The escalating weight of main battle tanks (MBTs) has compelled designers to innovate with Ultra-high hard armor (UHA) steel against the current generation rolled homogenous armor (RHA). This study delves into investigating the experimental and numerical ballistic performance of 15 mm–thick UHA steel and 15 mm–thick RHA steel against a 7.62 mm armor-piercing (AP) small-arm projectile. Finite element (FE) simulations were executed using ANSYS software, incorporating the Johnsons Cook model and shock Rankine–Hugoniot equations. The outcomes highlight that the UHA steel arrests the projectile’s advancement at a depth of penetration (DoP) of 3 mm, where the mode of failure is projectile break-up with cleavage failure. Conversely, the RHA base metal demonstrates perforation accompanied by ductile hole growth as the mode of failure. This perforation is attributed to plastic deformation and material extrusion, aligning well with the FE model. In the second scenario, the ballistic limit of a 7.62 mm AP projectile on RHA plate is explored by increasing the plate thickness to 18 mm. At this thickness, the projectile comes to a halt, creating a smooth bulge. Notably, UHA steels exhibit a projectile break-up mode of failure and an 81.5% reduction in weight compared to RHA steels. An intriguing correlation is identified between hardness and thickness, as elevated hardness and thickness shift the failure mode from ductile hole growth to projectile break-up.
Naveen Kumar, SubramaniBalasubramanian, V.Malarvizhi, S.Sonar, TusharHafeezur Rahman, A.Balaguru, V.
Automotive chassis components are considered as safety critical components and must meet the durability and strength requirements of customer usage. The cases such as the vehicle driving through a pothole or sliding into a curb make the design (mass efficient chassis components) challenging in terms of the physical testing and virtual simulation. Due to the cost and short vehicle development time requirement, it is impractical to conduct physical tests during the early stages of development. Therefore, virtual simulation plays the critical role in the vehicle development process. This paper focuses on virtual co-simulation of vehicle chassis components. Traditional virtual simulation of the chassis components is performed by applying the loads that are recovered from multi-body simulation (MBD) to the Finite Element (FE) models at some of the attachment locations and then apply constraints at other selected attachment locations. In this approach, the chassis components are assessed separately from the vehicle environment. The MBD model predicts the dynamic behavior of the motions of the flexible bodies (subframe, control arms, knuckle, wheel, yoke, tie rods, etc.) that are connected to each other through kinematic constraints / joints / contacts. The loads from MBD model do not consider the energy loss due to plastic deformation of the chassis components when the vehicle goes through a pothole or slides to a curb. To accurately predict chassis component performance, an integrated vehicle system model is needed. An FE-based full vehicle model has its challenges: (1) time consuming to build, (2) model is too large if all kinematic constraints / joints / contacts / tires are considered, or (3) cannot “drive” through the desired road. A tightly coupled co-simulation between MBD and FE model can overcome these inherent challenges. Co-simulation using Simpack and Abaqus is an ideal combination of solvers which combines the benefits of a high fidelity, detailed system level response and highly accurate Abaqus non-linear solution using plasticity and damage material models. This paper depicts case studies of Simpack-Abaqus co-simulation for chassis components under various extreme loading events performed.
Behera, DhirenLi, FanTasci, MineSeo, Young-JinSchulze, MartinKochucheruvil, Binu JoseYanni, TamerBhosale, KiranAluru, Phani
Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. One of these is the head surround, which is rigidly secured to and an integral part of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment and serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous head impact material specifications were optimized for moderate to severe impacts and did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose-to-tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround materials for low, moderate and severe impacts. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance during high speed impacts, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed impacts. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials were used to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of various materials. Finite element material models were developed to assess the effects of foam thickness on head kinematics. Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) empirical sled testing was used to analyze material responses in the full NASCAR seating environment. In drop tower testing, the new materials achieved nearly a 33% reduction in peak acceleration for 2.2 m/s (5 mph) impacts compared to the baseline materials while maintaining original peak acceleration and rebound velocity performance at 5.8 m/s (13 mph). Empirical sled testing confirmed equal performance to the baseline materials at high velocity, as well as a 5 to 15 G decrease in peak resultant head acceleration at low speed depending on comparison samples. Study findings resulted in updates to the NASCAR rulebook including increasing the minimum thickness of the original rear head surround foam material and the use of the newly specified alternate foam materials in the field. The alternate foams drop test requirements include 24 total drop tests on 12 test samples per material evaluation, at two speeds (2.2 and 5.8 m/s) and two temperatures (21° and 50° C). The repeated impacts are conducted at the same test speed, for each temperature, on the same sample. Material performance evaluations include peak acceleration, maximum rebound velocity, and flame retardancy.
Gray, Alexandra N.Harper, Matthew G.Mukherjee, SayakPatalak, John P.Gaewsky, James
The tensile and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of Ti6Al4V specimens, manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) process and subsequently heat-treated in argon, were investigated at elevated temperatures. Specifically, fully reversed strain-controlled tests were performed at 400°C to determine the strain-life response of the material over a range of strain amplitudes of industrial interest. Fatigue test results from this work are compared to those found in the literature for both AM and wrought Ti6Al4V. The LCF response of the material tested here is in-family with the AM data found in the literature. Scanning electron microscopy performed on the fracture surfaces indicate a marked increase in secondary cracking (crack branching) as a function of increased plastic deformation and demonstrating equivalent performance when compared to the wrought Ti6AL4V at RT (room temperature) at 1.4% strain amplitude and better performance when compared to the HIP-AM Ti6Al4V at RT.
Gadwal, Narendra KumarBarkey, Mark E.Hagan, ZachAmaro, RobertMcDuffie, Jason G.
Material solutions for thermal management, protection and assembly. Today's ADAS designers are adding more electronic components and redundant computing systems to printed circuit boards (PCBs). These heat-generating electronic assemblies are installed in enclosures that provide environmental protection, but the high heat generated by high-performance computing systems can degrade ADAS performance or cause device failure. Not all thermal management materials can withstand temperatures up to 200 C (392 F), and most do not retain their flexibility at elevated temperatures. This creates a problem when PCB components expand and contract at different rates due to mismatches in their coefficients of thermal expansion.
Sootsman, JosephZou, Lu
This study focuses on developing and deploying an Unmanned Aquatic Vehicle (UAV) capable of underwater travel. The primary objectives of this project are to detect the presence of dimethyl sulfide and toluene, as well as to identify any potential oil leakage in underwater pipelines. The UAV has a maximum operating depth of 300 m below the water surface. The design of this UAV is derived from the natural design of Rhinaancylostoma, an underwater kind of fish. The maximum operational setting for this mission is fixed at a depth of approximately 300 m beneath the surface of the sea, and the choice of this species is suitable for fulfilling the objectives of this undertaking. This technology will mitigate the risk associated with human interaction in inspection processes and has the potential to encompass various other resources in the future. The initial design data of the UAV is determined using analytical processes and verified formulas. The selection of the airfoil is done by comparing numerous options, such as NACA 0006, NACA 0020, and NACA 0024. The comparison investigation shows that the NACA 0008 has a lower coefficient of drag. ANSYS Workbench tool is utilized for executing computational analysis, encompassing hydrodynamic and hydro-structural simulations. An innovative computational molding technique is utilized as a preprocessing step. Structural examination is conducted in a two-step procedure, utilizing eight different materials. The selected materials for analysis are Boron fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP), AS-Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), T-300-CFRP, HMS-CFRP, GY-70-CFRP, Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer, E-Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and S-GFRP. The solid model of the UAV is subjected to computational analysis under two distinct loading circumstances. This analysis helps in identifying the most effective materials for future examination of the structure utilizing layer model molding in ANSYS ACP software. Afterwards, hybrid composites are prepared with the imposition of advanced fibers, and so the hydro-structural analyses are computed. The hydrodynamic parameters are calculated, and as a result, the structural performance of UAV is monitored. In the end, the most optimal material is chosen for the developed hydrodynamically efficient UAV's construction, to carry out the application efficiently and reliably.
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani PriyadharshiniRajendran, MahendranArumugam, ManikandanRaji, Arul PrakashSakthivel, PradeshMadasamy, Senthil KumarStanislaus Arputharaj, BeenaL, NatrayanRaja, Vijayanandh
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Exterior paint look is one the important tie braker on vehicle aesthetic appeal when compared with equal contenders. Time to time, globally new trend emerges to make the vehicle look attractive, one of the technologies is matt finish. To adapt with changing trends, current Indian market trend is moving from glossy finish paint to Matte finish paint by low gloss and attractive texture characteristics, which can provide soft light and pleasant feel. Matt finish helps to enhance the shape and features of the painted surface, feature lines clarity and enhanced visual appeal with absorption of light rather than reflection by glossy finish. Any new technology comes with challenges and limitations compared to traditional approach of vehicle painting and handling in field. In this paper, we have discussed on development of matt finish paint for automotive sector as per OEM manufacturing setup, definition of gloss for matt finish, quantification method, classification of gloss, mechanism, method, as well as the factors that affect the gloss of films. Finally, acceptance criteria for all the tests are defined as per Automotive standards. Also, explicitly defines the technical requirements and Robust technical evaluation methodologies of various automotive short- and long-term tests. All the performance results were compared for screening of product and to meet the first-time right implementation target.
Kumar, VinayLalwani, RahulJayanthan, B
The development of hydrogen economy is an effective way to achieve peak carbon emission and carbon neutralization. Therein, the green production of hydrogen is a prerequisite to reach the goal of decarbonization. As an ideal route, water electrolysis has triggered intense responses under the strong support from policies, which further presenting a phenomenon of water electrolysis equipment manufactures competing to enter the market. However, the extensive growth mode is not conducive to a long term healthy development of the water electrolysis hydrogen production market where products can be sold without requiring compulsory inspection or quality inspection process due to the absence of laws and test & evaluation standards. Considering the market status and technology maturity, the main working principles and characteristics of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production systems are summarized, and the test frameworks of the AWE and PEM hydrogen production systems are mainly introduced. Combining the current technology and market status of water electrolysis system, and referring to the progress of its test & evaluation methods, this study analyzed the test & evaluation methods of the whole product chains from material, single cell, stack, balance of plant (BOP) to the system levels. At the same time, referring to the progresses in the test & evaluation methods, relevant suggestions are given for the establishment of test specifications and standards of water electrolysis hydrogen production system in emerging technology countries. The present study is significant to the improvement of water electrolysis technology and the standardized development.
Jiao, DaokuanWang, XiaobingHao, Dong
Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs) are gaining traction in aerospace, automotive, and marine industries due to their superior mechanical properties. By integrating hard ceramic particles such as silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) into aluminum matrices, these composites exhibit enhanced wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratios. This study explores the fabrication and characterization of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy matrix composites, reinforced individually with SiC and Al₂O₃ particles through the squeeze casting technique. The research includes a comprehensive analysis of microstructures and mechanical properties, focusing on compressive strength, Brinell hardness, and tribological behavior. Findings reveal that SiC and Al₂O₃ reinforcements boost compressive strength by up to 27% and 47%, respectively, and increase hardness by up to 29% and 20%, respectively, compared to unreinforced aluminum.
Thirumavalavan, R.Santhosh, V.Sugunarani, S.Regupathi, S.Sundaravignesh, S.
This SAE Standard applies to dyes intended to be introduced into a mobile air-conditioning system refrigerant circuit for the purpose of allowing the application of ultraviolet leak detection. In order to label any product(s), they shall meet SAE J2297, the certification process as described in SAE J2911 must be followed, and the documentation described in Appendix A shall be submitted to SAE.
ICTMS Fluids Committee
The future of space travel is seemingly changing by the day and a Coventry University academic is doing his bit to stay at the front of the space race.
Exploring the mechanical properties of soft tissues under compressive loading is crucial for understanding their role in automobile incidents. Soft tissues, which serve as cushions or padding between bone and vehicle interiors, significantly influence contact duration and forces, thereby altering incident kinematics and injury. In this investigation, muscle and soft connective tissues from post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) forearms were excised and subjected to compression and indentation testing methods at various rates and strains. Specific samples with higher proportions of muscle were compared against samples without muscle tissues to evaluate the role of compositional changes. Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) upper extremity foam and vinyl–foam composite analog tissues underwent similar testing for comparison. High impact rates simulating those in high-speed automotive collisions were achieved using a custom-built drop tower impactor setup. The results revealed significantly higher stiffness values for samples with large proportions of muscle tissue compared to no muscle samples at smaller deformations. Substantial differences in stiffness were seen between soft tissues and ATD materials across most loading rates and strains, although some exceptions were noted at higher rates and strains. An indentation and modified Zener model were used to quantify material parameters. These findings provide a solid basis for advancing ATD analogs and have broader implications for soft tissue research. Moreover, this work represents a crucial step toward enhancing safety standards in the automotive industry.
Dennis, Cole J.Quenneville, Cheryl E.
Military performance requirements for adhesives have been traditionally derived to fulfill niche defense needs in harsh operational environments with little consideration for dual-use commercial potential. U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD The term “military-grade” can have a variety of meanings that are perspective dependent. In 2014, Ford Motor Company emphasized the term heavily in advertising campaigns to garner consumer acceptance for the transition from steel to aluminum in the body of their flagship F150 model. As cited by Ford, “Engineers selected these high-strength, military-grade aluminum alloys because of the metals' unique ability to withstand tough customer demands.” From this point-of-view, military-grade implies superior performance. However, the bureaucratic and logistical barriers required for certification to military-grade acceptance levels per DoD performance requirements can also be perceived as impediments to innovation and the transition of fundamental science into tangible product. This is in-part due to the legacy age of many DoD performance standards dating to the 1950s and 1960s when the US military peaked in technology market share and was responsible for approximately two-thirds of domestic research and development (R&D) and one-third of global R&D. In 2023 the commercial private sector provides the overriding funding stream for technology development for primarily non-military applications. Since the “golden age” of DoD-derived performance specifications the interactive roles between requirements and innovation are now understood to be dependent on their timings to product life cycle, which is typically ignored universally across the materials domain. Traditional DoD adhesive specifications are measures of late life cycle quality assurance for low-risk bonding applications with long-term historical usage and well-understood design allowables.
To characterize the stress flow behavior of engineering plastic glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PPGF) commonly used in automotive interior and exterior components, mechanical property is measured using a universal material testing machine and a servo-hydraulic tensile testing machine under quasi-static, high temperature, and high strain rate conditions. Stress versus strain curves of materials under different conditions are obtained. Based on the measured results, a new parameter identification method of the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model is proposed by considering the adiabatic temperature rise effect. Firstly, a material-level experiment method is carried out for glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PPGF) materials, and the influence of wide strain rate range, and large temperature span on the material properties is studied from a macroscopic perspective. Then, the model parameters of the J-C constitutive model are identified based on the experimental data, and the influence of the adiabatic temperature rise effect under dynamic tensile conditions is considered. The parameters that can describe the performance of glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PPGF) materials are obtained by fitting. Finally, the three-dimensional model of high-speed tension is established using ABAQUS/Explicit finite element software, and calculation is carried out based on J-C model constitutive parameters obtained from the improved identification method. The results show that J-C constitutive model parameters obtained using the improved identification method can describe the stress flow behavior of PPGF materials under large strains, high strain rates, and high temperatures. A method for characterizing the mechanical properties of commonly used engineering plastics in automotive interior and exterior components under high strain rate conditions is established from both experimental and simulation aspects. This method may be used in actual engineering applications.
Zheng, Wei-JunLiu, Xiao-AngShangguan, Wen-BinZhang, QuGu, Chen-guang
The safety of commercial aviation industry has come under extensive scrutiny and how the system safety process is applied. One specific system safety regulation concerns how unsafe system operating conditions are meeting regulatory requirements. Minimal regulatory guidance was available on this topic and an industry committee (American Society for Testing of Materials) decided to provide a consensus standard with input from a cross-section of airplane manufacturers, suppliers, and regulatory authorities on what is meant by an unsafe system operating condition and how compliance can be shown to the regulation(s). The committee determined that an unsafe system operating condition is when a failure condition severity increases (to hazardous or catastrophic) due to crewmember(s) inaction. For example, if a hazard has occurred it is possible the severity can increase to an unacceptable level as the crewmember(s) are not aware of the hazard. Enabling the crewmember(s) to mitigate the failure condition is an extremely effective method to support continued safe flight and landing of the airplane. Once a failure condition has been identified as an unsafe system operating condition, safeguards must be utilized to mitigate a more severe failure condition from occurring. These safeguards may include: additional warning devices, aural alerts, inherent detection of the crewmember(s), and airplane flight manual procedures. One key aspect was to take credit for normal airmanship of the crewmembers. Taking credit for basic crewmember airmanship has been accepted in the past and it is extremely important to continue this concept again. Crewmembers are thoroughly trained and contain a unique skillset and not expecting them to apply basic airmanship is unrealistic while encountering a failure condition or hazard. The final step after identifying unsafe system operating conditions is to document this process and use it as part of the certification process. This process will enable that a consistent process is applied to all airplanes and ultimately result in a safer commercial aviation industry.
Estagin, Edward
Magnesium alloys possess a unique combination of benefits stemming from their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and reduced density. The aforementioned attributes render them notably attractive for utilization in automotive and aeronautical sectors. Furthermore, these alloys are gaining significant interest from the industry because of their outstanding dimensional stability, excellent ability to dampen vibrations, high recyclability, and good castability. They also exhibit superior stiffness, among other attributes. Nonetheless, magnesium and its alloys face several noteworthy challenges that limit their industrial utilization. These include low resistance to deformation over time, limited stability at high temperatures, restricted malleability, poor ductility, and inadequate resistance to corrosion. This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking in magnesium alloy when exposed to potassium chromate. Addition of Ca showed better mechanical properties. A proof ring test was conducted NaCl-K2CrO4 solution at 60% YS value of base material, shows that the AZ91+4%Ca is having the least stress corrosion resistance. Threshold stress for AZ91 with 1%, 2%, 3% wt% Ca is found to be higher than the applied stress value in both the corrosion environment, so that the material has not failed even after the test duration of 720h. The observed stress corrosion resistance in AZ91+4% Ca is unsatisfactory due to the brittle nature of the large Al2Ca phase. In contrast, AZ91 alloys containing 1%, 2%, or 3% Ca, which have a lower proportion of Al2Ca phase, exhibit improved mechanical properties and enhanced resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
Daniel Das, A.Suresh Balaji, R.Marimuthu, S.Manivannan, S.
ISOFIX anchorage plays a critical role in restraining child occupants during crashes. Effective design of ISOFIX anchorages is essential for achieving controlled child occupant kinematics. CAE simulations are extensively used for the development of ISOFIX anchorages. Comprehensive material characterization of ISOFIX wires play a vital role for achieving desired prediction accuracy. This paper covers the detailed process of ISOFIX material characterization for material failure prediction. ISOFIX wires are case hardened to exhibit required strength characteristics. Due to its material characteristics, the conventional material models don't give desired prediction accuracy for failure prediction. Therefore, advanced material models are developed in LS Dyna environment, which can accurately predict plastic and fracture behavior of ISOFIX wires. Extensive coupon level material testing was done to achieve the material hardening and failure characteristic in Tension, Compression, Shear, and Bending and combine loadings. A series of simulations were carried out to correlate these tests and development of LS Dyna executable material model. This material model includes, yield locus definition considering state of loading, strain hardening data covering quasi static and dynamic strain rates and failure limit curves considering Instability, ductile normal fracture and ductile shear fracture criteria. This material model is validated with component level physical tests. The developed material model can predict the accurate plastic deformation and failure behavior of ISOFIX anchorages. The detailed process for new material model development and its validation through series of digital and physical tests presented in this paper
Neve, Vijay ShrikrishnaKumar, SaketBandru, ShreenuSharma, Ankurvan der Loos, Philipp
Aerospace & Defense Technology: December 202323AERP1212/7/2023
How Distributed Metal Additive Manufacturing Can Add a Surge to Military Supplier Strategies Ensure Aerospace Composite Quality with Force Measurement, Material Testing How Business Networks Can Help Stabilize the A&D Supply Chain A blueprint for modernizing the supply chain for greater connectedness and collaboration. Unlocking the Potential of 3D-Printed Polymers in Aerospace and Defense How to Select the Right Silicone for Space Applications Key Measurements to Maintain Performance of Critical Electronic Systems on Military Aircraft and Warships Physicists Develop a New Type of Antenna Towards Sustainable Recycling of Epoxy-Based Polymers: Approaches and Challenges of Epoxy Biodegradation Composites are especially important for the development and implementation of sustainable technologies such as wind power, energy-efficient aircrafts, and electric cars. Despite their advantages, their non-biodegradability raises challenges for the recycling of polymer and composites in particular Composite Repair Engineering Case Studies for U.S. Army Aerostructures The U.S. Army fields a multitude of aircraft mission design series (MDS) developed by several different original equipment manufacturers with varying mission requirements and flight profiles. The structural analysis in this work assumes the materials, tooling, skillsets, and capabilities are organically available and proper at the repair location. Ensure Aerospace Composite Quality with Force Measurement, Material Testing Ice prediction capabilities for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is of growing interest as UAS designs and applications become more diverse. This report summarizes the current state-of-the-art in modeling aircraft icing within a computational framework as well as a recent U.S. Army DEVCOM AvMC effort to evaluate ice prediction models for current use and future integration into the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments (CREATE) Air Vehicle (AV) framework. Modeling and Experimenting with 2D Materials for CMOS Type Devices and Digital Integrated Circuits Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) have been proposed as novel optoelectronic materials for space applications due to their relatively light weight. MoS2 has been shown to have excellent semiconducting and photonic properties. Here, we report the effect of gamma irradiation on the structural and optical properties of a monolayer of MoS2.
All two-wheeler industries validate their product’s fatigue life on proving track before heading for mass production. Proving test tracks are made to simulate the end-user environment in order to find out the possible fatigue failures during each development stage of vehicle design, which in turn helps the CAE analysts to verify the design before it goes to the end-user hands. In this article we present the design and failure analysis of sub-frame assembly of motorbike observed during the accelerated fatigue test on proving track. Sub-frame main rod was found broken exactly between two weld endings during fatigue test before reaching 6% of the target fatigue life. Possible causes of sub-frame failures have been identified/analyzed in detail using fish bone diagram. A finite element analysis (FEA) model of sub-frame assembly was developed and a random response analysis was carried out on initial design. Acceleration input loads measured from test track have been given at the sub-frame mounting points to calculate output responses. Output responses show a high magnitude of amplitude stresses on the sub-frame main rod exactly where track test failure occurred. Fishbone diagram analysis indicates that the improper design of the stay bracket, stress concentrations regions in the design, improper weld/tool fixture, and method of welding could be reasons for failure. FEA on the final design concept shows a reduction of amplitude stress to 49% and an increase of fatigue life to an infinite limit as compared to initial design.
Sharma, AshishKhare, Saharash
Composites are increasingly being used in aerospace and defense parts manufacture for several reasons including the high strength to weight ratio of materials, and due to the fuel savings generated by their lighter weight. Force measurement and material testing is an essential process for product designers and manufacturers to ensure part integrity, and to gain insightful data for creating the highest quality composite components.
Nylon polymer with an optimal blend of Kevlar, fiberglass, and high-speed, high temperature (HSHT) Fiberglass offers improved characteristics such as flexural strength, wear resistance, electrical insulation, shock absorption, and a low friction coefficient. For this reason, the polymer composite manufactured by combining HSHT, Kevlar, and fiberglass with nylon as base material will expand the uses of nylon in the aerospace, automotive, and other industrial applications related to ergonomic tools, assembly trays, and so forth. The proposed work was carried out to investigate the continuous fiber reinforcement (CFR) in nylon polymer using a dual extrusion system. Twenty experimental runs were designed using a face-centered central composite design (FCCD) approach to analyze the influence of significant factors such as reinforcement material, infill pattern, and fiber angle on the fabricated specimen as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The tensile strength, percentage elongation, and surface roughness of each test specimen (ASTM) have been investigated using the universal testing machine (UTM) and a surface roughness tester. A set of regression equations connecting process input factors and output features have been derived using the response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, the MOGA-ANN method is employed to achieve the multi-response targets. The results show that the best tensile strength and surface roughness are achieved with a 64.5-degree fiber angle, fiberglass CFR, and a triangular infill pattern, while the best balance and optimal response are achieved with a 49.2575-degree fiber angle, a rectangular fill pattern, and fiberglass reinforcement using the MOGA-ANN evolutionary hybrid algorithm. With MOGA-ANN, the least surface roughness of 1.43158 microns, maximum tensile strength, and percentage elongation of 37.869 MPa and 51.05% were attained at these parameters, and the same has been validated experimentally.
Kaushik, AshishKumar, PardeepGahletia, SumitGarg, Ramesh KumarKumar, AshishYadav, MohitGiri, JayantChhabra, Deepak
The ASTM D130 was first issued in 1922 as a tentative standard for the detection of corrosive sulfur in gasoline. A clean copper strip was immersed in a sample of gasoline for three hours at 50°C with any corrosion or discoloration taken to indicate the presence of corrosive sulfur. Since that time, the method has undergone many revisions and has been applied to many petroleum products. Today, the ASTM D130 standard is the leading method used to determine the corrosiveness of various fuels, lubricants, and other hydrocarbon-based solutions to copper. The end-of-test strips are ranked using the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard Adjunct, a colored reproduction of copper strips characteristic of various degrees of sulfur-induced tarnish and corrosion, first introduced in 1954. This pragmatic approach to assessing potential corrosion concerns with copper hardware has served various industries well for a century. Driveline lubricants have always been required to protect hardware, and transmission fluid specifications have always included a version of the copper corrosion strip test to assure this. In conventional transmissions, copper and its alloys are present in the form of mechanical parts such as bushings, bearings, and washers. Corrosion of these parts, while detrimental, does not typically result in immediate failure. However, the incorporation of electronics and electric motors has resulted in new failure modes which can have immediate and devastating consequences. Designing a lubricant to protect new electrified hardware requires an understanding of corrosion that occurs under actual operating temperatures, as well as potential damage from corrosion products. While the ASTM D130 provides general insight regarding the susceptibility of the hardware to corrode, the information is typically gleaned at elevated temperatures, and no information is gathered about the impact of corrosion products. The ASTM D130 is simply not sufficiently specific to adequately assess the risk of these new failure modes that may occur within electric drive units (EDUs). Newer methods, in particular, the wire corrosion test (WCT) and conductive deposit test (CDT), have been created to fill these gaps. In this article, we provide the history of the creation and evolution of the ASTM D130 standard, which is important in understanding both its significance and limitations. We then assess the corrosion characteristics of five lubricants using both the ASTM D130 strip method and the WCT method. We contrast these results, which demonstrate the greater understanding gleaned from the WCT. We then assess the five lubricants with the CDT, which provides insight into whether the corrosion products might endanger the system. We conclude that both the WCT and CDT are needed to provide a holistic understanding of corrosion in electrified hardware necessary to minimize the risk of corrosion-related failure modes. We anticipate that the WCT and CDT will establish themselves in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications over the next decade and will provide a useful assurance of lubricant performance in corrosion, especially for hybrid (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs).
Hunt, Gregory J.Choo, LindseyNewcomb, Timothy
This specification covers powdered metal products consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of titanium alloy powder compacts.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Previous research papers presented methods for joining different aluminium or steel sheets of the same thickness using the friction stir welding process with flat tools. A novel variant of the friction stir welding process has been developed by the Materials Testing Institute of the University of Stuttgart, enabling the joining of aluminium and steel sheets of different thicknesses in order to further increase the lightweight potential of sheet metal components. Compared to the conventional welding method, the difference of this method relates to the stir welding tool used, which consists of a stepped welding pin and allows combined lap-and-butt joints to be produced. In this context, this paper aims to demonstrate the lightweight potential and the crash performance of Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs) made from DX54(1 mm) and AL6016 - T4 (2 mm). For this purpose, the first step was to identify possible parts of car body structures that could be replaced by components made from these TWBs. Subsequently, these parts were constructively integrated into the selected structures, which were finally used to perform crash simulations with front and side impacts. To demonstrate the benefits of the new joining technology, the calculated crash results were compared with those of the conventional car body structures and the advantages of the used TWBs were highlighted. Concretely, the friction stir welded TWBs enabled the vehicle weight to be reduced while providing comparable properties to those of currently used components, thus lowering CO2 emissions during car use.
Bachmann, MaximilianStöckl PhD, JohannesRiedmüller PhD, Kim RouvenLiewald, Mathias
Aircraft icing is a well-known problem that can have serious consequences for flight safety. To combat this problem, various ice protection systems (IPSs) have been developed and are currently used on most aircraft, including thermal ice protection systems. However, these systems can be costly, heavy and ineffective. Therefore, there is a need to improve the efficiency and response time of these systems. In recent years, research has focused on the development of hybrid systems that combine different ice protection technologies to achieve better performance. In this sense, the use of an active element with a coating on its external part that improve its efficiency would be an important advance, but there is a wide range of active systems and even more of coatings and surface treatments. Therefore it would be helpful to have a test methodology that would allow a simple but thorough assessment of the performance of each passive system, and this is precisely what is proposed in this publication. In order to decouple the behavior of the active system from the coating and to be able to evaluate the latter independently, a characterization sequence of passive systems has been developed considering different potential application areas and different icing conditions. A novel aspect of this methodology is that the specimens were tested alongside an identical thermoelectric system used as reference that did not interfere with the coating. This allowed for the evaluation of the materials' properties with and without any application of energy. The simple geometry of the specimens makes these tests feasible for coating techniques that do not accept complicated shapes. The aim of this methodology is to provide an accessible first evaluation of the materials in their use as IPSs. In addition, the test matrix allows the identification of the most appropriate applications for each of the passive system strategies studied. Some results of the materials tested in the project in which this work was carried out are shown to illustrate the potential usefulness of the methodology.
García, PalomaMora, JulioCarreño, FranciscoRedondo, FranciscoRodriguez, RafaelRivero, PedroVicente, AdrianAcosta, CarolinaLarumbe, SilviaMedrano, ÁngelLecumberri, Cristina
This SAE Recommended Practice presents recommendations for test fuels and fluids that can be used to simulate real world fuels. The use of standardized test fluids is required in order to limit the variability found in commercial fuels and fluids. Commercial fuels can vary substantially between manufacturers, batches, seasons, and geographic location. Further, standardized test fluids are universally available and will promote consistent test results for materials testing. Therefore, this document: a Explains commercial automotive fuel components b Defines standardized components of materials test fluids c Defines a nomenclature for test fluids d Describes handling and usage of test fuels e Recommends fluids for testing fuel system materials The test fluid compositions specified in Section 7 of this document are recommended solely for evaluating materials. They are not intended for other activities, such as engine development, design verification, or process validation unless agreed upon by the contracting parties. Most marketplace fuels contain additives for such purposes as oxidation stability, intake and combustion chamber deposit control, anti-foaming, electrostatics, octane, corrosion mitigation, etc., applied at a parts per million basis. It is not the intention of this document to include a surrogate for the potential effects of these additives. As far as this committee is aware, current additives do not adversely affect fuel system materials. Those contemplating new or improved additives for future applications could use the basic test fluids or fuels from this document, and specify the fuel is to be unadditized in order to inject such additives and use the resulting mixtures to assess whether these new additives might affect fuel system materials. For the purposes of this document, the term FUEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied to mixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels.
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
14-day material test to determine the cyclic effects of runway deicing compounds on cadmium plated parts.
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
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