Browse Topic: Insulation
This specification covers polyvinyl chloride insulated single conductor electric wires made with tin-coated copper conductors or silver-coated copper alloy conductors. The polyvinyl chloride insulation of these wires may be used alone or in combination with other insulating or protective materials
Wire and cable products progress through a series of handling or operational steps from the time they leave the manufacturer, and until a finished harness or assembly is ready for installation on a vehicle. Throughout these many steps, environmental or processing conditions may be present which can generate damage detrimental to the wire or cable and/or its intended application
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the etching of fluoropolymer electrical wire insulations to ensure that all facets of the process from the chemistry to the processing, to the storage and handling are well defined
The purpose of air conditioning (AC) duct packing is multifaceted, serving to prevent condensation, eliminate rattle noise, and provide thermal insulation. A critical aspect of duct packing is its adhesive quality, which is essential for maintaining the longevity and effectiveness of the packing's functions. Indeed, the challenge of achieving adequate adhesivity on AC ducting parts is significant due to the harsh operating conditions to which these components are subjected. The high temperatures and presence of condensation within the AC system can severely compromise the adhesive's ability to maintain a strong bond. Moreover, the materials used for these parts, such as HDPE, often have low surface energy, which further hinders the formation of a durable adhesive bond. The failure of the adhesive under these conditions can lead to delamination of the duct packing, which can result in customer inconvenience due to rattling noises, potential electrical failures if condensed water
Focused on the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric, this paper proposes an online insulation testing method based on voltage injection under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. The effect of constant humidity and temperature on the insulation performance has been also studied. Firstly, the high-voltage insulation structure and principle of PMSM are analyzed, while an electrical insulation testing method considered constant humidity and temperature is proposed. Finally, a temperature and humidity experimental cycling test is carried out on a certain prototype PMSM, taking heat conduction and radiation models, water vapor, and partial discharge into account. The results show that the electrical insulation performance of the motor under constant humidity and temperature operation environment exhibits a decreasing trend. This study can provide theoretical and practical references for the reliable durability design of PMSM
Hood insulators are widely used in automotive industry to improve noise insulation, pedestrian impact protection and to provide aesthetic appeal. They are attached below the hood panel and are often complex in shape and size. Pedestrian head impacts are highly dynamic events with a compressive strain rate experienced by the insulator exceeding 300/s. The energy generated by the impact is partly absorbed by the hood insulators thus reducing the head injury to the pedestrian. During this process, the insulator experiences multi-axial stress states. The insulators are usually made of soft multi-layered materials, such as polyurethane or fiberglass, and have a thin scrim layer on either side. These materials are foamed to their nominal thickness and are compression molded to take the required shape of the hood. During this process they undergo thickness reduction, thereby increasing their density. Hence, the material properties vary greatly based on the thickness and strain rate
This research looks at the acoustic and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene (PP) composites supplemented with natural fibers to determine whether they are appropriate for automotive use. To generate composites that are hybrids, four diverse natural fibers, including Calotropis gigantea (CGF), jute, sisal, and kenaf, were mixed into PP matrices. The study examines how fiber type, frequency, and thickness affect sound absorption and mechanical strength. The results show that these natural fiber-reinforced composites have improved mechanical characteristics, with CGF (73.26 shore D value of Hardness), sisal (42.35 MPa tensile) and jute fibers showing particularly promising materials. Furthermore, the acoustic study emphasizes these materials’ frequency-dependent sound absorption properties, with particular efficacy in mid-frequency regions. Such organic reinforcement fiber materials’ acoustic performance is tested at 5 mm and 10 mm thicknesses. When a 5 mm thick sample is examined
This specification establishes the requirements for various types and colors of electrical insulating sleeving that will shrink to a predetermined size upon the application of heat. This specification includes provisions for demonstrating compliance with qualification requirements (see Section 4 and 7.3), in process inspection, and statistical process control inspections (see 4.4). The continuous operating temperature ranges for the sleeving classes covered by this specification are from -112 to +482 °F (-80 to +250 °C). The continuous operating temperature range for each sleeving class is given in the applicable detail specification
This SAE Standard presents a test procedure for determining the airborne sound insulation performance of materials and composite layers of materials commonly found in mobility, industrial, and commercial products under conditions of representative size and sound incidence so as to allow better correlation with in-use sound insulator performance. The frequency range of interest is typically 100 to 10000 Hz 1/3-octave band center frequencies. This test method is designed for testing flat samples with uniform cross section, although in some applications the methodology can be extended to evaluate formed parts, pass-throughs, or other assemblies to determine their acoustical properties. For non-flat parts or assemblies where transmitted sound varies strongly across the test sample surface, a more appropriate methodology would be ASTM E90 (with a reverberant receiving chamber) or ASTM E2249 (intensity method with an anechoic or hemi-anechoic receiving chamber
Partial discharge (PD) detection has been always a fundamental tool, potentially, for the design, quality control, commissioning, and reliability monitoring for the of insulation systems. The word “potentially” stems from the objective consideration of the intrinsic limitations suffered by the existing partial discharge, PD, measurement technologies, especially the need of experts to interpret results and the lack of clear correlation between PD-related quantities, and the condition-based maintenance approach. On the whole, a thorough revision of insulation systems design procedures and of the tools to evaluate aging and failure risk is needed, especially in components of electrical assets which are critical in terms of reliability, resilience, and safety. This paper focuses on critical asset components, such as ships, aircrafts, aerospace, and any type of vehicles, where the coming electrification is significantly increasing nominal voltage, power density and efficiency, and where
To establish design recommendations that will provide a basis for safe and reliable connections to threaded screw-type or stud-type electrical equipment terminations. These recommendations are directed primarily, but not solely, to the aerospace and ground support equipment industries. Since individual design criteria may alter the details as outlined, it is therefore important that this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) not be considered mandatory but be used only as a design guidance
This specification covers the requirements for flexible shielded electrical conduit for aircraft installations
Case hardening may be defined as a process for hardening a ferrous material in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, is substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. The process embraces carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, cyaniding, induction, and flame hardening. In every instance, chemical composition, mechanical properties, or both are affected by such practice. This testing procedure describes various methods for measuring the depth to which change has been made in either chemical composition or mechanical properties. Each procedure has its own area of application established through proved practice, and no single method is advocated for all purposes. Methods employed for determining the depth of case are either chemical, mechanical, or visual, and the specimens or parts may be subjected to the described test either in the soft or hardened condition. The measured case depth may then be reported as either effective or total case depth
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) considers the issue of proper design guidance for high voltage electrical systems used in aerospace applications. This document is focused on electrical discharge mechanisms including partial discharge and does not address personnel safety. Key areas of concern when using high voltage in aerospace applications are power conversion devices, electrical machines, connectors and cabling/wiring. The interaction between components and subsystems will be discussed. The AIR is intended for application to high voltage systems used in aerospace vehicles operating to a maximum altitude of 30000 m (approximately 100000 feet), and maximum operating voltages of below 1500 VRMS (AC)/1500 V peak (DC). These upper voltage limits have been incorporated because this report focuses on extending the operating voltage of non-propulsive electrical systems beyond that of existing aerospace systems. It is noted that electrical systems for electrical propulsion may
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the wiring and rectangularly shaped connector standards for all types of trailers whose gross weight does not exceed 4540 kg (10 000 lb). These trailers are grouped in SAE J684 with running light circuit loads not to exceed 7.5 A per circuit. This document provides circuits for lighting, electric brakes, trailer battery charging, and an auxiliary circuit color code and protection for the wiring from hazards or short circuits. Color code is compatible with SAE J560 and ISO 1724-1980(E
This specification covers a two-part epoxy resin system in the form of a bisphenol "A" epoxy resin filled with fumed silica and carbon microspheres and a separate curing agent
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