Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits

Items (7,146)
This SAE Standard applies to equipment to be used with R-1234yf refrigerant only. It establishes requirements for equipment used to recharge R-1234yf to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and purity levels defined in SAE J2099. Refrigerant service equipment is required to ensure adequate refrigerant recovery to reduce emissions and provide for accurate recharging of mobile air-conditioning systems. Equipment shall be certified to meet all performance requirements outlined in this document and international/regional construction and safety requirements as outlined in this document.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This SAE Recommend Practice establishes for passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10000 pounds) or less, as defined by the EPA, and M1 category vehicles, as defined by the European Commission:
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
In order to improve the comfort and perceptive quality of vehicle on the climate conditions worldwide, the temperature effect on rattle and squeak of instrument panel and console is studied under temperatures of −30°C, 23°C, and 60°C. First, the modal accuracy of finite element model is certificated by real vehicle test. The first global mode shapes are reciprocating rotation and reciprocating translation for instrument panel and console, respectively, corresponding to frequencies of 36.6 Hz and 29.6 Hz, which attain about 91% and 92.5% relative to the experiment values. Second, on basis of the “3σ” threshold of 0.27%, an assembly clearance in left instrument panel has non-negligible rattle risk under all temperatures. Another three clearances have no rattle risk but get rattle increase under temperatures of −30°C and 60°C. In addition, the rattle risk is increased around console end clearances at the temperature of 60°C. In other cases, the rattle risk is 0% or can be neglected. Third
Yang, XiaoyuMu, Yongtao
Public buses can be high-risk environments for the transmission of airborne viruses due to the confined space and high passenger density. However, advanced cabin air control systems and other measures can mitigate this risk. This research was conducted to explore various strategies aimed at reducing airborne particle transmission in bus cabins by using retrofit accessories and a redesigned parallel ventilation system. Public transit buses were used for stationary and on-road testing. Air exchange rates (ACH) were calculated using CO2 gas decay rates measured by low-cost sensors throughout each cabin. An aerosol generator (AG) was placed at various locations inside the bus and particle concentrations were measured for various experiments and ventilation configurations. The use of two standalone HEPA air filters lowered overall concentrations of particles inside the bus cabin by a factor of three. The effect of using plastic “barriers” independently showed faster particle arrival times
Lopez, BrendaSwanson, JacobDover, KevinRenck, EvanChang, M.-C. OliverJung, Heejung
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards, qualification requirements, and minimum documentation requirements for passenger and crew seats in civil rotorcraft, transport aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. The goal is to achieve comfort, durability, and occupant protection under normal operational loads and to define test and evaluation criteria to demonstrate occupant protection when a seat/occupant/restraint system is subjected to statically applied ultimate loads and to dynamic impact test conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, or 29 (as applicable to the seat type). Two formats of this standard (MS Excel and Adobe PDF) are available. The standards provided in both formats (MS Excel and Adobe PDF) contain the same text.
Aircraft Seat Committee
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors, so they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
This study aims to develop a lightweight bus passenger seat frame by conducting structural nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) on various thickness combinations of seat frame components to identify the optimal configuration. The thicknesses of critical structural members that primarily bear the load when force is applied to the seat frame were selected as independent variables, while stress on each component and compliance with ECE R14 seatbelt anchorage displacement regulations were set as dependent variables. A regression analysis was performed to calculate the importance of each component and analyze the influence of each design variable on the dependent variables. Strain gauges were attached to critical areas of the actual seat frame to conduct a seatbelt anchorage test, and simulations under identical conditions were performed using the nonlinear FEA software (LS-DYNA) to validate the reliability of the analysis results. The optimized seat frame exhibited a maximum stress of
Ko, Yeong GookCho, Kyu ChunLee, Ji SunKang, Ki Weon
In the early days of computers, interfaces were paper printouts or blinking lights, but as the technology matured, the graphical user interface (GUI) quickly became the standard.
A proprietary metamaterial has been shown to reduce panel vibration. In this particular case, the metamaterial is designed to be attached to the edge of a glass panel and can reduce panel vibration and noise transmission due to wind or other sources into the vehicle interior. Acoustic transmission loss and panel vibration assessments show the benefit of this approach.
Sorenson, SteveLi, XiaopengMoore, JaimeRobison, Scott
Subjective perception of vehicle secondary ride is dependent on simultaneous touchpoint vibrations and audible inputs to the occupants. Standards such as ISO 2361 provide guidelines for objective assessments of human body thresholds to vibration [1]. However, when a human experiences vibration inputs at multiple touchpoints, as well as aural inputs, it becomes complicated to judge each individual contribution to the overall subjective perception [2]. Additional factors, such as ambient conditions, ergonomics, age, gender etc. also play a role. Secondary ride, which is defined as energy in the 10-30 Hz frequency range, is one such event that affects the customers’ perception of ride comfort and quality. The goal of this work is to develop a sound and vibration simulator model and execute a secondary ride jury study of vehicle driving over cleats. The aim of the study is to rank the contributions of each touch point vibration input, as well as sound to the overall subjective perception
Jayakumar, VigneshJoodi, BenjaminGeissler, ChristianPilz, FernandoLynch, LukeConklin, ChrisWeilnau, KelbyHodgkins, Jeffrey
Within automobiles, the HVAC is a critical system to regulate the occupants’ thermal comfort. However, at its high operating speeds, it can contribute significantly to the overall sound levels perceived by the cabin occupants, impacting their experience. This is especially true in the case of electric vehicles due to their overall quieter operation. This work has the intention to validate HVAC noise predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, CFD simulations provide detailed flow field insights which are essential to identify and rank the main noise sources, and it ultimately allows a better understanding of the physical mechanisms of noise generation on similar systems. These insights are very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with physical testing and are key to designing a quiet and efficient HVAC system. Sound levels were measured experimentally at eight different locations inside of a Class-8 Nikola TRE hydrogen fuel cell electric semi
Ihi, RafaelFougere, NicolasPassador, StephenWoo, SangbeomKim, JamesDesouky, Mohamed
Noise transmission through the vehicle dash panel plays a critical role in isolating passengers from noise sources within the motor bay of the vehicle. Grommets that contain electrical harness routing as well as HVAC lines are examples of dash panel pass-throughs that should be selected with care. Acoustic performance of these components is generally characterized in terms of measured quantities such as noise reduction (NR), sound transmission loss (STL), and insertion loss (IL). These measurements need to be carried out per SAE or ASTM standards in appropriate anechoic or reverberant chambers as this is important for consistency. This work explores an in-situ measurement of the grommet STL performance in the vehicle environment. It utilizes a repurposed vehicle with its cabin retrofitted to serve as an anechoic chamber and its frunk acting as a reverberant chamber. Results of this in-situ measurement are then compared to measurements following industry standards to discuss the
Joodi, BenjaminJayakumar, VigneshChang, MichaelGeissler, ChristianPilz, FernandoConklin, Chris
High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) is a significant issue that impacts customer perception and alters their overall view of the vehicle. This undesirable acoustic environment arises from the interaction between motor polar resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. To address this challenge, the proposal introduces an innovative approach to predicting and tuning the frequency response by precisely adjusting the shape of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The approach includes the cumulation of two solutions: a precise adjustment of rubber flap dimensions and the integration of ML. The ML model is trained on historical data, derived from a mixture of physical testing conducted over the years and CAE simulations, to predict the effects of different flap dimensions on frequency response, providing a data-driven basis for optimization. This predictive capability is further enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization of flap
Hazra, SandipKhan, Arkadip
In the modern automotive industry, squeak and rattle issues are critical factors affecting vehicle perceived quality and customer satisfaction. Traditional approaches to predicting and mitigating these problems heavily rely on physical testing and simulation technologies, which can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, especially for larger models. In this study, a data-driven machine learning approach was proposed to mitigate rattle risks more efficiently. This study evaluated a floor console model using the traditional simulation-based E-line method to pinpoint high-risk areas. Data generation is performed by varying material properties, thickness, and flexible connection stiffness using the Hammersley sampling algorithm, creating a diverse and comprehensive dataset for generating a machine learning (ML) model. Utilizing the dataset, the top contributing variables were identified for training the ML models. Various machine-learning models were developed and evaluated, and the
Parmar, AzanRao, SohanReddy, Hari Krishna
When the ambient temperature is too low, the performance of the lithium-ion battery will deteriorate, and the car will have the problems of difficult charging, fast power consumption, and even difficult to start, so the battery needs to be heated before use to provide a comfortable working environment for the lithium-ion. The high-frequency pulse heating system can quickly and evenly raise the temperature of the battery, but there is noise during operation, which affects the NVH performance of the vehicle itself, and its noise comfort needs to be further optimized. Firstly, the high-frequency pulse heating system is discussed in detail, and the parameters affecting the NVH performance are explored. Secondly, NVH tests and subjective and objective evaluations were carried out based on different system parameters, relevant data were collected to establish a model, the influence degree of each parameter was demonstrated, and the best parameter combination was determined. Finally, the
Yun, ZhaoShouhui, HuangHu, ZhongxunHui, HuiZhou, ChangshuiTeng, Charlie
In active noise control, the control region size (same meaning as zone of control) decreases as the frequency increases, so that even a small moving of the passenger's head causes the ear position to go out of the control region. To increase the size of the control region, many speakers and microphones are generally required, but it is difficult to apply it in a vehicle cabin due to space and cost constraints. In this study, we propose moving zone of quiet active noise control technique. A 2D image-based head tracking system captured by a camera to generate the passenger's 0head coordinates in real time with deep learning algorithm. In the controller, the control position is moved to the ear position using a multi-point virtual microphone algorithm according to the generated ear position. After that, the multi-point adaptive filter training system applies the optimal control filter to the current position and maintains the control performance. Through this study, it is possible to
Oh, ChiSungKang, JonggyuKim, Joong-Kwan
Wind noise is one of the largest sources to interior noise of modern vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generates considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the simulation of the floor contribution to wind noise of two types of vehicles (SUV and Sports car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to identify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and contribution
Mordillat, PhilippeZerrad, MehdiErrico, Fabrizio
Large eddy simulations (LES) of two HVAC duct configurations at different vent blade angles are performed with the GPU-accelerated low-Mach (Helmholtz) solver for comparison with aeroacoustics measurements conducted at Toyota Motor Europe facilities. The sound pressure level (SPL) at four near-field experimental microphones are predicted both directly in the simulation by recording the LES pressure time history at the microphone locations, and through the use of a frequency-domain Ffowcs Williams-Hawking (FW-H) formulation. The A-weighted 1/3 octave band delta SPL between the two vent blades angle configurations is also computed and compared to experimental data. Overall, the simulations capture the experimental trend of increased radiated noise with the rotated vent blades, and both LES and FW-H spectra show good agreement with the measurements over most of the frequency range of interest, up to 5,000Hz. For the present O(30) million cell mesh and relatively long noise data collection
Besem-Cordova, Fanny M.Dieu, DonavanWang, KanBrès, Guillaume A.Delacroix, Antoine
Rattling noise from electrical sound systems is becoming one of the prominent issues for automakers as it directly affects the perception of customers about vehicle quality. Recently, quality sound system is prerequisite for automotive passenger vehicles. And, in the whole systems subwoofer forms dominant part of sound output. However, subwoofer rattle noise problems sometimes occur in small and midsize Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). Mainly rattle is noise resulting from physical contact of two parts due to vibrations when relative displacement is bigger than gap of two parts, it occurred certain frequency (Between F1~F2), which is main excitation range of subwoofer. In this study, we analyze the subwoofer structural vibration analysis for five sample vehicles based on the test and correlation. However, the present subwoofer system model has limitation in determining the level of this rattle noise. Therefore, this paper discusses how to correlate subwoofer model, frequency
Thota, JagadeeshChoi, SeungchanPark, Jong-Suh
There is no need to recall how the electrification trend of transport facilities has tightened the requirements around acoustic comfort. Within the automotive industry, these targets are more challenging for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for which passengers are in the frontline of noise emissions inside the car cabin. The complexity of the requirements and specifications set by car manufacturers and suppliers stems from a dual aspect. First is quantitative based on the sound pressure level, whether it's the overall level or 1/3 octave band spectra. The second is purely subjective, based on the perceived noise quality by stakeholders and final customers worldwide. During development phases, low tonal noises are frequently encountered on these systems which might induce discomfort to the passengers. The experimental investigations usually point to an aerodynamic origin, which prompted this research activity. The purpose of this work is to analyze and understand the
Bennouna, SaadAlaoui, MohamedHenner, Manuel
The Sottek Hearing Model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the nuances of sound perception, including such aspects as loudness, tonality, roughness, fluctuation strength, sharpness, and impulsiveness. The principal model was first published more than three decades ago as part of a doctoral thesis. Over the past few decades, the model has been refined and recently standardized in the international standard ECMA 418-2. This standard addresses several psychoacoustic parameters, including a new approach to time-varying loudness based on a nonlinear combination of partial tonal and noise loudness (as part of the tonality). This is the preferable approach because the loudness of tonal components (i.e., tonal loudness) may have a more pronounced impact on loudness perception than the loudness caused by other components (i.e., noise loudness). Other standardized parameters include psychoacoustic modulation analyses. These are roughness, which is employed to evaluate rapidly
Sottek, RolandBray, Wade
Analyzing acoustic performance in large and complex assemblies, such as vehicle cabins, can be a time-intensive process, especially when considering the impact of seat location variations on noise levels. This paper explores the use of Ansys simulation and AI tools to streamline this process by predicting the effects of different speaker locations and seat configurations on cabin noise, particularly at the driver’s ear level. The study begins by establishing a baseline simulation of cabin noise and generating training data for various seat location scenarios. This data is then used to train an AI model capable of predicting the noise impact of different design adjustments. These predictions are validated through detailed simulations. The paper discusses the accuracy of these predictions, the challenges encountered and provides insights into the effective use of AI models in acoustic analysis for cabin noise, with a specific emphasis on seat location as a key variable.
Kottalgi, SantoshHe, JunyanBanerjee, Bhaskar
This standard provides an overview of results and requirements needed to remove refrigerant from a mobile air-conditioning system for determining refrigerant emissions (leakage). This reclaim procedure for use on fleet vehicles in a field service environment should produce an accuracy and repeatability sufficient to determine refrigerant loss within 2 g.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
This recommended practice is intended to provide general guidelines for the selection and proper use of technologies and methods intended to minimize the risk of exposure to infection through light-duty vehicle cabin air. It is not intended to include all aspects of cabin air quality, including odor, inorganic particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc.
Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee
Aircraft cabin management is characterized by operational and business processes. Both are defined as a logical sequence of activities that occur during the flight. While the operational process includes activities to ensure flight safety, such as take-off, cruise and landing, the business process activities are related to adding value to the customer, i.e. the passenger. They are to be certified by the authority as a part of the aircraft type certification. These processes are defined by the airline and are described as part of the airline’s business model. While the scope of operational processes for passenger safety within the aircraft cabin should remain as unchanged as possible, the increasing competitive pressure on airlines is leading to a constantly rising number of services in the cabin. To prevent compromising cabin safety from increased cabin crew workload during the cruise phase, there is a growing trend toward digitizing operational and business processes. The digitized
Hintze, HartmutBlecken, MarvinGod, RalfPereira, Daniel
Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions
Hechelmann, AdrianMannchen, Thomas
In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, it often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items. Such disruptions contribute to delays in the boarding process and reduce operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning, reduce uncertainty, and improve the overall boarding process. In this work, the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into predefined categories, such as handbags, backpacks, and suitcases. This classified data is then linked to passenger information stored in a NoSQL database MongoDB, which includes seat assignments and the number of carry-on items
Bergmann, JacquelineHub, Maximilian
Increasing digitalization of the aircraft cabin, driven by the need for improved operational efficiency and an enhanced passenger experience, has led to the development of data-driven services. In order to implement these services, information from different systems is often required, which leads to a multi-system architecture. When designing a network that interconnects these systems, it is important to consider the heterogeneous device and supplier landscape as well as variations in the network architecture resulting from airline customization or cabin upgrades. The novel ARINC 853 Cabin Secure Media-Independent Messaging (CSMIM) standard addresses this challenge by specifying a communication protocol that relies on a data model to encode provided and consumed information. This paper presents an approach to integrate CSMIM-specific communication concepts into a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) framework using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This enables a streamlined
Giertzsch, FabianBlecken, MarvinGod, Ralf
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines acceptable methods for determining the seat reference point (SRP), and the documentation requirements for that determination, for passenger and crew seats in Transport Aircraft, Civil Rotorcraft, and General Aviation Aircraft.
Aircraft Seat Committee
This document is a guide to the application of magnesium alloys to aircraft interior components including but not limited to aircraft seats. It provides background information on magnesium, its alloys and readily available forms such as extrusions and plate. It also contains guidelines for “enabling technologies” for the application of magnesium to engineering solutions including: machining, joining, forming, cutting, surface treatment, flammability issues, and designing from aluminum to magnesium.
Aircraft Seat Committee
This study evaluates the effectiveness of two hybrid computational aeroacoustic methods—Lighthill wave model and perturbed convective wave model—in simulating HVAC duct noise in the automotive industry. Using component-level acoustic testing of a Ford HVAC duct, simulations were conducted at varying airflow rates to assess the accuracy of both models in predicting duct noise. The Lighthill wave model, suitable for noise analysis in regions outside turbulent flow areas, showed a good correlation with experimental data, especially in the frequency range of 100 Hz–5000 Hz, but sometimes struggled with pseudo-noise effects at low frequencies near turbulent regions. The perturbed convective wave model, which is suitable for noise analysis anywhere in the flow domain, underpredicted sound pressure levels at low frequencies as well. Both models underpredicted high-frequency noise (>5 kHz) due to insufficient mesh and time-step sizes. Despite these limitations, the Lighthill wave model
Nam, Jee-WhanMendel, MarcGolberg, Igor
Ride comfort is an important factor in the development of vehicles. Understanding the characteristics of seat components allows more accurate analysis of ride comfort. This study focuses on urethane foam, which is commonly used in vehicle seats. Soft materials such as urethane foam have both elastic and viscous properties that vary with frequency and temperature. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements are effective for investigating the vibrational characteristics of such materials. Although there have been many studies on the viscoelastic properties of urethane foam, no prior research has focused on dynamic viscoelastic measurements during compression to simulate the condition of a person sitting on a seat. In this study, dynamic viscoelastic measurements were performed on compressed urethane foam. Moreover, measurements were conducted at low temperatures, and a master curve using the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula (temperature–frequency conversion law) was created.
Kamio, ChihiroYamaguchi, TakaoMaruyama, ShinichiHanawa, KazutoIwase, TsutomuHayashi, TatsuoSato, ToshiharuMogawa, Hajime
This practice presents methods for establishing the driver workspace. Methods are presented for: Establishing accelerator reference points, including the equation for calculating the shoe plane angle Locating the SgRP as a function of seat height (H30) Establishing seat track dimensions using the seating accommodation model Establishing a steering wheel position Application of this document is limited to Class-A Vehicles (Passenger Cars, Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles, and Light Trucks) as defined in SAE J1100.
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance standards for airborne head-worn display (HWD) to be used as a head-up display (HUD) equivalent in fixed wing (14 CFR Parts 23 and 25) aircraft. While this document may be applied to rotorcraft using an HWD for piloting functions (14 CFR Parts 27 and 29), additional performance standards may be required. This AS covers basic display requirements but does not include specific application requirements. Specific applications can include flight instrumentation, navigation, engine and system status, alerting, surveillance, communication, terrain awareness, weather, enhanced vision, synthetic vision, and other formats. This document covers criteria for conformal HWD systems that are intended for use in the flight deck by the pilot or copilot. Display minimum performance characteristics are specified for standard and other environmental conditions for the purpose of product qualification. Figure 1 defines the HWD System Scope for
A-4HUD Head-up Display Subcommittee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide technicians with safe and efficient techniques and general equipment recommendations for servicing mobile air conditioning systems in off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry as defined in ASABE standard ANSI/ASAE S390. Both refrigerants HFC-134a (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf) are covered. Many service procedures are similar for both refrigerants, but recovery, recycling, charging, and electronic leak detection tools can be unique to each refrigerant.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq = 2300÷3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg = 4÷10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution
Ha, NguyenQuan, NguyenManh, VuPham, Phuong Xuan
With Rapid growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market challenges such as driving range, charging infrastructure, and reducing charging time needs to be addressed. Unlike traditional Internal combustion vehicles, EVs have limited heating sources and primarily uses electricity from the running battery, which reduces driving range. Additionally, during winter operation, it is necessary to prevent window fogging to ensure better visibility, which requires introducing cold outside air into the cabin. This significantly increases the energy consumption for heating and the driving range can be reduced to half of the normal range. This study introduces the Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR), a compact and energy-efficient device developed to address driving range improvement. The CHR uses a desiccant system to dehumidify the cabin, which can prevent window fogging without introducing cold outside air, thereby reducing heating energy consumption. A desiccant system typically consists of two
Hamada, TakafumiShinoda, NarimasaKonno, YoshikiIhara, YukioIto, Masaki
Improving the efficiency of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is crucial for enhancing their range and performance. This paper explores the use of virtual tools to integrate and optimise various systems, with a particular focus on thermal management. The study considers global legislative drive cycles and real-world scenarios, including hot and cold weather conditions, charging cycles, and towing. A virtual vehicle model is developed to include major contributors to range prediction and optimisation, such as thermal systems. Key components analysed include high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) consumers (compressors, pumps, fans), thermal system performance and behaviour (including cabin climate control), thermal controllers, and thermal plant models. The emergent behaviour resulting from the interaction between hardware and control systems is also examined. The methodology involves co-simulation of hardware and control models, encompassing thermal systems (coolant, refrigerant, cabin
Tourani, AbbasPrice, ChristopherDutta, NilabzaMoran Ruiz, Eduardo
The electric vehicle thermal management system is a critical sub-systems of electric vehicles, and has a substantial impact on the driving range. The objective of this paper is to optimize the performance of the heat pump air conditioning system, battery, and motor thermal management system by adopting an integrated design. This approach is expected to effectively improve the COP (Coefficient of Performance) of cabin heating. An integrated thermal management system model of the heat pump air conditioning system, battery, and motor thermal management system is established using AMEsim. Key parameters, such as refrigerant temperature, pressure, and flow rate at the outlet of each component of the system are compared with the measured data to verify the correctness of the model established in this paper. Using the established model, the impact of compressor speed on the heating comfort of the cabin under high-temperature conditions in summer was studied, and a control strategy for rapid
Zhang, MinLi, LipingZhou, JianhuaHuang, YuZhen, RanShangguan, Wen-Bin
A reconfigurable experimental seat is useful for seating comfort research and allows researchers to investigate the effects of seat parameters and to propose quantitative guidelines for improving seat comfort. Since 2017, Gustave Eiffel University has such an experimental seat which allows us to carry out parametric studies on the geometric dimensions of a seat and to understand the role of the contact force, particularly that in shear force. Equipped with force and positioning sensors, all contact forces and seat position can be measured. More specifically, it is equipped on the seat with a matrix of 52 cylinders, each adjustable in height and each equipped with a three-axis force sensor. These cylinders make it possible to vary the contact surface of seat pan and measure the distribution of contact forces. More recently, a new system with a matrix of 263 hydraulic cylinders was designed and manufactured to better study the comfort of the backrest in replacement of the three-support
Wang, XuguangBeurier, Georges
The National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) to evaluate seat performance in rear impacts [1]. The ANPRM was issued partially in response to two petitions requesting an increase in seatback strength requirements and high-speed testing with various size Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs). To better understand the effect of these requests, this study evaluates ATD responses with two high-speed rear sled conditions, three occupant sizes and various seat designs. Seat designs varied from modern conventional seats with yielding properties to stronger and stiffer seats represented by seat integrated restraint (SIR) designs, and rigidized SIR seats. Twenty-four rear sled tests were analyzed. The tests were matched by crash severity, seat designs (strength), ATD sizes and initial postures (nominal/in-position, leaned forward and leaned outboard). The test data and videos were reviewed to identify time coinciding with
Parenteau, ChantalBurnett, Roger
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