Browse Topic: Metals

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Design and Simulation Analysis of an Integrated Honeycomb-filled Front Bumper for a Special Vehicle2026-01-0475To be published on 04/07/2026
In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front impact beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front impact beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure is carried out and
王, Xufan, Yuan, Liu-Kai, Zhang, Tangyun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Liangmo
Advancing Sustainable Electric Vehicles: A Simulation-Driven Study on Rare Earth-Free Motors and Battery Technologies2026-01-0242To be published on 04/07/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the growing dependence on rare earth materials in their motors and batteries has raised concerns about supply risks, environmental impact, and rising costs. Finding alternatives to these materials is essential to making EVs more sustainable and affordable for everyone. This study aims to explore new motor designs and battery chemistries that reduce or eliminate the use of rare earth elements. We will focus on promising options like induction and wound rotor motors, as well as ferrite and iron-nitride magnets that can replace traditional rare earth magnets in EVs. On the battery side, we will look at lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries, which offer a safer and more cost-effective alternative while maintaining good performance. A big part of this work involves using advanced simulations to predict how these new materials and designs will perform. This lets us optimize the components before building physical prototypes
Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant
Optimizing joint efficiency in stainless steel-aluminum alloy FSW joints through advanced parameter control2026-01-0228To be published on 04/07/2026
The present work investigates the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar materials, specifically stainless steel 304 and aluminum alloy AA2024-T3, to analyze their tensile strength behavior. The significant challenges inherent in joining these materials, stemming from their vastly divergent thermal and mechanical properties, are addressed through a structured experimental and statistical methodology. The L18 Taguchi mixed orthogonal array was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of three critical process parameters: tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool pin offset. Eighteen experimental trials were conducted using a butt joint configuration. The analysis identified tool rotational speed as the most influential parameter affecting the joint integrity. A combination of 450 rpm rotational speed, 20 mm/min welding speed, and a 1.5 mm pin offset toward the aluminum side yielded the optimum results, achieving a peak ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 344.7 MPa and a
Mir, Fayaz Ahmad, Khan, Noor Zaman, Pali, Harveer Singh
Efficient casting system design through simulation for AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy2026-01-0176To be published on 04/07/2026
This study depicts the design, simulation, and fabrication of an equiatomic Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni high entropy alloy (HEA) through casting using Siemens NX CAD and ADSTEFAN simulation software. The part and gating system, including the sprue, runner, pouring cup, and riser, were modeled to generate the STL file and optimization was done through iterative simulation. Fluid flow and solidification analyses were performed to simulate the filling temperature, cold shut, and soundness of the casting. The optimized gating design is expected to provide uniformity in the temperature distribution, avoid defects during solidification and to eliminate shrinkage cavities in the cast alloy. HEA was fabricated by utilizing the validated gating system using vacuum induction melting of high-purity elemental granules. Further microstructural investigation using methods like SEM and EDS showed a uniformity of Al, Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni in near-equiatomic proportions. The optimization of riser-fed design
Vashistha, Saurabh, Rawat PhD, Pankaj, singh PhD, Shailesh, Pathak, Sunil
Impact of C-rates on Electrical Behavior of Li-ion Batteries under Coupled Temperature-load Conditions2026-01-0383To be published on 04/07/2026
The utilization of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles becomes increasingly common. Battery performance degradation is influenced by both temperature and boundary constraints. Monitoring the usable cell capacity (UCC) under real-world operating conditions is essential for ensuring accurate state-of-health estimation. Capacity tests in laboratory settings are typically conducted at low C-rates to approximate equilibrium conditions, whereas in real vehicle applications, charging currents are often much higher. This discrepancy in charge/discharge rates frequently results in deviations between laboratory characterization and on-board BMS capacity estimation. To investigate the impact of C-rates under coupled temperature-load conditions, we conducted long-term cycling tests on LFP/graphite pouch cells at 25 °C and 45 °C under different constrained conditions. The UCC was evaluated at different test rates (1/20C, 1/3C, and 1C) as an indicator of aging. The results show that
ZHANG, Shan, Niu, Zhice, Xia, Yong
Investigation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in the Dissimilar Joining of WE43 to AA7075 Alloy using FSW2026-01-0229To be published on 04/07/2026
This research investigates the alterations in microstructure, microhardness, and joint strength resulting from the dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of WE43 magnesium alloy to AA7075 aluminium alloy. The study specifically analyses the role of FSW process parameters in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), the evolution of grain structure, the resultant microhardness distribution across the weld zone, and the joint tensile strength. A comprehensive microstructural characterization was performed utilizing optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirmed significant refinement of grain in the stir zone and the identification of various IMCs at the weld interface. Microhardness mapping indicated a gradient profile, with the weld nugget exhibiting superior hardness attributed to its dynamically
Ahmad, Tariq, Khan, Noor Zaman, Ahmad, Babar, Siddiquee, Arshad Noor
High Strain-Rate Behaviors of Fiber Reinforced Composites in Principal and Off-Axis Directions2026-01-0175To be published on 04/07/2026
Materials can exhibit significantly different mechanical behaviors compared to quasi-static conditions at high strain rates (> 100 s-1). High strain rate tests using setups such as SHPB (Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar) can provide, in a practicable manner, the stress-strain relations for a material at high strain rates. Such properties are vitally needed for activities such as simulation-driven impact safety design of composite structures deployed in the form of automotive body parts and assembly, and other sub-systems. Although the behaviors of isotropic and ductile materials such as various metallic alloys appear to have been extensively studied and reported in literature, dependence of mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites especially in different off-axis directions are extremely difficult to come across. To fill up this void, a detailed experimental study has been carried out on high strain rate mechanical characterization of orthotropic glass, carbon and a natural
Bawa, Prashant, Deb, Anindya, Zhu, Feng
Investigation into Dynamic Behavior of Jute-Glass-Aluminium Hybrid Polymer Composites for Automotive Applications2026-01-0245To be published on 04/07/2026
The research work in this paper investigates the development and dynamic characterization of lightweight hybrid polymer composites tailored for automotive applications. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites, owing to their high specific strength and stiffness, have emerged as promising candidates to replace conventional materials. Expanding on the current trend of hybridization that blends natural and synthetic fibers to optimize mechanical strength and vibration-damping behavior, this study incorporates aluminum perforated sheets (Al) as additional reinforcement to increase stiffness without significantly increasing weight. Jute (J) fibers, known for their inherent damping capability, were combined with glass fibers (G) and Al sheets. Six symmetric hybrid laminates G/J/Al/J/G, J/G/Al/G/J, J/J/Al/J/J, G/G/G/Al/G/G/G, and J/J/J/J/J were fabricated using hand lay-up followed by compression molding. The modal frequencies and damping properties were obtained through experimental testing
Salve, Aniket, Mache, Ashok, Nalawade, Dattatraya, Joshi, Shardul
Multi-material topology optimization using difference-based equivalent static load method2026-01-0173To be published on 04/07/2026
Topology optimization (TO) has become a powerful tool for generating lightweight structural designs. TO has been widely applied to linear static problems, where analytical sensitivities are easy to obtain. However, crashworthiness design requires nonlinear dynamic analysis, for which analytical sensitivities are generally not available. To extend TO into crash problems, approximation methods such as the Equivalent Static Load (ESL) method have been developed. ESL replaces the nonlinear problem with a series of linear static subproblems, ensuring that the displacement fields match at certain time steps. These subproblems can then be efficiently solved using standard TO techniques. A key limitation of ESL is that it relies on the initial mesh for all subproblems, which reduces accuracy for highly nonlinear crash responses. To address this, Triller proposed the difference-based ESL (DiESL) method, which updates the mesh in each subproblem to the deformed configuration, therefore improving
Huang, Yuhao, Kim, Il Yong
A study on Crack propagation characteristics of interlaced holes for key automotive components.2026-01-0186To be published on 04/07/2026
Aiming at the engineering problem that the stress interference of interlaced holes dominates crack propagation and directly affects driving safety in the hole group structure of key components such as chassis and body frame in the automotive field, in order to accurately reveal the quantitative influence of key parameters of interlaced hole placement (crack deflection Angle, longitudinal hole spacing) on the crack evolution of automotive hole group components, This study adopts the approach of numerical simulation combined with variable control to conduct systematic analysis. Taking an aluminum alloy thin plate with two relatively initial cracks (a commonly used structural material for automobiles) as the research object, multiple sets of typical interlocking hole structure variable models of automotive components covering different crack deflection angles and longitudinal hole spacings were constructed in the ABAQUS software. The J-integral was calculated by the circumscribed line
Chen, Yechao, Zhan, Zhenfei, Tang, Weiqin, Yang, Yutong, Gan, Yuan, Yan, Kaibo, HUANG, Shiyao
A Study on Fatigue Life Prediction Method for Point-Based Joints Considering Multiple Fracture Modes – FDS, Blind Rivet, and Blind Nut Focus2026-01-0180To be published on 04/07/2026
The application of light weight alloys for vehicle bodies such as aluminum alloys and composite materials are rapidly advancing to support the construction of multi-material vehicle bodies. These materials play a crucial role in reducing overall vehicle weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, and complying with increasingly strict environmental regulations. As the automotive industry continues to evolve toward electrification and sustainability, the integration of lightweight and high-performance materials has become a key design strategy. However, the use of multiple materials introduces new challenges in manufacturing, particularly in joining technologies. Since different materials have varying mechanical properties, thermal behaviors, and surface characteristics, selecting appropriate joining methods is essential to ensure structural integrity and durability. Depending on the material types, thicknesses, production processes, and cost constraints, various joining techniques—such as
Takuno, Sougo, Isono, Toshiyuki, Urakawa, Kazushi, Goto, Suguru, Kawamura, Hiroaki, Niisato, Eita, Ishigami, Yuta
Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of High Pressure Die Cast AE44 Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures2026-01-0234To be published on 04/07/2026
Tensile and cyclic behavior of high pressure die cast AE44 magnesium alloy have been studied at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 350°C. Anelastic behavior has been found in both tensile and cyclic deformation at the temperature below 150°C. With increasing temperature, the anelasticity disappears, and tensile and cyclic behaviors become similar to other engineering materials, such as steels and aluminum alloys, i.e. the total strain contains only elastic strain and plastic strain. A method to determine the yield strength at 0.2% plastic strain (σ0.2) is proposed. By using the proposed method, the yield strength σ0.2 is higher than that determined using the traditional method, which is more suitable to the materials that do not exhibit anelasticity. It is believed that the anelasticity is closely related to twinning in Mg alloy, which disappears at elevated temperatures.
Liu, Yi, Yang, Wenying, Coryell, Jason
Lightweight Bubble Sheet Panel To Reduce Inverter Noise and Vibration for Electric Vehicles2026-01-0442To be published on 04/07/2026
Inverters are typically integrated into electric drive units for electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce packaging size and cost. However, coupled vibrations from the electric motor and gears are transmitted to the inverter, which, due to its large radiative panel, becomes a dominant noise source. Metal panels are required for electromagnetic interference (EMI) compliance, yet these covers usually lack sufficient stiffness or damping for noise control. Adding ribs and applying damping treatments results in excessive mass, cost, and packaging challenges. A new, patented bubble sheet panel design has been developed to enhance the structural strength and damping of the inverter while significantly reducing its mass. A thin sheet of aluminum or magnesium is welded onto the cover in an optimized pattern that enhances stiffness and damping performance while accommodating packaging requirements. The welding pattern can include logos or artistic designs to improve the panel’s appearance. The metal
He, Song, Bobel, Andrew, Naismith, Gregory, Yi, Wenwen, Patruni, Pavan Kumar
Effective Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Glue-Laminated Motor Core with consideration of glue disposition and stacking factor.2026-01-0177To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a practical approach for predicting the mechanical properties of glue-laminated motor cores, with a particular focus on the influence of glue disposition patterns and coverage rate, to enable more accurate material modeling and reliable NVH and other general structural analysis. Since glue bonding and lamination stacking are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of motor stator cores, variations in glue implementation introduce significant changes in both in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness properties. To address this, a homogenization framework based on the unit-cell method, considering detailed glue application information, is employed. The laminated structure is idealized as an orthotropic material, and the variation of in-plane properties in different directions is considered. Unlike simplified coverage-rate models, the proposed method incorporates localized glue distribution patterns—such as teeth, core back iron, and edge-concentrated regions like
Nie, Zifeng
Predicting Tensile Properties of Cast Stainless Steels via Machine Learning2026-01-0237To be published on 04/07/2026
In the category of cast stainless steels, there are several variants per different level of addition of chromium (Cr), vanadium (V) along with some minor elements, such as molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W) to meet the requirement of corrosion and oxidation resistance. However, the influence of chemical composition variations on the mechanical properties of cast SS continues to lack a clear understanding. In the present study, via machine learning (ML), the effects of each element on the tensile properties of the cast stainless steel are studied. The ML model is then used to predict how variations in elements affect tensile behavior, with the predictions validated through physical testing.
Mishra, Neelam, Biswas, Surjayan, V S, Rajamanickam, Aluru, Phani, Liu, Yi, Akbari, Meysam, Coryell, Jason
A Data-Driven Model for Predicting Casting Solidification Time and Mold Thermal Stress2026-01-0233To be published on 04/07/2026
This study proposes a data-driven surrogate modeling framework for predicting solidification time and mold thermal stress during low-pressure die casting (LPDC) of aluminum alloy wheels. The methodology employed an optimal Latin hypercube design (OLHD) to sample key parameters including cooling channel geometry and process conditions. A sequential simulation methodology combining ProCAST and Abaqus was implemented to generate a comprehensive dataset of solidification times and thermal stress distributions. Based on this dataset, surrogate models were developed using Support Vector Regression, Kriging, and Polynomial Response Surface Methodology, with their hyperparameters automatically tuned through Bayesian Optimization (BO). The optimized models were rigorously evaluated using four statistical metrics: Coefficient of Determination (R²), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The evaluation results show that the BO-SVR model
fuhao, Fan, Zhan, yunlang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yang, Yutong, Xiao, yong, HUANG, SHIYAO
Wear and Friction of PTFE and PEEK Coated Cast Iron for Piston Ring Application2026-01-0240To be published on 04/07/2026
In engine 30% of the total energy is lost due to the friction between piston ring and cylinder liner due to their constant rubbing motion. A piston that reciprocates at high speeds has piston rings that constantly scrape against the wall leading to high frictional losses within the engine. The engine has to work against this resistance to provide the required power, and hence it will consume more fuel. For this reason, material used for these components is more crucial. Reduction of surface friction between moving parts in order to increase overall efficiency can be achieved by suitable coating. The most commonly used piston rings are coated with chromium layers that are electroplated which is being replaced by chrome plating. Low coefficient of friction (COF) and high wear resistance can be achieved by self-lubricating coating of PTFE and PEEK polymer-based composite coatings. Experimental results showed that the PEEK and PTFE coating performed better in terms of friction and wear
Rajendran, R., Tamilarasan, T R, J, Chandradass
Comparison of Formability Performance Between CR550LA and CR590DP2026-01-0178To be published on 04/07/2026
While rapid development of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for a safer and lighter vehicle has been a primary focus in the automotive industry, the application of traditional high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel continues to be actively supported and developed. AHSS are often used to replace HSLA steels for downgauging while maintaining similar or better performance in crashworthiness and durability. However, recent developments have enabled the availability of higher strength, cold-rolled HSLA steels that could offer opportunities for a more balanced solution between material cost and material performance. Certain higher strength HSLA steels not only offer a cost-effective way to increase the strength-to-weight ratio but also provide comparable formability and better weldability to AHSS. In this study, cold rolled HSLA grades of CR340LA, CR420LA, and CR550LA are evaluated in overall formability and in-use performance when compared to CR590 dual phase (DP) grade. The evaluations
Shih, Hua-Chu, Brown, Lindsay, Pednekar, Vasant, Shi, Ming, Tedesco, Sarah
Steel, Welding Wire, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620), Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS6375F (Current)3/4/2026
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire. Type 2 - copper coated wire was removed from this document (see 8.4).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Tubing, Seamless, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (4135), Aircraft-Quality, Normalized and Tempered or Stress RelievedAMS6365M (Current)3/4/2026
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of seamless tubing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Rings, Piston, Cast Iron As CastAMS7310M (Current)3/3/2026
This specification covers piston rings fabricated from cast iron.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Electrochemical–Thermal Coupled Modeling and Optimization of Fast Charging for Lithium-Ion Batteries2026-01-70112/27/2026
This study systematically investigates methods to enhance the fast-charging capability of lithium-ion batteries through advanced simulation. The electrochemical reaction mechanism, heat generation mechanism, and lithium plating mechanism are analyzed in detail, and an electrochemical–thermal coupled model incorporating a lithium plating sub-model is established. A hybrid parameter identification strategy, combining random search, grid search, and manual adjustment, is employed to calibrate the model across different operating conditions, thereby improving its accuracy in reproducing real battery behavior. Lithium plating is selected as the primary indicator to evaluate fast-charging performance. Based on simulation results, the effects of both operational parameters and structural parameters on lithium plating are thoroughly analyzed. The results indicate that lower charging rates, elevated charging temperatures, higher electrode porosity, and reduced tortuosity are favorable for
Zhao, Peiqiang, Zhan, Wenwei, Qi, Ji, Yi, Yong
Design and Performance Study of Highly Reliable Marine Battery Based on Solid Polymer Electrolyte2026-01-70352/27/2026
Currently, electric propulsion is playing an increasingly important role in marine propulsion systems.Lithium metal batteries are new-generation high-performance energy storage system with development prospect. Traditional flammable and volatile organic liquid electrolytes pose a risk of thermal runaway, while solid-state lithium metal batteries using solid electrolytes have significant advantages in energy density and safety, and are considered the most promising mobile power sources. Among numerous solid electrolyte systems, polymer solid electrolytes have excellent flexibility, good interface compatibility, and good processing characteristics, which have attracted the attention of researchers. Polyurethane (PU) is a common polymer with high mechanical strength and a flexible and adjustable molecular structure, making it one of the best choices for polymer electrolyte matrices. Based on the structural design of polyurethane polymers, this paper explores polycaprolactone type
Yuan, Meng, Tang, Qing, Yu, Gongye
Investigation of Failure Mechanisms in Lithium Metal Solid-State Batteries Based on In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy2026-01-70362/27/2026
With the growing global demand for sustainable energy and high-performance mobile devices, lithium metal solid-state batteries (LMBs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of energy storage due to their exceptional high energy density and significant safety advantages. However, the growth of lithium dendrites and their penetration through the solid electrolyte remain key issues leading to battery short-circuiting and failure. To date, there has been a lack of effective in situ research methods to reveal the failure mechanisms, which has severely restricted the commercialization of LMBs. This study innovatively employs in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate lithium plating behavior in symmetric cells during critical current density (CCD) tests under room temperature and elevated temperature conditions. By analyzing characteristic signals at 1 MHz, this study presents the in situ impedance changes at the grain boundaries and interfaces of the
Liu, Zexuan, Wu, Senming, Chen, Ying, Luan, Weiling, Chen, Haofeng
Modification of Composite Cathode for Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries2026-01-70372/27/2026
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) based on sulfide electrolytes hold great promise for next-generation energy storage, yet their performance is critically constrained by unstable cathode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, we report a dual-modification strategy utilizing ionic liquids (ILs) in combination with lithium salts to simultaneously improve interfacial wettability, ionic transport, and electrochemical stability in NCM811 composite cathodes. Three ILs (EMIMTFSI, Pyr₁₄FSI, and PP₁₃FSI) and three lithium salts (LiTFSI, LiDFOB, and LiBOB) were systematically evaluated and screened. While neat ILs improved initial capacities by reducing solid–solid contact resistance, they also triggered parasitic reactions with sulfides, resulting in capacity fading. Among the lithium salts, LiBOB was identified as the most chemically compatible additive, forming thin and uniform hybrid interphases enriched with B–O species. This interphase effectively suppressed high-voltage side reactions and reduced
Gu, Yu-Yang, Tian, Shi-Yu, Qi, Ji, Yang, Li-Peng, Zhan, Wen-Wei, Yang, Xiao-Guang, Yi, Yong
Failure Cause Analysis of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery on Fire in Communication Equipment Room2026-01-70222/27/2026
This paper carried out the fire failure analysis of valve-regulated lead-acid battery in communication equipment room. Through disassembly and observation of the battery and iron frame of battery cabinet in the area of fire origin, we obtained the key residual traces and used the physical and chemical analysis methods such as macroscopic/microscopic morphology, EDS, X-ray and metallographic, it was finally judged that the leakage of the battery electrolyte lead to the connection of the battery electrode plate and the iron frame and subsequently the electric heating fault caused the fire accident. Furthermore, we put forward some suggestions according to the existing problems, which may contribute to the prevention of similar failures.
Guo, Yuhang
Composite Current Collectors and Aramid Separator Enabled Safer High-Nickel Batteries2026-01-70322/27/2026
The requirement on high energy density Li-ion batteries demands high energy chemistry system, this rise concerns on batteries’ safety issue. Battery non-active components, including current collectors and separator play important role in improving battery safety. Composite current collectors, which are consisted of a polymer layer between two plated thin metal layers, are widely treated as a solution to reduce safety concerns caused by high nickel layered cathode materials, e.g. LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, LiNi1-x-yCoxAlyO2 and LiNi1-x-y-zCoxMnyAlzO2 with Ni content higher than 0.8. In the meantime, composite current collectors can reduce most weight of current collectors and improve the cell’s gravimetric energy density without replacing cathode or anode materials. Moreover, high thermal stable separator could effectively prevent internal short circuit for it melts in higher temperature. In this work, we came up with a cell design which contains composite current collectors as positive
Liu, Jingyuan, Lu, Yong, Liu, Haijing
Copper-Beryllium Alloy, Sheet and Strip, 98Cu - 1.9Be, Half Hard (TD02)AMS4532J (Current)2/25/2026
This specification covers one type of copper-beryllium alloy in the form of sheet and strip up to 0.188 inch (4.78 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Experimental Vibroacoustic Measurement of Thin Steel Panels Coated with Different Liquid-Applied Spray Damping Layer Thickness10-10-02-00172/23/2026
This study investigates the effect of liquid-applied spray damping (LASD) thickness on the vibration and sound radiation of thin steel panels. Although LASD is widely used to enhance structural damping, its influence on radiated sound and the role of coating thickness have not been systematically studied. Five steel panels with varying LASD thicknesses were evaluated using two experimental approaches. An impact-based method in a hemi-anechoic chamber measured the structural mobility and noise transfer functions, while a reciprocal method in a reverberation chamber under acoustic excitation measured the radiated sound power transfer function. A thickness ratio was found beyond which additional LASD thickness yielded diminishing improvements in noise and vibration reductions. The effect of LASD thickness on radiation efficiency was also assessed in both narrowband and one-third octave bands.
Neihguk, David, Suh, Sam, Herrin, David W.
Titanium Alloy Bars and Forging Stock, 6.0Al - 2.0Sn - 4.0Zr - 2.0Mo, Duplex AnnealedAMS6905D (Current)2/18/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides with a maximum cross-sectional area of 10 square inches (64.5 cm2) and forging stock of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Die Forgings, 3.5Cu -1.0Li - 0.04Mg - 0.35Mn - 0.45Ag - 0.12Zr (2050-T852), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Artificially AgedAMS4357A (Current)2/18/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings from over 2.000 to 10.000 inches (50.8 to 254 mm) in nominal thickness and forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T361) Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS4269C (Current)2/16/2026
AMS4269C has been declared “STABILIZED” by SAE AMS Committee D Nonferrous Alloys and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Blackening Solution for Steel Touch-Up MethodAMS2484D (Current)2/16/2026
This specification covers the requirements for an inorganic blackening solution for steel, applied at room temperature.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024 -T361 Sheet/Plate with 1½% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4194F (Current)2/13/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate, alclad both sides, supplied in the -T361 temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (Alclad 2024, -T361 Sheet and Plate) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked, and Naturally AgedAMS4466C (Current)2/13/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of alclad sheet and plate 0.020 to 0.500 inch (0.508 to 12.70 mm), inclusive, in thickness, supplied in the -T361 temper (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Evolution of a Novel Hybrid Stab-Link for a Born Electric Sports Utility Vehicle2026-28-00012/12/2026
The present study details the design evolution and failure analysis of a novel hybrid stabilizer bar link (stab link) developed for the front suspension of a born electric sports utility vehicle (SUV) platform characterized by higher gross vehicle weight (GVW), increased wheel travel, and constrained packaging space. To address these challenges, a unique hybrid stab link was designed featuring dual plastic housings at both the metal ball joint ends, connected by a steel tube, and achieving a 30% weight reduction while offering enhanced articulation angles for extremely lower turning circle diameter (TCD) of the vehicle, compared to the conventional stab link. The unique hybrid stab failed under complex loading conditions during accelerated durability testing (ADT), prompting a comprehensive investigation. The failure analysis included road load data acquisition across various stab bar diameter configurations evolved during suspension tuning, different stabilizer link designs evolved
Selvendiran, P, J, Ramkumar, Nayak, Bhargav, M, Sudhan, Patnala, Avinash
Effect of Sebastiana Rostrata Fiber Loading on the Tribological Behaviour of Polycaprolactone Biocomposite2026-28-00212/12/2026
This study investigates the tribological behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber (SRF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites using a pin-on-disc wear couple. The stationary SRF/PCL composite specimen interacted with a rotating EN31 steel disc (64 HRC), establishing the sliding wear interface in accordance with ASTM G99 standards. Composite laminates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% SRF were evaluated at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s over a fixed distance of 1000 m under varying normal loads. The incorporation of SRF significantly enhanced the wear performance relative to neat PCL, with 20 wt% fiber loading achieving the lowest coefficient of friction and specific wear rate due to improved load transfer, stronger interfacial adhesion, and a more uniform laminate structure. In contrast, the 30 wt% composite exhibited fiber agglomeration, reduced homogeneity, and weakened fiber–matrix interactions, resulting in increased wear. SEM microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of a
Raja, K., Senthil Kumar, M.S.
Modelling and Analysis of Complex Shaped Cracks2026-28-00482/12/2026
This study provides an extensive analysis through finite element analysis (FEA) on the effects of fatigue crack growth in three different materials: Structural steel, Titanium alloy (Ti Grade 2), and printed circuit board (PCB) laminates based on epoxy/aramid. A simulation of the materials was created using ANSYS Workbench with static and cyclic loading to examine how the materials were expected to fail. The method was based on LEFM and made use of the Maximum Circumferential Stress Criterion to predict where cracks would happen and how they would progress. Normalizing SIFs while a crack was under mixed loading conditions was achieved using the EDI method [84]. We used Paris Law to model fatigue crack growth using constants (C and m) for the materials from previous studies and/or tests. For example, in the case of titanium Grade 2, we found Paris Law constants with C values from 1.8 × 10-10 to 7.9 × 10-12 m/cycle and m values from 2.4 to 4.3, which illustrate differing effects of their
T, Lokesh, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu (15-5PH®), Consumable Electrode Remelted, Premium Aircraft Quality, Solution Heat Treated and Precipitation Hardened (H1025)AMS5862/H1025 (Current)2/11/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1025) condition, 4 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Copper-Beryllium Alloy Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 98Cu - 1.9Be, Solution Heat Treated (TB00)AMS4530K (Current)2/11/2026
This specification covers one type of copper-beryllium alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy Bars and Forging Stock, 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr, Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS6921D (Current)2/11/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, inclusive, and stock for forging of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Forged Rings, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T7351, 7075-T7352), Solution Heat Treated, Mechanically Stress Relieved, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4311G (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of rolled or forged rings up to 6 inches (152 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness at the time of heat treatment and having an OD to wall thickness ratio of 10 or greater (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy, Extrusions, 6.5Al - 0.95Zn (AZ61A-F), As ExtrudedAMS4350P (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Hand Forgings and Rolled Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-T652), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relief Compressed, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4248E (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness and a cross-sectional area not over 256 square inches (1652 cm2) and rolled rings up to 3.5 inches (89 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness and with an OD to wall thickness ratio of 10:1 or greater (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Plate, Magnesium Alloy, 3.0Al - 1.0Zn - 0.20Mn (AZ31B-H26), Cold Rolled and Partially AnnealedAMS4376J (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 2.000 inches (6.35 to 50.80 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aerospace & Defense Technology: February 202626AERP022/5/2026
Plasma Surface Activation for Stronger, More Durable CFRP Bonds in Aerospace Smarter Pyrovalve Alternatives for Modern Missile and Munition Launcher Applications Aerospace Aluminum Laser Welding: Advancing Material Performance for the Future of Flight Model-Based Design Is Shaping the Next Phase of eVTOL Systems Development How RF-over-Fiber is Providing the Backbone of Next Generation Mil/Aero Networks NASA Demonstrates a First-of-Its-Kind Space Communications A Rainfield Simulator for Hypersonic Testing The U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command Technical Center's Aerophysics Research Facility, (ARF), fired a successful hypersonic shot to test its new rainfield simulator. Next Generation Carbon Fiber Composites 3D Printer for Hypersonic Research Auburn University's Applied Research Institute in Huntsville is adding some serious fiber to its diet. The Critical Impact Of SAE Aerospace Standards: Certified AS1895/7 and /23 Metal Seals How engineers can ensure safety, reliability
Aerospace Aluminum Laser Welding: Advancing Material Performance for the Future of Flight26AERP02_032/1/2026
Between the 1920s and 1930s, aluminum started replacing wood as the primary material in aircraft construction and soon became the backbone of modern aviation. Its popularity stemmed from a combination of properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and ease of forming that made it ideal for demanding aerospace applications. Throughout much of the 20th century, high-strength aluminum alloys dominated aircraft design, accounting for 70-80 percent of commercial airframes and more than half of many military aircraft. Even after the introduction of fiber-polymer composites in the early 2000s, aluminum has remained a critical material because it continues to offer the strength, lightness, and versatility needed for modern aviation. Industry forecasts predict that commercial air travel will double in the next 25 years, which means more pollution will be released into the atmosphere. One way to help reduce these emissions is by building airplane fuselages and wings with
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire, 16.5Cr - 4.5Ni - 2.9Mo - 0.10N (AM350)AMS5774F (Current)2/1/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Quality Assurance Sampling and Testing, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel ForgingsAMS2372J (Current)2/1/2026
This specification covers quality assurance sampling and testing procedures used to determine conformance to applicable specification requirements of carbon and low-alloy steel forgings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, 16Cr - 2.5Ni (SAE 51431), Aircraft QualityAMS5628G (Current)1/31/2026
This specification covers a heat-treatable, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, and stock for forging or heading.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
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