Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits

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A method of selectively elevating a Seamless Switch Integrated in Fabric2026-26-0596To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the construction and working principle of Selectively Elevated Seamless Fabric Switch technology aimed at advancing automotive interior design through enhanced aesthetics, functionality, and user experience by providing a tactile surface that is available for operation only during the activated, elevated state. Traditional mechanical switches often suffer from issues such as dust and water ingress, accidental activation, and a fragmented visual profile. The proposed system integrates concealed controls sandwiched with a fabric surface, with switches selectively elevated only upon user interaction. The design incorporates conductive fabric layers and electromagnetic actuation to achieve seamless integration with vehicle interiors while maintaining responsive tactile feedback. The input provided for activating the switch can be a signal such as gesture or proximity of the user’s finger. Upon activation the switch is selectively elevated and ready for operation due
Mohunta, Sanjay, Panchal, Girish, Puthran, Shaunak
Optimizing Stick Slip Performance in Automotive Interiors by Material Selection, Additives, and Design Strategies2026-26-0325To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is highly competitive, especially in terms of design and perceived quality. The use of hard plastics with a high gloss finish is driven by styling trends and the push towards zero gaps, making interfaces critical. In-cabin mood lighting is another feature being offered as a theme for interiors. Dashboard or cockpit designs often incorporate a significant amount of polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). These materials provide strength and design flexibility but have the disadvantage of material incompatibility when used together, leading to stick-slip phenomena. Traditionally, felt tapes were used as interface isolation to solve this problem, but this increased manufacturing costs and assembly complications. The study focuses on the stick-slip phenomenon and material interface modifications. Specifically, it examines selecting the right surface finish on one side of the PC & PC-ABS interface to change adhesion and friction
Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath, Rahman, Shafeeq
Driving Thermal Intelligence – Pioneering Digital Twin-Driven Hardware-In-Loop for Smart Climate Control Modules2026-26-0380To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift from hardware-driven vehicle development to software-centric, model-based validation practices. At the heart of this evolution is the demand for smarter, more adaptive cabin climate management systems. The Climate Control Module (CCM) a critical embedded ECU—regulates the vehicle’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) functionality based on a fusion of passenger inputs and environmental sensor data. Traditionally, validation of such systems relied heavily on manual testing within climatic chambers or through in-vehicle trials using physical interfaces like the Climate Control Head (CCH) and the Infotainment Head Unit (HU). These legacy methods are increasingly inadequate in addressing rapid development cycles, high functional complexity, and stringent safety and quality standards. This paper introduces a Digital Twin-enabled Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing methodology using advanced real-time controllers to
More, Shweta, Shinde, Vivek, Turankar, Darshana, Patel, Dafiya, Gosavi, Santosh, GHANWAT, HEMANT
Smart Multilink Cabin Suspension with Detachable Stabilizer Mechanism for Improved Ride Comfort and Maintenance Efficiency in Vehicle Cabins.2026-26-0088To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and development of a novel suspension system for vehicle cabins, specifically aimed at improving ride comfort and reducing maintenance time and costs. The system features a detachable stabilizer bar pivotally coupled to a pair of brackets connected to the vehicle chassis. The stabilizer bar is removably connected to a pair of connecting links, which in turn are oupled to a second pair of brackets attached to the cabin. This configuration allows for easy access to the engine bay during maintenance without disassembling the entire suspension system. Additionally, the system includes damper units and pivot arms that enhance ride comfort by isolating vibrations from the chassis. The proposed design is particularly beneficial for commercial vehicles with fixed cabins, as it reduces idle time during engine overhaul and improves overall ride quality for occupants.
K, Akilan, Pardeshi, Mahesh, Mistri, Pratikkumar, Navsariwala, Prashant
Study of real time impact on automotive cabin Air Quality due to the ambient air pollution in the severely polluted city2026-26-0531To be published on 01/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Rajaur, Deepak, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
Development of a Systematic Methodology for Identifying and Mitigating Squeak & Rattle Issues in Automotive Seating Systems2026-26-0333To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry constantly strives to enhance vehicle safety, comfort, and customer satisfaction. One of the critical aspects influencing these factors is the mitigation of Buzz, Squeak, and Rattle (BSR) issues, which can significantly impact perceived vehicle quality and user experience. This paper focuses on the BSR challenges specifically encountered in two key components: seat headrests and latch & striker mechanisms. Seat headrests, designed to provide comfort and safety, often face BSR issues due to component misalignment, material incompatibility, or wear and tear during usage. Vibrations and movement, especially during vehicle operation, exacerbate these problems, leading to acoustic disturbances that detract from the overall ride quality. Similarly, latch and striker in seat system is prone to squeaks and rattles due to improper fitment, environmental conditions, or mechanical stress. These issues not only compromise the auditory experience but may also raise concerns
Deole, Sameer Shrikant, Rahman, Shafeeq, Mohammed, Riyazuddin, shah, Prashant
Road noise improvement of a passenger vehicle through end-to-end CAE-Simulation using Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) approach2026-26-0431To be published on 01/16/2026
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. The first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first step i.e. contribution analysis
Mahajani, Mihir, Nascimento, Fabio, ADINARAYANA REDDY, KODIDELA, Matyal, Mahantesh, Tenagi, Irappa, Sardar, Chenna
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-0267To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
A Performance-driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-0461To be published on 01/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, A Sr, Mahesh, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
"Addressing Reflection-Related Issues in Vehicle Interiors: Ensuring Safer and More Comfortable Driving Experiences"2026-26-0553To be published on 01/16/2026
Reflection significantly influences vehicle driving conditions, impacting both driver comfort and safety. Direct reflections from sunlight or artificial lighting can lead to stress, fatigue, and impaired road visibility, increasing the risk of accidents. Indirect reflections, such as glare from mirrors or dashboard surfaces, pose temporary challenges by distracting drivers and affecting their focus. The intensity and direction of reflections vary with the position of the sun during the day and artificial lights at night, creating visibility issues. Reflection is categorized into daytime reflection, characterized by sunlight-induced glare, and night reflection, driven by internal displays, headlights, and streetlights. To address this, our study focuses on design, vehicle interiors, colour and Pattern to mitigate the Reflection related issues. Our study also focuses on Innovative solutions like anti-reflective coatings, polarized accessories to minimize these effects, ensuring safer and
Jayapandiyan, Raja, DWARAPUDI, DURGAPRASAD, BALU, LAXSHMAANJI, Muthu, Karthikeyan, RANGARAJAN BHARATWAJ, Barath, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
A Comprehensive Study of vehicle side door structure and window glass displacement during slam for refinement2026-26-0549To be published on 01/16/2026
In the vehicle closures validation process, the displacements in its structure and window glass have significant impact on its service life. The objective of this paper is to develop a test case using instrumentation and data acquisition for measuring the vehicle door structure and its window glass displacement along the lateral direction. This measurement support for understanding the door and window glass displacement impact on its primary and secondary rubber seals, striker, check arm, hinges, and its structural rigidity. The door mechanisms also get affects by door displacement which results to significant deterioration in its performance. The test setup comprises of sensors with required range and accuracy connected with data acquisition system by selecting appropriate sampling rate. The sensors placed on window glass and on door structure top corner during the measurement. Different window glass positions like full close, half close and fully opened considered for the study
Arthanathan, Sankaranarayanan, SHASHIDHAR, S, B, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN
OPTIMIZER SUNSHADE PACKAGING WITH HALF ALUMINIUM CASSET AND METAL PULL BAR2026-26-0597To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the Sunshade packaging in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and are increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact. Car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window, and it is used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and improves the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components specifically plastic and seats based on thermal stress properties. When we exposed these parts direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit then interior plastic parts can start softening and melt after that they emit harmful chemical which is caused to anemia and poor immune systems. So, Sunshade protection not only serve to protect passenger comfort inside car
palyal, Nikita, D, GOWTHAM, BHASKARARAO, PATHIVADA, bornare, harshad, RITESH, KAKADE
UNIQUE HYBRID PANORAMIC HEADLINER CLIP WITH HIGH TOLERANCE TO REPLACE DUAL LOCK FASTENERS2026-26-0299To be published on 01/16/2026
Mounting strategies for vehicles with panoramic sunroofs remains a challenge owing to its high complexity to balance cost, performance and assembly efficiency. Achieving efficient and reliable headliner mounting solutions is one of the conundrums where cost optimization must go together with uncompromised performance. Traditional methods like Dual Lock Fasteners (DLFs), have set high benchmarks for robustness but at the cost of increased manufacturing complexity and expense. In pursuit of a more economical and production-friendly alternative, various plastic clip designs were explored. However, these solutions posed significant challenges during validation due to the stringent requirements for mounting feasibility, tolerance management, and long-term durability This paper introduces a novel hybrid plastic-metal clip solution that addresses those challenges comprehensively. The new design achieves precise tolerance control, ensuring reliable headliner installation under varying Body-in
D, GOWTHAM, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Shoeb, Mohd, Chauhan, Aarti
NVH Challenges in Head Up Display (HUD) Design for Modern Connected Vehicles: Balancing Performance and Structural Dynamics2026-26-0354To be published on 01/16/2026
A more recent focus on driver comfort and the increasing demand for access to information make automotive OEMs provide advanced features such as Head Up Display systems. Even though HUD projects vital information onto the windshield/glass, its structural integration comes with significant noise and vibration challenges, leading to noisier in-cabin, display instability and haziness. This paper discusses the significant design parameters influencing the in-cabin NVH levels and functional effectiveness of HUD systems. The structure considered for analysis is the HUD assembly and its integration in vehicle. CCB turns out to be the critical component of the vehicle structure susceptible to road excitations although its mass dampens the vibrations inherently, due to the low mass of the HUD, relative oscillation between its projector, mirror, and either the windshield or display causes image distortion. In addition, the fan incorporated to cool the projector possess threat to in-cabin sound
Vardhanan K, Aravindha Vishnu, Titave, Uttam
Innovative Inverted Cross Car Beam Design for Optimized Packaging of Advanced Driver Assistance Technologies in Global Vehicles.2026-26-0051To be published on 01/16/2026
• Objective This paper proposes an innovative inverted cross car beam design optimized for packaging advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) technologies, including Augmented Reality Head-Up Display (AR-HUD) systems, within premium vehicle instrument panels. The study emphasizes the use of lightweight steel structures bracketry's and advanced joinery techniques to address challenges such as NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness), durability, and BSR (Buzz, Squeak, and Rattle) while maintaining structural integrity and luxury aesthetics. By focusing on alignment precision, vibration damping, and efficient space utilization, the design supports the seamless integration of ADAS components, enabling the development of future-ready global EV vehicles with high-performance premium interiors. • Novelty This paper introduces a groundbreaking U-shaped steel tube cross car beam design that addresses the growing demands of ADAS integration, such as AR-HUD, steering column, HVAC systems, and ECUs
MAHAJAN, AJAY SENU, Regatte, Ganesh, Nagarjuna, Kamisetti, SAHOO, SANDEEP, Udugu, Kumaraswamy, JC, sudheera
Quantifying the Energy Consumption of HVAC Operation and Its Impact on the Range of Electric Buses Across Diverse Climatic Conditions2026-26-0204To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric buses (e-buses) are essential to sustainable public transport, but their real-world efficiency and range are heavily affected by auxiliary systems, particularly the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This study investigates how ambient temperature variations and HVAC loads influence energy consumption, range, and efficiency in e-buses operating under diverse climatic conditions. The methodology combines field data collection from urban e-buses across seasons—including extreme summer and winter—with controlled lab testing. Field measurements included ambient temperature, HVAC demand, vehicle speed, state of charge (SOC) variation, and energy consumption. These inputs were used to develop real-world duty cycles, replicating actual thermal loads, passenger profiles, idling periods, and driving patterns. In the lab, these cycles were simulated using a chassis dynamometer and environmental chamber, with HVAC systems tested at controlled ambient temperatures
Vishe, Prashant, Dalela, Saurabh, Joshi, Madhusudan, Saraswat, Shubham
Improve the electric vehicle range by using the climate control setting in economy mode at hot climatic conditions2026-26-0172To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) have surged in popularity in recent years due to their environmental benefits. The influence of range on air conditioning (AC) power consumption is a critical concern for electric vehicle (EV) owners, particularly in warmer climates. Overcoming obstacles such as a limited vehicle range is necessary for the increased use of electric-powered automobiles. Cabin heating and cooling demand for climate control consumes more energy from the main battery and has been revealed to significantly reduce vehicle range. During peak cooling or heating, the overall power consumption of the AC system takes almost 50% of the energy used for traction. The average reduction in driving range caused by air conditioning (heating and cooling) approximates 33%. The energy usage of an electric vehicle can be considerably decreased by switching the climate control setting to economy mode. The AC system will operate more effectively, enabling the vehicle to save energy and extend its range
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, ummiti, kumar, M, Nisshok, Choudhary, Ankit
Packaging the HPTS Airbag in a Second-row bench seat2026-26-0033To be published on 01/16/2026
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the domain of automotive safety, certain features hold exceptional importance, with airbags taking a forefront position. Their fundamental objective is to provide an advanced level of safety for both the driver and passengers in the unfortunate event of a collision. This is accomplished through the automatic deployment of an inflatable airbag, engineered to swiftly respond during a crash and furnish the necessary sophisticated cushioning to enhance overall passenger safety. The technology has been practiced widely upon a many vehicles seat. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is fitted in the seat
Buradkar, Rajat Ramkrishna, BOSE, KARTHIK, JADHAV, DEEPIKA, Balakrishnan, Gangadharan
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-0011To be published on 01/16/2026
This innovation addresses a major safety concern where drivers experience poor visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror due to rain, fog, dust, or ice accumulation on the side door window glass. Existing solutions like hydrophobic coatings and heated door window glasses offer limited effectiveness, leading to the need for a more reliable and efficient system. To solve this issue, we have modified Outer Waist Seal by integrating Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. The Outer Waist Seal is a weatherproof strip located at the bottom edge of a vehicle’s side window, attached to the door panel. It prevents heavy water flow, dust, and debris from entering the door cavity while also supporting the window glass during its movement. This system features a stationary fixed arm and a rotating arm with an attached wiper blade, driven by a low-speed, high-torque motor and connected with the vehicle's Body Control Module. Upon activation, the rotating arm with blade wipes the Outside Rear View Mirror
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-0156To be published on 01/16/2026
For regions with cold climates, the driving range of electric buses becomes a significant obstacle to the broader adoption of this type of transport. The increased energy consumption affects not only the range of autonomous operation but also the lifespan of battery packs, the scheduling of bus departures, and the load on the charging infrastructure. In this context, finding ways to reduce the energy consumption of the climate control system is an actual issue. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Real-time range optimization for selected destinations by Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) in BEV’s2026-26-0168To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry has undergone significant transformation with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, to tackle range anxiety, the focus has shifted to energy management strategies for optimal range under different driving conditions. Developing an optimal energy management algorithm is crucial for overcoming optimal range and gaining a competitive edge in the market. This paper introduces a Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to optimize battery usage and extend driving range. Utilizing vehicle digital twin model, DEMS estimates energy consumption across Eco, Normal, and Sports driving modes by analyzing vehicle velocity profiles and pedal inputs. By calculating actual battery consumption and pinpointing excess power usage, DEMS operates in a closed loop to periodically assess the power gap based on real-time vehicle conditions, including HV components like the Electric Drive system, DCDC, E-compressor and E-Heater; and
Dey, Supriyo, Venugopal, Karthick Babu, Penta, Amar, KUMAR, Rohit, Arya, Harshita
Ambient Light Reflection Analysis using Dimensional Modelling Tools2026-26-0476To be published on 01/16/2026
The primary motivation is to improve driver safety and visual comfort. This is driven by the need to address the negative impact of ambient light reflecting off Head-Up Displays (HUDs), which can impair visibility through the windshield. There is a need for tools and methods to address this issue proactively during the vehicle design phase. Ambient light reflecting off internal components, specifically the Head-Up Display (HUD), creates unwanted reflections on the windshield. These reflections can obscure the driver's field of view, potentially compromising safety and reducing visual comfort. The extent of this obscuration is influenced by geometrical factors such as the angle of the HUD and the curvature of the windshield, which needs to be analyzed and managed. The study employs a tool-based modeling methodology to trace the pathways of ambient light from its source, reflecting off the HUD, and onto the windshield using a dimensional modeling tool. It focuses on geometrical factors
Muchchandi, Vinod, AKULA, SATYA JAYANTH, Mahindrakar, Pramod, G S, Sharath
Cabin modelling approach in 1D simulation for studying the impact of partial recirculation in warmup for BEV at extreme cold ambient conditions2026-26-0450To be published on 01/16/2026
The inclusion of the cabin in HVAC simulations gained more importance with the introduction of BEV’s. Thermal management and efficiency being in the forefront, exploration for the possible opportunities to reduce the energy consumption for meeting the comfort of passengers gained importance. The energy consumed by the Electric coolant or air heaters for heating the cabin at extreme cold ambient temperatures to deliver similar comfort to that of an ICE version is 2 to 3 times that of the energy required for cooling the cabin in a high ambient condition. Even during the sizing of HVAC system, if traditional method of ambient or fresh air conditions is considered for calculating the requirements, the result is we would require a product which will have unrealistic performance demand. Hence to explore different possibilities for studying the system, usage of recirculation air was considered as one of the options. This paper talks about the approach followed in creating the cabin model in
Veerla, Eswar, Subramanian, Karthik
A Comprehensive Review of Si vs. LTPS Displays: Automotive Industry Trends, Design, Non-Idealities, and Failure Analysis2026-26-0599To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract : Automotive displays play a vital role in modern vehicles, enhancing user experience and delivering crucial information. The automotive industry is rapidly evolving in its adoption of advanced display technologies to enhance user experience, safety, and vehicle aesthetics. Displays such as Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCD) and Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode (AMOLED) are increasingly being integrated into vehicle cockpits, infotainment systems, digital clusters, and head-up displays. These technologies offer high brightness, wide viewing angles, and improved color performance suitable for varying lighting conditions within automotive environments. To support these advanced displays, there has been significant progress in backplane technologies such as amorphous silicon (a-Si), Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon (LTPS) Among these, low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) has emerged as a preferred choice due to its high carrier mobility, enabling high
Sinha Roy, Debarghya, Duggal, Ananya, Singh, Ujjwal Kumar
From Vision to Reality - Automotive UI/UX Concept Development at Magna2026-26-0477To be published on 01/16/2026
The development of automotive UI/UX relies on the latest technologies and features in modern vehicle design, focusing on enhancing user interaction. The Magna UI/UX team uses innovative tools to streamline the development of user interaction features. Our process is accessible to all stakeholders and applicable to all UI/UX projects. With extensive experience working with both new entrants and traditional OEMs, we leverage diverse insights and methodologies to create state-of-the-art user experiences. Beginning with the UI strategy, Magna defines the overall display and interaction strategy based on the latest UI/UX trends and benchmarking criteria for user experience. In this phase, Magna uses online clickdummies to evaluate initial wireframes and sketches, documenting UI elements (buttons, typography, colors, icons) and simulating feature interactions like music control. To develop a UI/UX concept based on customer vision, Magna creates the base screen layout and operation flow
Lechner, Michael
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Galvanized High Carbon Steel Components of Automotive Seat Slider Assembly2026-26-0302To be published on 01/16/2026
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen
Saindane, Mehul Kishor, BALI, SHIRISH
Vehicle interior material emissions and contributions in passenger vehicle cabin air quality2026-26-0287To be published on 01/16/2026
Polymer compounds used in the manufacturing of automotive interiors are formulated with various kind of additives, pigments, fillers, and resins. These compounded polymers are prone to the emission of chemicals called volatile organic compound (VOC) over a period of usage, temperature exposure etc. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short term adverse health effects like nausea, headache, vomiting, and long-term adverse health effects like cancer, even death if beyond the permissible limits. Studies indicates the concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher in indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors and hence these chemical emissions are required to be controlled within the defined limits. This paper is focused on the identification part and material, evaluation against the recommended test (Odor/Fogging/VOC/Carbonyl compound emissions) and development of materials used inside the car cabin. This study further provides the guidelines for the
Shukla, Sandeep Kumar
Numerical Analysis of Rear Windshield Deicing with Heating Wires2026-26-0373To be published on 01/16/2026
Motivation: Windshield deicing is a crucial safety feature in vehicles, typically associated with the front windshield. However, the rear windshield also plays a significant role in ensuring safety and needs to be clear. Deicing of the front windshield is usually done using the hot air nozzle from the HVAC system. Modern rear windshields are equipped with heating wires that generate heat upon electrical supply to facilitate deicing. However, excessive use of these heating wires can lead to unnecessary energy consumption, impacting the vehicle's overall efficiency. This is the key motivation behind the development of an optimized heating system for the rear windshield. Problem: Design an optimized heating system for rear windshields that balances effective deicing with minimal energy usage, enhancing both safety and energy efficiency in vehicles. Methodology: This paper explores the numerical application of heating methods using CFD software to deice the rear windshield. The study
Kumaravel, Rajarajeshwari, Ibrahim, Sayyaf, Mathew, Ronnie
Cabin Heat-up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-0408To be published on 01/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside vehicle cabin. Thermal comfort is significantly subjective which predominantly dependent on occupant’s physiological condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by air flow and local temperature thus, thermal comfort assessment is carried out by mapping of velocity and temperature at various places inside cabin. There is need to have Simulation methodology for heating cabin during cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin, complex cabin material along with environmental condition in expensive transient simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cold soaking and heating up of cabin. Thermal comfort is subjective to human physiological modelling thus in-built Berkeley human comfort
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
A Method of Precooling of EV Vehicle from Grid connected aux supply/Charger to reduce peak power demand of HVAC system when vehicle is allotted for passenger operation using cloud based infrastructure2026-26-0056To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper explains the method of precooling of electric vehicle from grid connected charger reduce load on HVAC and improve the range. HVAC systems are integral part of a commercial EV bus. With the rise of ambient temperatures during various seasons, the load on HVAC System is increasing. Once an Electric vehicle is released from a depot for service, with an initial soaked up ambient vehicle, the HVAC system demands peak power for cooling the interiors which consumes a lot of battery power thus affecting the range. That cause the additional energy consumption required for precooling, which cannot be estimated as it is highly dependent on ambient temperature and range of the vehicle is also dependent on HVAC consumption during summer and peak loads. This paper is proposing a method that uses a special precooling mode which is activated depending on the selection of the vehicle route based on backend application running on cloud. The Application in the cloud checks if the vehicle is
Ganguly, Sutanu, Shukla, Amisha, Jain, Sarika, Patil, Rohan, Sahu, Pritish, Yadav, Ankit, Marskole, Deepa, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Assessment of emissions behaviour of Volatile compounds from polymeric materials used in automobile interiors2026-26-0222To be published on 01/16/2026
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in
PAtil, Yamini Jitendra, Thipse, Sukrut, Bawase, Moqtik
Efficient simulation modelling technique using automatic mesh and contact interface generation2026-26-0392To be published on 01/16/2026
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) users often follow traditional meshing and contact generation processes, which are time-consuming, repetitive, and heavily dependent on user experience and perspective. The method described herein presents a system for generating a mesh and contact interfaces that ensures standardized and consistent output for a model. The system stores multiple mesh configurations, each containing a set of predefined geometric features to create standard meshes for users. The process begins by receiving data for a CAD model of an object and capturing user input through a graphical user interface. Users specify several parameters, including the desired body type, global mesh size, and a selected mesh configuration from the available options. Using these inputs, the system generates a mesh for the model, incorporating the selected mesh configuration’s geometric features along with the specified body type and size. The contact generation process offers several key
DABADGAONKAR, ANAND, Kamble, Amardeep
Material Optimization in console armrest to comply occupant safety in crash test2026-26-0007To be published on 01/16/2026
Indian passenger vehicles sales touched an all-time high in FY25.Today’s customer expects high level of aesthetics, safety and connected features in the vehicle Interiors. This has created more diverse and demanding customer base that values interior design and quality. This has led OEMs to offer modern Indian mass car interiors with features like big infotainment system, Console Armrest…etc. The vehicle console armrest assembly is an integral part of a car's interior, designed to enhance comfort, ergonomics, and functionality for the driver and passengers. The console armrest is a complex assembly of many child parts like Armrest cushion/ sliding mechanism/ latch, locking mechanism/ hinge mechanism and storage compartment etc., Console hard plastic parts are the primary source of injuries when occupants interact with them in the event of an accident. Poorly designed armrests can contribute to flyoff of child parts in the event crash and can cause injuries to occupant. Therefore
A D, BALAMURUGA, BADDAM, SATHISH, MANGAL, GAUTAM, SINGH, DEEPAK, Shekhar, Ravi, Singh, Amit
Prediction of Automotive Seat Response Based on IPSO-BP Neural Network2025-99-0124To be published on 11/11/2025
To enhance the predictive accuracy between seat structural parameters and crash performance, a hybrid model was constructed by coupling an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm with a Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). First, a finite element model for front and rear impact of automotive seats was established based on experimental data, and the model’s accuracy was verified. Subsequently, simulations were conducted, and the results were analyzed. The Energy Absorption Mass Ratio method was used to screen the design variables, ultimately selecting 10 thickness variables and 9 material variables as design variables. Latin Hypercube Sampling was employed to divide the dataset into a testing set and a training set. Then, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was enhanced with Levy flights and a local mutation strategy, utilizing the IPSO algorithm to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the BPNN, resulting in the establishment of the IPSO-BPNN predictive
Qiu, Yufei, Long, Jiangqi
Design Strategies for Integrating a Quieter Refrigeration Handling System in Automotive HVAC2025-28-043210/30/2025
In both internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric vehicles, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems have become significant contributors to in-cabin noise. Although significant efforts have been made across the industry to reduce noise from airflow handling systems, especially blower noise. Nowadays, original equipment manufacture’s (OEMs) are increasingly focusing on mitigating noise generated by refrigeration handling systems. Since the integration of refrigeration components is vital for the overall Noise Vibrations and Harshness (NVH) refinement of a vehicle, analysing the impact of each HVAC component during vehicle-level integration is essential. This study focused on optimizing the NVH performance of key refrigeration components, including the AC compressor, thermal expansion valve (TXV), suction pipe, and discharge line. The research began with a theoretical investigation of the primary noise and vibration sources, particularly the compressor and TXV
Titave, Uttam Vasant, Kalsule, Shrikant, Naidu, Sudhakara
A Novel Approach to Enhance Compressor Life in Passenger Vehicle MAC Systems2025-28-040910/30/2025
Compressor durability is a critical factor for ensuring the long-term reliability of Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) systems in passenger vehicles. This study presents a software based strategy for enhancing compressor life using Smart Fully Automatic Temperature Control (FATC), requiring no additional hardware. The proposed approach leverages existing inputs from the FATC and Engine Management System (EMS) to intelligently manage compressor operation, with a focus on addressing challenges related to prolonged non-usage. In extended inactivity scenarios such as during cold weather, vehicle exportation, storage, or breakdowns, lubrication oil tends to settle in the compressor sump, leaving internal parts dry. Sudden reactivation at high engine speeds under such conditions can cause increased friction, wear and even compressor seizure. To mitigate this, an intelligent reactivation protocol has been developed and integrated into the Climate Control Module (CCM). This protocol continuously
Deshmukh, Ganesh, Chotaliya, Bhavy, Kulkarni, Shridhar, KHAIRE, DATTATRAY, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet
Attribute Optimization of Multi-Zone Climate Control System for Indian Applications2025-28-042410/30/2025
Single-zone cabin climate control systems have been standard for decades in passenger cars. Looking at the technology trend, which is transitioning from single-zone to multi-zone automatic control systems, it is now possible to provide zonal comfort tailored to the individual requirements of each passenger. In current single-zone climate control systems, maintaining the cabin temperature as stated by the passenger has been straightforward and can be achieved with slight calibration efforts using the present set of parameters and sensors until now. In this work, a multi-zone climate system highlighting the importance of individual calibration parameters in improving cabin comfort when transitioning from a single-zone to a multi-zone climate control system is proposed. As multi-zone climate systems are based on passenger set temperature requests for individual zonal comfort, appropriate controller fine-tuning is challenging when an input is taken from various sensed parameters, including
Varma, Mohit, Swarnkar, Sumit Kumar, BHOSALE, KRISHNA, Patil, Prashant, Sardesai, Suresh
Automated Air Filter Clog Detection in Passenger Vehicles- Enhancing Cabin Air Quality2025-28-042010/30/2025
Air filters are critical to vehicle Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, ensuring cabin air quality by trapping dust particles that accumulate over time. However, conventional clogging diagnostics—such as physics-based simulations, empirical models or manual inspection—are often too complex or impractical for in-vehicle deployment. To address this, we present a simple and practical diagnostic approach for real-time detection of cabin filter clogging by continuously monitoring the pressure drop across the filter–evaporator assembly at five blower speed settings. Baseline pressure drop values were established for a clean filter in a production-spec Passenger car and the clogged filter threshold was defined by a 10% reduction in airflow. This corresponded to calibrated pressure drop values of 83, 108, 169, 212 and 256 Pa for blower speeds 1 to 5, respectively. These thresholds were programmed into the vehicle’s climate control ECU. During operation, when the measured
Raj, Rohit, Mohite, Yashwant, Naik, Niranjan, Ghate, Pravin
Study of Impact of Bumper Opening, Radiator Fan Capacity and Shroud Sealing on the Cabin Cooling Performance and MAC Power Consumption in ICE Vehicle2025-28-039210/30/2025
In automotive systems, efficient thermal management is essential for refining vehicle performance, enhancing passenger comfort, and reducing MAC Power Consumption. The performance of an air conditioning system is linked to the performance of its condenser, which in turn depends on critical parameters such as the opening area, radiator fan ability and shroud design sealing. The opening area decides the airflow rate through the condenser, directly affecting the heat exchange efficiency. A larger opening area typically allows for greater airflow, enhancing the condenser's ability to dissipate heat. The shroud, which guides the airflow through the condenser, plays a vital role in minimizing warm air recirculation. An optimally designed shroud can significantly improve the condenser's thermal performance by directing the airflow more effectively. Higher fan capacity can increase the airflow through the condenser, improving heat transfer rates. However, it is essential to balance fan
Nayak, Akash, lingampelly, Rajaprasad, Neupane, Manoj, Mittal, Sachin, Kumar, Mukesh, Umbarkar, Shriganesh
Impact of Air Pressure Load on HVAC Kinematic Mechanism2025-28-036810/30/2025
In Automobile AC system, HVAC is one of major component as it controls the air flow and air distribution based on cabin requirement. HVAC kinematics mechanism is used for controlling the air flow based on passenger requirement inside the cabin. The air flow movement inside HVAC has a severe impact on servo motor/cable torque which is controlling the mechanism. Simulation driven design method is widely used in world due to highly competitive automotive industry. Launching the product at the market within short span of time, with good quality and less cost is more challenging. Hence CAE/MBD based approach is more significant as it will reduce number of prototypes as well as the cost of testing. The objective of the analysis is to predict the HVAC servomotor torque required to operate the HAVC linkages under operating conditions. The air pressure load will have significant impact on damper face which will cause torque at CAM as well as servo lever center. The torque values at servo lever
Parayil, Paulson
Performance Investigation of Air Conditioning System in Electric Vehicle by Fault Detection and Diagnosis2025-28-035310/30/2025
The study emphasizes on detection of different faults and refrigerant leakage as well as performance investigation of automobile air conditioning system for an electric vehicle by varying various operating conditions. A refrigerant leak in an EV isn't just an inconvenience; it's a potential threat to vehicle range and usability, lifespan and health of the expensive battery pack, overall vehicle performance, passenger safety and comfort, component longevity (motor, power electronics), environmental responsibility. Due to the refrigerant leakage, the cooling system performance degrades, and components tend to fail. Because of that this study is focusing on deriving an algorithm to have an early detection of fault and leakage in the vehicle. The performance of the system is predicted for actual conditions of operation encountered by the automobile air conditioning system. The objective of the present work includes predicting the causes and effects of refrigerant leakage in AC system of
Bezbaruah, Puja, Yadav, Ankit, Pilakkattu, Deepak
CFD Simulation Techniques for Optimizing Operating Torque in HVAC Kinematics2025-28-036910/30/2025
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the methodology employed in leveraging CFD for optimizing HVAC kinematics, focusing on reducing the operating torque by improvising the flap geometry. The aim here is to utilize the CFD simulation in order to predict the torque generated on the actuator motor connected to the flap when the flap is placed in high speed airflow and based on this value work out an optimized geometry of the flap, since its geometry plays a significant role when it comes to determining the torque values. Different flap geometry imparts different torque on motor. This torque is generated because of the force acting on the flap which is acting as a buffer in the path of airflow. The torque generated should be less than the stall torque of the actuator motor in order for smooth performance/movement of the flap. Initial geometry of the flap generated a torque of around 82.5 Ncm which was much higher than the recommendation limit. So in order to bring these torque
Madaan, Ashish, Kumar, Ravi, Behera, Suresh, Chauhan, Arpit
IHX Technology and Its Effectiveness in Automotive AC Performance2025-28-043010/30/2025
The Internal Heat Exchanger (IHX) is an important component in modern car air conditioning (AC) systems, particularly in AC lines. It increases cooling efficiency by transferring heat from the high-pressure liquid refrigerant to the low-pressure vapor. By using this technology, refrigerant sub-cooling and superheating improve, resulting in higher cooling performance, lower energy usage, and less strain on the compressor. It improves vehicle fuel economy and a longer lifespan of AC components. Also, IHX prevents liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor, reducing the danger of damage and increasing system reliability. This optimization helps to maintain consistent refrigerant flow, reduces energy consumption, and improves the overall Coefficient of Performance (COP). The implementation of an IHX technology in AC lines results in more compact, streamlined system designs, which allow for better temperature management, faster response times, and lower cooling loads. An IHX can boost
Dudeja, Kailash, Singh, Saniya
Integrated Topology, Shape and Size Optimization-Application in Automotive Design and Manufacturing2025-28-037510/30/2025
CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) optimization plays a pivotal role in various industries to gain a competitive edge. CAE optimization is essential in several industries, such as automotive, aerospace and consumer electronics, etc., concentrating on enhancing component structural design. The process helps in addressing complex design challenges, including weight reduction, material usage efficiency and operational effectiveness. This paper presents applications for an integrated form shape, size and topology optimization approach of structural systems by using CAE tools. For the present study, CAD (Computer Aided Design) was prepared using CATIA V5 followed by meshing in Hyper-mesh 2022.3 version software. Optistruct was used as a solver tool. Modal analysis was performed to extract the natural frequencies of vibration and respective mode shapes. According to the results of the frequency response function study performed on the automobile air conditioning condenser, based on low-stress
Mehra, Akanksha, Parayil, Paulson
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-043310/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
A Strategic TQM Approach to Enhance Passenger Cabin Comfort Using T-Matrix2025-28-042310/30/2025
This study demonstrates the application of the T-Matrix, a Total Quality Management (TQM) tool to improve thermal comfort in automotive climate control systems. Focusing on the commonly reported customer issue of insufficient cabin cooling, particularly relevant in hot and congested Indian driving conditions, the research systematically investigates 36 failure modes identified across the product lifecycle, from early design through production and post-sale customer usage. Root causes are first categorized using an Ishikawa diagram and then mapped using the T-Matrix across three critical stages: problem creation, expected detection, and actual detection. This integrated approach reveals process blind spots where existing validation and inspection systems fail to catch known risks, particularly in rear-seat airflow performance and component variability from suppliers. By applying this TQM methodology, the study identifies targeted improvement actions such as improved thermal targets
Jaiswara, Prashant, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Nayakawadi, Uttam, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji
Noise Mitigation Techniques Off-Highway Vehicle HVAC Unit2025-28-037810/30/2025
Noise generated by a vehicle’s HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system can significantly affect passenger comfort and the overall driving experience. One of the main causes of this noise is resonance, which happens when the operating speed of rotating parts, such as fans or compressors, matches the natural frequency of the ducts or housing. This leads to unwanted noise inside the cabin. A Campbell diagram provides a systematic approach to identifying and analyzing resonance issues. By plotting natural frequencies of system components against their operating speeds, Test engineers can determine the specific points where resonance occurs. Once these points are known, design changes can be made to avoid them—for example, adjusting the blower speed, modifying duct stiffness, or adding damping materials such as foam. In our study, resonance was observed in the HVAC duct at a specific blower speed on the Campbell diagram. To address this, we opted to optimize the duct design
Trivedi, Arpita, Kumar, Ravi, Madaan, Ashish, Shrivastava, Pawan
Simulation-Driven Improvement of Temperature Linearity in Dual Layer HVAC Systems2025-28-038810/30/2025
The Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry is rapidly growing, particularly in the automotive sector since they are integral to maintaining passenger comfort in vehicles by regulating the internal temperature. This growth has led to an increased demand for highly optimized and efficient HVAC systems for a uniform temperature distribution in vehicles. However, achieving this in the cabin remains a challenge due to the complex airflow dynamics within the HVAC system. A critical factor in ensuring uniform temperature distribution for year-round performance is maintaining temperature linearity within specified limits, which is essential for user comfort. Temperature linearity refers to the temperature differential between duct outlets when air is distributed through multiple vents, such as those aimed at the face and feet. This differential typically ranges from 15°C to 20°C, varying based on customer and manufacturer specifications. The flap angle significantly
Madaan, Ashish, Kumar, Ravi, Dangwal, Raj
Maximizing Range with Advanced Air Conditioning Optimization and Energy Management2025-28-036410/30/2025
Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by "range anxiety," a major concern for consumers. A primary contributor to this issue is the significant energy consumption of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, which can account for 15-40% of a vehicle's total energy demand, directly reducing its practical driving range. Using the 1D simulation tool GT-SUITE, this research provides a comparative analysis of two distinct HVAC architectures: a conventional air-cooled condenser (ACC) and a proposed liquid-cooled condenser (LCC). The performance of both hardware systems was evaluated under two control strategies a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and a basic On/Off controller—to identify the optimal configuration. The results advocate that optimizing the system's architecture and control logic yields a substantial improvement in the Coefficient of Performance (COP) ranging from 47% to 128% compared to the baseline ACC/On-Off configuration, with a
T R, Rakshith, Yadav, Ankit
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