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Study on the Effects of Different Catalyst Loadings on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics with DOC Coupled SCR2026-01-0368To be published on 04/07/2026
DOC coupled with SCR is an important technical route for reducing gaseous pollutant emissions from diesel agricultural engines. Based on engine bench tests, this paper uses a diesel engine as a prototype to experimentally study the impact of different catalyst loadings on the emission characteristics of diesel engines when coupled with DOC and SCR. The results show that the higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the greater the exhaust back pressure loss, with the maximum pressure difference reaching 4.9 kPa. The temperature difference before and after the DOC has a smaller impact with varying catalyst loadings. The higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the stronger the catalytic activity for CO and THC. At medium and low loads, the impact of catalyst loading is more significant, while at high loads, it has a smaller impact. The higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the stronger the oxidation ability for NO. Under external characteristic conditions, due to the higher engine
zhang, Yunhua, Junzhe, Li, Lou, Diming, Fang, Liang
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo
Methodology for generating off-road tracks for powertrain simulation of off-road passenger vehicles2026-01-0275To be published on 04/07/2026
For off-road driving, particularly on steep grades and over barriers, the engine torque is a key design criterion of off-road vehicles. In conventional powertrains with combustion engines, mechanical all-wheel-drive systems combined with differential locks are used to distribute the torque demand between the front and the rear axle based on wheel-specific traction. With the growing market share of electric powertrains, off-road applications are becoming increasingly relevant for electric passenger cars. In comparison to conventional powertrains, electric all-wheel-drive configurations do not have a mechanical torque transfer between the two axles. If one axle experiences low traction, the second axle can rely on its own torque capability only. Transfer of unused torque of the slipping axle to the other one is not possible. The challenge, therefore, is to specify the right torque requirements for each axle for off-road driving while avoiding an over-dimensioning and high powertrain
Martin, Michael, Winkelheide, Jonas, Hartmann, Lukas, Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman
Development and Application of CAE Methods for Predicting Snow Accumulation on Floor Undercovers During Snowy Road Driving2026-01-0482To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is increasingly challenged to address environmental concerns, particularly the goal of achieving carbon neutrality (CN). Japan has committed to CN by 2050 and aims for 100% electric vehicle (EV) sales by 2035. A key factor influencing EV adoption is driving range, which is significantly affected by driving resistance—especially aerodynamic drag. Underbody covers (undercovers) are widely used to improve aerodynamic performance, but they are exposed to various environmental stresses, including water intrusion, stone chipping, and snow accumulation during winter driving. While previous studies have effectively simulated water and chipping stresses, research specifically targeting snow stress has been limited. This study proposes a novel simulation approach to evaluate snow stress on undercovers, focusing on slushy road conditions commonly found in Japan’s snowy regions. A particle-based method was employed to model the interaction between slush and underbody
Matsuura, Tadashi, Annen, Teruyuki, Harada, Takeyuki, Ueno, Shigeki, Asai, Mikio, Watanabe, Haruyuki
Multi-Body Dynamics Control Integration Tool Application in Hybrid Vehicle System Identification2026-01-0417To be published on 04/07/2026
The multi-body dynamics (MBD) model and the MATLAB Simulink model can be integrated to create a control-integration model. Using a high-fidelity MBD model to represent the vehicle as the plant, this integrated model can be used to analyze vehicle system physics and develop control strategies. For hybrid vehicles, this process is more complex because the powertrain and other vehicle systems are often built as separate MBD models. This paper describes a method for integrating a powertrain model developed in AMESIM, a vehicle model developed in SIMPACK, and a control model developed in MATLAB Simulink. The resulting integrated model was then used to perform frequency sweep analysis to identify driveline system properties. In particular, the driveline frequency and the amplitude of the transfer function between motor speed and motor torque are critical parameters. By applying active damping control to the driveline system, the peak amplitude and driveline vibrations can be reduced. The
Xing, Xing, Mathew, Vino
Life of a F1 Power Unit based on Piston Ring Pack Wear and Power Unit Allocation Strategy2026-01-0267To be published on 04/07/2026
The FIA Formula 1 2026 Sporting Regulations impose stricter requirements on Power Unit (PU) durability. From 2027, only three Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) will be allowed per car each season. Consequently, predicting the life of components and the expected performance degradation due to wear becomes crucial for teams to avoid grid penalties and maximize performance. This work aims to develop a wear-life model of the piston ring assembly for predicting performance degradation per race for a PU compliant with the FIA F1 2026 regulations. A representative ICE model, adhering to the FIA F1 2026 Technical Regulations, was developed in GT-Suite for estimating oil film thickness between piston rings and liner, and radial forces acting on the rings. A wear model was developed for predicting the mass of blow-by and resulting drop in cylinder pressure. Operating conditions of the engine obtained using telemetry were used to determine the actual number of engine cycles. This paper presents
Capai, Andrea, Samuel, Stephen
Optimization Strategies of Gliding Arc Plasma-Based Ammonia Cracker towards On-Board Applications2026-01-0292To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia has emerged as a viable hydrogen energy carrier owing to its superior hydrogen density, mature industrial utilization. However, ammonia faces critical challenges including inadequate ignition characteristics and sluggish combustion kinetics, necessitating supplementary high-reactivity fuels for optimizing combustion. Onboard ammonia cracking technology resolves this problem through on-demand hydrogen in-time production. Among existing decomposition methods, gliding arc plasma (GAP) demonstrates exceptional promise for on-board crackers given its decent hydrogen conversion rate and transient response capability. Prevailing research predominantly employs experimental methodologies wherein macroscopic parameters inadequately proxy microscopic electric field characteristics, thereby impeding mechanistic insight. This study establishes a quasi-1D numerical model to interrogate how electric field parameters modulate ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion yield and system energy efficiency in
Dong, Guangyu, LI, Xian, ZHOU, Yanxiong, XU, Jie, Li, Liguang
Optimizing joint efficiency in stainless steel-aluminum alloy FSW joints through advanced parameter control2026-01-0228To be published on 04/07/2026
The present work investigates the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar materials, specifically stainless steel 304 and aluminum alloy AA2024-T3, to analyze their tensile strength behavior. The significant challenges inherent in joining these materials, stemming from their vastly divergent thermal and mechanical properties, are addressed through a structured experimental and statistical methodology. The L18 Taguchi mixed orthogonal array was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of three critical process parameters: tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool pin offset. Eighteen experimental trials were conducted using a butt joint configuration. The analysis identified tool rotational speed as the most influential parameter affecting the joint integrity. A combination of 450 rpm rotational speed, 20 mm/min welding speed, and a 1.5 mm pin offset toward the aluminum side yielded the optimum results, achieving a peak ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 344.7 MPa and a
Mir, Fayaz Ahmad, Khan, Noor Zaman, Pali, Harveer Singh
A Helical Compression Spring Fracture under Impact Velocity in Pump Operation by Theoretical Study and FEA2026-01-0271To be published on 04/07/2026
Helical compression springs have been used widely in various industries from automotive, aerospace and heavy-duty industries to electronics and medical devices. In the automotive industry, they appear in many places such as suspension, valvetrain, etc., especially in the discharge check valve of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) pump, which is the subject of study due to a recent fracture in lab testing. A theoretical study is conducted first to establish equation governing spring dynamic motion under impact velocity, which can be in high magnitude with surging shock wave along spring axis. A new spring shock wave equation is developed for spring axial motion coupled with coil torsional effect. This newly derived shock wave equation has a broad term than the classic spring formula found in engineering book. In the paper, it proves that the classic spring shock wave equation is only a special case for the new general wave equation discovered. Also, a formula on spring shock wave
Pang, Michael L., GUNTURU, SRINU, Norkin, Eugene
Integrated Effects of Suspension Geometry and Tire Pattern Design on Vehicle Pull Reduction under Acceleration in High-Performance and Electric Vehicles2026-01-0593To be published on 04/07/2026
Torque steer is a phenomenon that is more prominently observed in high-performance vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs). This phenomenon occurs primarily due to asymmetric driveshaft angles, drivetrain structure, and suspension geometry. Additionally, tire characteristics, particularly lateral force (Tire Lateral Force), also play a significant role in affecting torque steer. Tire lateral force is strongly influenced by the contact patch dynamics and the geometric design of the tire tread pattern. This study focuses on analyzing the impact of tire tread pattern geometry on the relationship between torque steer and tire lateral force in such vehicles. Specifically, lateral force response variations (dfy/dfx) resulting from tread pattern block deformation were derived through finite element (FE) simulations. These simulations enabled the establishment of an analytical method for tread pattern evaluation and optimization. The developed characteristic parameter was validated by comparative
Yoon, Youngsam, Jang, Dongjin, Kim, Hyungjoo, Lee, Jaekil
Research on Vehicle Lateral Stability Under Flow Impact During Wading2026-01-0624To be published on 04/07/2026
The growing frequency of extreme rainfall events attributable to global climate change has heightened concerns regarding flood-related hazards to road traffic safety. Under wading conditions, vehicles become susceptible to lateral sliding, flotation, or rollover when exposed to lateral hydrodynamic impacts, jeopardizing both occupant safety and infrastructure integrity. Previous studies have primarily focused on longitudinal sliding instability—such as the critical flow velocity for vehicle motion initiation and buoyancy-related submersion depth—under forward or backward flow, employing theoretical analyses and flume experiments. However, research on the dynamic response of vehicles under lateral flow, the underlying mechanisms of lateral skidding, and multi-degree-of-freedom instability modes remains relatively limited. To address this gap, this study establishes a multi-body vehicle dynamics model for lateral flow conditions, incorporating lateral hydraulic forces and tire-road
Wei, Haoting, Tan, Gangfeng, Lang, Tao, Liu, chongjian, Tang, Jingning
A Study of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 126 and 136 Test Procedures on a Class 5 Vehicle2026-01-0616To be published on 04/07/2026
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 126 and 136 are standards imposed on four of the eight recognized road vehicle classes in The United States. These standards make it mandatory for Electronic Stability Control modules (ESC) to be mounted to Class 1,2,7, and 8 vehicles. These modules strategically activate the vehicle brakes via the Antilock Brake System (ABS) to limit the recorded yaw rate and lateral displacement of a vehicle during an extreme cornering maneuver such as a sudden swerve to avoid an obstacle on the road. The two aforementioned FMVSS mandates also specify three different driving maneuvers that are conducted to profile and analyze ESC module performance. There is now an interest in creating a new FMVSS that makes ESC modules mandatory for Class 5 vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how one specific Class 5 vehicle’s ESC module performed when subjected to the two test procedures that correspond to FMVSS 126 and 136. As will be seen, the vehicle’s
Cazares, Richard Isaac, Guenther, Dennis, Heydinger, Gary
Vehicle Test Platform with Experimentally Correlated Tire Model for Torque Vectoring Control2026-01-0622To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents a testing platform for torque vectoring controls utilizing a 10 degree of freedom (DOF) vehicle simulation and a ⅕ scale radio control test vehicle. These vehicle simulations or “Digital Twins” have been widely adopted throughout the automotive industry for their lower operating costs and ease of implementation. Virtual models are not perfect representations of reality, however, and physical testing is still necessary to validate systems for use in the real world. This is especially true when testing safety-critical features such as Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). As a result, a simulation environment working in conjunction with a test vehicle represents an optimal hybrid approach. In this work, a 1/5 scale radio controlled vehicle with torque vectoring capability is designed and assembled. A high fidelity vehicle model is then constructed in the Matlab/Simulink environment to model test vehicle behavior. The test vehicle features independent suspension for
Petersen, Nicholas Conner, Robinette, Darrell
Modular Smart Corner Systems for Next-Generation Electric Vehicle Architecture2026-01-0639To be published on 04/07/2026
The transition to software-defined vehicles (SDVs) necessitates a paradigm shift in both control strategies and vehicle architecture. The EU-funded SmartCorners project addresses this challenge by developing integrated smart corner systems (SCS) that combine in-wheel motor propulsion, brake-by-wire, active suspension, and steer-by-wire functionality in a single module. These SCS are embedded within a highly adaptable skateboard chassis architecture, enabling scalable deployment across diverse vehicle platforms. The central approach of this paper is the utilization of artificial intelligence and machine learning to implement multi-layer, data-driven control strategies, facilitating real-time actuation, fault mitigation, and a user-centric vehicle architecture. The SmartCorners project targets to demonstrate significant advancements, including improvement in real-world driving range, reduction of component and system costs, and development time drop of the EV systems enabled by digital
Ratz, Florian, Armengaud, Eric, Formento, Cecilia, Moscone, Giulia, Sorrentino, Gennaro, Bisciaio, Giorgio, Sorniotti, Aldo, Amati, Nicola, Braun, Daniel, Deibler, Bernd, Boxberger, Valerius, Sottile, Salvatore, Ivanov, Valentin, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Kompara, Tomaž
Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highways2026-01-0615To be published on 04/07/2026
This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study[1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the CD yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence frequency. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course[2]. The driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw frequency and CD yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw frequency varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weight the road environment type frequency when calculating the driving energy. The frequency was calculated using machine
Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt
Potential Regulatory Approaches For Occupant Safety In Automated / Autonomous Vehicles With Unique Seating Configurations – Part 1: Occupant Protection Proposals2026-01-0578To be published on 04/07/2026
Automated / Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are gradually becoming mainstream. However, some AVs have unique seating configurations (stagecoach and campfire seating) which present expanded occupant safety challenges. Significant portions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) do not yet align with AVs containing unique seating. This paper series takes the NHTSA occupant safety standard approach for conventional forward-facing seat vehicles where many compliance evaluations are in the frequently occupied front row and expands it to stagecoach and campfire AVs where the rear seating row is anticipated to be frequently occupied. The approaches proposed are from a logic-based safety-focused analysis and in many cases previously published material. The goal of this paper series is to offer regulatory proposals that enable equivalent performance for these AVs to existing forward-facing seating vehicle occupant safety standards
Thomas, Scott
Research on MPC-based Control of Electric Active Anti-roll Bar2026-01-0632To be published on 04/07/2026
To enhance vehicle lateral stability and anti-roll performance, a model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for an electrically driven active anti-roll bar. First, a vehicle roll dynamics model and an active anti-roll bar model based on motor drive are established. Then, model predictive controllers for the front and rear suspension anti-roll bars are designed to calculate the anti-roll moments for the front and rear suspensions. Finally, co-simulation using Carsim and Simulink is conducted to simulate typical vehicle driving scenarios. The simulation results of passive suspension, PID and MPC control are compared to validate the improvement in vehicle stability achieved by MPC control, and the sensitive parameters of the controller affecting anti-roll performance are analyzed. The research results show that, compared to passive suspension and traditional PID control, the maximum roll angle with model predictive control is reduced by 80% and 40%, respectively. The MPC controller
Shen, Leiming
Hybrid Prediction Model of Wheel-Traction Force on Soft Soil Based on High-Precision Contact Angle2026-01-0594To be published on 04/07/2026
Traction force plays a critical role in the design of off-road vehicles and the evaluation of terrain trafficability. The accuracy of the traditional Bekker-Wong semi-empirical formula for predicting wheel traction force depends on the precision of parameters such as the entry contact angle, departure contact angle, and maximum stress angle. However, the calculation of these angles is often influenced by multiple empirical factors, which significantly reduces the accuracy of traction force prediction.To improve prediction accuracy, this study proposes a hybrid traction force prediction method that integrates Abaqus simulation with a semi-empirical model. First, a wheel-soil interaction simulation model was established in Abaqus using the FEM-SPH coupling method. Then, computer vision-based image feature extraction techniques were applied to process the simulation result contours, obtaining accurate values for the entry contact angle, departure contact angle, and maximum stress angle
Cao, Ruibin, Wang, Kaidi, Shen, Yanhua, Liu, Zuyang
Use inertial sliding of reclined seat to enhance occupant retention under rear-end crash2026-01-0563To be published on 04/07/2026
Smart cabin of autonomous vehicle may lead more passengers to recline their seat for comfort. However, reclined seat is disadvantageous for holding occupant in seat when vehicle is subjected to rear-end crash. Under severe rear-end crash and large reclining angle, the backward inertia could completely throw occupant out of seat. Or, even if occupant body can be restrained well by seatbelt, the occupant head could slide out of the head restraint area. Any of these situations may potentially cause severe injuries. To address this safety concern, we developed a sliding seat system designed to enhance occupant retention. Activated by impact inertia from rear-end collision, the system allows the seat sliding backward along its track in a controlled manner, and the sliding stroke is accompanied by a restraint force and absorbs some amount of kinetic energy during the sliding. Meanwhile, the backward sliding of seat, together with backward sliding of occupant, makes the ride-down process more
Dai, Rui, Zhou, Qing, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan
Achieving 70% Urban Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Opposed-Piston Engine-Based Mild-Hybrid Powertrain Architecture for Light Commercial Vehicles (JLA-2/JLA-T)2026-01-0432To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes a novel powertrain architecture for the urban Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment, leveraging the compact JLA-2 opposed-piston (OP) engine paired with the reconfigurable JLA-T mild-hybrid architecture. Within SAE literature, OP engines are consistently associated with simplicity. As highlighted by Tom Ryan III (2008 SAE President) in the foreword of Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, this architecture is characterized by its manufacturing simplicity” and described as a “relatively simple, robust, and cost effective” power unit solution. The present work builds on this established view. The JLA-2 engine solves traditional packaging constraints by reducing the block width by 30% for horizontal installation and is volumetrically self-sufficient, eliminating external compressors. Although the gear train required for crank synchronization introduces design challenges, explicitly accounted for in our model, the elimination of the cylinder
Nigro, Norberto, Aguerre, Horacio, Carignano, Mauro Guido, Alonso, José Luis, Juni, Carlos A.
On-Engine Measurement of Automotive Turbocharger Turbine Blade Vibration2026-01-0201To be published on 04/07/2026
Automotive turbochargers are designed to avoid resonance of the turbine blades and backwall, which can result in High Cycle Fatigue failures. Blade Tip Timing is a method of turbomachinery testing which utilizes fiber optic probes to measure turbine blade displacements in real time on turbochargers spinning at upwards of 150,000 RPM. Historically, Blade Tip Timing measurements of automotive turbochargers have been made under steady-state conditions using a Hot Gas Stand. General Motors conducted testing of a turbocharger on a running engine to capture realistic exhaust pressure dynamics. A reference turbocharger was measured on an engine testbed running a production calibration; the same turbocharger was then tested on a Hot Gas Stand to observe how the blade behavior differed. Blade displacements were found to be lower on engine, because the dynamics of engine pulsation reduced the in-phase work available to drive the turbine blades, resulting in lower blade stresses and an
SCHWARZ, JORDAN, Goodheart, Rachel, Tappert, Peter, DePaoli, Dominic, Longacre, Christian
Simultaneously NOx and Fuel Reduction for Off-Road2026-01-0296To be published on 04/07/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a current production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating many fuel-efficient approaches such as higher compression and reduced parasitic loads. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR plus main SCR system, both with and without an electric heater upstream of the LO-SCR. These
McCarthy, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
Efficient casting system design through simulation for AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy2026-01-0176To be published on 04/07/2026
This study depicts the design, simulation, and fabrication of an equiatomic Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni high entropy alloy (HEA) through casting using Siemens NX CAD and ADSTEFAN simulation software. The part and gating system, including the sprue, runner, pouring cup, and riser, were modeled to generate the STL file and optimization was done through iterative simulation. Fluid flow and solidification analyses were performed to simulate the filling temperature, cold shut, and soundness of the casting. The optimized gating design is expected to provide uniformity in the temperature distribution, avoid defects during solidification and to eliminate shrinkage cavities in the cast alloy. HEA was fabricated by utilizing the validated gating system using vacuum induction melting of high-purity elemental granules. Further microstructural investigation using methods like SEM and EDS showed a uniformity of Al, Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni in near-equiatomic proportions. The optimization of riser-fed design
Vashistha, Saurabh, Rawat PhD, Pankaj, singh PhD, Shailesh, Pathak, Sunil
Rapid Prediction Method for Crankshaft dynamic balancing Based on SolidWorks2026-01-0494To be published on 04/07/2026
As the core component of high-speed power systems such as internal combustion engines and compressors, the crankshaft’s dynamic balancing performance is a key factor influencing overall machine vibration, noise and operation reliability of the whole machine. In response to the problem whereby the traditional dynamic balancing correction method relies on empirical formulas and repeated trial weights, resulting in a long design cycle, this paper proposes a rapid prediction and optimized design method for the dynamic balancing performance of crankshafts based on SolidWorks. The method first determines the center of mass and the moment of inertia of the crankshaft through mass properties analysis, and then uses the motion simulation module for dynamic simulation to accurately predict the imbalance force and moment. In order to overcome the common numerical convergence difficulties and oscillations in the result curves in simulation, this study introduces a series of optimization strategies
Yang, Minghao, Zheng, Yuqing, Ma, Honghui, Chen, Hao
Flame Velocity and Combustion Behaviour of Ammonia–Hydrogen Blends: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study2026-01-0320To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia is gaining importance as a viable energy vector for decarbonising the maritime sector. However, ammonia flame speed is much slower than that of traditional fuels, and this can result in incomplete burning, decreased engine efficiency, and increased undesirable emissions such as unburned ammonia (NH₃). While blending hydrogen with ammonia has been shown to mitigate some of ammonia's combustion drawbacks, the underlying mechanisms driving these improvements are still not fully understood. This study explores these processes to inform better optimisation. A 1.2 L optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber equipped with a wall-mounted surface spark plug was used to investigate the combustion characteristics and apparent flame velocity of ammonia-hydrogen blends. Chamber pressure and temperature were measured using high-frequency piezoresistive pressure transducers and K-type thermocouples. Flame propagation was captured at 9,000 frames per second using a Photron
Bodur, Tuna Murat, Bowling, William, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
A Control Method for Dual Motor Redundant Steer System based on Zeroing Neural Networks2026-01-0581To be published on 04/07/2026
In the process of driving a vehicle, the steering system directly determines the vehicle's travel path and direction, serving as the physical basis for precise control in autonomous driving. Whether it is lane keeping, turning, or obstacle avoidance, high responsiveness of the steering control is required to execute the commands of the decision-making system. This study focuses on the dual-motor steer-by-wire (SBW) system, addressing the tracking issues arising from factors such as dual-motor coupling. A control strategy for coordinated dual motor drive in an autonomous driving steering system based on dual-motor redundancy is proposed. A dynamic model of the steer-by-wire system is constructed, and the software algorithm employing a zeroing neural network for the dual-motor redundant steering is used to solve the synchronization issues of the dual-motor system, based on the concept of cross-coupled control. Finally, simulation analysis was performed on the MATLAB simulation platform
Yang, Lingang, xiong, min, Zeng, Dequan, Petitti, Antonio, Nawaz, Aamir, Linh, Nguyen Vu, Hu, Yiming, Yu, Yinquan, CARBONE, GIUSEPPE, GAO, LETIAN, Jiang, Xiaomeng
HaloBus: Edge Computing‑Enabled Real‑Time Boarding and Exit Detection for Enhanced Transportation Safety Using Lightweight AI2026-01-0555To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes HaloBus, an innovative, edge‑computing solution designed to mitigate this risk by detecting student boarding and exiting in real time using lightweight AI based methods. A persistent challenge in elementary school transportation is the issue of missing students after they exit their buses, which disproportionately impacts low-income households. Current safety systems are forced upon the individual households with their own methods. Common methods include applications on a personal device or a small tracker. However, not everyone can afford these options, and every parent deserves to feel like their child is safe. That is why HaloBus was invented. The system employs YOLOv5u—an Ultralytics‑enhanced, anchor‑free, split‑head architecture that offers a superior accuracy–speed tradeoff. By providing real-time, on-device alerts, HaloBus enables immediate intervention to prevent a student from being left behind, thereby shifting the focus from reactive post-incident
Getz, Grayson, Zadeh, Mehrdad, TAN, Teik-Khoon
A Study of Tire Grip Performance Evolution Under Dry, Wet and Snow Roads with Tire Wear2026-01-0589To be published on 04/07/2026
This study focuses on investigating how tire grip performance on dry, wet, and snowy road surfaces varies with the different level of tire wear. The new, 50% worn and the end-of-life tires are prepared following the worn tire preparation standards. Additionally, worn tires obtained by real driving conditions in the market are used. Tire grip performances on dry, wet and snowy roads are characterized respectively by using an indoor flat belt machine, an outdoor trailer, and a specially designed snow spin truck. The results demonstrate a grip performance evolution according to the tire wear. The different impact of worn tire preparation whether real driving or artificial is identified especially on snowy road surface. Furthermore, this study investigates the effects of tire reduced tread depth and tread surface roughness of worn tires on each type of road surface. The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of tire behavior throughout its lifecycle to enable more
Kim, Changsu, Saito, Yoshinori
Evaluating the Effects of Improper Positioning and Unbuckling of a Restraint System on a 10-year-old Child ATD in a Far Side Side-Impact Environment2026-01-0562To be published on 04/07/2026
Five sled tests were performed with a Hybrid III 10-year-old child ATD positioned in the 2nd row left seat of a three row 2006 Sport Utility Vehicle. The sled buck was positioned and accelerated on a Hyge Sled to replicate an intersection side impact collision to the passenger (right) side of the Sport Utility Vehicle. 3 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 17 mph, with one test performed with a properly restrained ATD and two tests performed with improper restraint positioning. 2 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 24 mph, and both tests included improper restraint positioning effectively identical to the two 17 mph delta-V tests. The first scenario of improper restraint positioning involved moving the torso belt from the left shoulder, over the head, and onto the right shoulder. The second scenario involved the same belt re-positioning as the first scenario, but additionally disengaged the latch plate from the buckle, essentially creating a condition of seat
Luepke, Peter, Hewett, Natalie, Betts, Kevin, Van Arsdell, William, Weber, Paul, Stankewich, Charles, Miller, Gregory, Watson, Richard, Sochor, Mark
Research on electro-hydraulic compound braking coordinated control strategy based on sliding mode control2026-01-0631To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydraulic braking torque and motor braking torque are the main sources of braking torque of new energy vehicles. Hydraulic braking converts vehicle kinetic energy into heat dissipation, and motor braking converts vehicle kinetic energy into electric energy to achieve energy recovery. In the process of vehicle braking, when the wheels tend to lock, it is easy to cause vehicle instability, which seriously threatens the safety of driving.Therefore, how to coordinated the braking torque of the two braking systems to ensure the vehicle braking safety and energy recovery efficiency is still an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, the electric vehicle equipped with electro-hydraulic compound braking system is taken as the research object, and the electro-hydraulic compound braking coordinated control strategy considering the general braking state and emergency braking state is proposed. Firstly, a 3-DOF vehicle longitudinal dynamic model is established according to the vehicle dynamic
Zhao, Gaoming, Zhao, Bingquan, Zhao, Binggen, He, Chengkun, Zhang, Xiaoyang
Path Following Strategy for Multi-Axle Vehicles via Nash Game-Based Coordinated Control of AFS and DYC2026-01-0629To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to their complex structure and large inertia, multi-axle hub electric drive vehicles often suffer from response delays and insufficient control sensitivity. To improve path tracking accuracy and handling stability under high-speed and low-adhesion conditions, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy that integrates a three-dimensional stability assessment with a Nash game-based approach for active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) systems. A path tracking control model tailored for multi-axle vehicles is developed, and a robust Tubular Model Predictive Control (Tube-MPC) method is employed to enhance trajectory tracking performance under model uncertainties and external disturbances. Within the prediction horizon of Tube-MPC, the system continuously evaluates whether the vehicle state remains within the stable region. If the state exceeds this region, a Nash game-based coordination mechanism is activated to formulate a multi-objective control game
Lv, Xin, Liu, Zuyang, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi
Study on performance parameters of retarder in mountain condition of hybrid electric vehicle2026-01-0617To be published on 04/07/2026
In mountain driving scenarios, the continuous braking demands of vehicles pose significant challenges to the performance and reliability of braking systems. Traditional fuel-powered vehicles primarily rely on friction brakes for deceleration, which face issues such as high thermal fade risks and severe brake wear. While pure electric vehicles can utilize motor energy recovery to provide braking force and recover energy, their braking capacity is limited by the maximum regenerative torque of the motor. Moreover, when the battery State of Charge (SOC) is high, the energy recovery function may be restricted or disabled to protect the battery, leading to a sharp reduction or complete loss of braking torque—a safety hazard. Range-extended hybrid vehicles combine the advantages of both engine and electric drive systems. During long downhill operations, their motors can also serve as priority decelerators for efficient energy recovery. However, similar to pure electric vehicles, their motor
duan, xianqi, Tan, Gangfeng, Li, LiuYuanHeng, Tian, Tian, Yang, Yong
Modular 3-D Lumped Parameter Thermal Network for Thermal Estimation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors in Electro-Mechanical Braking Systems2026-01-0136To be published on 04/07/2026
With the development of electric intelligent vehicles, drive-by-wire systems are gradually popularized, the thermal reliability of electro-mechanical brake (EMB) motors, as the key actuators of drive-by-wire systems, is closely related to vehicle safety. However, the blocked-rotation operating condition of EMB motors typically involves applying unequal DC currents to the three-phase windings to achieve braking. This results in uneven winding heating, and conventional thermal models may fail to accurately represent the heat transfer dynamics arising from such tangential thermal imbalance, creating risks of motor local overheating. This paper is focused on thermal performance analysis of EMB motors under blocked-run conditions. First, a single-tooth lumped-parameter thermal network module (tooth module) incorporating external interfaces was developed. This module was adapted using experimental and simulation data, with its internal thermal parameters identified via a particle swarm
duan, yanlong, Xiong, Lu, Wang, Xinjian, Zhuo, Guirong, Zeng, Jie
Computational Modeling and Optimization of Shape Memory Polymer-Based Energy Absorbers2026-01-0573To be published on 04/07/2026
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) provide tunable thermomechanical properties and enable the design of recoverable crash structures for automotive applications. This paper introduces a computational framework for the design and optimization of SMP-based crash absorbers with periodic auxetic microstructures. A finite element (FE) model is developed and validated against experimental data reported in the literature. The model is used to simulate crushing and recovery behavior under different temperature conditions. A parametric study is performed by varying key microstructural features, including wall thickness, cell size, and cell shape. Structural performance is evaluated in terms of specific energy absorption (SEA), peak force, and recoverability under axial crush loading. To efficiently explore the high-dimensional design space, surrogate models based on machine learning are constructed, and multi-objective optimization is carried out to identify Pareto-optimal designs that balance
Zhu, Yingbo, Zhu, Feng, Deb, Anindya
Swept Collector Design for the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio Wind Tunnel2026-01-0608To be published on 04/07/2026
Modern aeroacoustic wind tunnels are required to have flat axial static pressure distribution, very low background noise levels, and minimal low frequency pressure fluctuations. These characteristics enable accurate measurement of aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle as well as identification of noise sources. The collector of an open-jet or ¾ open jet wind tunnel plays a critical role in achieving these goals. Collector self-generated noise contributes to the overall background noise level in the test section, and this contribution has become more significant as other noise sources, such as the main fan, have been addressed through improvements to acoustic treatment. Ever-increasing attention to detail is required to manage noise signatures as the overall facility noise floor is lowered. Furthermore, aspects of collector design that may be beneficial to aerodynamics or pressure fluctuation tend to be some of the worst offenders for noise generation. A new collector configuration was
Best, Scott, Nagle, Paul
Elucidation of Flow Mechanisms Modulating Vehicle Wind Noise by using Large-Scale CFD Simulation2026-01-0614To be published on 04/07/2026
In vehicle development, noise reduction is critical for ensuring passenger comfort. As electric vehicles become prevalent and engine noise is minimized, wind noise becomes more noticeable. Modulated wind noise, which causes a sense of fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence, wind gusts, and preceding vehicle wakes, causes significant discomfort. This noise is characterized as a high-frequency sound above 1 kHz, modulated at low frequencies owing to the wind velocity and direction fluctuating at several Hz. However, the mechanisms behind wind noise modulation are not fully understood, and no established countermeasures have been developed. This is because wind noise perceived through the side window is primarily caused by the A-pillar vortex and door mirror wake, which coexist as complex turbulent flows around the vehicle. Therefore, identifying the source of modulated wind noise around vehicles under fluctuating wind conditions is difficult. This study aims to identify the source of
Tajima, Atsushi, Hirata, Takumi, Ikeda, Jun, Kamiwaki, Takahiro, Wakamatsu, Junichi, Tsubokura, Makoto
Real-Time End-to-end Stop Sign and Traffic Light Detection Development and Vehicle Testing2026-01-0014To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rise of end-to-end autonomous driving, visual perception for environmental understanding has become one of the hot topics in advanced driver assistance system development. Most existing end-to-end models only generate executable control command or a planned path, which makes the prediction process hard to interpret. In this research, an end-to-end method for stop-sign and traffic light detection along with depth estimation is built on top of the openpilot open source end-to-end model. Instead of running separate object detection models, we extend the existing openpilot backbone with two lightweight multi-task heads: traffic light detection and classification head and stop sign detection head with confidence and distance output. The modified architecture preserves openpilot’s function by reusing shared features and adding lightweighted residual blocks and feedforward layers. The new outputs are appended to the original openpilot model output, so it will not affect the model
Wang, Hanchen, Li, Taozhe, Hajnorouzali, Yasaman, Burch, Collin, li, Victoria, Tan, Lin, Arjmanzdadeh, Ziba, Xu, Bin
Transformer-Based Deep Learning Framework for Efficient Prediction of Automotive Wind Noise2026-01-0222To be published on 04/07/2026
Aerodynamic wind noise is a critical challenge in modern automotive development, particularly with the rise of vehicle electrification and intelligent mobility, where cabin acoustic comfort is a key quality metric. While reliable, traditional methods like wind tunnel experiment and CFD simulations are both costly and time-consuming. To address this, we propose a novel transformer-based framework for rapid and accurate wind noise prediction. Several model improvements, including the physical attention, geometry wave number embedding, hybrid FPS-random down sampling method and frequency separation output heads are properly employed to reduce the GPU mermory cost and improve the prediction accuracy. This framework is pre-trained on a large-scale transient flow field dataset of 1,000 diverse vehicles generated using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DES). From a vehicle's point-cloud coordinates, the model directly predicts the surface pressure spectrum on the driver-side window and the
TANG, Weishao, Liu, Mengxin, QIN, Ling, Duan, Menghua, wang, chengjun
Investigation of a System for Headlight Glare Control Based on Photometric Zones2026-01-0515To be published on 04/07/2026
Headlight glare remains a constant problem among the driving public. Following several decades of mostly incremental progression in headlight design, the past twenty years have witnessed rapid evolutions in technology and design that have made substantial differences in the appearance and performance of automotive headlights. Most obviously, there has been a transition from yellowish-white sealed beam and halogen lamps, to high-intensity discharge and more conclusively, light-emitting diode sources with a distinct, cool-white color appearance. This transition has increased perceptions of brightness, both of the forward road scene (potentially benefiting the headlight user) and of the headlights themselves (increasing visual discomfort for opposing drivers). The mix of vehicles has also increased in size, resulting in higher-mounted headlights and the potential for higher light levels at other drivers’ eyes. Variability in headlight vertical aim has possibly decreased in very recent
Bullough, John D.
Electrochemical-Thermal Simulation for Evaluating Indirect and Immersion Cooling in High-Power EV Charging2026-01-0403To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) fast-charging technology, battery thermal management faces increasingly critical challenges due to elevated heat generation and stringent safety requirements. Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution because of its superior heat dissipation and uniform temperature distribution compared to conventional indirect cooling methods. This study develops an electro-thermal coupled simulation framework for evaluating indirect and immersion cooling performance under high-power charging conditions. A pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical battery model of an electric vehicle was developed in GT-Suite and validated against vehicle on-board charging data. In parallel, an immersion cooling system model was developed and validated using battery bench test results. This model was subsequently integrated into the vehicle model to allow comparisons with a conventional indirect cooling system under high-power DC fast-charging scenario
Guo, Yuyang, Rockstroh, Toby, Haenel, Patrick, Oezdag, Erdal, Bodemann, Basil, Toghyani PhD, Somayeh
An Intelligent and Automated System for Vehicle Order Guide Generation to Mitigate Production Delays and Accelerate Market Introduction2026-01-0104To be published on 04/07/2026
In the global automotive industry, the timely and accurate generation of vehicle configuration documents is a critical prerequisite for seamless production scheduling and market launch. The "Order Guide," a comprehensive document that lists all possible components, features, and packages for a specific vehicle line, serves as the foundational blueprint for manufacturing requests. However, the traditional, manual creation of these guides—especially for diverse and highly customized export markets—presents a significant operational bottleneck. This manual process is not only time-intensive but also highly susceptible to human error, leading to inconsistencies that can cause severe production delays, substantial financial losses, and postponed vehicle launches. This paper presents the development and implementation of an innovative, intelligent system designed to fully automate the creation of vehicle Order Guides for Ford's operations in Mexico and all associated export markets. The
Hernandez Cervantes, Oscar, Landa, Ruth, Hernandez, Alejandro
Bridging Simulation and Reality: A New Validation Approach for SUV Tailgate Weather-Strip Sealing Performance2026-01-0200To be published on 04/07/2026
Weather-strip sealing performance is critical in modern SUVs for preventing the intrusion of noise, dust, and water, directly affecting cabin comfort and NVH quality. Traditionally, experimental validation of sealing efficiency has been conducted using flat or straight JIG setups, which do not accurately represent the complex contact conditions found in actual vehicle assemblies. Components such as tailgates, doors, hoods, roofs, and bumpers typically interface with the weather-strip through curved, angled, or non-uniform surfaces, resulting in a mismatch between lab-based results and real-world performance. This study addresses the limitations of conventional flat JIG testing by proposing a more vehicle-integrated validation methodology that mirrors actual contact geometries and sealing behavior. The objective is to reduce the disparity between laboratory results and in-vehicle sealing performance, enabling more reliable design decisions and early-stage NVH optimization. The approach
GANESAN, KARTHIKEYAN, Seok, Sang Ho
Analysis of failures due to Ant entry in Automotive Electronic Components and integration of learnings in design2026-01-0193To be published on 04/07/2026
Automotive electronic components are exposed to different environmental conditions and these conditions may impact on the functioning of the components, leading to failures in vehicles globally. These failures often create inconvenience for the customers across OEMs. Addressing the failures requires measures that incur extra costs. One of the environmental factors is insect entry inside the components. This Quality research paper aims to address the need of revision of design standards due to failures caused by Ant entry. The increase in integration of technology in vehicles has led to an increase in the use of electronic components such as switches, control modules, and controllers. Vehicles are often parked in open areas (under trees, open grounds, basements or construction sites), and are in close vicinity to Ant nests or feeding areas. Ants are drawn to the warmth and shelter provided by vehicle engine bays and wiring compartments. In some cases, especially in tropical regions
MARWAH, Ramnik, Garg, Vipin, Upadhyay, Siddharth, JOSHI, Rohit, Taneja, Bhavnesh, Bose, Sushant, Dasgupta, Saikat, Sharma, Pankaj
Kissing Bonds Inspection by Measuring and Comparing Natural Frequencies Using Digital Holography2026-01-0207To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurate detection and evaluation of kissing bonds in composite materials is essential to ensure the integrity of the structure, but traditional NDT methods are often ineffective when dealing with zero-volume defects or disbonds. In this study, a vibration analysis method based on digital holography was used to detect kissing bonds by comparing the vibration mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies of defective and intact samples. The mode shapes observed with the holography were highly consistent with the results of a linear finite element method simulation, validating the capability and accuracy of digital holography when measuring vibrational characteristics. In this study, three composite aluminum plate samples were prepared: a defect-free sample, a sample with a 30 mm-diameter kissing bond, and a sample with a 60 mm-diameter kissing bond, both located in the center of the respective plates. Controlled contamination of the bond area was used to induce kissing bond defects
Gao, Zhongfang, Fang, Siyuan, Gerini-Romagnoli, Marco, Yang, Lianxiang
The Stellantis North America Aero-Acoustic Wind Tunnel Upgrade2026-01-0609To be published on 04/07/2026
The Stellantis North America Aero-Acoustic Wind Tunnel (AAWT), which came into operation in June of 2002, has undergone the significant upgrade of installing a state-of-the-art moving ground plane system. A 5-belt Moving Ground Plane (MGP) has been installed. The center belt measures 8.5m long by 1.1m wide. The new balance is capable of testing all of the Stellantis North America’s vehicles, from small cars to large pickup trucks. Flow quality and other wind tunnel performance parameters were unchanged and remain at previously published specifications, which are on par with the latest industry standards. The new 5-belt rolling road system brings the AAWT to world class capability and it became operational in October 2024.
Lounsberry, Todd, Ladouceur, Brent, Fadler, Gregory
Research on Vehicle and Longitudinal Tire Model Parameters Identification Based on Electro-Mechanical Brake System2026-01-0634To be published on 04/07/2026
The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) system is a novel type of brake by wire systems with independently controllable characteristics. This system aids in the decoupling analysis of the vehicle and actuator dynamics, thereby improving the accuracy of parameter identification. Therefore, this paper proposes an innovative parameter identification method for vehicle parameters and longitudinal tire model parameters, based on the characteristics of the EMB system and onboard sensors. First, based on the wind resistance and rolling resistance coefficients obtained from the vehicle coasting conditions, a decoupled constant clamping force sequence braking condition for the front and rear axles is designed by integrating the characteristics of the EMB actuator and vehicle dynamics. This approach enables the identification of vehicle and nonlinear longitudinal tire model parameters, significantly improving the accuracy of parameter identification. Next, considering the nonlinear characteristics of
Huang, Jiayi, Cheng, Yulin, Zhuo, Guirong, Le, Qiao, Wei, Wei, Shu, Qiang
Optimization of Active–Passive Integrated Evaluation Weighting for Pedestrian Protection2026-01-0577To be published on 04/07/2026
Pedestrians, as the most vulnerable road users, largely determine the severity of traffic accidents through the extent of their injuries. Traditional vehicle safety evaluations have primarily emphasized passive safety. However, with the widespread implementation of active safety technologies such as Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), passive-only assessments no longer adequately reflect a vehicle’s true pedestrian protection performance.This study employed finite element models of a sedan and an SUV to analyze changes in pedestrian head and lower limb injury metrics before and after AEB intervention, thereby quantifying the associated injury-mitigation benefits. The results show that AEB reduced the maximum head injury value (HIC15) by about 50%, lowering the proportion of severe head injuries from 0.217 to 0.118. Conversely, braking-induced pitch effects increased the proportions of severe femur and tibia bending moment injuries to 0.235 and 0.294, respectively, making them higher
shi, Xinxin, YE, BIN, Liu, Yu, Zhan, Zhenfei, Sun, Bowen, Zhao, yuanyi, zhu, lei
Potential Regulatory Approaches For Occupant Safety In Automated / Autonomous Vehicles With Unique Seating Configurations – Part 2: Interior Safety Sensing and Messaging Proposals2026-01-0576To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper contains Part 2 of a three-part paper series proposing potential regulatory approaches for occupant safety in Automated / Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) with unique seating configurations (stagecoach and campfire seating). Part 2 focuses on interior safety sensing, associated messaging, and ride control approaches both prior to and during a ride. Assessments are also proposed after significant vehicle braking and crash events. The proposed conditions are to be assessed in a static vehicle environment with people segmented by occupant size and an infant dummy. On the vehicle seat and on the vehicle floor occupant detection conditions are proposed along with restraint usage detection conditions for vehicle seatbelt usage, Child Restraint Seat (CRS) usage, CRS seatbelt usage, and Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) system usage. These conditions may be detected by sensors / computer algorithms and human monitoring and thus are technology agnostic. The topics of animal
Thomas, Scott
A Cooperative AFS/DYC Control for FWDIEV Based on Dissipative Energy Method2026-01-0619To be published on 04/07/2026
To enhance the lateral stability of four-wheel-drive intelligent electric vehicles (FWDIEV) under extreme operating conditions, this paper proposes a cooperative control strategy integrating active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) based on dissipative energy method. A nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established to analyze the evolution of the vehicle state phase trajectory. A quantitative lateral stability index is constructed using dissipative energy to accurately evaluate the vehicle's lateral dynamics. Utilizing dissipative energy and its gradient information, a time-varying stability boundary is defined under dynamic constraints, and adaptive weighting coordination between the AFS and DYC systems is designed to achieve coordinated control of front steering angle and additional yaw moment. A feedforward–model predictive control (FF-MPC) framework is developed, in which a feedforward module generates compensation based on driver intent to
Zhao, Kun, Zhao, Zhiguo, Wang, Yutao, Xia, Xue, Chen, Xi, Hu, Yingjia
AI powered Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in safety critical industry2026-01-0106To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the first systematic examination of Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities for automating the development of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) utilizing architectural diagrams as input. Although prior research has examined LLMs for FMEA tasks, our methodology incorporates innovative aspects, such as the direct analysis of architectural diagrams for component extraction, prediction of failure modes, causes, estimation of risk and a human-in-the-loop (Hu-IL) validation framework. We examine the capability of general-purpose LLMs to accurately automate the creation of FMEA by formulating a methodology that extracts components and signals from architectural diagrams, conducts automated component classification, and produces a comprehensive FMEA form sheet encompassing Severity, Occurrence, and Detectability (S/O/D) scoring. Our methodology is grounded in structured prompt engineering theory, utilizing scope bounding techniques to reduce hallucination while
Diwakaruni, Sundara Sasi Koushik, KRISHNAMURTHY, Anunay
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