Browse Topic: Metals

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Design and Simulation Analysis of an Integrated Honeycomb-filled Front Bumper for a Special Vehicle2026-01-0475To be published on 04/07/2026
In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front impact beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front impact beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure is carried out and
王, Xufan, Yuan, Liu-Kai, Zhang, Tangyun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Liangmo
Advancing Sustainable Electric Vehicles: A Simulation-Driven Study on Rare Earth-Free Motors and Battery Technologies2026-01-0242To be published on 04/07/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the growing dependence on rare earth materials in their motors and batteries has raised concerns about supply risks, environmental impact, and rising costs. Finding alternatives to these materials is essential to making EVs more sustainable and affordable for everyone. This study aims to explore new motor designs and battery chemistries that reduce or eliminate the use of rare earth elements. We will focus on promising options like induction and wound rotor motors, as well as ferrite and iron-nitride magnets that can replace traditional rare earth magnets in EVs. On the battery side, we will look at lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries, which offer a safer and more cost-effective alternative while maintaining good performance. A big part of this work involves using advanced simulations to predict how these new materials and designs will perform. This lets us optimize the components before building physical prototypes
Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant
Optimizing joint efficiency in stainless steel-aluminum alloy FSW joints through advanced parameter control2026-01-0228To be published on 04/07/2026
The present work investigates the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar materials, specifically stainless steel 304 and aluminum alloy AA2024-T3, to analyze their tensile strength behavior. The significant challenges inherent in joining these materials, stemming from their vastly divergent thermal and mechanical properties, are addressed through a structured experimental and statistical methodology. The L18 Taguchi mixed orthogonal array was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of three critical process parameters: tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool pin offset. Eighteen experimental trials were conducted using a butt joint configuration. The analysis identified tool rotational speed as the most influential parameter affecting the joint integrity. A combination of 450 rpm rotational speed, 20 mm/min welding speed, and a 1.5 mm pin offset toward the aluminum side yielded the optimum results, achieving a peak ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 344.7 MPa and a
Mir, Fayaz Ahmad, Khan, Noor Zaman, Pali, Harveer Singh
Impact of C-rates on Electrical Behavior of Li-ion Batteries under Coupled Temperature-load Conditions2026-01-0383To be published on 04/07/2026
The utilization of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles becomes increasingly common. Battery performance degradation is influenced by both temperature and boundary constraints. Monitoring the usable cell capacity (UCC) under real-world operating conditions is essential for ensuring accurate state-of-health estimation. Capacity tests in laboratory settings are typically conducted at low C-rates to approximate equilibrium conditions, whereas in real vehicle applications, charging currents are often much higher. This discrepancy in charge/discharge rates frequently results in deviations between laboratory characterization and on-board BMS capacity estimation. To investigate the impact of C-rates under coupled temperature-load conditions, we conducted long-term cycling tests on LFP/graphite pouch cells at 25 °C and 45 °C under different constrained conditions. The UCC was evaluated at different test rates (1/20C, 1/3C, and 1C) as an indicator of aging. The results show that
ZHANG, Shan, Niu, Zhice, Xia, Yong
Investigation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in the Dissimilar Joining of WE43 to AA7075 Alloy using FSW2026-01-0229To be published on 04/07/2026
This research investigates the alterations in microstructure, microhardness, and joint strength resulting from the dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of WE43 magnesium alloy to AA7075 aluminium alloy. The study specifically analyses the role of FSW process parameters in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), the evolution of grain structure, the resultant microhardness distribution across the weld zone, and the joint tensile strength. A comprehensive microstructural characterization was performed utilizing optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirmed significant refinement of grain in the stir zone and the identification of various IMCs at the weld interface. Microhardness mapping indicated a gradient profile, with the weld nugget exhibiting superior hardness attributed to its dynamically
Ahmad, Tariq, Khan, Noor Zaman, Ahmad, Babar, Siddiquee, Arshad Noor
High Strain-Rate Behaviors of Fiber Reinforced Composites in Principal and Off-Axis Directions2026-01-0175To be published on 04/07/2026
Materials can exhibit significantly different mechanical behaviors compared to quasi-static conditions at high strain rates (> 100 s-1). High strain rate tests using setups such as SHPB (Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar) can provide, in a practicable manner, the stress-strain relations for a material at high strain rates. Such properties are vitally needed for activities such as simulation-driven impact safety design of composite structures deployed in the form of automotive body parts and assembly, and other sub-systems. Although the behaviors of isotropic and ductile materials such as various metallic alloys appear to have been extensively studied and reported in literature, dependence of mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites especially in different off-axis directions are extremely difficult to come across. To fill up this void, a detailed experimental study has been carried out on high strain rate mechanical characterization of orthotropic glass, carbon and a natural
Bawa, Prashant, Deb, Anindya, Zhu, Feng
Multi-material topology optimization using difference-based equivalent static load method2026-01-0173To be published on 04/07/2026
Topology optimization (TO) has become a powerful tool for generating lightweight structural designs. TO has been widely applied to linear static problems, where analytical sensitivities are easy to obtain. However, crashworthiness design requires nonlinear dynamic analysis, for which analytical sensitivities are generally not available. To extend TO into crash problems, approximation methods such as the Equivalent Static Load (ESL) method have been developed. ESL replaces the nonlinear problem with a series of linear static subproblems, ensuring that the displacement fields match at certain time steps. These subproblems can then be efficiently solved using standard TO techniques. A key limitation of ESL is that it relies on the initial mesh for all subproblems, which reduces accuracy for highly nonlinear crash responses. To address this, Triller proposed the difference-based ESL (DiESL) method, which updates the mesh in each subproblem to the deformed configuration, therefore improving
Huang, Yuhao, Kim, Il Yong
A Study on Fatigue Life Prediction Method for Point-Based Joints Considering Multiple Fracture Modes – FDS, Blind Rivet, and Blind Nut Focus2026-01-0180To be published on 04/07/2026
The application of light weight alloys for vehicle bodies such as aluminum alloys and composite materials are rapidly advancing to support the construction of multi-material vehicle bodies. These materials play a crucial role in reducing overall vehicle weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, and complying with increasingly strict environmental regulations. As the automotive industry continues to evolve toward electrification and sustainability, the integration of lightweight and high-performance materials has become a key design strategy. However, the use of multiple materials introduces new challenges in manufacturing, particularly in joining technologies. Since different materials have varying mechanical properties, thermal behaviors, and surface characteristics, selecting appropriate joining methods is essential to ensure structural integrity and durability. Depending on the material types, thicknesses, production processes, and cost constraints, various joining techniques—such as
Takuno, Sougo, Isono, Toshiyuki, Urakawa, Kazushi, Goto, Suguru, Kawamura, Hiroaki, Niisato, Eita, Ishigami, Yuta
Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of High Pressure Die Cast AE44 Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures2026-01-0234To be published on 04/07/2026
Tensile and cyclic behavior of high pressure die cast AE44 magnesium alloy have been studied at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 350°C. Anelastic behavior has been found in both tensile and cyclic deformation at the temperature below 150°C. With increasing temperature, the anelasticity disappears, and tensile and cyclic behaviors become similar to other engineering materials, such as steels and aluminum alloys, i.e. the total strain contains only elastic strain and plastic strain. A method to determine the yield strength at 0.2% plastic strain (σ0.2) is proposed. By using the proposed method, the yield strength σ0.2 is higher than that determined using the traditional method, which is more suitable to the materials that do not exhibit anelasticity. It is believed that the anelasticity is closely related to twinning in Mg alloy, which disappears at elevated temperatures.
Liu, Yi, Yang, Wenying, Coryell, Jason
Lightweight Bubble Sheet Panel To Reduce Inverter Noise and Vibration for Electric Vehicles2026-01-0442To be published on 04/07/2026
Inverters are typically integrated into electric drive units for electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce packaging size and cost. However, coupled vibrations from the electric motor and gears are transmitted to the inverter, which, due to its large radiative panel, becomes a dominant noise source. Metal panels are required for electromagnetic interference (EMI) compliance, yet these covers usually lack sufficient stiffness or damping for noise control. Adding ribs and applying damping treatments results in excessive mass, cost, and packaging challenges. A new, patented bubble sheet panel design has been developed to enhance the structural strength and damping of the inverter while significantly reducing its mass. A thin sheet of aluminum or magnesium is welded onto the cover in an optimized pattern that enhances stiffness and damping performance while accommodating packaging requirements. The welding pattern can include logos or artistic designs to improve the panel’s appearance. The metal
He, Song, Bobel, Andrew, Naismith, Gregory, Yi, Wenwen, Patruni, Pavan Kumar
Effective Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Glue-Laminated Motor Core with consideration of glue disposition and stacking factor.2026-01-0177To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a practical approach for predicting the mechanical properties of glue-laminated motor cores, with a particular focus on the influence of glue disposition patterns and coverage rate, to enable more accurate material modeling and reliable NVH and other general structural analysis. Since glue bonding and lamination stacking are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of motor stator cores, variations in glue implementation introduce significant changes in both in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness properties. To address this, a homogenization framework based on the unit-cell method, considering detailed glue application information, is employed. The laminated structure is idealized as an orthotropic material, and the variation of in-plane properties in different directions is considered. Unlike simplified coverage-rate models, the proposed method incorporates localized glue distribution patterns—such as teeth, core back iron, and edge-concentrated regions like
Nie, Zifeng
Predicting Tensile Properties of Cast Stainless Steels via Machine Learning2026-01-0237To be published on 04/07/2026
In the category of cast stainless steels, there are several variants per different level of addition of chromium (Cr), vanadium (V) along with some minor elements, such as molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W) to meet the requirement of corrosion and oxidation resistance. However, the influence of chemical composition variations on the mechanical properties of cast SS continues to lack a clear understanding. In the present study, via machine learning (ML), the effects of each element on the tensile properties of the cast stainless steel are studied. The ML model is then used to predict how variations in elements affect tensile behavior, with the predictions validated through physical testing.
Mishra, Neelam, Biswas, Surjayan, V S, Rajamanickam, Aluru, Phani, Liu, Yi, Akbari, Meysam, Coryell, Jason
Comparison of Formability Performance Between CR550LA and CR590DP2026-01-0178To be published on 04/07/2026
While rapid development of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for a safer and lighter vehicle has been a primary focus in the automotive industry, the application of traditional high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel continues to be actively supported and developed. AHSS are often used to replace HSLA steels for downgauging while maintaining similar or better performance in crashworthiness and durability. However, recent developments have enabled the availability of higher strength, cold-rolled HSLA steels that could offer opportunities for a more balanced solution between material cost and material performance. Certain higher strength HSLA steels not only offer a cost-effective way to increase the strength-to-weight ratio but also provide comparable formability and better weldability to AHSS. In this study, cold rolled HSLA grades of CR340LA, CR420LA, and CR550LA are evaluated in overall formability and in-use performance when compared to CR590 dual phase (DP) grade. The evaluations
Shih, Hua-Chu, Brown, Lindsay, Pednekar, Vasant, Shi, Ming, Tedesco, Sarah
Steel Cleanliness, Premium Aircraft-Quality, Magnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS2300N (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers steel cleanliness requirements for premium aircraft-quality ferromagnetic steels, including hardenable, corrosion-resistant steels, by magnetic particle inspection methods. This specification contains sampling, sample preparation, inspection procedures, and cleanliness rating criteria (see 8.2).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, 4.6Cu - 0.35Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.22Ti (A206.0-T4), Solution Heat Treated and Naturally AgedAMS4236E (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, investment, permanent mold, and composite mold castings with nominal wall thicknesses of up to 1.0 inch (25.4 mm), inclusive (see 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 15Cr - 6.5Ni - 0.75Mo - 0.30Cb - 1.5Cu (Custom 450), Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5859G (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Welding Wire, 7.0Si - 0.52Mg (357)AMS4246G (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet, 3.5Cu - 1.1Li - 0.50Mg - 0.40Ag - 0.12Zr (2098-T8), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Artificially AgedAMS4457B (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.125 to 0.249 inch (3.18 to 6.32 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Cold-Finished, Bars, Rods, and Wire, and Flash-Welded Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061; -T6, -T651)AMS4117M (Current)3/25/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of rolled or cold-finished bars, rods, and wire and of flash-welded rings and stock for flash-welded rings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Rings, 6Al - 4V Extra Low Interstitial (ELI), Duplex Annealed, Fracture ToughnessAMS4931H (Current)3/19/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, forgings, flash-welded rings 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) and under in thickness, and stock for forging and stock for flash-welded rings of any size (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings, 6Al - 6V - 2Sn, Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4979L (Current)3/18/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash-welded rings 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Seamless Tubing, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb (Nb) 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe (Inconel® 718), Consumable Electrode Remelted or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 °F (968 °C) Solution Heat TreatedAMS5589H (Current)3/18/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of seamless tubing 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) and over in nominal OD with nominal wall thickness 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) and over.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, 4.6Cu - 0.35Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.22Ti (A206.0-T7), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4235D (Current)3/18/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, and composite mold castings with nominal wall thicknesses of up to 1.0 inch (25.4 mm), inclusive (see 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Castings, 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.50Mg (C355.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4215L (Current)3/18/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, composite mold, and investment castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Clad Two Sides Sheet, 1.25Mn - 0.12Cu (No. 12-O Brazing Sheet), AnnealedAMS4064H (Current)3/16/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of clad sheet 0.006 to 0.249 inch (0.015 to 6.32 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Rings and Stock for Forgings and Rings, 50Ni - 20Cr - 20Co - 5.8Mo - 2.2Ti - 0.45Al (Nimonic® Alloy 263), Consumable Electrode or Vacuum Induction Melted, 2100 °F (1149 °C) Solution Heat TreatedAMS5886E (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Minimizing Stress Corrosion Cracking in Wrought Forms of Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Steels and AlloysARP1110E (Current)3/13/2026
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to provide the aerospace industry with recommendations concerning the minimization of stress corrosion cracking in wrought heat-treatable carbon and low-alloy steels and in austenitic, precipitation hardenable, and martensitic corrosion-resistant steels and alloys. The detailed recommendations are based on laboratory and field experience and reflect those design practices and fabrication procedures which should avoid in-service stress corrosion cracking.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Magnesium Alloy, Plate, Extra Flat, 3.0Al - 1.0Zn - 0.20Mn (AZ31B-0), AnnealedAMS4382E (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 6.000 inches (6.35 to 152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, Nitriding, 1.4Cr - 1.2Mo - 0.3V (0.29 - 0.36C) (32CrMoNiV5), Aircraft-Quality for Bearing ApplicationsAMS6496C (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers a nitriding grade of aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock. AMS6497 and AMS6498 cover UNS K23280 having other quality levels.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Forging and Ring Stock, Mechanical Tubing, and Rings, 12.5Cr (SAE 410), Aircraft Quality, AnnealedAMS5613T (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel Cleanliness, Aircraft-Quality, Magnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS2301M (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers steel cleanliness requirements for aircraft-quality ferromagnetic steels, other than hardenable corrosion-resistant steels (refer to AMS2303), by magnetic particle inspection methods. This specification contains sampling, specimen preparation, inspection procedures, and cleanliness rating criteria (see 8.2).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Cleanliness, Special Aircraft-Quality, Magnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS2304D (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers steel cleanliness requirements for special aircraft-quality ferromagnetic steels, including hardenable corrosion-resistant steels, by magnetic particle inspection methods. This specification contains sampling, sample preparation, inspection procedures, and cleanliness rating criteria (see 8.2).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Quality Assurance Sampling and Testing, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Steel and Alloy ForgingsAMS2374G (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers quality assurance sampling and testing procedures used to determine conformance to applicable material specifications of corrosion- and heat-resistant steel and alloy forgings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Filler Metal, Aluminum Brazing, 12SiAMS4185G (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of wire, sheet, foil, pig, grains, shot, and chips (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Die and Hand Forgings, and Rolled Rings, 2.3Cu - 1.6Mg - 1.1Fe - 1.0Ni - 0.18Si - 0.07Ti (2618-T61), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4132J (Current)3/13/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings, hand forgings, and rolled rings 4 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal thickness and forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Welding Wire, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620), Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS6375F (Current)3/4/2026
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire. Type 2 - copper coated wire was removed from this document (see 8.4).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Rings, Piston, Cast Iron As CastAMS7310M (Current)3/3/2026
This specification covers piston rings fabricated from cast iron.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Beryllium Aluminum Alloy Investment Castings 64.9Be - 30Al - 3Ag - 1Co - 0.75Ge As CastAMS7918B (Current)3/3/2026
This specification covers a beryllium aluminum alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Steel Tubing, Seamless, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (4135), Aircraft-Quality, Normalized and Tempered or Stress RelievedAMS6365M (Current)3/3/2026
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of seamless tubing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Electrochemical–Thermal Coupled Modeling and Optimization of Fast Charging for Lithium-Ion Batteries2026-01-70112/27/2026
This study systematically investigates methods to enhance the fast-charging capability of lithium-ion batteries through advanced simulation. The electrochemical reaction mechanism, heat generation mechanism, and lithium plating mechanism are analyzed in detail, and an electrochemical–thermal coupled model incorporating a lithium plating sub-model is established. A hybrid parameter identification strategy, combining random search, grid search, and manual adjustment, is employed to calibrate the model across different operating conditions, thereby improving its accuracy in reproducing real battery behavior. Lithium plating is selected as the primary indicator to evaluate fast-charging performance. Based on simulation results, the effects of both operational parameters and structural parameters on lithium plating are thoroughly analyzed. The results indicate that lower charging rates, elevated charging temperatures, higher electrode porosity, and reduced tortuosity are favorable for
Zhao, Peiqiang, Zhan, Wenwei, Qi, Ji, Yi, Yong
Modification of Composite Cathode for Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries2026-01-70372/27/2026
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) based on sulfide electrolytes hold great promise for next-generation energy storage, yet their performance is critically constrained by unstable cathode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, we report a dual-modification strategy utilizing ionic liquids (ILs) in combination with lithium salts to simultaneously improve interfacial wettability, ionic transport, and electrochemical stability in NCM811 composite cathodes. Three ILs (EMIMTFSI, Pyr₁₄FSI, and PP₁₃FSI) and three lithium salts (LiTFSI, LiDFOB, and LiBOB) were systematically evaluated and screened. While neat ILs improved initial capacities by reducing solid–solid contact resistance, they also triggered parasitic reactions with sulfides, resulting in capacity fading. Among the lithium salts, LiBOB was identified as the most chemically compatible additive, forming thin and uniform hybrid interphases enriched with B–O species. This interphase effectively suppressed high-voltage side reactions and reduced
Gu, Yu-Yang, Tian, Shi-Yu, Qi, Ji, Yang, Li-Peng, Zhan, Wen-Wei, Yang, Xiao-Guang, Yi, Yong
Design and Performance Study of Highly Reliable Marine Battery Based on Solid Polymer Electrolyte2026-01-70352/27/2026
Currently, electric propulsion is playing an increasingly important role in marine propulsion systems.Lithium metal batteries are new-generation high-performance energy storage system with development prospect. Traditional flammable and volatile organic liquid electrolytes pose a risk of thermal runaway, while solid-state lithium metal batteries using solid electrolytes have significant advantages in energy density and safety, and are considered the most promising mobile power sources. Among numerous solid electrolyte systems, polymer solid electrolytes have excellent flexibility, good interface compatibility, and good processing characteristics, which have attracted the attention of researchers. Polyurethane (PU) is a common polymer with high mechanical strength and a flexible and adjustable molecular structure, making it one of the best choices for polymer electrolyte matrices. Based on the structural design of polyurethane polymers, this paper explores polycaprolactone type
Yuan, Meng, Tang, Qing, Yu, Gongye
Investigation of Failure Mechanisms in Lithium Metal Solid-State Batteries Based on In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy2026-01-70362/27/2026
With the growing global demand for sustainable energy and high-performance mobile devices, lithium metal solid-state batteries (LMBs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of energy storage due to their exceptional high energy density and significant safety advantages. However, the growth of lithium dendrites and their penetration through the solid electrolyte remain key issues leading to battery short-circuiting and failure. To date, there has been a lack of effective in situ research methods to reveal the failure mechanisms, which has severely restricted the commercialization of LMBs. This study innovatively employs in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate lithium plating behavior in symmetric cells during critical current density (CCD) tests under room temperature and elevated temperature conditions. By analyzing characteristic signals at 1 MHz, this study presents the in situ impedance changes at the grain boundaries and interfaces of the
Liu, Zexuan, Wu, Senming, Chen, Ying, Luan, Weiling, Chen, Haofeng
Composite Current Collectors and Aramid Separator Enabled Safer High-Nickel Batteries2026-01-70322/27/2026
The requirement on high energy density Li-ion batteries demands high energy chemistry system, this rise concerns on batteries’ safety issue. Battery non-active components, including current collectors and separator play important role in improving battery safety. Composite current collectors, which are consisted of a polymer layer between two plated thin metal layers, are widely treated as a solution to reduce safety concerns caused by high nickel layered cathode materials, e.g. LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, LiNi1-x-yCoxAlyO2 and LiNi1-x-y-zCoxMnyAlzO2 with Ni content higher than 0.8. In the meantime, composite current collectors can reduce most weight of current collectors and improve the cell’s gravimetric energy density without replacing cathode or anode materials. Moreover, high thermal stable separator could effectively prevent internal short circuit for it melts in higher temperature. In this work, we came up with a cell design which contains composite current collectors as positive
Liu, Jingyuan, Lu, Yong, Liu, Haijing
Failure Cause Analysis of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery on Fire in Communication Equipment Room2026-01-70222/27/2026
This paper carried out the fire failure analysis of valve-regulated lead-acid battery in communication equipment room. Through disassembly and observation of the battery and iron frame of battery cabinet in the area of fire origin, we obtained the key residual traces and used the physical and chemical analysis methods such as macroscopic/microscopic morphology, EDS, X-ray and metallographic, it was finally judged that the leakage of the battery electrolyte lead to the connection of the battery electrode plate and the iron frame and subsequently the electric heating fault caused the fire accident. Furthermore, we put forward some suggestions according to the existing problems, which may contribute to the prevention of similar failures.
Guo, Yuhang
Copper-Beryllium Alloy, Sheet and Strip, 98Cu - 1.9Be, Half Hard (TD02)AMS4532J (Current)2/25/2026
This specification covers one type of copper-beryllium alloy in the form of sheet and strip up to 0.188 inch (4.78 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Experimental Vibroacoustic Measurement of Thin Steel Panels Coated with Different Liquid-Applied Spray Damping Layer Thickness10-10-02-00172/23/2026
This study investigates the effect of liquid-applied spray damping (LASD) thickness on the vibration and sound radiation of thin steel panels. Although LASD is widely used to enhance structural damping, its influence on radiated sound and the role of coating thickness have not been systematically studied. Five steel panels with varying LASD thicknesses were evaluated using two experimental approaches. An impact-based method in a hemi-anechoic chamber measured the structural mobility and noise transfer functions, while a reciprocal method in a reverberation chamber under acoustic excitation measured the radiated sound power transfer function. A thickness ratio was found beyond which additional LASD thickness yielded diminishing improvements in noise and vibration reductions. The effect of LASD thickness on radiation efficiency was also assessed in both narrowband and one-third octave bands.
Neihguk, David, Suh, Sam, Herrin, David W.
Titanium Alloy Bars and Forging Stock, 6.0Al - 2.0Sn - 4.0Zr - 2.0Mo, Duplex AnnealedAMS6905D (Current)2/18/2026
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides with a maximum cross-sectional area of 10 square inches (64.5 cm2) and forging stock of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Die Forgings, 3.5Cu -1.0Li - 0.04Mg - 0.35Mn - 0.45Ag - 0.12Zr (2050-T852), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Artificially AgedAMS4357A (Current)2/18/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings from over 2.000 to 10.000 inches (50.8 to 254 mm) in nominal thickness and forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T361) Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS4269C (Current)2/16/2026
AMS4269C has been declared “STABILIZED” by SAE AMS Committee D Nonferrous Alloys and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
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