Browse Topic: Power and Propulsion

Items (59,991)

Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer

2025-01-8411To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.83 L and a compression ratio of 16.5: 1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 6.5% lower fuel consumption (in

Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian

Impact of Temperature on the Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Capacity Testing for Enhanced Battery Management in Sustainable Transportation Systems

2025-01-8131To be published on 04/01/2025

This study focuses on a vital element of energy storage systems, particularly lithium-ion batteries, in the effort to cut down greenhouse gases and air pollutants from internal combustion engine vehicles. It investigates the impact of temperature on the aging process of these batteries, offering important insights into their capacity and lifespan. The research involved controlled testing at various temperatures to replicate real-world automotive conditions and evaluate how battery capacity changes over time. Initial characterization of fresh cells was conducted to establish baseline data on their capacity and internal resistance, which helps in understanding how temperature fluctuations affect battery performance. A thorough teardown analysis was then performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) on the electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. This analysis provided an in-depth look at the physical and chemical behavior of the battery

Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Egea, Juan Manuel H.

Heavy Tracked Vehicles Preliminary Design for Mobility

2025-01-8337To be published on 04/01/2025

Modern military operations prove that increased terrain mobility is critical for heavy tracked vehicles’ (HTVs) survivability and lethality. HTV major system packaging as a component of preliminary design with many physical constraints and assumptions poses great challenges for mobility. This paper develops an approach and a method that accounts for such constraints/assumptions and optimizes the packaging of the HTV system assembly, including vehicle armor, armament and munition, powertrain, and fuel tanks. The optimization purpose is to accommodate the center of gravity for improving ground pressure distribution and then reducing the sinkage. This work is based on a literature review and combines numerous techniques rooted in Western literature and Eastern Soviet- and post-Soviet-era literature. The optimization process is developed using a genetic algorithm. The Mean Relative Design (MRD) parameter is proposed to study the average system rearrangement (i.e., re-packing) that is

Vardi, Haggay, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David

A Proposed RE-Method for Redesigning Damaged Cam Gear in Automotive Engines using Image Processing and 3D CAD Model

2025-01-8634To be published on 04/01/2025

Cam gear is a critical component of the timing system in an internal combustion engine, ensuring the synchronized opening of the engine valves, pistons, and rotating parts, but their unavailability may result in long-term downtime or expensive replacement. Reverse engineering (RE) systems also play an important role in promoting sustainable practices in automotive technologies. The study focuses on presenting a proposed method for redesigning damaged parts in engines using image processing technology by creating an accurate CAD model. In addition to clarifying of the expected causes that led to cam gear damage. The proposed method involves taking a high-resolution image of the damaged part, then applying advanced image processing algorithms to analyze and reconstruct the geometry of the part. The data is then converted into a high-resolution 3D CAD model. This approach aims to address the challenges of replicating worn or broken parts, providing a cost-effective maintenance and

Ali, Salah H. R., Ehab, Eslam, Barakat, Ebrahim, Younes, Abdelrahman, Ali, Amr S.H.R.

European Initiatives addressing High efficiency and low cost electric motors for circularity and low use of rare resources

2025-01-8806To be published on 04/01/2025

The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, CO2 and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2ZERO SRIA . The E

Armengaud, Eric, Ratz, Florian, Muñiz, Ángela, Poza, Javier, Garramiola, Fernando, Almandoz, Gaizka, Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, Jenni, Clenet, Stéphane, Messagie, Maarten, D’amore, Lea, Lavigne Philippot, Maeva, Rillo, Oriol, Montesinos, Daniel, Vansompel, Hendrik, De Keyser, Arne, Romano, Claudio, Montanaro, Umberto, Tavernini, Davide, Gruber, Patrick, Ran, Liaoyuan, Amati, Nicola, Vagg, Christopher, Herzog, Matic, Weinzerl, Martin

Evaluation of additively manufactured thermoplastic composite magnetic field shielding for stepper motors

2025-01-8201To be published on 04/01/2025

As stepper motors become more and more widely used in engineering systems (vehicles, 3-D printers, manufacturing tools, and similar), the effects of their induced magnetic fields present a concern during the packing and orientation of components within the system. For applications requiring security, this is also a concern as the background electromagnetic radiation (EMF) can be captured at a distance and used to reproduce the motion of the motor during operation. One proposed alternative is to use customized non-magnetic plastic shields created using additive manufacturing. Some small studies have been completed which show some effectiveness of this approach but these studies have been small-scale and difficult to reproduce. To seek a more rigorous answer to this question and collect reproducible data, the present study used full factorial design of experiments with several replications. Three materials were used: Polylactide (PLA), PLA with 25% (weight) copper powder, and PLA with 15

Hu, Henry, Kolluru, Pavan V., Karim, Muhammad Faeyz, Porter, Logan, Patterson, Albert E.

Experimental Analysis of Piston Surface Temperature in a Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8383To be published on 04/01/2025

The heat transfer processes occurring in a compression ignition engine are complex, especially considering flame-wall interaction on the piston crown from impinging jets. To study the heat flux occurring on the piston in a heavy-duty diesel engine, a piston was instrumented with fifteen thermocouples and a wireless telemetry system. Eight of the thermocouples are high speed surface thermocouples placed primarily in regions with significant flame-wall interaction, providing crank-resolved surface temperature data. This work presents the first experimental datasets collected with this instrumented piston, describing in detail the thermocouple location selection process as well as data processing and uncertainty quantification for the high-speed surface thermocouples with a particular emphasis on cyclic variability and sensor-to-sensor variability. With this methodology established, data from this piston can be used for modeling and simulation studies as well as for studying the impact of

Gainey, Brian, Datar, Aditya, Ravikumar, Avinash, Bhatt, Ankur, Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Gingrich, Eric, Tess, Michael, Korivi, Vamshi, Lawler, Benjamin

Fuel composition effects on combustion characteristics of a Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion engine

2025-01-8410To be published on 04/01/2025

Low Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) in compression ignition engines is controlled by chemical kinetics and the autoignition reactivity of the fuel-air mixture, which are heavily influenced by the composition of the fuel. To investigate fuel-engine interactions, experiments were performed in a single-cylinder LTGC engine at various operating conditions with three premium-grade gasoline-like fuels with nominally the same octane rating but with high aromatic (HA), high cycloalkane (HCA) and high ethanol (E30 - 30%vol) contents, respectively. At fully-premixed naturally aspirated conditions, E30 showed the highest autoignition reactivity followed by HCA and HA. However, reactivity differences became less relevant when direct-injecting the fuel because of the vaporization cooling effect on the in-cylinder reactivity, which compensated for differences in fuel’s chemistry. Intake pressure sweeps demonstrated that the autoignition reactivity of E30 had the highest sensitivity to

Narayanan, Abhinandhan, MacDonald, James, Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario

Loadcell Data Analysis from Frontal NCAP Tests to Assess Aggressivity and Compatibility of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

2025-01-8746To be published on 04/01/2025

A total of 368 frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) tests (including 24 tests with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)) with high-resolution loadcell data were analyzed to investigate vehicle crash compatibility, especially between Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) and BEVs. An Indirect Frontal Crash Model (IFCM) for Full-Overlap (FO) Vehicle-to-Moving Deformable Barrier (V2MDB) using loadcell data from frontal NCAP tests was developed to assess vehicle aggressivity. An analytical solution of the IFCM for FO/V2MDB was obtained and used to develop a new aggressivity metric. In addition, the Max. Standard Deviation (SD) of loadcell forces was used to assess vehicle front-end homogeneity. In the case studies, vehicle compatibility was assessed by the new aggressivity metric and Max. SD, along with typical frontal crash metrics

Park, Chung-Kyu

Experimental Study of Glow Plug Assisted Methanol Compression Ignition

2025-01-8412To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol can be produced renewably and used in compression ignition (CI) engines as a replacement for fossil diesel. However, methanol is a low cetane fuel, creating challenges in achieving stable operation, particularly at low load. One potential solution is through surface ignition via a glow plug. In this work, experiments were conducted on a methanol-fueled 2.1 L single cylinder engine instrumented with a glow plug. The engine was designed for alcohol combustion with an elevated compression ratio (26:1) and a narrow injector umbrella angle (120 degrees) compared to standard diesel compression ignition hardware. As such, no plume was directly intercepted by the glow plug. A representative low load case of two conventional mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) strategies (single injection and pilot-main) and three kinetically controlled advanced CI strategies (homogenous charge compression ignition, split injection, partially premixed combustion) were tested with and without

Gainey, Brian, Svensson, Magnus, Verhelst, Sebastian, Tuner, Martin

Innovative Use of Basic Technologies for a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Small Displacement Gasoline Engine

2025-01-8392To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working in the research of suitable technical solutions to meet upcoming stringent Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ), Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) and Real Driving Emission (RDE) targets, as set by international and country’s local regulatory authorities. Many technologies have already been developed or are currently under study by automotive manufacturers for gasoline engines, to meet legislated targets. In-line with the above objective, Maruti Suzuki Engine Design and Development team worked to enhance the efficiency of a small gasoline engine (i.e 0.8 L) applicable for small entry level 5-door hatchback vehicles. Improvements were made in the engine’s thermal and mechanical efficiencies with minimum cost increment considering stringent entry level vehicle cost target. These improvements help to attain the minimum BSFC along with increasing the minimum BSFC area in engine map to

Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder

Experimental investigation between pre-ignition, knocking, vibration and performance in an internal combustion engine

2025-01-8380To be published on 04/01/2025

Otto cycle internal combustion engines have undergone technological developments that can be fueled by various types of fuels in different mixture proportions. To achieve this, a detailed study of the main factors that influence the engine combustion process is necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of varying the ignition advance on the performance parameters and vibration level of the engine operated with regular gasoline, podium gasoline, ethanol and a mixture of ethanol with regular gasoline. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions, varying rotation and ignition advance by 5, 10 and 20% in relation to the original ignition advance and correlating the levels of pre-ignition, knock, engine vibration levels with engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by the type of fuel used, engine performance parameters and the presence of

Santana, Claudio

Comprehensive gear shift schedule of heavy-duty commercial electric trucks based on dual axle driving

2025-01-8510To be published on 04/01/2025

A heavy-duty commercial electric truck is equipped with dual axles, with the middle axle driven by an electric motor and a three-speed transmission and the rear axle driven by an electric motor and a two-speed transmission. To consider the dynamics and economic performance of the whole vehicle, as well as the gear distribution characteristics in the vehicle operation, a comprehensive shifting law based on the cross-particle swarm algorithm is proposed. By establishing the longitudinal dynamics model of the truck, the optimal power shift schedule and the optimal economic shift schedule of each of the two transmissions are studied. Under the standard test conditions, an optimal gear control strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm considering the shift interval is proposed, and the shift schedule for the standard conditions is derived through the hierarchical clustering method. Furthermore, with 100 km acceleration time and specific energy consumption as the objectives, a

Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

An experimental investigation of the liquid jet breakup characteristics in a vaporizer under equivalent operating conditions of a microturbine combustion chamber

2025-01-8458To be published on 04/01/2025

This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq=2300-3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg=4-10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution

ha, Nguyen, Quan, Nguyen, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan

Bicycle Pitch-over Reconstruction Analysis

2025-01-8684To be published on 04/01/2025

During a pitch-over event, the forward momentum of the combined bicycle and rider is suddenly impeded at the front tire and front axle causing the rider and bicycle to rotate about the bicycle front structures and also possibly propelling the rider forward. A pitch-over event can result in significant injuries to the rider. This paper presents the examination of the pitch-over of a bicycle by approaching the event using two different methods over what has been published previously. One method uses Newton’s 2nd Law directly and the other method uses the principle of impulse and momentum, the integrated form of Newton’s 2nd Law. The two methods provide useful equations, contributing to current literature on the topic of reconstructing and analyzing bicycle pitch-over incidents. The analysis is supplemented with Madymo simulation models to evaluate the kinematics and kinetics of the bicycle and rider interacting with front wheel obstructions of different heights. The effect of variables

Brach, R. Matthew, Kelley, Mireille, Van Poppel, Jon

Optimal Hybrid Drive Configuration for Synthesized ICE

2025-01-8534To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the emission in individual traffic electrification and hybridization is needed. The emission reduction depends on the degree of electrification and the specific drive system design and optimized components. This applies especially for hybrids with the highest amount of components, consisting of internal combustion engine, transmissions, electric motors and batteries. With the integration of the EM in the transmission for dedicated hybrid transmissions, the amount possible solutions and variants lies in the billions. Hence for the development of new drive architectures computer aided drive synthesis are needed. In a DFG funded project we developed a drive synthesis, including an ICE synthesis as well as transmission synthesis. The syntheses are controlled via an artificial intelligence based control algorithm including engineering knowledge. In this paper we are focusing on the impact the ICE concept has on the drive system dimensioning, the fuel economy, performance

Sturm, Axel

The development and real-time application of DP-based optimized A-ECMS algorithm for multi-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles

2025-01-8589To be published on 04/01/2025

The hybrid electric drive system shows its great potential in the energy sustainability of the automotive industry. This paper investigates the improved adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) for a multi-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle. First, a basic ECMS algorithm for the series-parallel vehicle is established, which considers the instantaneous optimal torque matching in the electric, serial hybrid, and engine driving modes. Then, Genetic Algorithms (GA) are used for offline global optimization of the equivalent factor and penalty function exponent. Under the condition that the future traffic information scenario is known, it is desired to realize the global optimal planning based on the combination of dynamic programming (DP) and ECMS. Therefore, the SOC, engine speed, and torque results calculated by the DP strategy are used as benchmarks to develop the improved SOC-AECMS and S-AECMS strategies, which better incorporate the advantages of the

Zhu, Jingyu, Han, Mengwei, Liu, Chongfan, Yang, Chenfan

Morphologies and structures of liquid fragments derived from the near-field zone of a twin-orifice swirl atomizer

2025-01-8461To be published on 04/01/2025

Aviation gas turbine engines typically utilize twin-orifice swirl atomizers to achieve a fine spray, widen the spray cone angle, and shorten spray penetration. However, using twin-orifice atomizers complicates the spray structure, and knowledge of the spray, especially in the near-field nozzle zone, remains limited. This study experimentally investigates the morphologies and structure of liquid fragments in the near-field nozzle of a twin-orifice atomizer. A high-speed backlit experimental system was developed to examine the liquid fragment morphologies and structures. The fragments are classified into spherical droplets, ligaments, and other irregular structural fragments. Results show that with increasing the pressure in the near field of the nozzle, the proportion of nearly round fragments decreases with increasing pressure. In contrast, the proportion of ligament-like fragments tends to increase. Besides, the particle size distribution did not change significantly within the 10 to

Pham Vu, Nam, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan, Nguyen, Kien Trung

3D CHT Simulation of Oil-Cooled Electric Motors: A Comparative Study of Standard and Paperless Designs

2025-01-8181To be published on 04/01/2025

Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis of cooling in an electric motor, featuring both the standard and the paperless stator designs, was conducted using the CFD package Simerics-MP+ to assess the predictive accuracy of the numerical simulations. The condition investigated involved the motor running at 14,000 RPM. The high rotor speed was modeled using a novel hybrid approach for mesh rotation to make the problem more tractable. The two immiscible fluids, oil and air were modeled using the interface capturing, volume of fluid (VOF) method. The traditional CHT approach is computationally expensive for electric motor cooling applications due to the heat transfer time scale differences between the fluid and the solid. Temperature changes in solids occur over a much slower time scale owning to their higher thermal inertia compared to fluids. Therefore, we model the fluid and solid domains separately and use a mixed-time scale approach to exchange the heat transfer data between them. The

Varghese, Joel, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Chen, Yawei, Bhunia, Srijohn, Schlautman, Jeff

Disturbance Estimation Approach for minimizing Control Windup in Target Engine Speed Profile on Electrified Powertrains with a Low Voltage Belt Starter Generator and a Disconnect Clutch

2025-01-8584To be published on 04/01/2025

In cost- effective P2 hybrid vehicles with low voltage electric machines connected to the engine, an interesting control problem arises during the transition to a locked driveline state. This occurs when the engine connects to the wheels via a separation clutch. The two primary torque sources, the engine and the clutch, are traditionally imperfect estimators of applied and transferred torques. The Hybrid Supervisor’s feedforward constraints model relies on these imperfect inputs to determine torque and acceleration limits for the engine’s desired acceleration profiles and to specify engine feedforward commands, aiming for synchronization speed. Due to the inaccuracies in the torque estimates of the engine and clutch, the Hybrid Supervisor is susceptible to control windup, increased jerk to the driveline during synchronization, and inaccurate computation of its target acceleration profile, speed, and torque targets for the engine to achieve synchronization speed. This paper presents a

Banuso, Abdulquadri, Sha, Hangxing, Karogal, Indrasen, Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Patel, Nadirsh

European initiatives for User-Centric design of Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8807To be published on 04/01/2025

E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under the

Ratz, Florian, Bäuml, Thomas, Kompara, Tomaž, Kospach, Alexander, Simic, Dragan, Jan, Petra, Möller, Sebastian, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Parades Barros, Esteban, Armengaud, Eric, Amati, Nicola, Sorniotti, Aldo, Lukesch, Walter

High-efficient and Cost-effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8528To be published on 04/01/2025

China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after

Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Li, Dacheng, liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun, Gao, Bojun

Comparison of Gasoline Particulate Indices Using U.S. Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8449To be published on 04/01/2025

Simulated distillation (SimDis) uses wide bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) to provide a detailed volatility profile of blended gasoline. The boiling point distribution from SimDis analysis is correlated to the hydrocarbon contents of spark ignition fuels and provide the resolution necessary to characterize the compositions of the fuel. Recent publications on simulated distillation applied to spark ignition fuel reveal the merits of indexing a gasoline fuel so that it can be correlated to the tendency of particulate emissions from vehicles. With this in mind, SimDis can be a useful and quick tool in assessing the PM-formation potential of market gasolines. Heavy aromatic compounds that are present in spark ignition fuels are major contributors to vehicle particulate emissions. These compounds are present in the higher boiling portion (T70+) of the distillation profiles. As demonstrated in recent studies, the particulate indices of gasoline samples are indicative of the relative

Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Dozier, Jon, Butler, Aron

Application of AI/ML based Image Analytics in Auto Component Fracture Analysis

2025-01-8228To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper introduces an innovative digital solution for the categorization and analysis of fractures in Auto components, leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) technologies. The proposed system automates the fracture analysis process, enhancing speed, reliability, and accessibility for users with varying levels of expertise. The platform enables users to upload images of fractured parts, which are then processed by an AI/ML engine. The engine employs an image classification model to identify the type of fracture and a segmentation model to detect and analyze the direction of the fracture. The segmentation model accurately predicts cracks in the images, providing detailed insights into the direction and progression of the fractures. Additionally, the solution offers an intuitive interface for stakeholders to review past analyses and upload new images for examination. The AI/ML engine further examines the origin of the fracture, its progression pattern, and the

Sahoo, Priyabrata, Rawat, Sudhanshu, Garg, Vipin, Naidu, Garima, Sharma, Amit, Narula, Rahul, Bindra, Ritesh, Khera, Pankaj, Goel, Pooja, MONDAL, ARUP

Driver’s Pedal Control for Detecting Pedal Misapplication

2025-01-8675To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers sometimes operate the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal due to driver error, potentially resulting in serious accidents. Acceleration Control for Pedal Error (ACPE) has been developed, a system that detects such errors and controls vehicle acceleration to prevent these incidents. The United Nations is already considering regulations for this technology. If ACPE can detect errors based on the operations of the accelerator pedal at various driving speeds, the system will be even more effective in terms of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the operation characteristics of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal, focusing on the pedal operation characteristics of pedal stroke speed and pedal force speed used as thresholds for the operation of ACPE. We believe that if there is a significant difference in the operations of the accelerator pedal and brake pedals while driving, it can be used as a threshold for judging misstep. In this study, we utilized a

Natsume, Hayato, Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

Enhancing Dual Fuel Combustion Simulation: A Novel Geometric Approach for Accurate Flame Entrainment Estimation

2025-01-8366To be published on 04/01/2025

Maritime transport plays a key role in the EU economy and stands as one of the most energy-efficient transportation modes. However, it is a significant and growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. In Europe, maritime transport accounts for 3 to 4% of the EU's total 〖CO〗_2 emissions, which was over 124 million tonnes of 〖CO〗_2 in 2021. These emissions are anticipated to rise to 130% of 2008 levels by 2050. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport, the European Union has set targets to reduce emissions by 6% by 2030 and by 80% by 2050. A promising way to achieve these targets is to use renewable fuels in marine engines. Fuels such as hydrogen or methanol can serve as the primary energy source in internal combustion (IC) engines. However, their high autoignition temperatures require an external ignition source to start combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. The Dual Fuel (DF) approach offers an effective method for incorporating these fuels. Due to the time

Parsa, Somayeh, Daenens, Arthur, Verschaeren, Roel, Dierickx, Jeroen, Verhelst, Sebastian

A Torque Distribution Strategy for the Six-Wheeled Lunar Rover

2025-01-8308To be published on 04/01/2025

As a crucial tool for lunar exploration, lunar rovers are highly susceptible to instability due to the rough lunar terrain, making control of driving stability essential during operation. This paper focuses on a six-wheel lunar rover and develops a torque distribution strategy to improve vehicle handling stability. Based on a layered control structure, firstly, the strategy establishes a two-degree-of-freedom single-track model with front and rear axle steering at the state reference layer to compute the ideal yaw rate and center of gravity side slip angle. In the desired torque decision layer, a sliding mode control-based strategy is used to calculate the desired total driving torque. In the torque distribution layer, optimal control allocation is employed to maximize tire stability margins. Finally, a multi-body dynamics model of the six-wheel lunar rover is built using the open-source multi-physics simulation engine Chrono, exploring its dynamic behavior on soft terrain. Various

liu, pengcheng, Zhang, Kaidi, Shi, Junwei, Yang, Wenmiao, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

Analysis of Trapped Gases Within an Aftertreatment System Reacting Over a TWC After Engine is Stopped

2025-01-8499To be published on 04/01/2025

Measurements of Hydrogen emissions from vehicle exhaust have been often substituted for prediction models, partly due to the lack of Hydrogen analyzers targeted for combustion gases. A previous study using a Hydrogen mass spectrometer revealed that the ratio of Hydrocarbons entering a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and Hydrogen leaving the catalyst was inconstant throughout a standardized driving cycle. Although Hydrogen by itself is not currently a target of emission regulations, its omission during catalyzer optimization may disrupt the intended performance of the integrated aftertreatment system. The highest emissions of unwanted gases are commonly seen during vehicle cold start. Thus, this study focuses on intermittent operation of an engine, such as that of full hybrid vehicles. In particular, this study measures how the gases trapped in the aftertreatment system continue to react over the TWC as it cools down after the engine stops. Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, NH3 and H2 are measured

Lamas, Jorge Eduardo, Lacdan, Ma Camille, Hara, Kenji, Otsuki, Yoshinori

Energy consumption optimization of commercial electric bus in Indian city driving condition using two speed transmission

2025-01-8504To be published on 04/01/2025

ABSTRACT Currently automobile industries are shifting towards electric powertrains from conventional internal combustion engines. With increase in use of electric vehicle, more focus is to increase the driving range of vehicle. As of now, most of the OEMs are using single speed transmission in their electric buses. Single speed transmission is effective in road having less traffic condition but during heavy traffic condition (like Mumbai city application), performance of motor gets deteriorated. In heavy traffic condition (city application), operating points of motor goes into less efficiency regions which results in high energy consumption. It will also affect the regeneration. In this study, focus is on commercial vehicle like electric buses. If there is a need to increase driving range, energy consumption must be optimized. Thus, higher energy consumption in heavy traffic condition can be managed by using multiple gear ratio. With use of optimum gear ratio, motor operating points

Saurabh, Saurabh, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay

A Conjugate Heat Transfer Numerical Framework Applied to Energy-Assisted Ignition of Jet Fuel in a Rapid Compression Machine

2025-01-8352To be published on 04/01/2025

Airborne compression ignition engines operating with aviation fuels are a promising option for reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of hybrid-electric aircraft. However, the consistent ignition of Jet fuels at high-altitude conditions can be challenging. A potential solution to this problem is to ignite the fuel sprays by means of a glow-plug-based ignition assistant (IA) device. The interaction between the IA and the spray, and the subsequent combustion event result in thermal cycles that can significantly affect the IA's durability. Therefore, designing an efficient and durable IA requires detailed understanding of the influence that the IA temperature and insertion depth have on the complex physics of fuel-air mixture ignition and flame propagation. The objective of this study is to design a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling framework that can numerically replicate F-24 Jet fuel spray ignition using a glow-plugbased IA device in a rapid compression machine (RCM

Oruganti, Surya Kaundinya, Lien, Hao-Pin, Torelli, Roberto, Motily, Austen, Lee, Tonghun, Kim, Kenneth, Mayhew, Eric, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Reducing Temperature-related Aging Inhomogeneities in Battery Modules Using a Switchable Thermal Management System

2025-01-8167To be published on 04/01/2025

The operating temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells significantly influences their degradation behavior. In indirect liquid cooling systems, temperature variations within a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) LIB module are inevitable due to the increasing downstream temperature of the cooling medium as it absorbs heat. This leads to reduced temperature differentials between the cooling medium and the LIB cells. As a result, LIB cells located further along the flow path experience higher average temperatures than those at the front. Typically, a maximum average cell temperature difference of 5 K within LIB modules is considered acceptable. However, results from a conventional cooling system indicate that, when fast charging is exclusively used, this can lead to a 15.5 % difference in the total ampere-hours passed before the End-of-Life (EOL) is reached for the front and back LIB cells. To address this issue, a switchable thermal management system for the traction battery is

Auch, Marcus, Weyershäuser, Konstantin, Kuthada, Timo, Wagner, Andreas

Real time recognition method for wide speed range rotor position of dual three-phase motor based on symmetrical voltage injection

2025-01-8572To be published on 04/01/2025

The rotor position information is an important variable in the dual three-phase motor control system, and ensuring its real-time and accurate information is a prerequisite for the reliable operation of the dual three-phase motor system. The paper analyzes the structural characteristics of a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) with dual Y windings staggered by 30 °, and proposes a new high-frequency symmetrical voltage injection method that can effectively identify rotor position information in a wide speed range. It forms heterogeneous information verification with the hardware signal of the dual three-phase motor rotor position sensor, and improves the operational redundancy, fault identification ability, and functional safety level of the control system in applications that require high reliability. This method utilizes the structural features of DTP-PMSM and injects high-frequency pulse voltages with symmetric sequences into a synchronous rotating

Xu, Luhui, Zhao, Zhiguo

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Size Distribution and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8503To be published on 04/01/2025

A diesel engine was run on off-highway cycle sequence on nine (9) fuels and blends. Number-weighted solid particle size distribution (PSD) in the size range from 5.6 nm to 560 nm was measured at inlet and outlet of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) on a sequence of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles (NRSCs). The measurements were used to correlate the fuel properties to the DPF-In concentrations and filtration of different size particles in the DPFs. The data showed an expected trend with the DPF-In emissions. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) had the highest solid particle number (SPN) concentrations and biodiesels (soy-based biodiesel (B100) and rapeseed-based biodiesel (RME)) had the lowest concentrations. The geometric number mean diameter (GNMD) of DPF-In PSD correlates with the concentrations. The calculated GNMD was the highest for ULSD and lowest for B100/RME. An opposite trend for the GNMD was observed at the DPF-Out where the

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

A Comparison of Stochiometric and Lean Burn Ammonia-Hydrogen Co-fuelling in a Modern Spark ignition Engine

2025-01-8432To be published on 04/01/2025

Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a promising fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, predominantly due to relative favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can always be assured. In the currently reported work a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine was equipped with separate gaseous ammonia and hydrogen port injection fuelling, with the aim of understanding the impact of varied co-fuelling upon combustion, fuel economy and engine-out emissions (and the arising implications upon future emissions after-treatment). Under stoichiometric conditions, the engine could be operated in a stable manner on pure NH3 at low-to-medium speeds and medium-to-high engine loads, with up to ~20% hydrogen (by energy) required at the lowest engine loads. Engine-out NH3 emissions remained relatively high

Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Murugan, Reese, Varaei, Amirata, Cairns, Alasdair, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Michael

Development of the Tour Split-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8394To be published on 04/01/2025

The Tour engine is a novel split-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) that divides the four-stroke Otto cycle of a conventional ICE between two separate cylinders, an intake and compression cylinder and a second expansion and exhaust cylinder, interconnected by an innovative charge transfer mechanism. The engine working fluid, air and fuel, is inducted into the engine and compressed by a dedicated compression cylinder, transferred with minimal pressure loss via an input port to a specifically designed combined spool shuttle transfer mechanism and combustion chamber. It is then ignited and then transferred from the combustion chamber via an exit port to a separate expansion cylinder where it is expanded and exhausted from the engine. The primary advantage of the Tour engine is that it provides the engineering freedom to independently design, control and optimize the compression, combustion, and expansion processes within a slider-crank piston engine. By decoupling the compression

Tour, Oded, Cho, Kukwon, Hofman, Yehoram, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Morris, Daniel, Wahl, Michael, Bhanage, Pratik, Sivan, Ehud, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo

Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions

2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming

Ammonia-Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation

2025-01-8448To be published on 04/01/2025

Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel alternative for the internal combustion engine decarbonization. However, its toxicity and less advantageous combustion characteristics including higher nitrogen-based engine-out emissions have delayed its use in power generation applications. Therefore, the use of a secondary and also carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen was proposed in the literature as a solution to promote and improve ammonia combustion while minimizing any modifications in engine parameters and control strategy that may be required when compared to using conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels. In addition, the higher resistance to autoignition of ammonia can allow operation at higher compression ratios in spark ignition applications, therefore increasing the thermal efficiency. The study presented here used a single-cylinder heavy-duty research engine converted to spark ignition operation to investigate medium load engine operation with ammonia-hydrogen blends in which hydrogen represented

Alvarez, Luis, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Dumitrescu, Cosmin

The numerical study of methane flame characteristics in the ammonia/air environment at sub-atmospheric pressure

2025-01-8450To be published on 04/01/2025

The low emission of carbon and minimum level of soot formation in combustion engines and turbines strategy is adopted by many countries to counteract global warming and climate change. The combustion and emission characteristics of methane coflow flame were studied at low pressure and air polluted by ammonia conditions. The results showed that a significant decline in carbon formation was observed when ammonia was boosted, 5-10%. The impact of sub-atmospheric pressure, 90-70 KPa, on COx development was higher than that of NH3 addition, 0-5%, thanks to the lower formation of hydroxymethylium, formaldehyde, and aldehyde radical. The sub-atmospheric pressure had more impact on the reduction of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide, and ammonia impact was greater on the increment of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide. The maximum reduction and increment in the profile of nitric oxide were observed ~ 42.1% at 5% NH3 and 182% at 80 KPa. The acetylene species was more affected by sub

HINA, ANAM, Akram, M Zuhaib

Potential for Reduction in NRMM Real-World Emissions

2025-01-8489To be published on 04/01/2025

The pollutant emission regulation for Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) is currently under consideration, both in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). In Europe a Stage V review is expected within 2025 and in the US, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) has released their Tier 5 proposal in late 2024. It is expected that there will be further focus on covering a wide variety of operation conditions in actual use cases, including continuous low load scenarios. In addition, CO2-neutral fuels are being investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of NRMM Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which remains an important powertrain for the sector. The objective of the work presented is to assess the potential for emissions reductions in the future, both NOx and CO2. A simulation study is conducted, modelling a 9l class engine with 8-10 g/kWh engine-out NOx emission level. Three different emission control systems are investigated: an enhanced stage V system with single SCR, a

Demuynck, Joachim, Bosteels, Dirk, Michelitsch, Philipp, Noll, Hannes

Experimental Study of Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition Hydrogen Combustion in An Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke (OP2S) Engine

2025-01-8430To be published on 04/01/2025

The future heavy duty powertrain market is expected to be more diverse, with shifts gradually towards cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. Among various options, the hydrogen ICE holds the promise of significantly reducing emissions while leveraging existing ICE technology. However, it also faces substantial challenges related to engine performance, fuel storage and delivery, infrastructure development, economic feasibility, safety, and market acceptance. This paper focuses on performance challenges of hydrogen engine, including knock and pre-ignition, as well as low thermal efficiencies by introducing the opposed-piston two-stroke hydrogen ICE (OP2S H2ICE) as a potential solution. The study demonstrates that OP2S H2ICE can operate using direct injection, compression-ignition (CI) combustion solely with hydrogen, under various low-load conditions. Specifically, as the load increases, the combustion transitions from partial-premixed controlled CI combustion towards mixing

Huo, Ming, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas

Achieving ultra-low NOx and meeting full useful life requirement for CARB 2027 NOx and GHG 2027 Phase2 CO2 regulation w/ opposed piston 2-stroke engine and a conventional ATS

2025-01-8391To be published on 04/01/2025

Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty commercial vehicle engines while reducing CO2 is the quickest way for a more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent 0.02g/hp-hr ultralow NOx and CO2 emissions requirements at the same time using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. The present paper focuses on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+full useful requirements while also meeting the EPA GHG Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k equivalent miles. The paper

Kale, Vaibhav, Bako, Zoltan

Development of Ultra-Fast AI-Driven Diesel Engine Model for Real-Time Optimization

2025-01-8397To be published on 04/01/2025

The shift to electromobility is accelerating, but combustion engines and hybrid systems remain important in sectors like light- and heavy-duty vehicles, where performance, range, or cost limitations play a major role. Optimizing diesel engine efficiency and reducing emissions is critical. However, classical physics-based 0D/1D models are computationally demanding and are hardly applicable for real-time purposes. In this study, a calibrated 1D diesel engine model is suggested for transformation into a neural network architecture to enable real-time optimization. The model divides the engine into intake, exhaust, and combustion sections, each modeled by different neural networks. One of the advantages of this modular and layered approach is the flexibility to change individual components without needing to retrain every single model. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are used to capture transient phenomena, such as thermal inertias that arise in the combustion process and gas flow

Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Sautter, Johannes, Weller, Louis, Hagenbucher, Timo, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal

Vehicle Motion Management - A model predictive control approach to realize holistic redundancy to enable actuator fail operational autonomous driving

2025-01-8812To be published on 04/01/2025

Since the series introduction of ESC (1995), the number of vehicle dynamic control functions and ADAS has increased continuously. Today, there are many functions that control the vehicle motion in cooperation, so that the vehicle motion is often implemented suboptimally. Current megatrends (electrification, AD, new SW architectures) and new key technologies (X-by-Wire) enable the development of Integrated Chassis Control (ICC), which controls all motion-relevant components to optimize vehicle motion. This function, which is currently being developed by many OEMs, not only improves the driving safety and comfort but is also furthermore essential for AD. Vehicle Motion Management (VMM), the ICC solution by IAV GmbH, uses Model Predictive Control (MPC) to predict and optimize vehicle motion in real time. The VMM architecture already developed (Observer, Supervisor, MPC, Coordination) can be adapted to the powertrain topology. This article reports on the results of a simulative potential

Wielitzka, Mark, Ahrenhold, Tim, Vocht, Moritz, Rawitzer, Jonas, Schrader, Jonas

Research on Torque Management Safety Monitoring Control for Hybrid Vehicles

2025-01-8579To be published on 04/01/2025

Hybrid vehicles are driven by the vehicle controller, engine controller and motor controller through torque control, and there may be unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle beyond the driver's expectation due to systematic failure and random hardware failure. Based on the torque control strategy of hybrid vehicles, the safety monitoring model design of torque control is carried out according to the ISO 26262 safety analysis method. Through the establishment of safety goals and the analysis of safety concepts, this paper conducts designs including the driver allowable torque design for safety monitoring, the driver torque prediction design for safety monitoring, the rationality judgment design of driver torque for safety monitoring, the functional safety degradation design and the engine start-stop status monitoring, enabling the system to transition to a safe state when errors occur. Among them, the design of the driver's allowable torque includes the allowable

Jing, Junchao, Wang, Ruiguang, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8502To be published on 04/01/2025

As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23)and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

Research on the Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Reduced Rotor Stack Length in Hybrid System

2025-01-8563To be published on 04/01/2025

The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Yu, Pengfei, Liu, Yiqiang, Chen, Yingchao, Dai, Zhengxing

Investigation of Skin Friction Topology on the AeroSUV Using GLOF Meter

2025-01-8782To be published on 04/01/2025

In this study, the aerodynamics and skin flow field of a 1/5 scale SUV vehicle model called “AeroSUV” were experimentally investigated. The aerodynamics and skin flow field investigations were carried out in the wind tunnel at Hiroshima University with a Reynolds number ReL = 1.2×10^6, baseline yaw angle β = 0° and crosswind conditions β = 5°, 10° and 15° for two rear ends, Estateback and Fastback. The results provide aerodynamic information and detailed skin flow field information for a standard middle-class SUV vehicle with different rear ends, which is important for automotive design. By applying GLOF measurements to automotive aerodynamics, the skin friction topology was revealed in detail as skin flow field information that is useful for understanding the physics of the flow. The skin friction topology clearly shows the separation lines, reattachment lines, and focus points associated with the separation flow, longitudinal vortices and recirculation vortices of this vehicle model

Hijikuro, Masato, Shimizu, Keigo, Nakashima, Takuji, Hiraoka, Takenori

Research on road-sense simulation algorithm and analysis of its effect on different steering wheels

2025-01-8753To be published on 04/01/2025

With the continuous development of automotive intelligence, cars increasingly want chassis to be more intelligent, electronically controlled, integrated and lightweight. Therefore, the steer-by-wire system, controlled by the line, with high precision and fast response, can provide better flexibility, stability and comfort for the car and can well meet the above requirements, has been widely concerned. As the steer-by-wire system eliminates the mechanical structure, the road sense cannot be directly transmitted to the steering wheel. The road sense obtained according to the vehicle state or combined with the driving environment planning needs to be applied to the steering wheel through the road sense motor to complete the simulation of the road sense so that the driver can feel the feedback similar to driving the traditional steering vehicle. In this way, the driving experience of the driver can be increased. It can also enhance driving safety, so it is very important to study the road

Li, Shang, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo

Advanced Engine Cooling System for a Gas-Engine Vehicle, Part III: State Feedback Control System Design

2025-01-8161To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents an advanced control system design for an engine cooling system in an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Building upon our previous work, we have derived models for crucial temperatures within the engine, including combustion wall temperature, coolant-out temperature, block temperature, as well as temperatures in external components such as heat exchangers and radiator. To accurately predict these temperatures in a rapid manner, we have utilized a lumped parameter concept with a mean-value approach. This approach allows for precise temperature estimation while maintaining computational efficiency. Given the complexity of the cooling system, we have proposed a linear time-varying (LTV) model predictive control (MPC) system to regulate the temperatures. This control system linearizes the model at each time step and applies linear MPC over the control and prediction horizons. By doing so, we effectively control the highly nonlinear and time-delayed system

Chang, Insu, Sun, Min, Edwards, David

Integrated Nonlinear Observer and Prescribed Performance Control for a Four In-wheel Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane and Road Classification

2025-01-8298To be published on 04/01/2025

To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of a four in-wheel motor (IWM)-driven electric vehicles (EVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the IWM-driven EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate state-based control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IWM-driven EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, the paper proposes a novel observer-based prescribed performance control to improve IWM-driven EVs chassis performance under the double lane change steering and various road input. Firstly, a nonlinear nine degree-of-freedom of full-car model is developed to describe vehicle chassis dynamics

Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Binggen

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