Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits

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Electro-Hydraulic Cabin Lifting System for High Mobility Vehicle2025-28-0313To be published on 11/06/2025
The High Mobility Vehicle (HMV) is used as both an off-highway and on-highway vehicle in Defence applications. It is mainly used as general service and ground support vehicles for mobility of troops, ammunition and materials in the armed forces. These high mobility vehicles also used as base vehicle for launching missiles and carries radar systems. The HMVs are designed to perform in hard terrain, difficult climatic and environment conditions. This paper presents the new design has been made in HMV to tilt the operator cabin by adopting the electro hydraulic system against the conventional mechanical system. The new design system relates to an advanced electric-hydro mechanism designed for lifting vehicle cabins, which integrates electric and hydraulic systems to provide a safe, efficient, and reliable method for cabin tilting or lifting operations of HMV. The electric-assisted hydraulic mechanism enhances ease of operation, safety, and optimize power consumption while ensuring smooth
SELVARAJ, SUTHAKAR, Praveen.BT, Praveen, Prasad, Prasad
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-0433To be published on 10/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
Performance investigation of AC system in electric vehicle by fault detection and diagnosis2025-28-0353To be published on 10/30/2025
The aim of the present study is to analyze the performance of the automobile air conditioning for electric vehicle by varying the refrigerant charge and various operating conditions and detecting the refrigerant leak. For this, a simulation model and a leak detection algorithm are developed in the present study for a small automobile air conditioning system with R134a refrigerant. There is no need to get car AC recharged if the AC system works fine. The refrigerant in the car doesn’t degrade over time (assuming there are no leaks in the system). But the main possibility of degradation of refrigerant is due to leakage. However, the car’s AC tends to lose the refrigerant over the time naturally. AC can lose about 10-15% of the refrigerant over a year. Due to the refrigerant leakage, the cooling system performance degrades, and components tend to fail. The four major components of the automobile air conditioning are compressor, thermostatic expansion valve and compact heat ex-changers
Bezbaruah, Puja, Yadav, Ankit, Pilakkattu, Deepak
IHX technology and its Effectiveness in Automotive AC performance2025-28-0430To be published on 10/30/2025
The Internal Heat Exchanger (IHX) is an important component in modern car air conditioning (AC) systems particularly in AC Lines. It increases cooling efficiency by transferring heat from the high-pressure liquid refrigerant to the low-pressure vapour. By using this technology improves refrigerant sub-cooling and superheating, As a result higher cooling performance, lower energy usage, and less strain on the compressor. It improves vehicle fuel economy and a longer lifespan for AC components. Also, IHX prevents liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor, reducing the danger of damage and increasing system reliability. This optimization helps maintain consistent refrigerant flow, reduces energy consumption, and improves the overall Coefficient of Performance (COP). The implementation of IHX technology in AC lines results in more compact, streamlined system designs, which allow for better temperature management, faster response times, and lesser cooling loads. IHX can boost cooling
Dudeja, Kailash, Singh, Saniya
Attribute optimization of multi-zone climate control system for Indian applications2025-28-0424To be published on 10/30/2025
Single-zone cabin climate control systems have been standard for decades in passenger cars. Looking at the technology trend, which is transitioning from single-zone to multi-zone automatic control systems, it is now possible to provide zonal comfort tailored to the individual requirements of each passenger. In current single-zone climate control systems, maintaining the cabin temperature as stated by the passenger has been straightforward and can be achieved with slight calibration efforts using the present set of parameters and sensors until now. In this work, a multi-zone climate system highlighting the importance of individual calibration parameters in improving cabin comfort when transitioning from a single-zone to a multi-zone climate control system is proposed. As multi-zone climate systems are based on passenger set temperature requests for individual zonal comfort, appropriate controller fine-tuning is challenging when an input is taken from various sensed parameters, including
Varma, Mohit, Swarnkar, Sumit Kumar, BHOSALE, KRISHNA, Patil, Prashant, Sardesai, Suresh
Impact of air pressure load on HVAC kinematic mechanism2025-28-0368To be published on 10/30/2025
In vehicle AC system, HVAC is one of important component as it control the air flow and air distribution based on cabin requirement. There are different air mode like face, foot and defrost mode to control the air flow inside vehicle and HVAC kinematic mechanism is used for controlling the air flow based on requirement. The air passing inside HVAC have a severe impact on the torque on the servo motor which controls the mechanism. Simulation driven design method is used globally in recent days in highly competitive automotive industry. Launching the product at the market within short span of time, with good quality and less cost is more challenging. Hence CAE/MBD based approach is more significant as it will reduce number of prototypes as well as the cost of testing. The objective of the analysis is to find the torque required to operate the HAVC linkages under operating conditions. The fluid air pressure will induce force at the damper face which will affect the torque. The torque
Parayil, Paulson
CFD Simulation Techniques for Optimizing Operating Torque in HVAC Kinematics2025-28-0369To be published on 10/30/2025
This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of the methodology employed in leveraging CFD for optimizing HVAC kinematics, focusing on reducing the operating torque by improvising the flap geometry. The aim here is to utilize the CFD simulation in order to predict the torque generated on the actuator motor connected to the flap when the flap is placed in high speed airflow and based on this value work out an optimized geometry of the flap, since its geometry plays a significant role when it comes to determining the torque values. This torque is generated because of the force acting on the flap which is acting as a buffer in the path of airflow. The torque generated should be less than the stall torque of the actuator motor in order for smooth performance/movement of the flap. Initial geometry of the flap generated a torque of around 95 Ncm which was much higher than the stall torque of actuator motor. So in order to bring these torque values within the working range of actuator
Madaan, Ashish, Kumar, Ravi, Behera, Suresh, Chauhan, Arpit
A Method to Enhance Cabin Air Quality with Energy Efficiency in parallel for AC System in Electric Vehicle2025-28-0428To be published on 10/30/2025
During air conditioning (AC) operation in electric vehicles (EVs), cabin air is predominantly recirculated to reduce heating and cooling loads. However, prolonged recirculation leads to deteriorated cabin air quality. Simply introducing fresh air to improve air quality is inefficient, as external air conditions are unpredictable and may negatively affect energy consumption. Moreover, even in recirculation mode under low ambient temperatures, energy usage increases due to the dual operation of the electric compressor (e-Compressor) and the Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heater. In this dual-mode scenario, the e-Compressor maintains a low evaporator temperature for effective air dehumidification, while the PTC heater supplies sensible heating to achieve the desired cabin comfort. This combination results in higher energy consumption, presenting challenges in optimizing both air quality and energy efficiency in EV climate control systems. This work tries to control overall cabin
Kumar, Sunny, Venu, Santosh, Raj, Shivam, Khan, Farhan
To analyze and investigate causes of EV fire in Building / Infrastructure Projects2025-28-0381To be published on 10/30/2025
As electric vehicles (EVs) become an integral part of modern transportation, concerns over fire hazards in building and infrastructure projects have emerged during electric vehicle charging. Reports of EV related fires, particularly in enclosed spaces including parking structures in commercial and residential buildings, have raised questions on the safety of these newly installed charging points in the infrastructure and raised a demand for potential mitigation strategies. This study aims to explore the underlying factors contributing to EV fires within such environments while focusing on charging infrastructure, environmental conditions and broader safety considerations. Given the complexity of EV fire incidents, this research investigates potential triggers such as inadequate charging infrastructure in Power Distribution System, improper charging practices and external environmental influences. Additionally, challenges posed by inadequate ventilation, outdated building codes and the
Vashist, Devendra, Sharma, Vikas
Simulation-Driven Improvement of Temperature Linearity in Dual-Layer HVAC Systems2025-28-0388To be published on 10/30/2025
The HVAC industry is rapidly expanding, particularly in the automotive sector, fueled by India's recent air conditioning mandate. This growth has led to an increased demand for highly optimized and efficient HVAC systems in vehicles. A critical factor in ensuring year-round performance is maintaining temperature linearity within specified limits, which is essential for user comfort. Temperature linearity refers to the temperature differential between duct outlets when air is distributed through multiple vents, such as those aimed at the face and feet. This differential typically ranges from 13 to 15°C, varying based on customer and manufacturer specifications. The flap angle significantly influences this temperature difference, as it regulates airflow through the heater according to user needs. This study aims to design an HVAC duct system that effectively maintains optimal temperature linearity across varying flap angles. We employ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to
Madaan, Ashish, Kumar, Ravi, Dangwal, Raj
Demisting system to secure the outside rear-view mirror visibility without a dedicated side demister2025-28-0383To be published on 10/30/2025
Efficient demisting of automotive side windows is crucial for maintaining visibility and ensuring passenger safety, particularly in adverse weather conditions. Conventional systems often employ dedicated side demisters, which increase system complexity, and production costs and vehicle weight. This study explores an alternative approach to side glass demisting by utilizing airflow from the front defroster system, eliminating the need for separate side demisters. The Study leverages optimized airflow dynamics and strategic design of defroster to direct a portion of the air towards the side glass. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and actual vehicle tests to analyze the airflow patterns, temperature gradients, and defogging efficiency of this configuration. Results indicate that the front defroster airflow can effectively clear mist from the side windows, achieving comparable performance to conventional side demisters. Key design parameters, including defroster geometry
Kushwaha, Mayank, Bhangale, Shekhar, Mittal, Sachin, Kumar, Mukesh, Umbarkar, Shriganesh
Integrated Topology, Shape and Size optimization - Application in Automotive Design and Manufacturing.2025-28-0375To be published on 10/30/2025
CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) optimization plays a pivotal role in various industries to gain a competitive edge. CAE optimization is essential in several industries, such as automotive, aerospace and consumer electronics, etc., concentrating on enhancing component structural design. The process helps in addressing complex design challenges, including weight reduction, material usage efficiency and operational effectiveness. This paper presents applications for an integrated form shape, size and topology optimization approach of structural systems by using CAE tools. For the present study, CAD (Computer Aided Design) was prepared using CATIA V5 followed by meshing in Altair Hyper-works software. Hyper-mesh (Optistruct) was used as a solver tool. Modal analysis was performed to extract the natural frequencies of vibration and respective mode shapes. According to the results of the frequency response function study performed on the automobile air conditioning condenser, based on low
Mehra, Akanksha, Parayil, Paulson
Risk Assessment of Delayed MAC Compressor Engagement on Occupant Thermal Comfort2025-28-0399To be published on 10/30/2025
Mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems play a critical role in ensuring occupant thermal comfort, particularly under extreme ambient conditions. Any delay in compressor engagement directly affects cabin cooldown performance, impacting both perceived and measured comfort levels. This study assesses the thermal comfort risks associated with compressor engagement delays of 6.5 seconds and 13 seconds under varying ambient conditions. A comprehensive frontloading approach was employed, integrating 1D CAE simulations with objective and subjective experimental testing. Initial simulations provided insights into transient cabin heat load behavior and air distribution effectiveness, enabling efficient test case selection. Physical testing was conducted in a controlled climatic chamber under severe (>40°C) ambient condition, replicating real-world scenario. Objective metrics, including cabin air temperature, vent temperature and cooldown rates, were measured to quantify thermal performance
Kulkarni, Shridhar, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji
Design Strategies for Integrating a Quieter Refrigeration Handling System in Automotive HVAC2025-28-0432To be published on 10/30/2025
With the advent of next-generation, quieter powertrain internal combustion (IC) engines and the silent operation of electric vehicle motors, HVAC noise has emerged as a primary source of in-cabin sound. While significant efforts have been made across the industry to mitigate noise from airflow handling systems, specifically blower noise, greater attention is required to address the noise associated with the refrigeration handling system. The integration of refrigeration components plays a crucial role in the overall NVH refinement of a vehicle. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impact of each HVAC component during vehicle-level integration. This study focuses on the integration of key refrigeration system components, including the compressor, thermostatic expansion valve (TXV), suction and discharge pipes. The compressor and TXV serve as primary sources of noise and vibration, whereas the suction and discharge pipes function as transmission pathways. Achieving an optimal
Titave, Uttam Vasant, Kalsule, Shrikant, Naidu, Sudhakara
Determination of Optimum Refrigerant Charge Quantity in ICE and EV using 1D CAE2025-28-0384To be published on 10/30/2025
This paper presents a comprehensive study utilizing 1D CAE simulation to accurately determine the optimal refrigerant charge quantity in both Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Electric Vehicle (EV) HVAC systems. By leveraging 1D simulation, we aim to enhance system efficiency, improve cabin comfort, and minimize energy consumption by optimizing the refrigerant charge quantity. The simulation methodology involves creating detailed models of the HVAC systems encompassing compressors, condensers, evaporators, and expansion valves in 1D CAE. Experimental data, including refrigerant side (temperature, pressure), coolant side (temperature), and airside (temperature) parameters, were collected under controlled conditions. The collected data was used to calibrate and validate the 1D CAE models, ensuring their fidelity to real-world HVAC system behavior. Through iterative simulations, the refrigerant charge quantity was systematically varied, and key performance metrics, such as average vent
Shah, Geet, Jaiswara, Prashant, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, vangala, Sai krishna, M, Chandru
A Novel Approach to Enhance Compressor Life in Passenger Vehicle MAC Systems2025-28-0409To be published on 10/30/2025
Compressor durability is a critical factor for ensuring the long-term reliability of Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) systems in passenger vehicles. This study presents a software based strategy for enhancing compressor life using Smart Fully Automatic Temperature Control (FATC), requiring no additional hardware. The proposed approach leverages existing inputs from the FATC and Engine Management System (EMS) to intelligently manage compressor operation, with a focus on addressing challenges related to prolonged non-usage. In extended inactivity scenarios such as during cold weather, vehicle exportation, storage, or breakdowns, lubrication oil tends to settle in the compressor sump, leaving internal parts dry. Sudden reactivation at high engine speeds under such conditions can cause increased friction, wear and even compressor seizure. To mitigate this, an intelligent reactivation protocol has been developed and integrated into the Climate Control Module (CCM). This protocol continuously
Deshmukh, Ganesh, CHOTALIYA, BHAVY, Kulkarni, Shridhar, KHAIRE, DATTATRAY, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet
A Smart Multi-disciplinary Approach to Evaluate Thermal Insulation Impact on Automotive Mobile Air Conditioning System Performance2025-28-0425To be published on 10/30/2025
Automotive mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems rely on effective thermal insulation to maintain cabin comfort and energy efficiency. However, insulation materials degrade over time due to thermal cycling and environmental exposure, impacting overall system performance. This study investigates the effects of reducing insulation material density (GSM) in critical areas such as the engine firewall, plenum, roof, and door panels on MAC system efficiency. A multi-disciplinary approach combining basic engineering calculations, frontloading CAE simulations, and targeted experimental testing was employed. Initial calculations provided directional input for cabin heat load analysis, guiding early-stage design decisions. Simulation models were used to predict the impact of insulation reduction on cooling performance, energy consumption, and component durability, reducing reliance on iterative physical testing. Experimental validation was then conducted selectively, focusing on critical areas
Kulkarni, Shridhar, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Joshi, Gaurav, Nayakawadi, Uttam, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji
Noise mitigation techniques in vehicle HVAC system2025-28-0378To be published on 10/30/2025
Noise produced by Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in automobiles considerably influences passenger comfort and the overall driving experience. As automotive manufacturers strive to improve the acoustic environment within vehicles, the reduction of HVAC system noise has emerged as a significant concern. The main sources of noise in HVAC systems consist of fan operation, compressor vibrations, and airflow turbulence occurring within ducts. This paper investigates several technical strategies to diminish HVAC system noise, emphasizing advanced methods such as Campbell diagrams, waterfall charts, and techniques for system optimization One significant approach for noise mitigation is the utilization of Campbell diagrams, which serve as essential instruments for pinpointing resonant frequencies in HVAC components. By graphing frequency in relation to rotational speed, engineers are able to identify critical resonance points and devise solutions to either avoid or
Trivedi, Arpita, Kumar, Ravi, Madaan, Ashish, Shrivastava, Pawan
An Assessment Framework for HVAC energy consumption in Indian transport sector: Amplifying India’s Climate Goal efforts2025-28-0391To be published on 10/30/2025
India is the third-largest automotive industry and one of the fastest-growing economies. As India’s auto sector continues to expand rapidly, the country’s energy demand is expected to increase significantly. To meet this energy demand efficient energy sources will play a major role. India experiences diverse weather conditions, with a significant duration is hot and humid summers ranging upto 50°C. Due to this extreme weather conditions HVAC systems becomes necessity for a comfortable driving. Trend shows that global temperature is increasing which is causing higher cooling demand and this may continue to rise. Globally there are methods available to assess HVAC efficiency in passenger cars. In the work presented, we investigated the assessment method of energy demand by HVAC system in passenger cars. This will help to create the baseline for India-specific condition that can be used to define energy efficiency in HVAC systems in transport. Efforts are put to investigate influencing
Sarna, Nishant, Jaiswal, Harsh Kumar, Yadav, Diyya, Vashisth, Ajay, Dwivedi, Vipin
Design and analysis on integrated thermal management solution for electric vehicles2025-28-0418To be published on 10/30/2025
Thermal management system (TMS) for battery electric vehicles (BEV) incorporates maintaining optimum temperature for cabin, battery and e-powertrain subsystems under different charging and discharging conditions at various ambient temperatures. Current methods of thermal management are inefficient, complex and lead to wastage of energy and battery capacity loss due to inability of energy transfer between subsystems. In this paper, the energy consumption of an electric vehicle's thermal management system is reduced by a novel approach for integration of various subsystems. Integrated thermal management system (ITMS) integrates air conditioning system, battery thermal management and e-powertrain system. Characteristics of existing integration strategies are studied, compared and classified based on their energy efficiency for different operating conditions. A new integrated system is proposed with a heat pump system for cabin and waste heat recovery from e-powertrain. Various cooling and
K, Muthukrishnan, S, Saikrishna, Mahobia, Tanmay, Vijayaraj, Jayanth Murali
Maximizing Range with Advanced Air Conditioning Optimization and Energy Management2025-28-0364To be published on 10/30/2025
Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by "range anxiety," a major concern for consumers. A primary contributor to this issue is the significant energy consumption of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, which can account for 15-40% of a vehicle's total energy demand, directly reducing its practical driving range. Using the 1D simulation tool GT-SUITE, this research provides a comparative analysis of two distinct HVAC architectures: a conventional air-cooled condenser (ACC) and a proposed liquid-cooled condenser (LCC). The performance of both hardware systems was evaluated under two control strategies a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and a basic On/Off controller—to identify the optimal configuration. The results advocate that optimizing the system's architecture and control logic yields a substantial improvement in the Coefficient of Performance (COP) ranging from 47% to 128% compared to the baseline ACC/On-Off configuration, with a
T R, Rakshith, Yadav, Ankit
A Strategic TQM Approach to Enhance Passenger Cabin Comfort Using T-Matrix2025-28-0423To be published on 10/30/2025
This study demonstrates the application of the T-Matrix, a Total Quality Management (TQM) tool to improve thermal comfort in automotive climate control systems. Focusing on the commonly reported customer issue of insufficient cabin cooling, particularly relevant in hot and congested Indian driving conditions, the research systematically investigates 36 failure modes identified across the product lifecycle, from early design through production and post-sale customer usage. Root causes are first categorized using an Ishikawa diagram and then mapped using the T-Matrix across three critical stages: problem creation, expected detection, and actual detection. This integrated approach reveals process blind spots where existing validation and inspection systems fail to catch known risks, particularly in rear-seat airflow performance and component variability from suppliers. By applying this TQM methodology, the study identifies targeted improvement actions such as improved thermal targets
Jaiswara, Prashant, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Nayakawadi, Uttam, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji
Research on Validation and Research Platform for Automotive Air-Conditioning Control Strategy2025-01-505809/10/2025
In order to improve the efficiency of verification and optimization of control strategies for air-conditioning systems, a thermal management platform is established based on a rapid control prototyping (RCP) approach in the article. The platform is composed of a HVAC hardware bench, a real-time control system, and a control software model. This article describes the overall architecture of the platform, the control strategy, and an efficient method for development and optimization of air-conditioning control strategies. The cooling and heating modes of the air conditioner are tested. The results show that the control strategy can be directly modified via the platform to improve the performance of the whole system. The experimental results show that after modifying the control strategy, the cooling effect of the air conditioner is optimized and the cooling time is reduced by 10.6%. The CLTC cycle is also tested in this work to verify the dynamic control performance of the air
Liu, Shuqi, Yu, Yilong, Wang, Wei, Wang, Yuan, Zhang, Yilun, Xu, Xiang
Effect of Pressure Losses and Reynolds Number on Active Grille Shutter Characteristics and Its Prediction2025-01-505909/10/2025
In the present article it is investigated why active grille shutters (AGS) can have very different aerodynamic characteristics, ranging from progressive to strongly degressive, and which factors influence them. For this purpose, the authority concept known from the field of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is referred to. According to this theory, the control characteristics of dampers depend primarily on the ratio of the pressure losses at the fully open damper to the pressure losses of the rest of the system. The adaptation of the concept to the automotive field shows that, in addition to the pressure losses, the geometry of the cooling air ducting plays a decisive role in motor vehicles. The effect of driving speed and fan operation on the characteristic curves is also being investigated. In addition, authority theory can also be used to derive the conditions under which the opening characteristic curve of an AGS provides a good prediction of the real characteristic
Wolf, Thomas
Simulation Based Dynamic Thermal Emulation Unit for Thermal Preconditioning and Emulation of Hardware Components on the Thermal Testbed2025-24-013709/07/2025
Electrification of vehicles plays an important role in the transformation process towards sustainable mobility in the individual and transport sector. As a result, new challenges must be met during the development process regarding the vehicles overall energy management system. A key challenge is the development of thermal management systems to optimize overall vehicle efficiency and to minimize ageing effects of the powertrain components while maintaining passenger comfort. Efficiency and ageing effects are highly dependent on the conditioning state of the powertrain components due to their high thermal sensitivity with simultaneously narrow thermal operating limits. Comfort functions like cabin air conditioning must be fulfilled as well, which must be considered by the thermal management system. To develop innovative solutions for thermal management systems at an early stage of the development process, thermal emulation can be used to substitute hardware components. Therefore
Weimer, Niko, Hohenberg, Günter, Beidl, Christian, Fiore, Luis, Stenger, Erik, Seib, Rico
Effect of PEM Fuel Cell Technology Advancement on the Energy Efficiency of a Heavy-Duty Vehicle2025-24-011109/07/2025
Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are a promising solution for decarbonizing heavy-duty transport by combining hydrogen fuel cells with battery storage to deliver long range, fast refuelling, and high payload capacity. However, many existing simulation models rely on outdated fuel cell parameters, limiting their ability to reflect recent technological improvements and accurately predict system-level performance. This study addresses this gap by integrating a state-of-the-art, physics-based model of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) into an open-source heavy-duty vehicle simulation framework. The updated model incorporates recent advancements in catalyst design and membrane conductivity, enabling improved representation of electrochemical behavior and real-time compressor control. Model performance was evaluated over a realistic 120 km long-haul drive cycle. Compared to the traditional fuel cell model, the updated system demonstrated up to 20% lower hydrogen
Dursun, Beyza, Johansson, Max, Tunestal, Per, aronsson, Ulf, Eriksson, Lars, Andersson, Oivind
Lifting the Key Functional Figures Concerning Performance and Efficiency for 2nd Gen. H 2 Engines for On- and Off-Highway Installations by Tailored Engineering Measures2025-24-004909/07/2025
To curb global warming and meet stricter greenhouse gas emission standards all over the globe, it is essential to minimize the carbon footprint of applications in the mobility and transport segment. The demands on mobility, transportation and services are constantly increasing in line with worldwide population growth and the corresponding need for economic prosperity. This ongoing trend will lead to a significant increase in energy requirements for mobility-related applications in the upcoming time, despite all efficiency improvements. The timely introduction and accelerated spread of low-carbon/carbon-neutral energy sources is therefore of crucial importance. In addition to the switch to electric propulsion systems, particularly in the light-duty vehicle sector, the use of advanced and optimized hydrogen (H2)-powered internal combustion engines (ICE) represents a parallel, compatible technical option, as these applications will also meet the most stringent requirements in terms of
Koerfer, Thomas, Zimmer, Pascal, Li, Zhengling, Pischinger, Stefan, Lückerath, Moritz
Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Electronic Flat Panel DisplaysARP4260B (Current)08/20/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains methods used to measure the optical performance of airborne electronic flat panel display (FPD) systems. The methods described are specific to the direct view, liquid crystal matrix (x-y addressable) display technology used on aircraft flight decks. The focus of this document is on active matrix, liquid crystal displays (LCD). The majority of the procedures can be applied to other display technologies, however, it is cautioned that some techniques need to be tailored to different display technologies. The document covers monochrome and color LCD operation in the transmissive mode within the visual spectrum (the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm). These procedures are adaptable to reflective and transflective displays paying special attention to the source illumination geometry. Photometric and colorimetric measurement procedures for airborne direct view CRT (cathode ray tube) displays are found in ARP1782. Optical measurement
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Emergency Evacuation IlluminationARP503H (Current)08/11/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides criteria for design and location of power supplies, controls, light fixtures, and associated equipment which are used to provide emergency illumination in transport aircraft, designed to comply with 14 CFR Part 25 (see Reference 1) for operation under 14 CFR Part 91 (see Reference 11) and 14 CFR Part 121 (see Reference 2), and also in compliance with FAA Advisory Circulars AC 25.812-1A (see Reference 3) and AC 25.812-2 (see Reference 10). It is not the purpose of an ARP to specify design methods to be followed in the accomplishment of the stated objectives.
A-20C Interior Lighting
Workhorse's W56 is the people's champ of electrified work vans25TOFHP08_1008/01/2025
ACT Expo 2025 had a fleet of new commercial vehicle launches as well as displays for models already on the market. One such existing chassis was the Workhorse W56, an electric step van designed for Class 5/6 last-mile delivery. Unlike many of its competitors, Workhorse did not set out to be a technological leader with the W56. Rather, the company took the approach of leveraging the best of the currently available and applicable technologies to produce a durable, reliable and producible product that just happened to be powered by electrons.
Wolfe, Matt
Flight Compartment GlareARP6161A (Current)07/25/2025
This document is a tool for the certifying authority, flight deck crew station designers, instrument suppliers, lighting suppliers, and component suppliers. It is an aid to understanding and meeting relevant regulatory requirements, particularly those relating to pilot compartment view (refer to 14 CFR § 25.773[a][2]) and instrument lights (refer to 14 CFR § 25.1381[a][2]) for glare arising from visible electromagnetic radiation.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Minimum Standard for Portable Gaseous, Oxygen EquipmentAS1046D (Current)07/11/2025
This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft. This standard is applicable to the following types of portable oxygen equipment: a Continuous flow 1 Pre-set 2 Adjustable 3 Automatic b Demand flow 1 Straight-demand 2 Diluter-demand 3 Pressure-demand c Combination continuous flow and demand flow.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Thermal Interaction Based on Battery Electrochemical Modeling for In-Wheel Hub Motor Electric Vehicles: A Performance Analysis14-14-03-001607/09/2025
As the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) continues to rise, analyzing their performance under varying environmental conditions that affect energy consumption has become increasingly important. A critical factor influencing the efficiency of BEVs is the heat loss from the operation and interaction between the vehicle components, such as the battery and motor, and the surrounding temperature. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermal interaction in BEVs by integrating hub motor vehicle and battery electrochemical model with environmental factors. It explores how ambient temperature variations influence the performance of EV components, particularly the motors and battery systems, in both hot and cold weather conditions. The simulations also consider the passenger comfort inside the cabin as it investigates the effects of operating the air-conditioning system on overall energy consumption, revealing significant energy consumption shifts during extreme ambient
Abdullah, Mohamed, Zhang, Xi
Fuel Versus Oxygen: Evaluations and ConsiderationsAIR5648B (Current)07/09/2025
Current regulations (e.g., Title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, or 14 CFR) define design requirements for oxygen system provisions for protection of crewmembers and passengers following emergency events such as in-flight decompression. This aerospace information report (AIR) addresses the operational oxygen system requirements for a decompression incident that may occur at any point during a long-range flight, with an emphasis for a decompression at the equal time point (ETP). This AIR identifies fuel and oxygen management contingencies and presents possible solutions for the efficient, safe, and optimum fuel/oxygen flight continuation. Oxygen management is a critical concern for all aircraft, ranging from single-engine types operating above 10000 feet to complex, high-performance aircraft equipped with supplemental oxygen systems. Proper planning ensures compliance with regulations and supports pilot and passenger safety at higher altitudes. This document
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Flight Deck Lighting for AircraftARP4103B (Current)07/07/2025
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for aircraft, except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Optimized Cabin Heating Strategy for Battery Electric CEP Vehicles2025-01-026307/02/2025
Electromobility is gaining importance in the courier, express and parcel (CEP) sector, as parcel service providers increasingly rely on zero-emission vehicles to improve their CO₂ footprint. A common drawback of battery electric vehicles is their reduced range under cold operating conditions, due to the increased energy demand for cabin heating. Another CEP-specific factor influencing both energy consumption and cabin comfort is the frequent opening of doors during parcel delivery. Additionally, during delivery phases, the cabin cools down in the driver’s repeated absence from the cabin, as the heating is inactive. Nonetheless, a sufficient level of thermal comfort must be maintained during the driving phases between delivery stops. This paper presents an optimization-based strategy for the cabin heating of battery electric CEP vehicles. The objective is to maximize cabin comfort during driving phases while maintaining efficient energy consumption. For this purpose, a nonlinear model
Rehm, Dominik, Krost, Jonathan, Meywerk, Martin, Czarnetzki, Walter
Simulation-Based Investigation and its Experimental Validation of the Thermal Behaviour of a Battery Electric City Bus2025-01-026607/02/2025
Electrification of city busses is an important factor for decarbonisation of the public transport sector. Due to its strictly scheduled routes and regular idle times, the public transport sector is an ideal use case for battery electric vehicles (BEV). In this context, the thermal management has a high potential to decrease the energy demand or to increase the vehicles range. The thermal management of an electric city bus controls the thermal behaviour of the components of the powertrain, such as motor and inverters, as well as the conditioning of the battery system and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) of the drivers’ front box and the passenger room. The focus of the research is the modelling of the thermal behaviour of the important components of an electric city bus in MATLAB/Simscape including real-world driving cycles and the thermal management. The heating of the components, geometry and behaviour of the cooling circuits as well as the different mechanisms of
Schäfer, Henrik, Meywerk, Martin, Hellberg, Tobias
Design and Performance Criteria: Interior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category AirplanesAS5671A (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Passenger Vehicle Windshield Demisting and Defrosting SystemsJ902_202506 (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Recommend Practice establishes for passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10000 pounds) or less, as defined by the EPA, and M1 category vehicles, as defined by the European Commission:
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsJ2843_202506 (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Standard applies to equipment to be used with R-1234yf refrigerant only. It establishes requirements for equipment used to recharge R-1234yf to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and purity levels defined in SAE J2099. Refrigerant service equipment is required to ensure adequate refrigerant recovery to reduce emissions and provide for accurate recharging of mobile air-conditioning systems. Equipment shall be certified to meet all performance requirements outlined in this document and international/regional construction and safety requirements as outlined in this document.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: June 202525TOFHP0606/12/2025
Developing next-gen diesels to last decades John Deere's newest combustion engines are designed to accommodate alternative fuels and evolving technologies as requirements demand. New Volvo D13 VGT utilizes 24V architecture Volvo Trucks North America launches the all-new VNR with standard D13 VGT engine and announces an upcoming CARB-24 Omnibus compliant engine variant. Next reman up: The role of engine remanufacturing While new sustainability efforts aim to curb the carbon footprint of the commercial vehicle industry, old methods continue to be among the most effective. Challenges and opportunities for electrifying machines The switch to electrified off-highway vehicles can help reduce reliance on hydraulic components that decrease system efficiency via parasitic losses. Editorial Tech - and tariffs - top of mind at tradeshows ACT Expo 2025: Battery experts fret tariffs, encourage specific designs How HVAC systems can adapt to the needs of electric off-highway vehicles Clarios brings
Temperature Effect on the Rattle and Squeak Noise of Automotive Instrument Panel and Console2025-01-504206/10/2025
In order to improve the comfort and perceptive quality of vehicle on the climate conditions worldwide, the temperature effect on rattle and squeak of instrument panel and console is studied under temperatures of −30°C, 23°C, and 60°C. First, the modal accuracy of finite element model is certificated by real vehicle test. The first global mode shapes are reciprocating rotation and reciprocating translation for instrument panel and console, respectively, corresponding to frequencies of 36.6 Hz and 29.6 Hz, which attain about 91% and 92.5% relative to the experiment values. Second, on basis of the “3σ” threshold of 0.27%, an assembly clearance in left instrument panel has non-negligible rattle risk under all temperatures. Another three clearances have no rattle risk but get rattle increase under temperatures of −30°C and 60°C. In addition, the rattle risk is increased around console end clearances at the temperature of 60°C. In other cases, the rattle risk is 0% or can be neglected. Third
Yang, Xiaoyu, Mu, Yongtao
How HVAC systems can adapt to the needs of electric off-highway vehicles25TOFHP06_0706/01/2025
The sustainability trend continues to grow in the off-highway sector. Wherever possible, manufacturers rely on electric vehicles to contribute to climate protection goals. Therefore, heating and cooling solutions need to fit these given circumstances. Eliminating the traditional waste heat from the combustion engine requires new strategies for temperature regulation, for the cabin as well as for the battery. The aim is to efficiently control all thermally relevant areas in the vehicle.
Touzet, Adrien
Q&A25TOFHP06_1406/01/2025
Last summer, SAE Media was invited to Eaton's proving grounds in Marshall, Michigan, to test drive an electric truck the company had built in collaboration with BAE Systems. The truck was a showcase not only of BAE's powertrain control technology, but also of Eaton's new multi-speed heavy-duty EV transmission. That truck was on display at the 2025 ACT Expo, as was Eaton's transmission. SAE Media spoke with Scott Adams, SVP of technology and global products for Eaton, in Anaheim, California, about the company's portfolio of multi- and single-speed medium- and heavy-duty transmissions as well as other upcoming driveline offerings.
Wolfe, Matt
No fear of loading: Driving the 2025 Ram Heavy Duty25TOFHP06_1206/01/2025
The desert landscapes of the western United States have changed since Mr. Duke and Dr. Gonzo blazed a trail across them in a drug-infused haze. But their advice to buy the ticket and take the ride is still a wise mantra - especially in the serene comfort of a modern full-size pickup. As inhospitable as southern Nevada can be outside Sin City, the amenities within the climate-controlled and leather-lined cabin of the latest Ram pickups insulate you from those realities. SAE Media was invited to sample the latest heavy haulers in Ram's portfolio, including the new 2500 and 3500 models with the high-output version of the Cummins B6.7 diesel.
Wolfe, Matt
Methods to Reduce Transmission of Airborne Viruses in a Bus Cabin02-18-04-002105/19/2025
Public buses can be high-risk environments for the transmission of airborne viruses due to the confined space and high passenger density. However, advanced cabin air control systems and other measures can mitigate this risk. This research was conducted to explore various strategies aimed at reducing airborne particle transmission in bus cabins by using retrofit accessories and a redesigned parallel ventilation system. Public transit buses were used for stationary and on-road testing. Air exchange rates (ACH) were calculated using CO2 gas decay rates measured by low-cost sensors throughout each cabin. An aerosol generator (AG) was placed at various locations inside the bus and particle concentrations were measured for various experiments and ventilation configurations. The use of two standalone HEPA air filters lowered overall concentrations of particles inside the bus cabin by a factor of three. The effect of using plastic “barriers” independently showed faster particle arrival times
Lopez, Brenda, Swanson, Jacob, Dover, Kevin, Renck, Evan, Chang, M.-C. Oliver, Jung, Heejung
Performance Standard for Seats in Civil Rotorcraft, Transport Aircraft, and General Aviation AircraftAS8049E (Current)05/16/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards, qualification requirements, and minimum documentation requirements for passenger and crew seats in civil rotorcraft, transport aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. The goal is to achieve comfort, durability, and occupant protection under normal operational loads and to define test and evaluation criteria to demonstrate occupant protection when a seat/occupant/restraint system is subjected to statically applied ultimate loads and to dynamic impact test conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, or 29 (as applicable to the seat type). Two formats of this standard (MS Excel and Adobe PDF) are available. The standards provided in both formats (MS Excel and Adobe PDF) contain the same text.
Aircraft Seat Committee
HFC-134a Refrigerant Electronic Leak Detectors, Minimum Performance CriteriaJ2791_202505 (Current)05/16/2025
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors, so they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Structural Strength Evaluation of the Lightweight Frame of Bus Passenger Seat with High-Tensile Material and Analysis of the Importance of Independent Variables by Regression02-18-04-002205/10/2025
This study aims to develop a lightweight bus passenger seat frame by conducting structural nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) on various thickness combinations of seat frame components to identify the optimal configuration. The thicknesses of critical structural members that primarily bear the load when force is applied to the seat frame were selected as independent variables, while stress on each component and compliance with ECE R14 seatbelt anchorage displacement regulations were set as dependent variables. A regression analysis was performed to calculate the importance of each component and analyze the influence of each design variable on the dependent variables. Strain gauges were attached to critical areas of the actual seat frame to conduct a seatbelt anchorage test, and simulations under identical conditions were performed using the nonlinear FEA software (LS-DYNA) to validate the reliability of the analysis results. The optimized seat frame exhibited a maximum stress of
Ko, Yeong Gook, Cho, Kyu Chun, Lee, Ji Sun, Kang, Ki Weon
From Cockpit Controls to Dashboard DataTBMG-5307705/06/2025
In the early days of computers, interfaces were paper printouts or blinking lights, but as the technology matured, the graphical user interface (GUI) quickly became the standard.
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