Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits

Items (7,043)
The aim of the present work was to characterize macroscopic spray parameters of a multi-hole direct injection injector for spark ignition engine applications. The geometry, the position of spray boundaries the overall cone angle, the spray vertical penetration and the vertical spray length were evaluated by processing the spray images recorded at 3300 frames per second. The frequency of recording images was suitable for capturing all the spray developments in all tested conditions. The tested fluid was EXXSOL D60 for simulating ethanol spray characteristics due to its similar properties and due to security reasons. The injector was tested outside the engine and into an open acrylic chamber being injected into atmospheric air conditions of the laboratory. The injection pressure was set up in 100 bar and the simulated engine speed were set up in MOTEC ECU in 3000 rpm, 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm. The injection durations were set up in 3,0 ms for 3000 rpm and 2.3 ms for 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm
Guzzo, Márcio ExpeditoFonseca, Lucas GuimarãesDuarte, Thales Henrique RamosBaeta, José Guilherme CoelhoHuebner, RudolfPujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco
In vehicle design, the H point is a theoretical relative location measured in relation to specific characteristics that determines a group of dimensions to define vehicle interior roominess. Based on theoretical H point automakers concept their vehicle and have to make important decisions on vehicle architectural that could result in a bad product for the future customers and during the early phase of vehicle development, one of the key design attributes to consider is in relation to the interior comfort of the user, so that its design and its components enabling a favorable interaction with the occupant. Vehicle interior roominess is one of the key factors for buyers’ satisfaction with certain features such as the shoulder room, headroom and couple distance, among others, may influence the level of satisfaction of the occupants’ comfort. One of these items refers to the rear chair height (H30-2), which is presented while by the distance of rear H-point to the vehicle floor affecting
Santos, Alex CardosoSilva, GustavoTerra, RafaelPádua, AntônioBenevente, RodrigoBuscariolo, FilipeLourenço, Sergio
Vehicles equipped with automated driving systems (ADS) may have non-traditional seating configurations, such as rear-facing for front-row occupants. The objectives of this study are (1) to generate biomechanical corridors from kinematic data obtained from postmortem human subjects (PMHS) sled tests and (2) to assess the biofidelity of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) 50th male (M50-O) v6.0 seated in an upright (25-deg recline) Honda Accord seat with a fixed D-ring (FDR) in a 56 km/h rear-facing frontal impact. A phase optimization technique was applied to mass-normalized PMHS data for generating corridors. After replicating the experimental boundary conditions in the computational finite element (FE) environment, the performance of the rigidized FE seat model obtained was validated using LSTC Hybrid III FE model simulations and comparison with experiments. The most recent National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Biofidelity Ranking System (BRS) method was
Pradhan, VikramRamachandra, RakshitStammen, JasonKracht, CoreyMoorhouse, KevinBolte, John H.Kang, Yun-Seok
With the advancement of lightweight magnesium-based hybrid composites, are potential for weight management applications. The liquid state stir cast process is the best way to produce complex shapes and most industries are preferred. However, the melting of magnesium alloy and achieving homogenous particle distribution are the major challenges for the conventional stir-casting process, and hot crack formation is spotted due to thermal variations. The main objectives of the present research are to enhance the microstructural and mechanical behaviour of magnesium alloy hybrid nanocomposite (AZ91E) adopted with boron carbide (B4C) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles through a semisolid stir cast technique associated with inert atmosphere helps to limits the oxide formation and reduce risk of magnesium fire. The effect of composite processing and multiple reinforcements on surface morphology, tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness were thoroughly evaluated and compared. The results
Manivannan, S.Venkatesh, R.Kaliyaperumal, GopalKarthikeyan, S.Mohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi MohammadKarthikeyan, N.
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish uniform test procedures for measuring and rating air delivery and cooling capacity of truck and off-road self-propelled work machines used in earth moving, agriculture, and forestry air-conditioner evaporator assemblies. It is the intent to measure only the actual cooling capacity of the evaporator. It is not the intent of this document to rate and compare the performance of the total vehicle air-conditioning system
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
This Recommended Practice provides a procedure to locate driver seat tracks, establish seat track length, and define the SgRP in Class B vehicles (heavy trucks and buses). Three sets of equations that describe where drivers position horizontally adjustable seats are available for use in Class B vehicles depending on the percentages of males to females in the expected driver population (50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5). The equations can also be used as a checking tool to estimate the level of accommodation provided by a given length of horizontally adjustable seat track. These procedures are applicable for both the SAE J826 HPM and the SAE J4002 HPM-II
Truck and Bus Human Factors Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of enclosed truck cabs. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for cab occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. There are two options for producing hot coolant in this document. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the test is being conducted to validate the heater installation on a specific vehicle model with a specific engine, then using the engine to heat
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform cold weather test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of bus that are all vehicles designed to transport 10 or more passengers. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for bus occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. Required test equipment, facilities, and definitions are included. There are two options for producing hot coolant in this recommended practice. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
Noise induced by the Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) system inside a vehicle cabin can cause significant discomfort to passengers and, in turn, affect the brand image in a competitive automotive market. HVAC acoustic performance has become more prominent with the ongoing transformation from Internal Combustion (IC) to Electric Vehicle (EV) segments. For this reason, acoustic quality is increasingly prioritized as a key design issue throughout the entire development process of the HVAC system. This paper covers the design synthesis considering air handling unit-induced airborne and structure-borne noise of a dashboard-mounted HVAC system to achieve better NVH refinement inside vehicle while maintaining thermal performance. This study began by analysing HVAC-induced blower motor, impeller, air ducts, vents, and recirculation suction noise from the vehicle level to subsystem level and eventually at the component level. At the subsystem level, major noise source
Titave, Uttam VasantNaidu, SudhakaraKalsule, Shrikant
This SAE Standard applies to dyes intended to be introduced into a mobile air-conditioning system refrigerant circuit for the purpose of allowing the application of ultraviolet leak detection. In order to label any product(s), they shall meet SAE J2297, the certification process as described in SAE J2911 must be followed, and the documentation described in Appendix A shall be submitted to SAE
Interior Climate Control Fluids Committee
The advent of electric vehicles has increased the complexity of air conditioning systems in vehicles which now must maintain the safety and comfort of occupants while ensuring that the high voltage battery temperature is kept within safe limits. This new task is critical due to the influence of the cell and battery pack temperature on the efficiency. Moreover, high temperatures within the battery pack can lead to undesirable effects such as degradation and thermal runaway. Classical solutions to this problem include larger air conditioning components to support worst case scenario conditions where the cooling request from the battery and the cabin happen at the same time. In such conditions, for the safety of the battery, the cooling request is assigned to battery system which may cause discomfort to the passengers due the significant temperature increase in the cabin during such events. The probability of such events happening is certainly dependent on the weather conditions but in
Palacio Torralba, JavierKulkarni, Shridhar DilipraoShah, GeetJaybhay, SambhajiKapoor, SangeetLocks, Olaf
Head injuries from interior impacts during vehicle accidents are a significant cause of fatalities in India. Data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) for 2023 reveals that approximately 15% of the total 150,000 road fatalities were due to head impacts on vehicle interiors, resulting in about 22,500 deaths. Thus, head impact protection in a car crash is key during the design of vehicle interiors. IS 15223 and ECE-R21 provide specific guidelines for head impact testing of instrument panels and consoles in vehicles to ensure compliance with safety standards and minimize the risk of head injury during collisions. By systematically addressing each aspect of IS 15223 and ECE- R21 in the design, testing, and documentation phases, manufacturers can ensure that console armrests are optimized for safety. This approach not only helps meet regulatory standards but also enhances overall occupant protection in vehicles during collisions. The objective of this paper is to design a console
Malhotra, DeepakVaishnav, SureshSureshkumar Presannakumari, RajasilpiMangal, GautamKeshri, Amit
This ARP provides design and performance recommendations for emergency exits in the passenger cabin. This ARP does not apply to Crew Emergency Exits
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for the design and location of cabin crew stations, including emergency equipment installations at or near such stations, to enable the cabin crew to perform effectively in emergency situations, including emergency evacuations. Recommendations regarding design of cabin crew stations apply to all such stations; recommendations regarding location apply to those stations located near or adjacent to floor level exits
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Sometimes, I cringe; sometimes, I just listen and wonder. These past few months have given us all a lot to think about in the automotive space, and it's clear now that the coming years will keep the foot down on the accelerator when it comes to the dramatic changes we've experienced this past decade. One thing that stood out to me in various recent conversations is that there's a widening gulf opening between Chinese automakers and the rest of the world. This isn't exactly news, and this column isn't meant to monger any fears. It's just a bit of off-the-cuff reporting that sheds a bit of light on the level of the challenges we face. As you can read in Chris Clonts' excellent report further in this issue about the warning that Voltaiq's CEO gave at The Battery Show this October, the U.S. is in serious danger of falling well behind Chinese competitors in the EV battery race (Michael Robinette tackles similar ground through a tariff lens in this month's Supplier Eye). But that message was
Blanco, Sebastian
This specification covers a shampoo type carpet cleaner in the form of a liquid
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
This recommended practice shall apply to all on-highway trucks and truck-tractors equipped with air brake systems and having a GVW rating of 26 000 lb or more
Truck and Bus Human Factors Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes safety recommendations for lavatories in transport category airplanes
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This ARP covers three common light sources, incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode that, when NVG filtered, can be used to illuminate NVG compatible aerospace crew stations. It is recognized that many other different light sources can also be used for this purpose. Also see 2.1.1 for other SAE documents that cover particular applications within the crew station environment. This ARP sets forth recommendations for the design of NVG compatible lighting, utilizing these light sources, that will meet the requirements of MIL-L-85762 Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. This also includes the replacement document MIL-STD-3009: Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. Although this ARP concentrates on lamp light sources for illumination, the information contained within this ARP may be directly applied to incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode information display devices. Regardless of the
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
ABSTRACT Military ground vehicles are equipped with Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems (AFES) to protect against enemy threats causing fuel tank ruptures and resulting fuel fires inside military vehicle crew compartments. The fires must be rapidly extinguished without reflash to ensure Soldier protection from burn and toxicity risks. This summary describes the development of a simulation-based acquisition tool which will complement vehicle testing for the optimization of AFES designs for specific vehicles and address their unique clutter characteristics. The simulation-based acquisition tool using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques was validated for an exploratory test box and demonstrated with the evaluation of two different suppressant nozzle configurations for an MRAP vehicle. The result is a cost-savings tool with a negligible development payback period that optimizes Soldier survivability in a fire situation. This modeling tool is currently being applied to predict
Korivi, Vamshi M.Williams, Bradley A.McCormick, Steven J.Deshmukh, Kshitij
ABSTRACT Over the past several years, the rate of advancements in modern computer hardware and graphics computing capabilities has increased exponentially and provided unprecedented opportunities within the Modeling and Simulation community to increase the visual fidelity and quality in new Image Generators (IGs). As a result, IG vendors are continuously reevaluating the best way to make use of these new performance improvements. Some vendors have chosen to increase the resolution of the environment by displaying higher resolution imagery from disk while other vendors have chosen to increase the number of polygons that are capable of being presented in the scene while maintaining 60Hz. While all of these approaches use the latest hardware technology to improve the quality of the simulated environment in the IG, the authors of this paper have chosen to focus on a different approach; to improve the accuracy and realism of the simulated environment. To accomplish this, the authors have
Kuehne, BobHebert, KennyChladny, Brett
ABSTRACT The successful fielding of occupant protection technologies require understanding their behavior and performance under field-like conditions. To achieve this, the Occupant Protection Laboratory (OPL) at Selfridge Air National Guard Base (SANGB) uses a drop tower, called the Sub-System Drop Tower (SSDT), and a vertical accelerator, called the Crew Compartment Under-Body Blast Simulator (CCUBS). These two systems have the capability to deliver specified acceleration profiles to items, such as blast-mitigating seats under test. To gain confidence that the two systems are producing similar testing conditions for a given system, a series of experiments was designed to determine the existence of a correlation between the two systems. A representative seat and an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) were tested under similar acceleration profiles on both systems. Tests were initially conducted without a payload to determine the testing parameters for each system and to determine the
Foster, Craig DRudek, Matthias
ABSTRACT Latencies as small as 170 msec significantly degrade ground vehicle teleoperation performance and latencies greater than a second usually lead to a “move and wait” style of control. TORIS (Teleoperation Of Robots Improvement System) mitigates the effects of latency by providing the operator with a predictive display showing a synthetic latency-corrected view of the robot’s relationship to the local environment and control primitives that remove the operator from the high-frequency parts of the robot control loops. TORIS uses operator joystick inputs to specify relative robot orientations and forward travel distances rather than rotational and translational velocities, with control loops on the robot making the robot achieve the commanded sequence of poses. Because teleoperated ground vehicles vary in sensor suite and on-board computation, TORIS supports multiple predictive display methods. Future work includes providing obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities to support
Kluge, Karl C.Lacaze, AlbertoCelle, Zach LaLegowik, SteveMurphy, KarlThomson, Rob
Summary Combat vehicle designers have made great progress in improving crew survivability against large blast mines and improvised explosive devices. Current vehicles are very resistant to hull failure from large blasts, protecting the crew from overpressure and behind armor debris. However, the crew is still vulnerable to shock injuries arising from the blast and its after-effects. One of these injury modes is spinal compression resulting from the shock loading of the crew seat. This can be ameliorated by installing energy-absorbing seats which reduce the intensity of the spinal loading, while spreading it out over a longer time. The key question associated with energy-absorbing seats has to do with the effect of various factors associated with the design on spinal compression and injury. These include the stiffness and stroking distance of the seat’s energy absorption mechanism, the size of the blast, the vehicle shape and mass, and the weight of the seat occupant. All of these
Eridon, James
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the development of a lightweight, composite floating crew floor designed to withstand the severe loading requirements of an underbody blast. Energy absorbing devices decouple the floor from the surrounding vehicle structure; therefore, in the event of an underbody blast, the impulse is spread out over a longer period of time, thus reducing the loads into the floor where the crew seats are attached. The composite floor development included: characterizing candidate materials for structural and flame/smoke/toxicity characteristics, design optimization of the composite floor geometry, modeling the response of the floor assembly during a simulated underbody blast event, and manufacturing of a physical composite crew floor. Based on this effort, the composite floor was able to meet the structural requirements of the underbody blast event, while reducing weight by more than 55% compared to the baseline aluminum floor. Moreover, due to the significant reduction
Hart, RobertDwyer, BenjaminSmail, AndrewChishti, AmmarErb, DavidLopez-Anido, Roberto
ABSTRACT A coupled thermal and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) full-vehicle model of a protected combat ground vehicle was developed and validated against measured test data. The measurement dataset was collected under thermally extreme conditions. Air temperatures were sampled inside the crew compartment of the vehicle under tactical idle operating conditions with space heaters substituted for on-board electronics. The results generated from the coupled thermal model correlated with the measured test data with an average absolute error of less than 2 °F for both simulated-electronics on and off conditions. The model was used to analyze thermal sensitivity to armor, insulation, and other factors affecting the efficiency of the HVAC system
Pryor, JoshDitty, AaronMao, JuliaRynes, PeteSmith, Rob
ABSTRACT This paper illustrates the effectiveness of using smart displays to further reduce size, weight, and power (SWaP) in ground vehicles while also providing a path to implementing a network for vehicle C4ISR architectures such as VICTORY. This is done by introducing smart displays and how they can be configured and implemented to take on various functions to provide capabilities such as sensor viewing, vehicle health monitoring, and blue force tracking. The smart display’s interfaces and application software allow it to act as network adapter for legacy end nodes in digital backbone architectures
Stokes, Joshua
ABSTRACT The Integrated Bridge currently fielded in the MRAP FoV is a capabilities insertion that provides data integration and visualization services to the vehicle crew. The Integrated Bridge combines displays, data buses, video sensors, switches/routers, radio interfaces, power management components, etc. to provide a unified view as well as a vehicle system control means to its crew members. The Integrated Bridge provides a flexible and modular architecture that can readily be adapted to the variety of Government Furnished Mission Equipment found in the MRAP FoV utilizing developmental hardware and software augmented with VICTORY technology to provide additional standardization and capabilities. This paper describes the continuation and capability extension of the VICTORY Radio Adapter, now called the Integrated Bridge GPIU (General Purpose Interface Unit). Details of the work leading to the fielding of a significantly enhanced version of the GPIU are discussed. GPIU software and
Petty, Millard E.Wilson, Chad J.Wong, Michael C.Smith, Michael R.Wright, Ronnie L.
ABSTRACT A comprehensive analysis of data collected during an evaluation of blast energy–attenuation (EA) seats was conducted to review the performance of commercially available and prototype seat assets. This evaluation included twelve models of seats tested at two separate drop severities with three sizes of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) to develop test methodologies and assess the appropriateness of using injury assessment reference values (IARVs) for all occupant sizes
Bosch, KellyHarris, KatrinaClark, DavidScherer, RisaMelotik, Joseph
ABSTRACT This paper describes a work in progress on the development of general, Open Architecture multi-resolution software for rapid prototyping and analysis of complex systems using a Co-simulation approach. Although the approach can be used for rapid analysis of a wide class of complex physical systems, the current focus of this work is on the modeling of the engine cooling system in the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV vehicle. The paper discusses two aspects of this work: development of the co-simulation environment, development of models of the cooling system components with focus on the A/C system using the R134a refrigerant. The major component models are based on dimensional reduction of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations. The resulting 1D equations are subsequently partitioned along the axial direction resulting in systems of 0D non-linear ordinary differential equations. The equations are then solved using a very efficient approach using Chebyshev polynomials. We also present preliminary
Malosse, Jean-JacquesPindera, Maciej Z.Sun, YuzhiVosen, Steven R.
ABSTRACT As U.S. Army leadership continues to invest in novel technological systems to give warfighters a decisive edge for mounted and dismounted operations, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) and other similar systems are in the spotlight. Continuing to put capable systems that integrate fighting, rehearsing, and training operations into the hands of warfighters will be a key delineator for the future force to achieve and maintain overmatch in an all-domain operational environment populated by near-peer threats. The utility and effectiveness of these new systems will depend on the degree to which the capabilities and limitations of humans are considered in context during development and testing. This manuscript will survey how formal and informal Human Systems Integration planning can positively impact system development and will describe a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) case study
Michelson, StuartRay, Jerry
ABSTRACT This paper presents a practical and easy to implement method for tracking the position of tele-operated Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) inside buildings, where GPS is unavailable. In conventional dead-reckoning systems, which typically use odometry combined with a single-axis gyro or an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), heading errors grow without bound. For that reason, tracking the position of tele-operated UGVs for more than a few minutes becomes unfeasible. Our method, called Heuristics-Enhanced Dead-reckoning (HEDR), overcomes this problem by completely eliminating heading errors at steady state in tele-operated missions of unlimited duration. As a result, HEDR allows the plotting of very accurate trajectories on the Operator Console Unit (OCU). When overlaid over an aerial photo of a building, the real-time trajectory display gives the operator crucial information about position and heading of the UGV relative to the building. This feature offers the operator much
Borenstein, JohannBorrell, AdamMiller, RussThomas, David
ABSTRACT Over the last several years all branches of the United States military have experienced an increased number of orthopedic and internal injuries to knees lower back, neck, and digestive system. Additionally the level of severity has also been increasing. Primary cause factors contributing to the overall increase in injuries to US military personnel include the increase in overall individual loads being carried by the individual soldier which at times can approach 150 pounds, higher operations tempo which results in greater exposure to higher levels of impact forces and for a greater duration. The greater impact forces are a result of the poor design of the current bench deployed on United States tactical vehicles, and the brutal nature of the third world transportation networks in Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper documents the engineering approach utilized by AOM Engineering Solutions to achieve the following primary design objectives; improved ergonomic design for injury
Micheli, JohnDonovan, LTC Ken
ABSTRACT Currently, fielded ground robotic platforms are controlled by a human operator via constant, direct input from a controller. This approach requires constant attention on the part of the operator, decreasing situational awareness (SA). In scenarios where the robotic asset is non-line-of-sight (non-LOS), the operator must monitor visual feedback, which is typically in the form of a video feed and/or visualization. With the increasing use of personal radios, smart devices/wearable computers, and network connectivity by individual warfighters, the need for an unobtrusive means of robotic control and feedback is becoming more necessary. A proposed intuitive robotic operator control (IROC) involving a heads up display (HUD), instrumented gesture recognition glove, and ground robotic asset is described in this paper. Under the direction of the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) Futures Directorate, AnthroTronix, Inc. (ATinc) is implementing the described integration for
Baraniecki, LisaVice, JackBrown, JonathanNichols, JoshStone, DaveDahn, Dawn
ABSTRACT Based on the foundation of thermal management system developed by Rocky Research and working closely with TARDEC personnel, this paper addresses design, development, and testing of two delivered environmental control prototypes to TARDEC. The delivered prototypes are electrically driven vapor compression systems enhanced with Rocky Research vector drive for speed control, use of Pulsing Thermal Expansion Valve (PTXV) for precise refrigerant control, and power electronic package capable of running efficiently from both AC and DC power sources seamlessly. These prototypes were fully tested at different ambient temperature conditions at Rocky Research environmental chamber and their performance were logged and documented. The cooling capacity was measured to be in range of 6,000 to 12,000 Btu/hr and the Coefficient of Performance (COP) was measured to be above 1.5 at high ambient temperature conditions. This reflects close to 50% improvement in efficiency, when compared to
Khalili, KavehSpangler, ChrisSchultz, Andrew
ABSTRACT The concept of handheld control systems with modular and/or integrated display provides the flexibility of operator use that supports the needs of today’s warfighters. A human machine interface control system that easily integrates with vehicle systems through common architecture and can transition to support dismounted operations provides warfighters with functional mobility they do not have today. With Size, Weight and Power along with reliability, maintainability and availability driving the needs of most platforms for both upgrade and development, moving to convertible (mounted to handheld) and transferrable control systems supports these needs as well as the need for the warfighter to maintain continuous control and command connectivity in uncertain mission conditions
Roy, Monica V.
ABSTRACT The CAMEL program focused on force protection and demonstrated the possibility to protect occupants through higher underbelly blast levels than normally or previously observed. This required a holistic vehicle systems engineering approach to mitigate blast injuries that both optimized existing systems as well as developed new technologies. The result was zero injury to all occupants as assessed by 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile encumbered ATDs during survivability blast testing. Twelve full scale objective-level blast tests were performed on over seventy fully-instrumented ATDs without a single lower-extremity injury. The lower limb protection was provided by an isolated floor system. This system was developed from the ground-up and occupant-out during the CAMEL program. This paper chronicles the CAMEL floor system’s creation, design, testing, and development process
Kwiatkowski, KevinWatson, ChristopherKorson, Chantelle
ABSTRACT For millennia the horse was the primary mode of transportation for mounted soldiers. Ingress and egress from a horse’s back is straightforward, space claims are only related to the size of the saddle, and there were no confining walls to restrict what soldiers carried while on horseback. With the rise of the modern mechanized army, vehicle design became more complex. Critical to the effective design of vehicle interiors is an accurate model of the encumbered operator or passenger. Developments in three-dimensional (3d) scanning, computer-aided design (CAD) and other model creation capabilities make it possible to reproduce accurately the underlying human form and to add equipment encumbrances. This paper relates approaches taken in studies where Soldiers or aviators were modeled to define space requirements or reaches. Details of the modeling process, validation, and study results are given. Future research is discussed
Corner, Brian D.Gordon, Claire C.Zehner, GregoryHudson, JeffreyKozycki, Richard
ABSTRACT Time lags are known to reduce performance in human-in-the-loop control systems. Performance decrements for human-in-the-loop control systems as a result of time lags are generally associated with the operator’s inability to predict the outcome of their control input and are dependent upon the characteristics of the lag (e.g., magnitude and variability). Further, the effects of variable time lags are not well studied or understood, but may exacerbate the effects on human control actions observed with fixed lags. Several studies have demonstrated mechanisms that can help combat the effects of lag including adaptation, mathematical predictors (e.g., filters), and predictive displays. This experiment examined the effects of lag and lag variability on a simulated driving task, as well as a possible mitigation (predictive display) for the effects of lag. Results indicated that lag variability significantly reduced driving performance, and that the predictive display significantly
Davis, JamesSmyth, ChristopherMcDowell, Kaleb
ABSTRACT This paper presents a method to mitigate high latency in the teleoperation of unmanned ground systems through display prediction and state estimation. Specifically, it presents a simulation environment which models both sides of the teleoperation system in the laboratory. The simulation includes a teleoperated vehicle model to represent the dynamics in high fidelity. The sensors and actuators are modeled as well as the communication channel. The latency mitigation approach is implemented in this simulation environment, which consists of a feed-forward vehicle model as a state estimator which drives a predictive display algorithm. These components work together to help the operator receive immediate feedback regarding his/her control actions. The paper contains a technical discussion of the design as well as specific implementation. It concludes with the presentation of some experimental data which demonstrate significant improvement over the unmitigated case
Brudnak, Mark J.
ABSTRACT Maintenance of local security is essential for the lethality and survivability in modern urban conflicts. Among solutions the Army is developing is an indirect-vision display (IVD) based sensor system supporting full-spectrum, 360°local area awareness. Unfortunately, such display solutions only address part of the challenge, with remaining issues spawned by the properties of human perceptual-cognitive function. The current study examined the influence of threat properties (e.g. threat type, distance, etc.) on detection performance while participants conducted a patrol through a simulated urban area. Participants scanned a virtual environment comprised of static and dynamic entities and reported those that were deemed potential threats. Results showed that the most influential variables were the characteristics of the targets; threats that appeared far away, behind the vehicle, and for short periods of time were most likely missed. Thus, if an IVD system is to be effective, it
Metcalfe, Jason S.Cosenzo, Keryl A.Johnson, TonyBrumm, BradleyManteuffel, ChristopherEvans, A. WilliamTierney, Terrance
ABSTRACT This paper presents developmental and experimental work beyond the initial presentation of the predictive display technology. Developmental work consisted of the addition of features to the predictive display such as image subsampling, camera stabilization, void filling and image overlay graphics. The paper then describes two experiments consisting of twelve subjects each in which the predictive displays were compared to both the zero latency case (baseline) and the unmitigated high-latency cases (worst case). The predictive display was compared using four objective performance and activity measures of mean speed, lateral deviation, heading deviation and steering activity. The predictive display was also assessed using subjective measures of workload and usability. Citation: M.J. Brudnak, “Predictive Displays for High Latency Teleoperation: Extensions and Experiments”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI
Brudnak, Mark
ABSTRACT The AirLift is a novel device that enables rapid stabilized extraction of injured personnel from a ground vehicle. When deployed from its pre-installed position as a seat cover, the AirLift rigidizes for stabilizing the occupant’s spine by pressurizing an inflatable panel. After extraction from the vehicle with the occupant stabilized in the seated position, the AirLift can convert to a backboard so that the occupant can be safely transported in the supine position. The inflatable panel was designed and tested to provide stiffness while also being durable and manufacturable at volume. Pressure mapping tests were also performed to demonstrate that the AirLift did not change seat comfort compared to the standard seat. Citation: A. Purekar, G. Hiemenz, P. Gillis, “AirLift: Enabling Blast Protection and Rapid, Stabilized Vehicle Extraction”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020
Purekar, AshishHiemenz, GregoryGillis, Paula
ABSTRACT The concept of handheld control systems with modular and/or integrated display provides the flexibility of operator use that supports the needs of today’s warfighters. A human machine interface control system that easily integrates with vehicle systems through common architecture and can transition to support dismounted operations provides warfighters with functional mobility they do not have today. With Size, Weight and Power along with reliability, maintainability and availability driving the needs of most platforms for both upgrade and development, moving to convertible (mounted to handheld) and transferrable control systems supports these needs as well as the need for the warfighter to maintain continuous control and command connectivity in uncertain mission conditions
Roy, Monica V.
ABSTRACT Increasing power requirements along with weight and space constrains requires implementation of more intelligent thermal management systems. The design and development of such systems can only be possible with a thorough understanding of component and system level thermal loads. The present work implements 1-D and 3-D unsteady CFD based simulation tools in vehicle design process. Both under-the-hood cooling and HVAC systems are simulated in various operating conditions on a HPC Computer Cluster. System variables are optimized with gradient based BCSLIB and SciPy optimization libraries. The simulation results are compared and validated with experimental tests
Bayraktar, Ilhan
ABSTRACT The inclusion of energy-absorbing (EA) seats in combat vehicles has been shown to greatly reduce the likelihood of upper-body injuries during mine blast events. A drop tower is one of the common low-cost methods of testing an energy-absorbing seat to determine the vehicle acceleration and associated level of blast that it can protect against. However, the lack of a standard drop tower test procedure for mine blast purposes means that different facilities perform tests and analyze and report results in an inconsistent manner. As a consequence, the reported performance of any given seat tested in a drop tower may not accurately reflect the degree to which it would protect a soldier during an actual blast event. This paper describes the nature of the problems associated with current drop tower testing, and proposes a solution to eliminate much of the ambiguity surrounding test results. We will describe proposed test and analysis methods that can lead to a more accurate and
Eridon, JamesCory, Josh
ABSTRACT Through Army SBIR funding, NanoSonic has created and empirically optimized viscoelastic HybridSil polyurethane siloxane seat cushions that provide improved pressure distribution and Multi-Axial Simulation Table (MAST) vibration dampening over currently employed Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) seat cushions. The foundation of this effort was the synthesis of novel polyurethane siloxane foams and the correlation of their copolymer composition and crosslinking density with vibrational damping, pressure distribution mapping, and mechanical properties. ASTM D 3574 mechanical testing indicates HybridSil seat cushions maintain dimensional stability after extended fatigue testing. H-point testing completed in accordance with FMVSS-202A indicates NanoSonic’s seat cushions afford comparable positional values to the current employed seat cushions and thus have direct integration potential. Citation: V. Baranauskas, H. Hutchinson, G. Litrichin, “High Performance Hybridsil Seat Cushions
Baranauskas, VinceHutchinson, McKenzieLitrichin, Gale
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