Browse Topic: Oxygen

Items (1,278)

Investigating lubricants base oils reactivity in ammonia/hydrogen engines via accelerated aging

2025-01-0240To be published on 06/16/2025

As a carbon-free molecule, ammonia is more and more considered as a relevant fuel for long distance and off-road applications. However, this gas has different combustion characteristics compared to conventional fuels, challenging the suitability of lubricants to such engines. In this work, the evolution of lubricants under conditions mimicking ammonia combustion was assessed. Mineral and polyester lubricant base oils were exposed to oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia in a pressurized reactor under stirring. Oil aliquots were sampled at regular intervals, and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity and total oxygen and nitrogen contents measurements. Exposure to air containing nitrogen oxides resulted in quicker accumulation of oxidation products compared to neat air, for both the mineral and complex polyester base oil. Besides, exposure to gaseous ammonia in air resulted in a slower oxidation rate for both oils, compared to neat air. A global

Doncoeur, Carole, Giarracca, Lucia, Cologon, Perrine, Rousselle, Christine

Fundamental Science on Oxygen Storage Capacity of Cerium Complex Oxides for Advanced On-Board Diagnostics (2) Quantitative Observation of Oxygen Released from Cerium Complex Oxides

2025-01-8476

04/01/2025

In order to comply with the tightening of global regulations on automobile exhaust gas, further improvements to exhaust gas control catalysts and upgrades to on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems must be made. Currently, oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is monitored by front and rear sensors before and after the catalyst, and deterioration is judged by a decrease in OSC, but it is possible that catalyst deterioration may cause the rear sensor to detect gas that has not been sufficiently purified. It is important to observe the activity changes when the catalyst deteriorates in more detail and to gain a deeper understanding of the catalyst mechanism in order to create guidelines for future catalyst development. In this study, we used a μ-TG (micro thermogravimetric balance) to analyze in detail how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metal, detection temperature, and mileage (degree of deterioration) affect the OSC rate in addition to the OSC of the ceria-based

Hamada, Shota, Uegaki, Shinya, Tanabe, Hidetaka, Nakayama, Tomohito, Jinjo, Itsuki, Kurono, Seita, Oishi, Shunsuke, Narita, Keiichi, Onishi, Tetsuro, Yasuda, Kazuya, Matsumura, Daiju, Tanaka, Hirohisa

Accelerated Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Diffusion Process in Ni/YSZ Anode of SOFCs with Collective Variable-Driven Hyperdynamics

2025-01-8554

04/01/2025

Due to advantages such as high efficiency, low emissions, and fuel flexibility, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have garnered significant attention as promising power sources for automotive applications. Nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) is one of the most widely used anode materials in SOFCs, as it can catalyze both chemical and electrochemical reactions of carbon-containing fuels. However, the direct use of carbon-containing fuels can lead to carbon deposition on the Ni/YSZ anode, negatively impacting the performance and reliability of automotive SOFC systems. The diffusion of carbon atoms within nickel plays a crucial role in the carbon deposition process and requires further investigation. The oxygen atoms that spillover from YSZ also participate in main reactions such as carbon deposition and electrochemical reactions in Ni. Molecular dynamics (MD) is one of the main methods for studying atomic diffusion in crystalline structures. In this study, reactive force field

Du, Haoyu, Zhang, Kaiqi, Xiao, Ma, Zhang, Xiaoqing, Shuai, Shijin

Fundamental Science on Oxygen Storage Capacity of Cerium Complex Oxides for Advanced On-Board Diagnostics (1) Kinetic Observation of Cerium Valence Change Using Synchrotron Radiation

2025-01-8474

04/01/2025

On-board diagnosis (OBD) of gasoline vehicle emissions is detected by measuring the fluctuations of the rear oxygen sensor due to the time-dependent deterioration of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) contained in the automotive catalyst materials. To detect OBD in various driving modes of automobiles with an order of magnitude higher accuracy than before, it is essential to understand the OSC mechanism based on fundamental science. In this study, time-resolved dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) using synchrotron radiation was used to carry out a detailed analysis not only of the OSC of ceria-based complex oxides, which had previously been roughly understood, but also of how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metals, reducing gases (CO and H2), detection temperatures, and mileages (degree of deteriorations) affect the OSC rate in a fluctuating redox atmosphere. A fundamental characteristic was clearly demonstrated in ceria-based complex oxides

Tanaka, Hirohisa, Matsumura, Daiju, Uegaki, Shinya, Hamada, Shota, Aotani, Takuro, Kamezawa, Saeka, Nakamoto, Masami, Asai, Shingo, Mizuno, Tomohisa, Takamura, Riku, Goto, Takashi

Mesoscopic Heat and Mass Transfer Process in Catalyst Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Cold Environment

2025-01-7088

01/31/2025

To explore the heat and mass transfer processes within the low-temperature catalyst layer, a coupled heat and mass transfer lattice Boltzmann model and electrochemical model were established, creating a pore-scale model for heat and mass transfer in the catalyst layer. The influence of the catalyst layer parameters was investigated. The results indicate that as time progresses, heat gradually accumulates at the top of the catalyst layer (CL) and is transmitted towards the bottom. Once oxygen enters the CL, it quickly fills the pores within the CL, resulting in a rapid decrease in oxygen concentration within the ionomer. As the platinum volume fraction increases, there is a significant rise in temperature across the entire calculation domain. With the increasing platinum volume fraction, the current density also increases rapidly due to the larger reaction area. When the carbon volume fraction is 0.15, more oxygen enters the ionomer to participate in reactions, and the large porosity

Xu, Sheng, Chen, Xin, Sheng, Tao

Cracking Activity and Characterization of Magnesium Titanium Dioxide - Silicon Dioxide Catalysts

2024-01-5241

12/10/2024

Purified nickel and a large number of MgTi2 / NiO2 catalysts with various MgTi2 loadings were produced using the traditional incipient wetness method. X-ray crystallography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the catalysts. To understand the material's microstructure better, the researchers investigated oxygen adsorption at 90K. The amine titration method was used to investigate the acidic characteristics of these catalysts. In a study on cumene cracking, these catalysts were employed. The catalyst was found to be amorphous up to a loading of 12 weight percent MgTi2, but at higher loadings, crystalline MgTi2 phase formed on an amorphous silica substrate. When NiO2 is doped with more MgTi2, there are significant differences in the structure, surface acidity, and catalytic activity of the catalysts. Catalysts with a higher MgTi2 loading are noticeably more acidic than those with a lower MgTi2 loading. A correlation between the amount of cracking activity and

Ashok Kumar, B., Dhiyaneswaran, J., Selvaraj, Malathi, Pradeepkumar, M., Shajeeth, S.

Smart Full-Body Fitness Tracking

TBMG-51720

10/01/2024

I’m guessing that when you think about applications for AI, physical fitness is not the first thing that comes to mind. But it is actually one of the more common applications. The most popular fitness sensors use AI to keep track of how many steps you’ve taken, track your progress, and integrate that with health information like heartrate or even blood oxygen level. But AI can do much more than that.

Oxygen Flow Indication

AS916C (Current)

09/13/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the overall requirements applicable to oxygen flow indication as required by Airworthiness Requirements of CS/FAR 25.1449 to show that oxygen is being delivered to the dispensing equipment. Requirements of this document shall be applicable to any type of oxygen system technology and encompass “traditional” pneumatic devices, as well electric/electronic indication.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Passenger Hypoxia Protection Utilizing Oxygen Enriched Gas Mixtures

AIR6036 (Current)

09/13/2024

Currently, existing civil aviation standards address the design and certification of oxygen dispensing devices that utilize oxygen sources supplying at least 99.5% oxygen. This Aerospace Information Report discusses issues relating to the use in the passenger cabin of oxygen enriched breathing gas mixtures having an oxygen content of less than 99.5% and describes one method of showing that passenger oxygen dispensing devices provide suitable hypoxia protection when used with such mixtures.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

“Performance Emission Parameters Behavior of a DI Diesel Engine Using Al ₂ O ₃ and TiO ₂ Nano Additive Biodiesel Blends”

2023-28-0127

11/10/2023

This study mainly focuses on the blending of Alumina and Titanium oxide nanoparticles (NP’s) in Spirulina biodiesel blends (SB20) to estimate the influence of engine (combustion, performance and emission) parameters of a diesel engine. The characterization of Al2O3 and TiO2 NP’s like SEM were reported. By using various fuel samples such as Diesel, SB20, SB20+40 ppm AO, SB20+80 ppm AO, SB20+40 ppm TO and SB20+80 ppm TO, the engine tests on the diesel engine were conducted at various load conditions. The BTE for SB20+80 ppm AO were enhanced by 12.35% and 8.4 % compared to the SB20 fuel and SB20+40 ppm AO fuel samples. The combustion parameters were improved for the NP’s as additives (Al2O3 and TiO2) fuels than the SB20 fuel sample because NP’s contain oxygen content. The parameters of engine exhaust emissions such as HC, CO and smoke are drastically diminished for the SB20+40 ppm AO, SB20+80 ppm AO, SB20+40 ppm TO and SB20+80 ppm TO fuels compared to the SB20 fuel. A marginal improvement

Anchupogu, Praveen, Krupakaran, R L, Ganipineni, Jamuna Rani, Petla, Ratna Kamala

A Kinetic Modeling and Engine Simulation Study on Ozone-Enhanced Ammonia Oxidation

2023-01-1639

10/31/2023

Ammonia has attracted the attention of a growing number of researchers in recent years. However, some properties of ammonia (e.g., low laminar burning velocity, high ignition energy, etc.) inhibit its direct application in engines. Several routes have been proposed to overcome these problems, such as oxygen enrichment, partial fuel cracking strategy and co-combustion with more reactive fuels. Improving the reactivity of ammonia from the oxidizer side is also practical. Ozone is a highly reactive oxidizer which can be easily and rapidly generated through electrical plasma and is an effective promoter applicable for a variety of fuels. The dissociation reaction of ozone increases the concentration of reactive radicals and promotes chain-propagating reactions. Thus, obtaining accurate rate constants of reactions related to ozone is necessary, especially at elevated to high pressure range which is closer to engine-relevant conditions. In present work, rate constants of ozone dissociation

Zhang, Zhenyingnan, Li, Ang, Li, Zhuohang, Zhu, Lei, Huang, Zhen

Numerical Study on the Effect of Injector Nozzle Hole Number on Diesel Engine Performance under Plateau Conditions

2023-24-0033

08/28/2023

Diesel engines operated at high altitudes would experience performance degradation due to the fuel-air amount mismatch, resulting in combustion deterioration. Technologies that supplement oxygen concentration, such as intake oxygen enrichment, turbocharging and the addition of oxygenated fuel additives, can help restore performance at high altitudes, but each has its own limitations Operating diesel engines at high altitudes still generates extremely lean fuel-air mixtures, making the improved utilization of excess air the most economically efficient approach to optimize engine performance under such conditions. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of injector nozzle-hole numbers on diesel engines operated at high altitudes, a topic that has been limitedly discussed in existing literature, with the aim of enhancing understanding regarding the potential of this cost-effective approach and aiding in the design of a cooperative approach between oxygen concentration

Zhao, Junliang, Yang, Ruomiao, Yan, Yuchao, Ou, Juan, Liu, Zhentao, Liu, Jinlong

Oxygen System Maintenance Guide

AIR1392A (Current)

08/23/2023

This document is intended to give general instructions and directions for personnel performing maintenance and modification work on Oxygen Systems.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Liquid Oxygen Systems

AIR825/5A (Current)08/23/2023

This Aerospace Information Report provides general information to aircraft designers and engineers, regarding LOX, its properties, its storage and its conversion to gas. Much useful information is included herein for aircraft designers regarding important design considerations for a safe and effective installation to an aircraft. The associated ground support equipment needed to support operations of LOX equipped aircraft is also discussed. It is important to realize that LOX equipped aircraft cannot be supported unless this support infrastructure is also available. A significant part of this document will address the specific advantages, disadvantages and precautions relating to LOX systems. These are important issues that must be considered in deciding which oxygen system to install to the aircraft. Also, many commercial and military aircraft use aeromedical LOX equipment that is mostly portable equipment. Aeromedical LOX equipment is not addressed herein as it is beyond the scope of

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Aviator's Breathing Oxygen Purity Standard

AS8010D (Current)

08/23/2023

This document defines the minimum degree of purity and maximum levels of certain deleterious impurities allowable for aviator's breathing oxygen at the point of manufacture or generation. It covers gaseous, liquid, and chemically generated oxygen, and oxygen supplied by in situ concentration and in situ electrolysis. Different limits are established for oxygen from different sources, in recognition of differences in the ways the oxygen is stored, dispensed, and utilized, taking into account the safety of the user. These limits are not intended to specifically reflect upon the relative capabilities or merits of various technologies. Procurement documents may specify more stringent limits, where required for specific applications. Medical oxygen is not covered by this standard. In the United States, medical oxygen is a prescription drug and complies with the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). In Europe, medical oxygen specification compiles with the European Pharmacopoeia monograph (Ph

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Crew Member Oxygen Regulators, Demand

AS8027 (Current)

08/23/2023

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) is intended to apply to those oxygen regulators which supply gaseous oxygen at breathing pressures to meet physiological requirements of aircraft flight crew members. It defines the minimum performance requirements and testing for aircraft demand type breathing oxygen regulators.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Continuous Flow Oxygen Regulator

AS1197B (Current)

08/23/2023

This standard covers regulators of the following types: Type I - Automatic Continuous Flow Type II - Adjustable Continuous Flow Type III - Pre-Set Continuous Flow Class A - Cylinder Mounted Class B - Line Mounted

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Solution, Fluorescent Penetrant Water Base for LOX (Liquid Oxygen) Compatibility

AMS3158E (Current)

06/27/2023

This specification covers a stable, noncorrosive, water-soluble, highly-penetrating, fluorescent solution which may, but need not, be diluted with an appropriate amount of water for use.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Soot Formation and Ignition Characteristics of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends in a Rapid Compression Machine

2023-01-0385

04/11/2023

With the ever-increasing demand for sustainable energy, alcohol fuels have garnered interest for use in heavy duty engines. The significant infrastructure for ethanol production and blending of ethanol with gasoline make these fuels/fuel blends desirable candidates. However, development of heavy duty engine technology that is capable of burning alcohol fuels while retaining the advantages of traditional diesel combustion requires an improved understanding of the soot formation for these fuels under conditions relevant to mixing-controlled combustion. This work uses an extinction diagnostic to study the sooting tendency of ethanol and gasoline/ethanol blends ranging from E10 to E98 during ignition in a homogeneous environment. Experiments were conducted in a rapid compression machine (RCM) for compressed conditions of 20 ± 1 bar and an approximately constant temperature (± 10K) which was unique for each fuel. For a given soot volume fraction, a linear relationship was observed between

Gross, Joseph, Chowdhury, Musharrat, Dempsey, Adam, Allen, Casey

Sustainable Hydrogen Through Solar Power

TBMG-47545

02/01/2023

A new kind of solar panel, developed at the University of Michigan, has achieved 9 percent efficiency in converting water into hydrogen and oxygen — mimicking a crucial step in natural photosynthesis. Outdoors, it represents a major leap in the technology, nearly 10 times more efficient than solar water-splitting experiments of its kind.

Closed-Cycle Protective Breathing Devices

AIR825/11A (Current)01/26/2023

Closed-cycle protective breathing apparatus, commonly referred to as rebreathers, or CCBA provide trained aircrew members or ground personnel with eye and respiratory protection from toxic atmospheres.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Continuous Flow Oxygen Systems

AIR825/8 (Current)01/26/2023

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information on Continuous Flow Oxygen Systems which are available, principle functions of those systems and technical approaches to be taken into account during design and realization of systems. However, particular performance specifications and detailed information of manufacturing, testing and integration of such systems is beyond the scope of this document.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Packaging and Transportation of Oxygen Equipment

AIR5742A (Current)

01/26/2023

The scope of this document is related to the particular needs of oxygen equipment with regards to packaging and transportation. The document provides guidance for handling chemical, gaseous and liquid oxygen equipment. It summarizes national and international regulations to be taken into account for transportation on land, sea and air and provides information on classification of hazardous material. The aim of this document is to summarize information on packaging and transportation of oxygen equipment. Statements and references to regulations cited herein are for information only and should not be considered as interpretation of a law. Processes to maintain cleanliness of components and subassemblies during processing and assembly or storage of work-in-progress are outside the scope of this document. Guidance on this can be obtained from ARP1176. Rules for transportation and shipment do not cover oxygen equipment installed in an interior monument, e.g., galley unit or in a fuselage

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

The Impact of Modification on the Stability of Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

2022-01-7038

10/28/2022

Vulcan XC 72R was modified in two different ways (i.g., treated by the NH3 gas or urea). The impact of modification strategies was analyzed by correlating the structure and chemical properties of carbons with the catalytic activity and stability of corresponding catalysts. Pt clusters are homogeneously distributed through the nitrogen-doped carbon support. Electronegative nitrogen atoms create positive charge on neighbor carbon atoms. The increased interaction between the carbon support and PtCl62- restrains the nucleation of platinum. N2 adsorption-desorption results indicated that abundant of micropores were created and the proportion of micropores obviously increased from 2.8 % to 11.4 %. XPS measurement distinguished different N functionalities. Pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N were introduced on the surface of carbon support. Pt/NC catalyst exhibits the best ORR performance among all as-prepared catalysts in 0.1 M KOH solution. Moreover, the stability of Pt/NC is superior with minor

Wang, Qian, Liu, Mingtao, Zhou, Lu, Li, Yunqi

Oximeter Headband Initial Characterization Test on Form, Fit, and Function

22AERP10_1210/01/2022

Developing a real-time, non-intrusive blood oxygenation sensor system capable of monitoring physical parameters such as altitude acclimation and shock in the event of trauma or hemorrhage, as well as providing early detection of viremia. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts The oximeter headband is a new physiological status monitoring system developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (MIT LL) in Lexington, Massachusetts and the Institute for Advanced Functional Fabrics of America (AFFOA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was tested for form, fit, and function during an internal test held at MIT LL. The oximeter headband system consists of a custom-made, textile-based headband. It is a noninvasive, non-subcutaneous, and non-radiation-harming device that only maintains surface contact with the skin. It has been specifically designed to meet the needs of the military. The test utilized in this research assesses the

Steel Bars and Forgings 3.5Cr - 7.5Ni - 16.3Co - 1.75Mo - 0.2W - (0.09 - 0.13C) Double Vacuum Melted, Normalized, Annealed

AMS6509B (Current)

09/30/2022

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars and forgings 199 square inches (1284 cm2) and under in cross section, and forging stock of any size.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

FAR - Regulatory Requirements Covering the Use of Breathing Oxygen in Aircraft

AIR1389C (Current)

06/27/2022

This report presents, paraphrased in tabular format, an overview of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) for aircraft oxygen systems. It is intended as a ready reference for those considering the use of oxygen in aircraft and those wishing to familiarize themselves with the systems requirements for existing aircraft. This document is not intended to replace the oxygen related FAR but rather to index them in some order. For detailed information, the user is referred to the current issue of the relevant FAR paragraph referenced in this report.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Products of Tomorrow: June 2022

TBMG-4597106/01/2022

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

Miniaturized, Wireless Oxygen Sensor for Sick Infants

TBMG-4553504/01/2022

A sensor the size of a Band-Aid can measure a baby's blood oxygen levels, a vital indication of the lungs’ effectiveness and whether the baby's tissue is receiving adequate oxygen supply. Unlike current systems used in hospitals, this miniaturized wearable device is flexible and stretchable, wireless, inexpensive, and mobile — possibly allowing the child to leave the hospital and be monitored remotely.

OSC Modelling of 3-Way Automotive Catalysts to Understand the Effect of Latent OSC on Dynamic OSC Performance

2022-01-0574

03/29/2022

A three-way automotive catalyst's ability to store oxygen is still a crucial performance metric for modern day catalyst applications. With more stringent emissions legalisation, the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) within a catalyst can assist with converting different harmful exhaust gases such as CO, THC and NOx under transient operating conditions. Additionally, OSC is currently the only onboard catalyst performance metric recorded during a vehicle's useful life. Catalyst performance is correlated to this OSC measurement. OSC in three-way automotive catalysts can be split into two main OSC types. "Latent" OSC deep within the washcoat and "dynamic" OSC on the surface of the catalyst washcoat. Dynamic OSC is more commonly applied in the evaluation of useful OSC of the catalyst during practical operation.

Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Elliott, Matthew, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Pedlow, Andrew

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Powder for Additive Manufacturing 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb (Nb) - 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe

AMS7006 (Current)

03/21/2022

The intended upper bound of this specification is that the particle size distribution (PSD) of powders supplied shall be <60 mesh (250 μm) and that no powder (0.0 wt%) greater than 40 mesh (425 μm) is allowed.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

Steel, Bars and Forgings, and Forging Stock 3.1Cr - 11.5Ni - 13.5Co - 1.2Mo (0.21 - 0.25C) Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged Precipitation Hardenable

AMS6532J (Historical)

01/27/2022

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings 100 square inches (645 cm2) and under in cross-sectional area and forging stock of any size.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Bars and Forgings and Forging Stock 1Cr - 10Ni - 7Co - 2Mo - 1.3W - 0.1V - (0.28 - 0.32C) Vacuum Induction Melted, Vacuum Arc Remelted, Normalized and Annealed Precipitation Hardenable

AMS6516C (Current)

11/16/2021

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars and forgings 189 in2 (1219 cm2) and under in cross-sectional area and forging stock of any size.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Chemical Analysis of Deposits Separated from Blocked Fuel Filters

04-15-01-000210/25/2021

Biodiesel was found to be the best candidate to replace diesel fuel mainly due to being renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic and reduce greenhouse gases, which cause global warming. Nowadays, biodiesel is blended with diesel fuel in different concentrations depending on the country of usage and is used in diesel engines. Concerns about biodiesel were raised after premature fouling of fuel filters were reported before meeting their mileage requirement. Three filters from Brazil were analyzed using different techniques (Energy Dispersive X-Ray [EDX], Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR], Thermogravimetric Analysis [TGA], Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry [ToF-SIMS], and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry [GC/MS]) to understand the chemical composition of the filter deposits and highlight the main compounds responsible for the blockage. EDX showed that the deposits are mainly composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) with traces of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), iron

ELTahry, Omar, Salehi, Farnaz Motamen, Morina, Ardian, Ferrari, Lana, Farooq, Umer, Forsberg, Carina, Neville, Anne

Insulating Component, Molded, Electrical, Heat Shrinkable, Connector and Cable Accessory, Sealing Strain Relief, General Specification For

AS5258A (Current)

10/13/2021

This specification covers connector and cable accessory heat shrinkable, electrical insulating, molded components fabricated from various polymer based compositions. These components are intended for use as connector and cable accessory components to provide strain relief, electrical insulation, and environmental sealing.

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Natural Based Additives on Single-Cylinder Di Diesel Engine

2021-28-0130

09/15/2021

In this experimental study, an attempt is made to enhance the performance characteristics of diesel fuel with two different natural additives (NA). Borassus Flabelifer (NB1) and Oryza Sativa straws (NB2) were chosen as natural additives. The selected natural additives were milled for 150 hours using a planetary ball mill and their particle sizes ranging from 120 to 125 nm. The milled natural additives were doped into neat diesel using a magnetic stirrer followed by ultrasonication and their stability was ascertained. The presence of high carbon and oxygen content was noted on EDS results of milled powder. The properties of fuel were analyzed as per ASTM standards and it was observed that there was a marginal decrease in calorific value, flash point, and fire point of the fuel. Performance analysis of the fuel was carried out in a diesel engine at different load conditions and it was observed that brake thermal efficiency reduced by 1.73 % and 1.24 % for NB1 and NB2 doped diesel

Velusamy, Raja, Annamalai, Suresh Babu, Swaminathan, Mangudi Rangawamy, Periyana Pillai, Hariharan, Ganapathy, Sakthinathan, Radhakrishnan PhD, Vignesh, Kumar, Premkumar

Performance Standard for Cabin Crew Portable Protective Breathing Equipment for Use During Aircraft Emergencies

AS8047 (Current)

08/09/2021

This aerospace standard (AS) defines the requirements of portable protective breathing equipment for use during smoke/fire conditions on board an aircraft.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Chemical Oxygen Systems

AIR825/4A (Current)08/09/2021

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides an orientation regarding the general technology of chemical oxygen generators to aircraft engineers for assistance in determining whether chemical oxygen generators are an appropriate oxygen supply source for hypoxia protection in a given application and as an aid in specifying such generators. Information regarding the details of design and manufacture of chemical oxygen generators is generally beyond the scope of this document.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Method Recovers Metals from Electronic Waste

TBMG-3959108/01/2021

Inspired by nature’s work to build spiky structures in caves, engineers have developed a method to recover precious metals from electronic waste. Using controlled applications of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, the engineers say they can de-alloy a metal by slowly moving the most reactive components to the surface, where they form stalagmitelike spikes of metal oxides. That leaves the least-reactive components in a purified, liquid core surrounded by brittle metal-oxide spikes.

Precipitation Hardenable Steel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Powder for Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing, 16.0Cr - 4.0Ni - 4.0Cu - 0.30Nb

AMS7035 (Current)

06/22/2021

This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel alloy in the form of pre-alloyed powder.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

Tiny Wireless Implant Detects Oxygen Deep Within the Body

TBMG-39283

06/01/2021

Engineers have created a tiny wireless implant that can provide real-time measurements of tissue oxygen levels deep underneath the skin. The device, which is smaller than the average ladybug and powered by ultrasound waves, paves the way for the creation of a variety of miniaturized sensors that could track key biochemical markers in the body such as pH or carbon dioxide. These sensors could one day provide doctors with minimally invasive methods for monitoring the biochemistry inside functioning organs and tissues.

Tiny Wireless Implant Detects Oxygen Deep Within the Body

TBMG-3934006/01/2021

Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, have created a tiny wireless implant that can provide real-time measurements of tissue oxygen levels deep underneath the skin. The device, which is smaller than the average ladybug and powered by ultrasound waves, could help doctors monitor the health of transplanted organs or tissue and provide an early warning of potential transplant failure.

Effect of Fuel-to-Air Ratio on Oxidation and Interfacial Structure in Galvanizing of a Dual-Phase Steel

05-14-03-002104/19/2021

Automotive-grade high-strength steels are galvanized for improved corrosion resistance. However, selective oxidation of alloying elements during annealing heat-treatment may influence the subsequent zinc (Zn) coating quality. The formation of internal and external oxides depends on the alloy composition, especially the Si/Mn ratio, and the oxygen potential of the annealing atmosphere. In this work, a dual-phase (DP) steel was intercritically annealed with varied fuel-to-air ratios in a direct-fired furnace and then galvanized in a Zn bath with 0.2 wt% Al. The type of internal and external oxides and the interfacial structures between the steel substrate, the Al-Fe-Zn inhibition layer, and the Zn coating were examined by using site-specific focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that for the high fuel-to-air ratio sample, the external oxide is a Mn-Si-O complex oxide and the internal oxide presents an inhomogeneous structure; for the medium fuel

Chen, Kefan, Aslam, Imran, Li, Bin, Goodwin, Frank E., Horstemeyer, Mark

Control Strategies for Prevention of PEMFC Oxygen Starvation: A Review

2021-01-074304/06/2021

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) which has advantages of starting fast, high energy density, high efficiency, lower operating temperature and little pollution is widely regarded as one of the most promising energy sources. The PEMFC system includes several subsystems such as air supply subsystem, hydrogen supply subsystem, thermal management subsystem, water management subsystem, energy management subsystem and so on. The Air supply subsystem has great influence on the performance and life of PEMFC stack. Whether oxygen supply in air supply subsystem is sufficient or not will affects reaction rate of fuel, the operating temperature and degradation of PEMFC stack and so on. To solve the issue of oxygen starvation in PEMFC stack, the control strategies for improving dynamic response and preventing air shortage of the PEMFC air supply subsystem are reviewed. In this paper, the traditional proportional integral differential control, model predictive control, self-adaptive control

Gong, Dapeng, Xu, Sichuan, Zhang, Baitao

Numerical Study on Flammability Limit and Performance of Compression-Ignition Argon Power Cycle Engine with Fuel of Hydrogen

2021-01-0391

04/06/2021

The argon power cycle engine, which uses hydrogen as fuel, oxygen as oxidant, and argon other than nitrogen as the working fluid, is considered as a novel concept of zero-emission and high-efficiency system. Due to the extremely high in-cylinder temperature caused by the lower specific heat capacity of argon, the compression ratio of spark-ignition argon power cycle engine is limited by preignition or super-knock. Compression-ignition with direct-injection is one of the potential methods to overcome this challenge. Therefore, a detailed flammability limit of H2 under Ar-O2 atmosphere is essential for better understanding of stable autoignition in compression-ignition argon power cycle engines. In this study, with the HCCI code of CHEMKIN, the influence of argon dilution ratio, compression ratio, excess oxygen ratio, and engine speed on engine performance indicators including indicated thermal efficiency, CA10 (crank angle at 10% of total heat release), CA50, CA90-10, and in-cylinder

Xie, Kaien, Deng, Jun, Jin, Shaoye, Li, Liguang

Investigating the Effect of Water and Oxygen Distributions on Consistency of Current Density Using a Quasi-Three-Dimensional Model of a PEM Fuel Cell

2021-01-0737

04/06/2021

Activation loss, mass transfer loss and ohmic loss are the three main voltage losses of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. While the former two types are relevant to concentration of oxygen in catalyst layer and the later one is associated with the water content in membrane. Distributions of water content and oxygen in a single cell are inconsistent which cause that current densities in each segment of the single cell are different. For the dry inlet gas, the water in the segments near the gas inlet channel will be carried to the segments near the gas outlet channel, which causes high ohmic loss of the segments near the gas inlet channel. In this work, a transfer non-isothermal quasi-three-dimensional model is developed to investigate inconsistency of current densities. Comprehensive physical and chemical phenomena inside the cell are included, especially the mass transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, vapor and liquid water in gas channels, gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer and

Wang, Xuhui, Lu, Yikang, Zhang, Baitao, Xu, Sichuan

Generating Renewable Hydrogen Fuel from the Sea

TBMG-38358

01/01/2021

Researchers have integrated water purification technology into a new proof-of-concept design for a sea water electrolyzer that uses an electric current to split apart the hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules. This new method for “sea water splitting” could make it easier to turn wind and solar energy into a storable and portable fuel.

New Method Makes Computer Memory from Titanium Oxide

TBMG-3834001/01/2021

A team has developed a method to imbue computer chips that power machine-learning applications with more processing power by using a common material found in house paint in an analog memory device that enables highly energy-efficient machine inference operations. The material, titanium oxide, is a commonly made material used in house paint. It is an oxide, which means it already contains oxygen. Subtracting some of the oxygen creates oxygen vacancies that make the material electrically conductive. Those oxygen vacancies can now store electrical data, giving almost any device more computing power.

Oxygen Sensor Technologies

AIR5933 (Current)

12/18/2020

AIR5933 provides an overview of contemporary technologies (i.e., sensors) that measure the proportion of oxygen in a gas. The use of these sensors in the aerospace environment, with its special constraints, is discussed and papers/reports with detailed information are summarized and referenced. The sensors are divided into expendable and non-expendable sensors. Expendable sensors are based on electrochemical properties, whereas non-expendable sensors rely on paramagnetic, photo-acoustic, electromagnetic, and laser spectroscopy properties.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Precipitation Hardenable Steel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Powder for Additive Manufacturing, 15.0Cr - 4.5Ni - 3.5Cu - 0.30Nb

AMS7021 (Current)

11/19/2020

The intended upper bound of this specification is that the particle size distribution (PSD) of powders supplied shall be <60 mesh (250 µm) and that no powder (0.0 wt%) greater than 40 mesh (425 µm) is allowed.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

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