Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits
ABSTRACT Time lags are known to reduce performance in human-in-the-loop control systems. Performance decrements for human-in-the-loop control systems as a result of time lags are generally associated with the operator’s inability to predict the outcome of their control input and are dependent upon the characteristics of the lag (e.g., magnitude and variability). Further, the effects of variable time lags are not well studied or understood, but may exacerbate the effects on human control actions observed with fixed lags. Several studies have demonstrated mechanisms that can help combat the effects of lag including adaptation, mathematical predictors (e.g., filters), and predictive displays. This experiment examined the effects of lag and lag variability on a simulated driving task, as well as a possible mitigation (predictive display) for the effects of lag. Results indicated that lag variability significantly reduced driving performance, and that the predictive display significantly
ABSTRACT Latencies as small as 170 msec significantly degrade ground vehicle teleoperation performance and latencies greater than a second usually lead to a “move and wait” style of control. TORIS (Teleoperation Of Robots Improvement System) mitigates the effects of latency by providing the operator with a predictive display showing a synthetic latency-corrected view of the robot’s relationship to the local environment and control primitives that remove the operator from the high-frequency parts of the robot control loops. TORIS uses operator joystick inputs to specify relative robot orientations and forward travel distances rather than rotational and translational velocities, with control loops on the robot making the robot achieve the commanded sequence of poses. Because teleoperated ground vehicles vary in sensor suite and on-board computation, TORIS supports multiple predictive display methods. Future work includes providing obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities to support
Summary Combat vehicle designers have made great progress in improving crew survivability against large blast mines and improvised explosive devices. Current vehicles are very resistant to hull failure from large blasts, protecting the crew from overpressure and behind armor debris. However, the crew is still vulnerable to shock injuries arising from the blast and its after-effects. One of these injury modes is spinal compression resulting from the shock loading of the crew seat. This can be ameliorated by installing energy-absorbing seats which reduce the intensity of the spinal loading, while spreading it out over a longer time. The key question associated with energy-absorbing seats has to do with the effect of various factors associated with the design on spinal compression and injury. These include the stiffness and stroking distance of the seat’s energy absorption mechanism, the size of the blast, the vehicle shape and mass, and the weight of the seat occupant. All of these
ABSTRACT As U.S. Army leadership continues to invest in novel technological systems to give warfighters a decisive edge for mounted and dismounted operations, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) and other similar systems are in the spotlight. Continuing to put capable systems that integrate fighting, rehearsing, and training operations into the hands of warfighters will be a key delineator for the future force to achieve and maintain overmatch in an all-domain operational environment populated by near-peer threats. The utility and effectiveness of these new systems will depend on the degree to which the capabilities and limitations of humans are considered in context during development and testing. This manuscript will survey how formal and informal Human Systems Integration planning can positively impact system development and will describe a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) case study
ABSTRACT Currently, fielded ground robotic platforms are controlled by a human operator via constant, direct input from a controller. This approach requires constant attention on the part of the operator, decreasing situational awareness (SA). In scenarios where the robotic asset is non-line-of-sight (non-LOS), the operator must monitor visual feedback, which is typically in the form of a video feed and/or visualization. With the increasing use of personal radios, smart devices/wearable computers, and network connectivity by individual warfighters, the need for an unobtrusive means of robotic control and feedback is becoming more necessary. A proposed intuitive robotic operator control (IROC) involving a heads up display (HUD), instrumented gesture recognition glove, and ground robotic asset is described in this paper. Under the direction of the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) Futures Directorate, AnthroTronix, Inc. (ATinc) is implementing the described integration for
ABSTRACT The Integrated Bridge currently fielded in the MRAP FoV is a capabilities insertion that provides data integration and visualization services to the vehicle crew. The Integrated Bridge combines displays, data buses, video sensors, switches/routers, radio interfaces, power management components, etc. to provide a unified view as well as a vehicle system control means to its crew members. The Integrated Bridge provides a flexible and modular architecture that can readily be adapted to the variety of Government Furnished Mission Equipment found in the MRAP FoV utilizing developmental hardware and software augmented with VICTORY technology to provide additional standardization and capabilities. This paper describes the continuation and capability extension of the VICTORY Radio Adapter, now called the Integrated Bridge GPIU (General Purpose Interface Unit). Details of the work leading to the fielding of a significantly enhanced version of the GPIU are discussed. GPIU software and
ABSTRACT Computational models are widely used in the prediction of occupant injury responses and vehicle structural performance of ground vehicles subjected to underbody blasts. Although these physics based computational models incorporate all the material and environment data, the classic models are typically deterministic and do not capture the potential variations in the design, testing and operating parameters. This paper investigates the effect of one such variation in physical tests, namely, variations in the position of occupant setup on the occupant injury responses. To study the effects of occupant position, a series of vertical drop tower tests were performed in a controlled setup. A vertical drop tower test involves an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) dummy positioned on a seat and the setup is dropped on an energy attenuating surface, thus producing a desired shock pulse on the seat structure. The experimental data was analyzed for sensitivity of occupant position and ATD
ABSTRACT The concept of handheld control systems with modular and/or integrated display provides the flexibility of operator use that supports the needs of today’s warfighters. A human machine interface control system that easily integrates with vehicle systems through common architecture and can transition to support dismounted operations provides warfighters with functional mobility they do not have today. With Size, Weight and Power along with reliability, maintainability and availability driving the needs of most platforms for both upgrade and development, moving to convertible (mounted to handheld) and transferrable control systems supports these needs as well as the need for the warfighter to maintain continuous control and command connectivity in uncertain mission conditions
ABSTRACT The concept of handheld control systems with modular and/or integrated display provides the flexibility of operator use that supports the needs of today’s warfighters. A human machine interface control system that easily integrates with vehicle systems through common architecture and can transition to support dismounted operations provides warfighters with functional mobility they do not have today. With Size, Weight and Power along with reliability, maintainability and availability driving the needs of most platforms for both upgrade and development, moving to convertible (mounted to handheld) and transferrable control systems supports these needs as well as the need for the warfighter to maintain continuous control and command connectivity in uncertain mission conditions
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting free-motion headform testing of heavy truck cab interior surfaces and components. A description of the test setup, instrumentation, impact configuration, target locations, and data reduction is included
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains guidelines and recommendations for subsonic airplane air conditioning systems and components, including requirements, design philosophy, testing, and ambient conditions. The airplane air conditioning system comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply and distribute air to the occupied compartments for ventilation, pressurization, and temperature and moisture control. The principal features of the system are: a A supply of outside air with independent control valve(s). b A means for heating. c A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers). d A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply. e A ventilation subsystem. f A temperature control subsystem. g A pressure control subsystem. Other system components for treating cabin air, such as filtration and humidification, are included, as are the ancillary functions of equipment cooling and cargo compartment conditioning
This ARP provides the definition of terms commonly used in aircraft environmental control system (ECS) design and analysis. Many of the terms may be used as guidelines for establishing standard ECS nomenclature. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in ECS analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines the design considerations and criteria for the control of water carryover from the environmental control system (ECS) with respect to causes and indicated corrective or preventative action. In addition, condensation on structure will be reviewed with possible preventative action described
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a method of conducting an endurance test using contaminated air when the applicable specification requires non-recirculation of the contaminants. The objective of the test is to determine the resistance of the engine mounted components to wear or damage caused by the contaminated air. The method described herein calls for non-recirculation of the contaminants and is intended to provide a uniform distribution of the contaminant at the inlet to the Unit Under Test (UUT). The UUT may require the use of a hydraulic fluid for actuation of components within the test unit. Contamination of the test hydraulic fluid is not part of this recommended practice. If contaminated hydraulic fluid is required by the applicable test specification, refer to MAP749
From televisions to smartphones, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are finding their way into many everyday devices. For use in displays, blue OLEDs are also required to supplement the primary colors — red and green. Especially in blue OLEDs, impurities give rise to strong electrical losses, which could be partly circumvented by using highly complex and expensive device layouts
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for stakeholders of the automotive industry that are conducting emission testing on materials, parts, or components used in automotive interiors. Testing methods may specifically define the handling and packaging conditions for the material to be analyzed. In these cases, follow the method as closely as possible. Use this document as a guide where the protocol for handling and packaging the samples between production and testing may be undefined or ambiguous
Energy efficiency in both internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric vehicles (EV) is a strategic advantage of automotive companies. It provides a better user experience that emanates amongst others from the reduction in operation expenses, particularly critical for fleets, and the increase in range. This is especially important in EVs where customers may experience range anxiety. The energetical impact of using the air conditioning system in vehicles is not negligible with power consumptions in the range of kilowatts, even with a stopped vehicle. This becomes particularly important in areas with high temperature and humidity levels where the usage of the air conditioning systems becomes safety factor. In such areas, drivers are effectively forced to use the air conditioning system continuously. Hence, the air conditioning system becomes an ideal choice to deploy control strategies for optimized energy usage. In this paper, we propose and implement a control strategy that allows a
In automotive air conditioning systems, compressor is used to convert low pressure low temperature refrigerant into high pressure high temperature refrigerant. Various types of compressors like swash plate, rotary vane, scroll etc. are widely used in the automotive industry for air conditioning applications. In rotary vane compressors, thermal protector is used as a safety device, designed to prevent the compressor from overheating during refrigerant compression process. When the discharge temperature exceeds the preset limit of thermal protector, the thermal protector will activate and stop the electrical supply to compressor clutch to stop the compressor operation thereby preventing potential damage to air conditioning system, engine, and other nearby parts of the vehicle. This technical paper explores the various real-world scenarios for a hot country like India, which may result into higher discharge temperatures of compressor resulting into activation of thermal protector. The
Electric Vehicles and Battery-Fuel_Cell hybrid vehicles are increasingly becoming popular in the market, especially in the commercial vehicle segment. Range estimation and control is of paramount importance as it is the main cause of anxiety among the vehicle owners. This paper discusses application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to achieve range control. In RL, the learning agent choses actions dependent on the state of the environment and gets a reward in return. Ultimately the agent will learn the policy of choosing the actions for each state such that his long-term reward is maximized. The technique of RL has been applied for various scenarios where in a look up table (between the states of a system and actions to be taken) needs to be developed for optimal performance. In this paper, we use RL to manipulate other energy sources and sinks like Fuel Cell and HVAC (in addition to the battery which is the main energy source) for range control, and thereby achieve the optimal
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