Browse Topic: Vehicles, Equipment, and Performance

Items (59,693)

Innovative High-Performance Active Dampers for Effective Mitigation of Helicopter Main Rotor Vibrations

2025-01-0163To be published on 04/25/2025

Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics

Bertolino, Antonio Carlo, Sorli, Massimo, Porro, Paolo Giovanni, Galli, Claudio

Empirical Inflow Ratio Adjustment for Hovering Open Rotors with Experimental Validation

2025-01-0162To be published on 04/25/2025

This study presents empirical modifications of Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) to improve rotor performance prediction for open rotors in hovering conditions. The empirical adjustments were made to the inflow ratio, factoring in the real rotor wake area and estimated induced power losses. A comparison between experimental data and two analytical models, one using an empirical inflow formula and the other a theoretical formula (classical BEMT), was conducted for two rotors. The empirical inflow model demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting thrust and torque. These modifications are applied to the inflow ratio by accounting for the actual rotor wake area and estimated induced power losses. The findings highlight the potential for more accurate performance prediction through the integration of empirical data into theoretical frameworks.

Dayhoum, Abdallah, Ramirez-Serrano, Alejandro, Martinuzzi, Robert

Designing and Controlling a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Propelling a Turboprop Aircraft

2025-01-0151To be published on 04/25/2025

In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfill the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system

De Donato, Angelo, Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Musto, Carmine

Assignment Criteria Proposal for Function Allocation to Security Domains of Aviation Systems

2025-01-0156To be published on 04/25/2025

Aircraft cabin management is characterized by operational and business processes. Both are defined as a logical sequence of activities that occur during the flight. While the operational process includes activities to ensure flight safety, such as take-off, cruise and landing, the business process activities are related to adding value to the customer, i.e. the passenger. They are to be certified by the authority as a part of the aircraft type certification. These processes are defined by the airline and are described as part of the airline’s business model. While the scope of operational processes for passenger safety within the aircraft cabin should remain as unchanged as possible, the increasing competitive pressure on airlines is leading to a constantly rising number of services in the cabin. To prevent compromising cabin safety from increased cabin crew workload during the cruise phase, there is a growing trend toward digitizing operational and business processes. The digitized

Hintze, Hartmut, Blecken, Marvin, God, Ralf, Pereira, Daniel

Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation

2025-01-0148To be published on 04/25/2025

In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard

Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar

Powering the Future of Sustainable Flight

2025-01-0147To be published on 04/25/2025

Eaton Aerospace is collaborating with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on the advancement of technologies to increase aircraft efficiency, enable aircraft electrification, and reduce carbon emissions. Leveraging our expertise as an intelligent power management company, Eaton’s products and research include hydraulic power packs, electromechanical actuation (EMA), thermal management systems, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Eaton Blended Power TM systems improve efficiency through eliminating all centralized hydraulic circuits with distributed power that is provided by a combination of hydraulic power packs and EMA for a More Electric Aircraft (MEA). EMA systems, including electrical synchronization, eliminate the usage of hydraulics and provide additional functionality that benefits the flight efficiency of the aircraft. With MEA comes higher energy and thermal densities, resulting in the need for advanced thermal management. Eaton’s scalable and modular thermal management

Skinner, Jeff, Proul, Margaret, Devan, Stephen, Clendenin, Laura, Hutchinson, Lewis, Masson, Andrew, May, Frank, Momotiuk, Andy, Zuzelski, Chris

Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Aero Electric Engine System

2025-01-0146To be published on 04/25/2025

The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting wires have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this

Oyori, Hitoshi, Sakurai, Sho, Kusase, Shin, Yoshida, Yukihiro, Yoshinaga, Seiichiro, Nose, Hiroyuki, Amemiya, Naoyuki

Short-Time Current Rating of Aircraft Wire

2025-01-0145To be published on 04/25/2025

This paper presents a comparative analysis of various short-time current rating formulas, focusing on applications in aircraft wiring. Examining historical formulas developed by pioneers such as W.H. Preece and I.M. Onderdonk alongside modern experimental data provide a comprehensive understanding of short-time current rating formulas. Also, exploring key challenges, such as environmental conditions and material variability in aviation with particular attention to adiabatic methods for current-carrying calculations. The findings of this paper offer practical insights into improving the safety and reliability of an aircraft electrical system with improving the accuracy of short-time current rating predictions.

Fifield, Jon

The Why of Development Assurance

2025-01-0154To be published on 04/25/2025

In the domain of aircraft certification, Development Assurance is what some would call a useful tool to gain confidence in the development of complex systems, and what others would call a necessary evil. But what does it actually do? Why is it necessary for certification of modern aircraft? What, epistemologically, does it bring to the table? This paper aims to show why development assurance activities, at all levels from aircraft to item, close the epistemological holes created when complex systems are chosen for implementation. It will map the different sources and types of uncertainty encountered in system verification and explain how each type is dealt with within a certification context, working from simple mechanical systems up to complex and highly integrated systems using software and airborne electronic hardware and beyond. It will show that Development Assurance, far from being an arbitrary set of activities, systematically brings personal and corporate expertise to bear to

Laflin, Cory R.

Emissions and Operating Costs of Fully Electric and Hybrid-Electric for eVTOL Aircraft and the Impact of Alternative Fuels

2025-01-0149To be published on 04/25/2025

As electric aviation technologies continue to advance, the importance of understanding the benefits and drawbacks associated with power sources for electric aircraft increases. The research presented herein analyzes the emissions and operating costs of a “lift + cruise” type urban air mobility aircraft with different power sources including fully battery-electric and hybrid-electric using VerdeGo Aero’s VH-3-185 hybrid powerplant. Multiple fuels will be examined for the hybrid-electric configuration, including multiple sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production pathways and power-to-liquid (PtL) e-SAF. The conclusions presented will show that SAF can reduce emissions by up to 87% compared to those due to the production of electric power required to recharge the fully electric aircraft. Emissions and operating costs associated with battery production are considered, including the required time of operation of a battery electric aircraft to offset the emissions due to production of its

Moeller, Piper, Roiati, Riccardo, Grantham, Dalton, Steinfeldt, Brock, Rice, Tyler

Approach to Optimize the Airplane Boarding Process by using Image Recognition and Stochastic Simulation to Predict Overhead Bin Fill Levels

2025-01-0164To be published on 04/25/2025

In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, this often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items, which delays the boarding process and reduces operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigating this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning. In this work the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into categories such as handbags, backpacks and suitcases. This data is then linked to passenger information stored in the NoSQL database MongoDB, which included seat assignments and the number of carry-on items per passenger. Stochastic simulation is applied to predict the occupancy levels of overhead storage bins across

Bergmann, Jacqueline, Hub, Maximilian

MBSE Framework for Developing Data-Driven Passenger Services in Aircraft Cabins

2025-01-0171To be published on 04/25/2025

The aircraft cabin plays a crucial role in airline differentiation strategies, particularly when introducing novel business and operational processes. These processes aim to enhance passenger experience during flight and to improve cabin crew efficiency in order to reduce workload and to ensure continued growth of airline revenue. Digitalization and extensive exchange of information across the entire aircraft transport system have emerged as key enablers for these processes. The development of aircraft and aircraft systems implementing these processes is characterized by a multi-level development process. Various development levels are considered to initially identify the functions of an aircraft in the air transport system, refine its systems and break them down into their components until a level of detail is reached that allows the implementation of the component functions. In addition to the high complexity, a major challenge in this development is to ensure traceability and

Blecken, Marvin, Giertzsch, Fabian, Hintze, Hartmut, God, Ralf

Model-Based Design and Energy Management of an Aeronautical Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

2025-01-0150To be published on 04/25/2025

The growing demand for air transport requires efficient and sustainable power systems to meet the pressing need for decarbonizing the sector. A hybrid unit, consisting of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and a lithium-ion battery, is a suitable option due to the benefits of reduced gravimetric and volumetric impacts, along with the flexibility of energy management strategies. This work addresses, using a model-based approach, the issue of integrating these electrochemical devices into the aircraft’s electrical architecture, considering both design and energy management aspects. Two scenarios are explored to match the DC bus line voltage requirements. In the first, the fuel cell system nominal power is kept constant, while the number of DC/DC converters operating in parallel is assessed by constructing bi-dimensional maps derived from literature. These maps relate the converter’s maximum deliverable power to the input and desired output voltage. The second scenario introduces

Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Napolitano, Ciro

A New Test Rig for Electrically Actuated Landing Gear and Brake of a Small Transport Aircraft

2025-01-0161To be published on 04/25/2025

Performing highly representative tests of aircraft equipments is a critical feature for gaining utmost confidence on their ability to perform flawlessly in flight under the entire spectrum of operating conditions. This can also contribute to accelerate the certification process of a new equipment. A research project (E-LISA) was performed in recent years, as part of the european funded Clean Sky 2 framework, with the objective of building an innovative facility for testing an electrically actuated landing gear and brake for a small air transport. The project eventually led to the development and construction of an Iron Bird able to reproduce in a realistic and comprehensive way a full variety of landing test cases consistent with certification specifications and landing histories available in the repository of the airframer. The Iron Bird that was eventually developed is a multi-functional intelligent and easy reconfigurable facility integrating hardware and software allowing to

De Martin, Andrea, Jacazio, Giovanni, Bertolino, Antonio

Improving Vehicle Localization Confidence Under Different Road Geometries

2025-01-8043To be published on 04/01/2025

A significant challenge to the scalability of automated driving systems is the potential unavailability of GPS information for localization. To address this issue, a methodology using a static map of road and lane geometry is proposed that ensures reliable navigation for automated vehicles in GPS-denied situations. In this study, a dead reckoning system based on vehicle kinematics is implemented by onboard sensor data from the vehicle's Controller Area Network (CAN). The drift in the dead reckoning position estimate is reduced by using an arc-length based map matching approach. However, the map-matching approach has some inaccuracies in the longitudinal position estimate leading to error accumulation, the drift in the dead reckoning position estimate is eliminated by using an arc-length based map matching approach. This innovative approach was tested and validated at various safety-critical intersection scenarios, including four-way intersection, roundabout, slip-lane intersection, and

Javed, Nur Uddin, Singh, Yuvraj, Tan, Shengzhe, Ahmed, Qadeer

Hierarchical Feature-based Localization using Scene Graphs in Off-road Navigation

2025-01-8046To be published on 04/01/2025

While numerous advancements have been made in autonomous navigation for structured indoor and outdoor environments, these solutions often do not generalize well to off-road settings. There are unique challenges in such settings such as unreliable GPS, limited computational and memory resources, and sparse environmental features, making navigation particularly difficult. In our work, we propose a novel data structure called Hierarchical Dynamic Scene Graphs (HDSG) to address these challenges. HDSG captures environmental information at different resolutions, integrating both geometric and semantic features. It enables various navigation tasks such as localization, loop closure, and human interaction through the visualization of environmental features for remote operators. We evaluated the performance of localizing a robot's position within the world frame by comparing compact spatial descriptors extracted from semi-consecutive scene graphs, derived from 3D LiDAR point clouds. Compared to

Alam, Fardifa Fathmiul, Luricich, Federico, Li, Nianyi, Jia, Yunyi, Li, Bing

Energy consumption optimization of commercial electric bus in Indian city driving condition using two speed transmission

2025-01-8504To be published on 04/01/2025

ABSTRACT Currently automobile industries are shifting towards electric powertrains from conventional internal combustion engines. With increase in use of electric vehicle, more focus is to increase the driving range of vehicle. As of now, most of the OEMs are using single speed transmission in their electric buses. Single speed transmission is effective in road having less traffic condition but during heavy traffic condition (like Mumbai city application), performance of motor gets deteriorated. In heavy traffic condition (city application), operating points of motor goes into less efficiency regions which results in high energy consumption. It will also affect the regeneration. In this study, focus is on commercial vehicle like electric buses. If there is a need to increase driving range, energy consumption must be optimized. Thus, higher energy consumption in heavy traffic condition can be managed by using multiple gear ratio. With use of optimum gear ratio, motor operating points

Saurabh, Saurabh, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay

A Motion-Aware Enhanced LiDAR ICP SLAM Framework for High-Speed Autonomy

2025-01-8044To be published on 04/01/2025

Towards the goal of real-time navigation of autonomous robots, the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) based LiDAR odometry methods are a favorable class of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms for their high performance and efficiency. In the context of autonomous vehicles, which tend to be high motion scenarios, ICP-based SLAM algorithms provide a relatively robust and real-time localization and mapping framework, paving the way for full autonomy. However even with the recent methods, the traditional SLAM challenges persist, where odometry drifts under adversarial conditions such as featureless or dynamic environments, and under high motion of the robot. In this paper we present a motion aware, enhanced LiDAR ICP SLAM framework. We have three contributions: a novel ICP cost function that yields faster and more robust convergence compared to the state of the art methods, a sophisticated motion constraint that maintain robot localization under sudden motion changes, and

Kokenoz, Cigdem, Shaik, Toukheer, Sharma, Abhishek, Pisu, Pierluigi, Li, Bing

Developing a Safety Management System for the Automated Vehicle Industry

2025-01-8673To be published on 04/01/2025

Safety Management Systems (SMS) have demonstrated value in many safety-critical industries and are now increasingly being developed and deployed in the automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicle (AV) sector. Industries with a longer history of SMS deployment have established SMS standards tailored to their specific industry. Several frameworks for an AV industry SMS have been proposed or are currently under development. However, these frameworks borrow heavily from the aviation industry although the AV and aviation industries differ in many significant ways. In this context, there is an important need to review the approach to develop an SMS that is tailored specifically to the AV industry, building on lessons learned from other safety-sensitive industries. This paper outlines a proposed SMS framework for the AV industry based on robust taxonomy development and validation criteria.

Wichner, David, Wishart, Jeffrey, Sergent, Jason, Swaminathan, Sunder

Dynamic Driving Task Assessment Scores for Scenarios Navigated by an OEM ADS-Equipped Vehicle

2025-01-8672To be published on 04/01/2025

One of the major issues facing the automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicle (AV) industry is how to evaluate the performance of an AV as it navigates a given scenario. The development and validation of a sound, consistent, and transparent dynamic driving task (DDT) assessment (DA) methodology is a key component of the safety case framework (SCF) of the Automated Vehicle – Test and Evaluation Process (AV-TEP) Mission, a collaboration between Science Foundation Arizona and Arizona State University. The DA methodology was presented in earlier work, and includes the DA metrics from the recently published SAE J3237 Recommended Practice. This work implements the methodology with an AV developed by OEM May Mobility in five diverse scenarios: (1) VRU crossing in front of the AV’s path, (2) an oncoming vehicle entering the AV’s lane, (3) a vehicle executing a three-point turn encroaches into the AV’s path, (4) the AV departing its lane in a parking lot, and (5) the AV exhibiting

Wishart, Jeffrey, Rahimi, Shujauddin, Swaminathan, Sunder, Zhao, Junfeng, Como, Steven Gerard

OPTIMAL INVESTIGATION ABOUT CAB OF BSC RACING CAR BASED ON ERGONOMICS

2025-01-8669To be published on 04/01/2025

In the Baja competition, the racing cars need to run under a variety of complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, the road with many broken stones, hump, water puddle and so on，in the endurance race，the driver even has to drive continuously for four hours. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the irrational designs of cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated，and cause the security accidents. Moreover, the lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable manipulation interface, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic designs. In order to solve the unreasonable designs of the cab in ergonomics and improve the safety and comfort of the driver, first of all, establish the overall model of BSC racing car in Catia to obtain a

Liu, Yuzhou, Liu, Silang

Commercial Vehicle Proximal Load Monitoring through measuring Spring Deflection

2025-01-8718To be published on 04/01/2025

In the realm of commercial vehicles, particularly in developing countries where they are primarily used for transporting goods, Overloading presents significant risks, such as vehicle imbalance, severe accidents, and substantial financial losses. This problem is particularly pronounced in developing markets, contributing to frequent incidents of overloading. Such conditions not only lead to structural damage but also heighten the danger to all road users. Efficient load monitoring systems are crucial for maintaining vehicle stability by balancing cargo loads and preventing accidents related to overloading. Ensuring proper load distribution and monitoring is essential for maintaining operational safety and efficiency in commercial vehicles. Current methods for monitoring cargo loads often rely on manual checks or complex sensors, providing limited feedback and reactive solutions to prevent overloading incidents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel approach that

Katta, Eva, Maji, Kundan, Saha, Satya, Tiwari, Sanjay

Analysis and Comparison of Metrics to Assess Submarining Behavior with the Hybrid III 5th Percentile Dummy in the Rear Seat

2025-01-8711To be published on 04/01/2025

Real-world data show that abdominal loading due to a poor pelvis-belt restraint interaction is one of the primary causes of injury in belted rear-seat occupants, highlighting the importance of being able to assess it in crash tests. This study analyzes the phenomenon of submarining using video, time histories, and statistical analysis of data from a Hybrid III 5th female dummy seated in the rear seat of passenger vehicles in moderate overlap frontal crash tests. This study also proposes different metrics that can be used for detecting submarining in full-scale crash tests. The results show that apart from the high-speed videos, when comparing time-series graphs of various metrics, using a combination of iliac and lap belt loads was the most reliable method for detecting submarining. Five metrics from the dynamic sensors (the maximum iliac moment, maximum iliac force drop in 1 ms, time for 80% drop from peak iliac force, maximum pelvis rotation, and lumbar shear force) were all

Jagtap, Sushant R, Jermakian, Jessica S, Edwards, Marcy A

Load Cell Data Analysis from Frontal NCAP Tests to Assess Aggressivity and Compatibility of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

2025-01-8746To be published on 04/01/2025

A total of 368 frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) tests (including 24 tests with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)) with high-resolution load cell data were analyzed to investigate vehicle crash compatibility, especially between Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) and BEVs. An Indirect Frontal Crash Model (IFCM) for Full-Overlap (FO) Vehicle-to-Moving Deformable Barrier (V2MDB) using load cell data from frontal NCAP tests was developed to assess vehicle aggressivity. An analytical solution of the IFCM for FO/V2MDB was obtained and used to develop a new aggressivity metric. In addition, the Max. Standard Deviation (SD) of load cell forces was used to assess vehicle front-end homogeneity. In the case studies, vehicle compatibility was assessed by the new aggressivity metric and Max. SD, along with typical frontal crash metrics.

Park, Chung-Kyu

Driver’s Pedal Control for Detecting Pedal Misapplication

2025-01-8675To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers sometimes operate the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal due to driver error, potentially resulting in serious accidents. Acceleration Control for Pedal Error (ACPE) has been developed, a system that detects such errors and controls vehicle acceleration to prevent these incidents. The United Nations is already considering regulations for this technology. If ACPE can detect errors based on the operations of the accelerator pedal at various driving speeds, the system will be even more effective in terms of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the operation characteristics of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal, focusing on the pedal operation characteristics of pedal stroke speed and pedal force speed used as thresholds for the operation of ACPE. We believe that if there is a significant difference in the operations of the accelerator pedal and brake pedals while driving, it can be used as a threshold for judging misstep. In this study, we utilized a

Natsume, Hayato, Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

Controllability and Driving Automation

2025-01-8679To be published on 04/01/2025

A key challenge for manufacturers of automotive systems, hardware components and software products with no contribution to driving automation is the stringent requirements imposed on elements while being integrated into vehicles with driving automation. The result is increased development cost and low reusability. For such elements or components with no contribution to driving automation, their functions and failure modes remain unchanged when comparing vehicle integration with and without driving automation. The influence of driving automation is not accounted for in the current approach of classifying risk while conducting a Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA). Functional safety standards for on-road vehicles rely on human intervention as a parameter to classify risk. Since current safety standards for on-road vehicles are not inclusive of driving automation concepts, classification of risk, based on existing definitions of parameters such as controllability, leads to

Shah, Mihir, Ibarra, Ireri

Study on Optimal Shift Schedule for Single-shaft Parallel PHEVs Considering Driver’s Performance Expectation

2025-01-8577To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to take into account the drivers’ performance expectations in the comprehensive performance optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), we proposed an optimization method for the shift schedule of single-shaft parallel PHEVs considering drivers’ demands on both dynamic and economic performance. In accordance with torque distribution strategies developed for different working modes, the modes switching logic is formulated based on the demand torque along with the engine torque characteristics and the state of charge (SOC) of power battery. And a quantification model for driver’s intention is proposed using a fuzzy inference approach, which can compute the driver's dynamic and economic performance expectations using the driver's operation characteristics and vehicle status as input. With the help of a linear weighting method using the performance expectations as weights, a comprehensive performance evaluation function is constructed as the optimization objective of

Yin, Xiaofeng, Li, Hong, Zhang, Jinhong, Lei, Yulong

Research on the Motor Mode Control based on the Shut off Test in Dual Motor Hybrid System

2025-01-8576To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to improve the safety and reliability of the inverter used in hybrid vehicles and reduce the risk of inverter failure, based on the functional safety ISO26262 development process and software architecture, a safe shutdown path scheme is designed in this paper. After entering the initialization mode, on the basis of adding the inverter control signal feedback mechanism on the inverter control system, this scheme designs the control methods and specific processes of the shutdown path test and insulation detection. The shutdown path test and insulation detection designed in this scheme are implemented during the control initialization process, including designing the hardware diagnostic safety mechanism and the unique output shutdown path test method. If the shutdown path test or insulation detection fails, the risk of IGBT out of control can be avoided; the detection mechanism of this system can effectively reduce the failure rate and potential failure rate of faults. The CAN

Jing, Junchao, Liu, Yiqiang, Zuo, Botao, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing

NVH Study of Axial Flux Motor for Electric Propulsion Systems

2025-01-8568To be published on 04/01/2025

The advancement of high-performance electrification for electric vehicle (EV) development is continuously pushing the boundaries of electric motor technology. The axial flux motor (AFM) represents a promising application for high-performance EVs, offering potential advantages including up to twice the torque density and a 50% reduction in weight compared to regular IPM radial flux motors. The distinctive "pancake" configuration and high axial forces inherent to AFMs present notable NVH challenges, yet there is a lack of research exploring NVH analysis and risk assessment. In this paper, a 10-pole and 12-slot AFM motor is designed, prototyped, and tested, demonstrating the capability to deliver 300 Nm of peak torque and 140 kW of peak power. A comprehensive finite-element model is constructed, and the orthotropic stator material properties are evaluated using modal test data. The dominant axial stator modes are identified as the source of resonances in the system responses. A three

He, Song, Jensen, William, Forsyth, Alexander, Chang, Le, Zhang, Peng, Gong, Cheng, Yao, Jian, Zou, Yusheng, Fedida, Vincent, Duan, Chengwu, GSJ, Gautam

Propulsion System Design of Cadillac Lyriq Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8566To be published on 04/01/2025

The design and development of EVs and HEVs has become a growing issue recently due to concerns about pollution and dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels. Accordingly, General Motors (GM) has an evolving vehicle electrification plan over the past several decades and into the future to deliver low-cost and efficient EVs. The propulsion system of GM-Cadillac's first electric vehicle, the Lyriq, is designed to deliver significant improvements in both range and peak performance. Its propulsion system uses an optimized drive unit consisting of interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors and silicon traction inverters. The main objective of the drive unit design was to minimize energy loss and cost while maximizing hardware consolidation, range, performance, power density and scalability. Two IPM motors are designed with different stack lengths and number of stator turns, while keeping the rotor design and stator conductor profiles the same. The larger motor is used in rear-wheel drive (RWD

Momen, Faizul, Jensen, William, He, Song, Chowdhury, Mazharul, Zahid, Ahsan, Forsyth, Alexander, Alam, Khorshed, Anwar, Mohammad, Kim, Young

Analysis of the design space for battery and fuel cell powered electric trucks

2025-01-8600To be published on 04/01/2025

A diverse set of solutions will likely be needed to decarbonize the commercial truck sector in US. Battery powered vehicles definitely has a predominant role in this, but there are several areas where fuel cell trucks are more advantageous for the consumer. This study examines several prominent medium and heavy duty applications, designed for different driving range requirements to identify the design space where battery and fuel cell trucks are attractive. The impact of purchase price, fuel cost, vehicle usage are also considered in this analysis. Since future costs cannot be accurately predicted, this study includes parametric sweeps with certain high and low values to examine the uncertainty of the observations. This work examines the top 10 truck classes based on vehicle population, fuel usage and driving distances. It also considers some of the bus applications such as coach, transit and school buses. The vehicle usage information taken from VIUS as well as inputs from the 21CTP

Vijayagopal, Ram, Birky, Alicia

Comprehensive Techno-Economic Analysis of Battery-Electric Trucks: Evaluating Battery Aging Impact for Regional Delivery Missions

2025-01-8591To be published on 04/01/2025

This study offers a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of battery-electric trucks, accounting for battery aging in the total cost of ownership (TCO) model. Due to the pressing regulations regarding emissions, battery electric vehicles are emerging as a solution for trucks, especially in Europe. Given the profit-oriented perspective of the customers purchasing these vehicles and the high uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness of battery-electric trucks, several studies have focused on estimating their TCO. However, these studies overlook or overly simplify the impact of battery aging. This work introduces cost terms associated with aging, quantified over the vehicle's lifetime through an empirical battery degradation model. These often neglected costs include payload loss, battery residual value, and battery replacement. A case study was developed with a truck from VECTO group 9 for regional delivery missions, considering different payloads and battery pack sizes. To

Costantino, Trentalessandro, Acquarone, Matteo, Miretti, Federico, Spessa, Ezio

A Fault Prediction Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Based on Adaptive Dynamic Thresholds

2025-01-8117To be published on 04/01/2025

The surge in electric vehicle usage has expanded the number of charging stations, intensifying demands on their operation and maintenance. Public charging stations, often exposed to harsh weather and unpredictable human factors, frequently encounter malfunctions requiring prompt attention. Current methods primarily employ data-driven approaches or rely on empirical expertise to establish warning thresholds for fault prediction. While these approaches are generally effective, the artificially fixed thresholds they employ for fault prediction limit adaptability and fall short in sensitivity to special scenarios, timings, locations, and types of faults, as well as in overall intelligence. This paper presents a novel fault prediction model for charging equipment that utilizes adaptive dynamic thresholds to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reliability. By integrating and quantifying Environmental Influence Factors (EF), Scenario Influence Factors (SF), Fault Severity Factors (FF), and

Wang, Hao, Wang, Ning, Li, Yuan, Tang, Xinyue

Freedom from Interference Challenges for Adaptive Autosar Based Platform

2025-01-8074To be published on 04/01/2025

Keyword - Autonomous & Connected Vehicles, Functional Safety, ISO26262, Freedom from Interference, Adaptive Autosar, Operating System, Safety mechanisms, Hypervisor, MPU, MMU, PHM. Adaptive AUTOSAR is extensively utilized in the development of autonomous and connected vehicles, where functional safety is paramount. This framework ensures that critical safety requirements are met, providing a reliable and secure platform for advanced vehicular functionalities. The paper delves into challenges and mechanisms for ensuring Freedom from Interference in Adaptive AUTOSAR-based platform, emphasizing strategies for managing complexities and adhering to ISO 26262 standards. This study focuses on managing Memory, Timing, and Execution challenges within Adaptive AUTOSAR-based Platform. In Classic AUTOSAR, robust safety mechanisms ensure Freedom from Interference (FFI). Memory protection is achieved through Memory Protection Unit configuration and memory partitioning. Timing Protection mechanisms

Jain, Yesha

Integrated Multimodal System for Real-Time Driver Fatigue Detection and Cognitive Load Assessment

2025-01-8076To be published on 04/01/2025

Paying attention to safety while traveling in a vehicle was essential. One of the greatest barriers to travel safety is driver fatigue. In order to tackle this issue, we designed an all-inclusive hardware and software environment for analyzing driver interaction with highly automated vehicles, providing a special emphasis on detection of driver’s cognitive load and providing appropriate alerts in advance. There are three essential types of measurements included in this system. First, the facial features of the driver are measured through the use of Driver Behavior Measurements (DBM) which are made from RGB and IR cameras that capture the eye aspect ratio (EAR), mouth aspect ratio (MAR), pupil circularity (PUC), and mouth to eye aspect ratio (MOE), Most of these measurements have been shown to work under normal as well as more extreme conditions including low light conditions or use of sunglasses by the drivers. Secondly, Vehicle Dynamics Measurements (VDM) is performed by an Inertial

Jirjees, Abdullah, Rahman, Taufiq, Farhani, Ghazal, Singh, Daniel, Charlebois, Dominique

Simulation and Parameter Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System

2025-01-8268To be published on 04/01/2025

Taking a commercial vehicle cab suspension system as the research focus, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model was established. Time-domain vibration acceleration signals were acquired at the connection points between the frame, cab, and suspension. The vibration signals at the frame and suspension connection points were input into the simulation model, where the vibration responses at the cab and suspension connection points were calculated and analyzed using the established cab suspension system model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. The established cab suspension system model was further used to evaluate human vibration comfort within the cab, following national standards for subjective human perception. A piecewise polynomial function was employed to fit the stiffness-damping characteristics of the integrated damper air spring, resulting in the determination of the coefficients for each segment and the coordinates

Hao, Qi, Zhu, Yuntao, Sun, Wen, Sun, Kai, Sun, Zhiyong, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Vibration Mitigation of Semi-active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating Magnetorheological Damper using hybrid control

2025-01-8269To be published on 04/01/2025

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, known for their remarkable dependability and cost-effectiveness, have established themselves as prime semi-active vibration control devices in engineering systems. MR dampers are categorized as adaptive devices because their features may be readily adjusted by applying a regulated voltage signal. Their ability to offer superior performance while mitigating the drawbacks of fully active actuators underscores their practical significance. This research is to investigate some system hybrid controllers using a combination state derivative feedback and a linear-quadratic regulator for use in conjunction with the damper controller of a semi-active suspension of a Quarter vehicle model to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability. The mathematical model of 3 degrees of freedom for semi-active suspension using MR dampers will be derived and simulated using MATLAB and SIMULINK software. In order to quantify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategies

M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Essam, Mahmoud A.

Evaluation of Different Powertrain Topologies for a Premium Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8531To be published on 04/01/2025

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles combine the benefits of both battery electric and internal combustion engine drivetrains. There are multiple possibilities for hybrid configurations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, two newly developed traction electric machines were employed alongside a gasoline engine in various hybrid configurations. These configurations, ranging from P1 to P4 and their combinations, were evaluated in terms of vehicle performance, energy consumption, and emissions. The impact of battery capacity was also examined. With a larger battery providing higher discharge power, the electric acceleration time significantly decreases from around 8.6 seconds to approximately 5.2 seconds as the battery capacity increases from 20 kWh to 40 kWh in configurations featuring two traction electric machines. In hybrid mode, the reduction in acceleration time is less pronounced, with a decrease of around 0.7 seconds compared to the configuration with a 20

Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Tokat, Alexandra, Kristoffersson, Annika, Olsson, Jan-Ola

Electric Vehicle Drive Unit Power Losses and Efficiency Estimation: A Coupled 1D Analytical and 3D CFD Approach for High Fidelity Prediction

2025-01-8522To be published on 04/01/2025

This study presents a sophisticated approach to accurately estimating the power losses in the electric vehicle drive unit (e-DU) through a combination of 1D analytical models and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Understanding and accurately estimating these power losses is crucial for enhancing efficiency and range of electric vehicle (EV). The primary focus is on the types of power losses attributable to mechanical contact friction and oil drag within components such as gear meshes, bearings, and seals. The research specifically examines different analytical models for quantifying power losses due to gear mesh contact and bearing friction. These models were validated against experimental test data, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of their accuracy across a range of operational parameters. Additionally, the impact of oil properties and oil jet flow rates on power losses related to gear and bearing drag was analyzed using analytical methods and correlated with CFD

Motin, Abdul, Ganamet, Alain

Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.0

2025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025

The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made for ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine

Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla

A Sensitivity Study of Frequency Response Method for Setting Bearing Preload Due to Uncontrollable Parameters

2025-01-8520To be published on 04/01/2025

Roller bearings are used in many rotating power transmission systems in the automotive industry. During the assembly process of the power transmission system, some types of roller bearings (e.g., tapered roller bearings) require a compressive preload force. Those bearings' rolling resistance and lifespan strongly depend on the preload set during the installation process. Therefore, accurate setting of the preload can improve bearing efficiency, increase bearing lifespan and reduce maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle. A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for both high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings

Gruzwalski, David, Mynderse, James

Research on Shuffle Reduction Control in Dual Motor Hybrid System based on the Motor Torque Intervention Filtering Strategy

2025-01-8517To be published on 04/01/2025

Due to the frequent and significant changes of the motor torque of hybrid vehicles during driving often occurring with the driving conditions, and the existence of the transmission tooth surface switching caused by the change in torque direction, as well as the underdamping characteristics caused by the relatively simple transmission system, the vehicle is prone to vehicle body shaking problems under conditions such as the transformation from acceleration conditions to energy recovery conditions, and exit from energy recovery. In order to ensure the ride smoothness of the hybrid vehicle while improving its power response performance, aiming at the underdamping characteristics of its transmission system, this paper develops a transmission PCM vibration suppression control strategy based on the vehicle control system to enhance the torque response and smoothness after Tip out or Tip in after braking. This strategy includes the identification of preconditions and the active intervention

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Zuo, Botao, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Xue, Tianjian

Linear Quadratic Regulator based torque profiling during gear shift on multi-speed heavy-duty electrified transmission for optimal actuator durability, shift quality and performance

2025-01-8513To be published on 04/01/2025

The extensive adoption of fully electric personal passenger vehicles has spurred the development and advancement of electrification on commercial vehicles. Multispeed transmissions are an attractive option for powertrain electrification due to their ability to optimize performance and cost. This paper describes an optimal control method utilizing a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) to control the torque during the gear shift on a multispeed electrified transmission to optimize for clutch actuator durability and shift performance. The dynamic state-space model of the system has been obtained using System-Identification. An LQR controller is formulated to minimize driveline oscillations and transmission-input-torque using the aforementioned model by manipulating the electrical torque applied by the traction motor at the transmission input. The LQR controller is implemented in a simulation framework wherein the impact of vehicle parameters on the shift quality metrics is also assessed

Koli, Rohit, Smith, Nathan

Comprehensive gear shift schedule of heavy-duty commercial electric trucks based on dual axle driving

2025-01-8510To be published on 04/01/2025

A heavy-duty commercial electric truck is equipped with dual axles, with the middle axle driven by an electric motor and a three-speed transmission and the rear axle driven by an electric motor and a two-speed transmission. To consider the dynamics and economic performance of the whole vehicle, as well as the gear distribution characteristics in the vehicle operation, a comprehensive shifting law based on the cross-particle swarm algorithm is proposed. By establishing the longitudinal dynamics model of the truck, the optimal power shift schedule and the optimal economic shift schedule of each of the two transmissions are studied. Under the standard test conditions, an optimal gear control strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm considering the shift interval is proposed, and the shift schedule for the standard conditions is derived through the hierarchical clustering method. Furthermore, with 100 km acceleration time and specific energy consumption as the objectives, a

Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

Integrated design for body in white fabricated by additive manufacturing and its mechanical performance analysis

2025-01-8613To be published on 04/01/2025

With the development of additive manufacturing technology, the concept of integrated design has been introduced and deeply involved in the research of body design. In this paper, by analyzing the structural characteristics of the electric vehicle body, we designed a body in white with the additive manufacturing process, and analyzed its mechanical properties through finite element method. According to the structural characteristics of the body, the integrated structure was modeled in three dimensions using CATIA. For the mechanical properties of the body, the strength and stiffness of the body structure were simulated and analyzed based on ANSYS Workbench. The results show that for the strength of the body, the maximum stress of the simulation results was compared with the permissible stress, and the maximum stress was calculated to be less than the permissible stress under each working condition. For the body stiffness, the displacement of the body deformation was used to measure, and

Xu, Cheng, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Tang-yun, Cao, Can, Wang, Liangmo

Optimization method of phase change energy storage device for electric vehicle batteries based on numerical simulation

2025-01-8603To be published on 04/01/2025

Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. This approach aligns with the objective of promoting low-carbon environmental protection and presents an opportunity to enhance the operational performance and energy utilization efficiency of electric vehicle batteries in low-temperature conditions. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat

Zhang, Haonan, Sun, Mingzhe, Zheng, Haoyun, Zhang, Tianming

How carbon quota policy guides the sustainable and rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry

2025-01-8606To be published on 04/01/2025

The sustainable and healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry requires the support and guidance of relevant policies, but at present, China's automotive industry is facing problems such as subsidy regression and points redundancy. In order to better guide the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry and support the realization of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, it is necessary to explore new policies. Carbon quota policy is considered to be an effective measure to realize the dual-carbon goal. In this context, this study discusses the incentive mechanism of carbon quota policy for technological innovation in new energy vehicles and makes recommendations for policy implementation. First, this study applies multinomial Logit theory to analyze consumers' car purchase choice behavior, and establishes a market share prediction model for passenger cars of different power types based on three key attributes: range, acquisition and usage cost, and

Zhao, Jiaqi

Driving in the Rain: Evaluating How Surface Material Properties Affect Lidar Perception in Autonomous Driving

2025-01-8016To be published on 04/01/2025

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a promising type of sensor for autonomous driving that utilizes laser technologies to provide perceptions and accurate distance measurements to obstacles in the vehicle path. In recent years, there has also been a rise in the implementation of LiDARs in modern and autonomous vehicles to aid the self-driving features. However, navigating in adverse weather remains to be one of the biggest challenges in achieving Level 5 full autonomy due to sensor soiling, which subsequently leads to performance degradation that poses safety hazards. When driving in rain, raindrops impact the LiDAR sensor assembly and cause attenuation of signals when the light beams undergo reflections and refractions. Consequently, signal detectability, accuracy, and intensity are significantly affected. To date, limited studies were able to perform objective evaluations of LiDAR performance, most of which faced limitations that hindered realistic, controllable, and repeatable

Pao, Wing Yi, Li, Long, Agelin-Chaab, Martin, Roy, Langis, Knutzen, Julian, Baltazar, Alexis, Muenker, Klaus, Chakraborty, Anirban, Komar, John

Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications

2025-01-8008To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper aims to model and simulate a design specification for a fuel cell electric powertrain tailored for Extreme H motorsport applications. A comprehensive numerical model of the powertrain was constructed using GT-Suite, integrating the 2025 Extreme H regulations, which include specifications for the fuel cell stack, electric motors, hydrogen storage, and battery systems. A detailed drive cycle representing the real-world driving patterns of Extreme E vehicles was developed, utilising kinematic parameters derived from literature and real-world data. The performance of the Extreme H powertrain was benchmarked against the Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle to validate the simulation accuracy under the same racing conditions. The proposed design delivers a maximum power output of 400 kW, with 75 kW supplied by the fuel cell and 325 kW by the battery, ensuring optimal performance within the constraints set by the Extreme H 2025 regulations. Additionally, the design maintains an optimal

Moreno Medina, Javier, Samuel, Stephen

Development and performance optimization of FSAE Racing Active Ground effect system based on fan drive

2025-01-8001To be published on 04/01/2025

For FSAE cars, a significant increase in downforce can enable the car to score more points in the race and enhance the competitiveness of the vehicle. This paper focuses on the development of an active ground effect system driven by fans for the FSAE racing car . The system is designed to considerably increase the downforce of the racing car through the forced airflow generated by the fan, enable the dynamic adjustment of the aerodynamic balance of the racing car during the driving process, and achieve the vertical force control on the racing wheels, thereby improving the performance of the racing car. The Star-CCM+ software was employed to conduct CFD simulation to investigate the influence of different flow fans on downpressure and optimize the layout and position of the fan. Due to the limited power that the car can carry, the paper will also simulate and calculate the range of pneumatic balance adjustment and vertical force control capability provided by the different openings of

Yang, Chengyue

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