Browse Topic: Power and Propulsion

Items (59,986)

Concept of an electromechanical brake-by-wire system for battery-electric vehicles

2025-01-8804To be published on 04/01/2025

Brake-by-wire systems have received more and more attention in the recent years, but a closer look on the available systems shows, that they have not reached full by-wire level yet. Most systems are still using hydraulic connections between main cylinder and the brake calipers on at least one axle to ensure functional safety. Mostly, this is the front axle, since the front brakes have to convert more kinetic energy during braking manoeuvers due to the dynamic wheel load shift. Electromechanical actuators are currently used for rear brake systems in hybrid brake-by-wire applications solely, since a loss of the front brake calipers can lead to severe conditions and control loss of the vehicle during braking. Further, the higher mass of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) leads to much higher braking forces on both axles, so the electromechanical calipers on the market are no longer suitable. This article presents a concept for a brake-by-wire system for a battery electric vehicle, which

Heydrich, Marius, Lenz, Matthias, Ivanov, Valentin, Stoev, Julian, Lecoutere, Johan

Digital Twin, A Multiphysics Numerical Tool Chain for Next Generation Electric Drive Design

2025-01-8624To be published on 04/01/2025

Following an early adoption phase, the BEV market focus shift towards mass market strategy. This shift has placed greater emphasis on crucial attributes, such as system cost reduction and range extension. System efficiency has always been at the center of the BEV product development, where efficiency metric influenced greatly the range and cost of the vehicle. For example, higher efficiency of an iDM (Integrated Drive Module) reduces the need for bigger battery thus cost reduction, alternatively for a same battery size the end user will benefit with an extended range. BorgWarner adopted Digital Twin technology to optimize iDM within a vehicle ecosystem, Digital Twin is an assembly of high-fidelity physics based numerical tool suites which offer greater degree of freedom to engineers in designing, sizing, optimizing a component vs. system benefit tradeoff, thus enabling most efficient product design within constraints of economics. At BorgWarner we have adopted Analytical System

Bossi, Adrien, Bourniche, Eric, Leblay PhD, Arnaud, DAVID, Pascal, Nanjundaswamy, Harsha

Systematic Design Considerations of Motor Selections for EV Powertrain

2025-01-8508To be published on 04/01/2025

As one of the most important design choices in the powertrain design cycle, motor selection is conventionally performed according to given automotive requirements. Motor-related powertrain design parameters like gear ratio, power output ratio between different axles, are excluded from the motor design process. In this paper, three comparative studies are performed to investigate the impact of these motor-related powertrain design parameters on the motor performance and the weight/cost/efficiency of the entire EV powertrain. In the first study, three PM motor designs—characterized by high, medium, and low rated speeds—will be assessed for a two-axle EV using various gear ratio configurations. The same motor design will be used for both axles. In the second study, five motor designs with varying power and ratings (PM, non-PM) but identical rated speeds will be evaluated for a two-axle EV, permitting different power ratings for the front and rear axles. The design trade-offs between motor

Movahed, Ehsan, Godbehere, Jonathan, jia, Yijiang

Impact of Preload and Amplitude on the High-Frequency Behavior of Rubber Bushings in Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Study

2025-01-8254To be published on 04/01/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly susceptible to high-frequency noise, with rubber eigenmodes significantly influencing these noise characteristics. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs experience pronounced variations in dynamic preload during torque rise, which are substantially higher. This dynamic preload variation can markedly impact the high-frequency behaviour of preloaded rubber bushings in their installed state. This study investigates the effects of preload and amplitude on the high-frequency dynamic performance of rubber bushings specifically designed for EV applications. These bushings are crucial for vibration isolation and noise reduction, with their role in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) management being more critical in EVs due to the absence of traditional engine noise. The experimental investigation examines how preload and excitation amplitude variations influence the dynamic stiffness, damping properties, and overall performance of

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava

Comparative Study of Optimization Algorithms for 6DOF Design in Electric Vehicle Powertrain Mounting Systems

2025-01-8650To be published on 04/01/2025

Optimizing engine mounting systems is a complex task that requires balancing the isolation of vehicle vibrations with the control of powertrain movement within a limited dynamic envelope. This study investigates the application of various optimization algorithms for Six Degrees of Freedom (6DOF) analysis in engine mount design, where the stochastic behavior and probabilistic characteristics of the system present additional challenges. Selecting an appropriate optimization framework is essential for achieving accurate and efficient results. Recent advancements in research have introduced several 6DOF optimization algorithms aimed at determining the optimal stiffness and location of engine mounts. The study evaluates a range of optimization methods, including SHERPA, Quadratic Programming (QP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III), Nelder-Mead, Multi-Star Local, Response Surface Method (RSM), and Simulated

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip

Development and Control System Design of an Electro-Pneumatic Variable Valve Actuator to be Retrofitted to an SI Engine

2025-01-8377To be published on 04/01/2025

In a conventional cam-based valve actuation system, the valve events are tied up with the rotation of the crankshaft. In contrast, the electronic variable valve actuation system enables flexible control of valve events independent of the crankshaft rotation. The present article discusses the development and control system design of a single-acting electro-pneumatic variable valve actuation (EPVVA) system that can be retrofitted to a conventional SI engine. The EPVVA system utilizes fast switching solenoid valves which modulate the flow of pressurized air in and out of a pneumatic chamber. The control system design is conducted in MATLAB Simulink platform using model-based approach. The valve actuator model is formulated such that it simulates the trajectory of the motion of the engine valve by numerically integrating a set of coupled differential equations that govern the thermo-fluid-dynamics and applied mechanics aspects of the valve actuation of the EPVVA system. The timings of the

Satalagaon, Ajay Kumar, Guha, Abhijit, Srivastava, Dhananjay Kumar

Data-driven Modeling and Control for Multi-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8349To be published on 04/01/2025

Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained a lot of attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which in turn, dictates the controller's performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive

Govind Raju, Sathya Aswath, Sun, Zongxuan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Numerical study of the hydrogen/air mixing in a high performance 2 stroke opposed piston engine

2025-01-8365To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is the most promising candidate for the achievement of the zero-emissions target fixed by the European institutions for sport-cars application. The development of a high specific power hydrogen engines is not trivial considering the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen. Furthermore, the necessity to reduce the engine encumbrance in favour of fuel on-board storage makes particularly attractive alternative engine architecture such as the 2 stoke opposed piston one. A numerical study is carried out to numerically evaluate the potential of such architecture finding in hydrogen/air mixing a critical aspect to be optimized for the achievement of the performance target. An extensive 3D-CFD study is performed analysing the impact on mixture formation and combustion evolution/efficiency of the hydrogen injector location, orientation and injection phasing with the final aim to define design guidelines for the development of this new engine

Marini, Alessandro, Volza, Antonello, Baudone, Antonio, Mattarelli, Enrico, Fontanesi, Stefano, Di Sacco, Michele, Tonelli, Roberto, Breda, Sebastiano

High-Quality Clamping Force Control for Electro-Mechanical Brake Considering Nonlinear Disturbances

2025-01-8304To be published on 04/01/2025

The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) eliminates the traditional hydraulic pipeline arrangement through high-performance servo motor at the vehicles brake calipers. This provides a foundation for intelligent electric vehicles to achieve high-precision, fast response, and strong robustness in brake clamping force control. However, EMB faces some tricky nonlinear disturbances such as varying system stiffness disturbances, complex friction obstruction, etc., which leads to a decline in clamping force control performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a high-quality clamping force control for EMB considering nonlinear disturbances. First, we establish an EMB actuator model including the permanent magnet synchronous motor, mechanical transmission mechanism, and system stiffness characteristics. Next, the high-quality clamping force control strategy for EMB is designed. An outer-loop clamping force regulator is developed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) feedback control and

Zhao, HuiChao, Chen, Zhigang, Li, Lun, Wang, Zhongshuo, Wu, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Zhu, Bing

Impact of Injector Geometry and Parcel Injection Location on Flash Boiling Spray Simulations of the ECN Spray G Injector

2025-01-8462To be published on 04/01/2025

Near nozzle regions of fuel injectors are exposed to rapid phase changes due to flash boiling at ambient condition below fuel’s saturation pressure. So, it is crucial to understand the influence of spray boundary conditions on parcel-based simulations for improved predictions of fuel spray behavior in engine applications. This study builds upon previous research investigating the impact of detailed injector tip geometry on parcel simulations of non-flash boiling condition. Flash boiling spray interaction with these boundary conditions were not considered previously. Four key parameters were varied individually on baseline spray simulation model which resulted in total five cases. The four key parameter variation against baseline model were the presence of detailed injector tip geometry versus simplified flat surface, parcel initialization at the nozzle exit versus the counterbore exit, the use of experimental rate of injection versus one-way coupling with internal nozzle Volume of

Kumar, Aman, Van Dam, Noah

Six Stroke Engine Optimization For Mid To High Loads Using Genetic Algorithm

2025-01-8438To be published on 04/01/2025

The development of new internal combustion (IC) engine technologies is essential as the automotive industry moves towards hybrid powertrains. Six-stroke (6S) gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine is one such promising technology. It has the potential to improve performance and reduce emissions by introducing an additional power stroke (PS2) after the first power stroke (PS1). The aim of this study was to determine the optimal injection parameters for 6S GCI operation with one injection event in each power stroke. Parameters included the start of first (SOI1) and second injection (SOI2), and the fuel split ratio (SR) between PS1 and PS2. The study focused on mid (12, 15 bar) to high (18, 21 bar) engine loads, relevant for hybrid powertrains. Genetic algorithm technique was employed to optimize thermal efficiency while adhering to constraints on soot, NOx, maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR), and peak cylinder pressure (PCP). For 12 bar load, delaying the SOI1 timing to -4 CA ATDC led

Ullal, Ankith, Zhu, Shengrong, Ha, Kyoung Pyo, Purushothaman, Ashwin Karthik, Ra, Youngchul

Effects of Combustion Characteristic Parameters on Emission Performance in Ammonia-hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8425To be published on 04/01/2025

Under the background of the global dual carbon target, ammonia and hydrogen as the carbon-free fuel, have become a research hotspot for internal combustion engines. The existing researches mainly focus on the combustion characteristics influenced by equivalent ratio, hydrogen jet ignition and so on, while the relationship between combustion and emission characteristics should be also paid more attention. In this paper, the impact of combustion characteristic parameters on engine emissions is investigated by GT-power software. The simulation model is based on a single cylinder active pre-chamber engine and Wiebe combustion model. Meanwhile, combustion characteristic parameters, in terms of CA10,CA50 and CA90 are set referred to the research of hydrogen jet ignition ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engine. The results show that CA10, CA50 and CA90 could significantly affect the concentration of N2O, NH3 and NOX emissions in different ways. The concentrations of N2O, NH3 emissions are

Yuan, Yang, Shang, Quanbo, Deng, Jun, Li, Liguang, Yin, Xuemei, Lai, Huilong, Ma, Jiangli, Yu, Fei, Feng, Feng, Cui, Hao, Du, Junchen

Prediction and control of long-term system degradation for a light-off SCR in an ultra-low NOx aftertreatment system

2025-01-8488To be published on 04/01/2025

The medium-duty low NOx program funded by CARB at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) evaluates a combination of engine and advanced aftertreatment systems to achieve a 0.02 g/bhp-hr tailpipe NOx standard. This work emphasizes improvements to the light-off SCR (LO SCR) model used for low NOx controls. Two key mechanisms drive these improvements: the first is a real-time feedback system that utilizes the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor for short-term corrections to the model state, and the second involves adjustments to the dosing mechanism based on long-term trends in dosing signals compared to predicted NH3 consumption, derived from LO SCR inlet and outlet NOx sensors, referred to as long-term trim. An algorithm is incorporated to differentiate the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor readings into NOx and NH3 components based on cross-correlation. The integration of this speciation algorithm with both short-term and long-term trim mechanisms significantly enhances the accuracy of the model state, as

Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Adsule, Kartik, Sharp, Christopher

FEATURES OF DESIGN AND DIAGNOSTICS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS OF THE GM 6T FAMILY

2025-01-8506To be published on 04/01/2025

Automatic transmission (AT) is a complex hydroelectromechanical system, since it consists of hydraulic, electrical and mechanical parts. Automatic transmission of the 6T family is mainly used on cars manufactured by "UzAuto Motors", 6-speed AT family GM 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 "Hydra-Matic". The differences between AT 6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50 are in the thickness of the output chain and in the planetary gear, in the sizes of some other units and the housing itself. But the differences are much more strongly influenced by the transmission unit settings, which select operating modes with different engines so as not to overload the most delicate parts of the automatic transmission. 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 have the ability to manually shift gears and activate the "kickdown" mode (for quick acceleration of the car, when you sharply press the gas "all the way" it forces the automatic to lower the gear, and sometimes by two). The operation of the transmission is controlled by various electronic

Turakulov, Bakhtiyor

A Novel Co-Simulation Framework for Optimizing Human Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption

2025-01-8191To be published on 04/01/2025

A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, blower power, etc. 1D-3D co-simulation approach is used for modeling the cabin. Berkeley human comfort model has been used in recent times to get a subjective

Natarajan, Shankar, Balasubramanian, Sudharsan

Modeling and Control Strategy of Engine Cooling System for a Light Weight Commercial Vehicle

2025-01-8195To be published on 04/01/2025

The engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are key controllable components of the engine cooling system. In order to investigate the effects on the engine cooling system under different control strategies, a simulation model for a light weight commercial vehicle's engine cooling system is established. The simulation model takes into account the performance parameters for each component of the engine cooling system and the impact of vehicle operating conditions on the engine cooling system, with the goal of achieving the highest possible fidelity of the simulation model. The engine outlet coolant temperature and the power consumption of the engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are calculated at various vehicle speeds and engine loads. Comparing the simulation results with the data read from the Electric Control Unit (ECU) in the engine road tests, the simulation model’s accuracy is validated. Based on the validated model, the engine cooling system is then optimized by

Li, Bing, Li, Min, Ying, Runhai, Wang, Xinling, Duan, Yaolong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Downsizing 12 volts battery for EV using effective energy management strategies when vehicle is inactive

2025-01-8192To be published on 04/01/2025

On electric vehicle the low voltage (nominal 12 volt) battery serves mostly as an energy storage buffer for supporting features and actuators on the 12 volts power supply network. The power management strategies significantly influences the thermal management of the vehicle especially in power critical states. Within an EV, unlike an internal combustion engine car, as there is no cranking requirement needed to be supported by this battery, it presents a significant opportunity for downsizing. This can save from 10 kg-15 kg which could add up to 1 mile of range in combined cycle. In a premium car there are a significant number of features which inhibits the car to go into “deep sleep” and hence remains on a “stand-by” mode of operation. During this period of stand-by the low voltage energy storage system need to be sized for up to 0.4 W of continuous power drain. To sustain longer periods of stand-by mode the low voltage battery needs to have enough stored energy to maintain the

Dutta, Nilabza, Overs, Sheldon

Torque Control of Electrified Powertrains with a degree of freedom in Actuator Acceleration and Output Torque

2025-01-8585To be published on 04/01/2025

Electrified powertrains, such as the Power Splits (Electrically Variable Transmission), Range Extenders (Series Hybrids), and Electric Vehicles with Disconnect Actuators, offer degrees of freedom in input actuator acceleration and output torque, all while consuming power from the same sources. The Hybrid Supervisory Controller (HSC) must effectively balance these parameters to meet performance and drivability metrics. However, these systems can lose control or have imbalanced control over input acceleration and output torque, particularly under power constraints or during sudden high output power demands. This paper addresses the challenge of managing competing control goals by the HSC, which must balance input and output requirements. Previous solutions often prioritized one against the other, affecting actuator performance, drivability and potentially causing unintended vehicle motion. This paper introduces a controls solution to managing multiple actuators with overlapping and often

Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Patel, Nadirsh, Sha, Hangxing, Khanal, Shishir

Correlation Study of Low Frequency Engine Order Noise Prediction at Compressor Inlet for a PHEV and Resonator Tuning

2025-01-8643To be published on 04/01/2025

Sound Pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns for global automotive industry in the current era. Air Induction System (AIS) plays an important role in engine performance and vehicle noise. An ideal design of AIS provides debris free air for combustion and reduces the engine noise heard at snorkel. The objective of this work is to correlate low frequency engine order noise prediction at compressor inlet and snorkel inlet for a 2.0L I4 turbo engine of a Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) for better acoustic performance without compromising on engine performance. Commercial 1D simulation software GT-POWER, Simcenter 3D and Hypermesh is used for this work. Transmission loss results with respect to frequency of air-box with ducts and intake manifold with charge air cooler are plotted from 0 to 1000 Hz. The air intake system shows good correlation between 3D and 1D till 600 Hz. Compressor and snorkel noise results, especially the firing order and its harmonic orders are

Dixit, Manish, K, Srinivasan

Efficiency Comparison between Single Channel and Double Channel operation in Dual Three-Phase PMSM

2025-01-8570To be published on 04/01/2025

Due to the high-power density, high torque rating, low torque ripples and fault-tolerant capability, Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DTP-PMSM) has recently emerged as a feasible alternative for automotive application. However, it comes with its own challenge of increased losses at low torque due to the use of 6-phase inverter or two three-phase inverters. This paper proposed an efficiency analysis between single channel and double channel modes in a DTP-PMSM. The system model is designed to function in two operating modes, double-channel (dual three-phase) mode with both the inverters, and single-channel (three-phase) with one of the two inverters shut down. A simulation model is prepared to calculate the efficiency, and the losses associated with different parts of battery fed DTP-PMSM drive system operated in both the modes. A mathematical detailed and nearly accurate loss model based on FEA analysis is incorporated to show the effect of different types of losses

Sun, Fengyang, Pradhan, Subarni, Yang, Jingru, Nahid-Mobarakeh, Babak, Valencia Garcia, Diego Fernando, Mavalankar, Drushan, Allocco, Alessandro

Application of Machine Learning Model on Automotive Subframe Design

2025-01-8619To be published on 04/01/2025

The automotive subframe, also referred to as a cradle, is a critical chassis structure that supports the engine/electric motor, transmission system, and suspension components. The design of a subframe requires specialized expertise and a thorough evaluation of performance, vehicle integration, mass, and manufacturability. Suspension attachments on the subframe are integral, linking the subframe to the wheels via suspension links, thus demanding high performance standards. The complexity of subframe design constraints presents considerable challenges in developing optimal concepts within compressed timelines. With the automotive industry shifting towards electric vehicles, development cycles have shortened significantly, necessitating the exploration of innovative methods to accelerate the design process. Consequently, AI-driven design tools have gained traction. This study introduces a novel AI model capable of swiftly redesigning subframe concepts based on user-defined raw concepts

Yang, Jiongzhi, Sarkaria, Bikramjit, Kumaraswamy, Prashanth, Kailkere Srinivas, Praveen

Impact of Thermal Imbalances on Energy Availability, State of Power, and aging in Immersion-Cooled Batteries

2025-01-8170To be published on 04/01/2025

This study investigates the impact of thermal imbalances on energy delivery and Battery State of Power (SoP) in immersion-cooled battery cells. It explores how these imbalances, which arise when cells within a module operate at different temperatures, lead to variations in internal resistance and inefficiencies in energy storage and discharge. Such imbalances critically affect the battery's SoP, representing the maximum charge or discharge power the system can support over specific time intervals. By analyzing SoP over 2-second and 10-second durations, we assess how thermal imbalances influence both short-term and medium-term power capabilities. Temperature significantly impacts cell aging, and imbalances can accelerate degradation in some cells, ultimately affecting serviceability. To address these issues, we employ a high-level simulation framework that integrates advanced tools. GT-SUITE software optimizes thermal performance by adjusting coolant temperature and flow rate to manage

Meshginqalam, Ata, Negro, Sergio, Atluri, Prasad, Tyagi, Ramavtar, Suzuki, Jorge, K B, Anjusha, Cao, Yuyuan

Validation of a New Road and Contact Model for Vehicle-Soft Soil Terrain Interaction through an Elaborate Modeling of the FED-Alpha Vehicle

2025-01-8800To be published on 04/01/2025

Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tire models is widely recognized as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tire-soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator (FED) – Alpha, integral to NATO's Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tires, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties, and multi-pass phenomena, the model's performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tire-soil model's predictive

Papapostolou, Lampros, Koutras, Evangelos, Leila, Felipe, Ribaric, Adrijan, Natsiavas, Sotirios

Real-Time Application of Torque Converter Modeling for Enhanced System Response in a Hybrid Powertrain

2025-01-8529To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper explores the application of a modeled torque converter in the real-time control of a hybrid electric powertrain. The study aims to determine the optimal gear selection and engine speed target required to meet driver demands. It also delves into the concept of torque converter input inertia compensation, particularly during open, open-to-close, and close-to-open states. The primary objective is to achieve the intended driver torque while minimizing torque sag and bumps during these transitions. This approach ensures improved powertrain response and maintains system integrity within the operational limits of the battery, motors, and engine

Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Sha, Hangxing, Patel, Nadirsh, Karogal, Indrasen, Khanal, Shishir

Digital Twin of an Electric Motor to Predict the Temperature over a Drive Cycle

2025-01-8203To be published on 04/01/2025

Abstract: In recent years, simulation-based performance of the models was a very effective way to finalize the model at design stage itself. But simulation-based models are complex owing to more parameters involved hence resulting in more computational time. With the increasing demand of electric vehicles, the development time for electric vehicle (EV) powertrain is reduced substantially thereby increasing pressure on original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to develop products faster. Digital twin is a platform where replication of physical model is made possible with very limited data to predict the performance of the model hence providing the most accurate results in a very short time. Electric vehicles are the best alternatives for reducing emissions. An Electric vehicle is run by an electric motor which in turn is powered by a battery. Interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are the conventional type of motors in electric vehicles because of their high-power density

Shroff, Roopesh, Upase, Balasaheb

Advanced Methodology for Accelerated Durability Block Cycle Testing of Automotive Rubber Suspension Bushings and Powertrain Mounts

2025-01-8236To be published on 04/01/2025

In the field of automotive engineering, the performance and longevity of suspension bushings and powertrain mounts are critical. These components must endure fatigue loads characterized by their variable amplitude, multi-axial nature, and out-of-phase oscillations. The challenge lies in comprehensively characterizing these service loads during the early stages of vehicle production to foresee potential issues that may arise during later stages. Additional complexity in this analysis is introduced by the nonlinear hyperelastic deformation exhibited by natural rubber, a common material used in these components. To address these challenges, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers employ Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) techniques for fatigue life predictions. These predictions are complemented by physical testing involving what are known as block cycles. However, the results obtained from these approaches often fail to fully represent the real loading conditions that a

ZARRIN-GHALAMI, Touhid, Datta, Sandip

Comprehensive Vehicle Level Thermal Management Simulation Platform: Development and Applications

2025-01-8149To be published on 04/01/2025

In modern vehicles, effective thermal management is crucial for regulating temperatures across various components and sub-systems, ensuring optimal performance, efficiency, safety, and passenger comfort. As the industry shifts towards reducing carbon emissions, powertrain electrification—encompassing electric and hybrid vehicles—has emerged as a prominent trend. This transition introduces complexities, as the powertrain system must now precisely control the temperatures of not only traditional components but also batteries, power electronics, and motors. Typically, the performance of thermal management systems is evaluated only after the physical prototypes are developed for testing, specially through summer and winter road tests. These development and validations at the later stage of the development process significantly increases development risks and costs. To address these challenges, a comprehensive vehicle level thermal management simulation platform is essential. This platform

Xu, Zheng, Qiu, Jie, Lu, Yuan, Wang, Yingzhen

Experimental and CFD simulation study of heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid Spray characteristics

2025-01-8486To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper investigates heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) sprays with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature on the resulting spray characteristics. The work is motivated by the need to optimize active Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to meet more stringent NOx emission regulations for internal combustion engines. Pre-heating DEF has the potential to improve evaporation of the injected fluid, increasing the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR at low exhaust temperatures. Experiments are carried out using the MAHLE SmartHeat fluid heater and mounted atop a DEF injector, with an incorporated thermocouple for fluid temperature. The fluid temperature established by the heater in this configuration was about 130 °C. The fluid is injected into an atmospheric environment and Schlieren imaging is used to visualize the spray evolution. CFD Simulations are also carried out to validate the experimental observations and further shed light on the associated velocity

Liu, Zeyang, Peters, Nathan, Bunce, Mike, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Akih Kumgeh, Benjamin

Temperature control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell thermal management system based on fuzzy PID

2025-01-8187To be published on 04/01/2025

The temperature regulation of the fuel cell thermal management system is characterized by slow response speed, system oscillation, and strong coupling, which is prone to problems with unstable temperature control and affects the characteristics of the fuel cell and the lifetime of the electric stack. For a 300kW high-power fuel cell system, to effectively control the flow of the thermal management system to achieve temperature regulation accurately, this paper proposes a fuzzy PID control strategy based on the optimization of the genetic algorithm. By establishing the model of the electric stack and thermal management system, including the core components such as the water pump, radiator, fan, temperature control valve, etc., the response mechanism of the thermal management system and the flow distribution and heat exchange of each component are analyzed. Based on the existing test data and related debugging experience, the basic fuzzy rule system is designed, after which the genetic

Zhang, Yilong, Zhang, Yunqing, Guo, Jun, Wu, Jinglai

A design of electric drive system for all-wheel drive Formula Student racing car to improve racing performance

2025-01-8005To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper introduces an innovative in-wheel electric drive system designed for all-wheel drive Formula Student Electric racing cars. The system utilized AMK's DD5-14-10-POW-18600-B5 model as the driving motor, with a gearbox transmission ratio of 13.2 determined through Optimum Lap simulation. A two-stage gear reducer was integrated into a unified hub-spoke assembly, which connected directly to the ten-inch carbon fiber rim. The planetary carriers were integrated with the wheel-edge suspension columns, and certain structural components were topologically optimized using Altair Inspire. This integration allowed the entire electric drive system to be housed within the wheel, resulting in a weight reduction of over 10% and an improvement in overall aerodynamic performance by approximately 5%, compared to conventional designs where the planetary gearboxes are integrated within the suspension columns. Meanwhile, a special floating brake disc mounting method was employed, which increased

Guo, Ruijie, Zeng, Junhao, Yang, Yuancai, Hou, Yijie, Zhu, Zhonghui, Xiong, Jiaming

Spark Ignition Optimization – Quantifying Energy Transfer from Spark to Gas at Different Phases

2025-01-8402To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents novel studies on energy deposition from spark to gas at different phases during a single spark event. Additionally, it discusses how different ignition control parameters, spark plug geometries, and gas pressure interplay in facilitating energy transfer from ignition source to the gas medium. Experiments are conducted in a 10-millilitre closed vessel, also known as calorimeter. An inert non-combustible gas – Nitrogen is used as a fluid in the chamber. The experimentation employs a state-of-the-art DC capacitive ignition system, capable of independently controlling both spark current and duration. The spark plugs used in the experiments are of dual nickel standard J-gap design of different electrode gaps and center electrode diameters. First, experimental results of energy transfer efficiency from spark to gas at different phases will be discussed. The energy deposition to the gas is calculated from the pressure rise inside the calorimeter during a spark event. The

Saha, Anupam, Tunestal, Per, Aengeby, Jakob, Andersson, Oivind

Next Gen Automotive Heat Shield with Improved Thermo-Oxidative Properties

2025-01-8152To be published on 04/01/2025

Alpha Engineered Composites’ thin profile textile composite heat shields provide thermal protection through several thermodynamic mechanisms including: radiation reflection; heat spreading; and finally heat transfer resistance. Typical under the hood automotive applications require heat shield average operational temperature up to 225ºC, but newer internal combustion engines are being designed for higher operational temperatures to: increase efficiency through higher compression cycle ratios and lean burning; boost power through turbocharging; increase energy density; and support advanced emissions controls like EGR that can increase average operational temperature up to 300ºC. Unfortunately, thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms negatively impact the polymer structural adhesive within a heat shield textile composite and degrade thermal protection mechanisms. High average operational temperature degradation of traditional versus next generation textile composite heat shields is

Vazquez, Mark

On the Characterization and Optimization of Machining Chip Washing System Using Multi-Variable Response Surface and Gradient Descent Method

2025-01-8637To be published on 04/01/2025

The final step in manufacturing high-precision parts for internal combustion engines, such as cylinder heads and blocks, is the removal of machining chips from the finished parts. This step is essential because the machining chips and cutting oil residue left on the surface after machining can cause quality issues in the downstream engine assembly process and impact the cooling system’s performance during engine operation. This chip removal process is especially critical for parts with internal cavities, such as the water jackets in cylinder heads, due to the difficulty of removing chips lodged in the narrow passages of these internal channels. To effectively remove chips from water jackets, high-velocity water jets are commonly used, creating flows with enough kinetic energy to dislodge and carry away the debris. For a machining chip washing machine equipped with dozens of water nozzles, optimizing washing efficiency is a significant challenge due to the large number of variables

Jan, James, Torcellini, Sabrina, Khorran, Aaron, Hall, Mark

An Overview and Testing of Pedal Misapplication Systems

2025-01-8705To be published on 04/01/2025

Testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of Pedal Misapplication systems in five different vehicles in a simulated collision scenario. A 2023 BMW iX, 2023 Subaru Ascent, 2020 Tesla Model 3, 2020 Subaru Outback, and a 2014 Subaru Forester were tested in a simulated pedal misapplication scenario, whereby the test vehicle's accelerator was quickly depressed to 100% with a stationary pedestrian and vehicle target in front of the test vehicle. The testing involved measuring the performance of the respective vehicles' pedal misapplication systems, including when or if the throttle was cut, whether a forward collision warning was provided, or if the vehicle automatically braked to a stop. Results of the five vehicles tested will be presented and compared

Harrington, Shawn, Takbhate, Shubham Ramraja, Martin, Nicholas, Handzic, Dino, Patrick-Moline, Peyton

Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part I: Engine test results and WtW CO2 emissions estimation

2025-01-8442To be published on 04/01/2025

The use of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) powered by biofuels produced by photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and synthetic fuels produced by industrial synthetic reactions can be an effective way to reduce well-to-wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity from vehicles, including both new and legacy fleet. In this study, several lower-carbon intensity fuels that contain at least 50% of renewable components, have at least 40% lower carbon intensity compared to commercially available E10 gasoline, and meet applicable US fuel standards were evaluated in a naturally aspirated (NA) engine in the legacy fleet, a turbocharged engine in the legacy fleet, and a prototype turbocharged super lean-burn engine, to identify their effects on thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. As a result, it was confirmed that the lower-carbon intensity fuel can provide almost equivalent engine power and thermal efficiency as conventional fuel, and good

Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi, Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Lorenz, Robert, Ohta, Satoshi

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the Electric Lubrication Oil Pump (ELOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed ELOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This estimation approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the digital twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

A DEM-FEM Coupled Analysis of Ultrasonic Shot Peening Dynamics and Surface Modification Parameters in Aluminum Alloys

2025-01-8239To be published on 04/01/2025

The significant mechanical features of aluminum alloy, including cost-effectiveness, lightweight, durability, high reliability, and easy maintenance, have made it an essential component of the automobile industry. Automobile parts including fuel tanks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake elements, and engine blocks are made of aluminum alloy. The primary causes of its engineering failure are fatigue and fracture. Aluminum alloys' fatigue resistance is frequently increased by surface strengthening methods like ultrasonic shot peening (USP). This article discusses the shot peening dynamics analysis and the influence of ultrasonic shot peening parameters on material surface modification using the DEM-FEM coupling method. Firstly, the projectile motion characteristics under different processes are simulated and analyzed by EDEM. The projectile dynamics characteristics are imported into Ansys software to realize DEM-FEM coupling analysis, and the surface modification characteristics of

Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian, Hussain, Muzammil

Selection of Energy-Efficient Powertrain Architecture for the Application in Off-Highway Vehicle

2025-01-8524To be published on 04/01/2025

Off-highway vehicles, with their unique requirements of durability, high power, and torque density, are typically powered by diesel ignition internal combustion engines (ICEs). This reliance on ICEs significantly contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and emissions. For this reason, there is an urge to develop an energy-efficient powertrain architecture that produces fewer GHGs and emissions while meeting the variable torque levels and variable speeds and performing various duty cycles with high efficiency. In order to select the energy-efficient powertrain architecture for the off-highway vehicle, different existing powertrain architectures (i.e., series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, conventional) for off-highway applications have been studied to highlight their pros and cons. This is done keeping in view the different duty cycles and applications along with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Off-highway vehicles operate under different road/surface conditions than on-road

Abououf, Hend, Hanif, Athar, Dickson, Jon, chandramouli, Nitish, Ahmed, Qadeer

Virtual Evaluation of Ceramic Glow Plug Design using Multiphysics Simulation Approach

2025-01-8367To be published on 04/01/2025

A glow plug is generally used to assist the starting of diesel engines in cold weather condition. Low ambient temperature makes the starting of diesel engine difficult because the engine block acts as a heat sink by absorbing the heat of compression. Hence, the air-fuel mixture at the combustion chamber is not capable of self-ignition based on air compression only. Diesel engines do not need any starting aid in general but in such scenarios, glow plug ensures reliable starting in all weather conditions. Glow plug is actually a heating device with high electrical resistance, which heats up rapidly when electrified. The high surface temperature of glow plug generates a heat flux and helps in igniting the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation. Durability concerns have been observed in ceramic glow plugs during testing phases because of crack formation. Root cause analysis is performed in this study to understand the probable reasons behind cracking of the

Karmakar, Nilankan, orban, Hatem

Optimization Method for Powertrain Mounting Systems Based on Enhanced Genetic Algorithms

2025-01-8644To be published on 04/01/2025

A methodology for optimizing natural properties of a powertrain for an electric vehicle has been presented. A model with six-degree-of-freedom was proposed utilizing ADAMS, and the natural frequencies and energy distribution of the powertrain are estimated using the proposed model. The calculated natural frequencies and energy distribution shown that the initial design of mount stiffness does not meet requirements of natural frequency and decoupling ratio, and vibration isolation standards. To overcome the limitations of conventional optimization techniques, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was adopted for the enhancement optimization the mounts parameters. The optimization objectives included the refinement of the decoupling rates and frequency distribution at all mounting directions. Stiffness parameters of the mounts were optimized via the NSGA. The optimized results confirmed significant improvements for powertrain natural characteristics. This study presented an

Jin, Yang, Li, Dewei, Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Lei, Guo, Yiming

Electrification Strategies and Power Distribution Method for Commercial Semi-Trailer

2025-01-8581To be published on 04/01/2025

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the transition from conventional to electric vehicles, with the advantages of great power characteristics and low polluting emissions. A new hybrid power system was investigated by installing a motor on the axle of a conventional semi-trailer. The purpose is to reduce the fluctuation of longitudinal acceleration and improve driving comfort by filling the transmission output torque hole through the motor during the gear shift process. Models for the longitudinal motion of a commercial vehicle, the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the motor power distribution method are established, and the system model is built using MATLAB/Simulink. The model-in-the-loop simulation control interface is created in ModelBase, and model-in-the-loop simulation under the full-throttle(WOT) and braking operating conditions is performed based on ModelBase. Due to the high-frequency jitter problem in the actual control of the motor, the torque output obtained from

Zhang, Hongyu, Wei, Zhengjun, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Gray Cast Iron

2025-01-8319To be published on 04/01/2025

Gray cast iron is a cost-effective engineering material widely used for heavy duty engine blocks and brake rotors of vehicles. Thermomechanical fatigue condition is easily achieved in vehicle operation due to the temperature fluctuation in the components in assembly condition. To speed up the design of the component, it is critical to investigate the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behavior of the gray cast iron. In the present study, a series of fatigue tests including isothermal low cycle fatigue (LCF) test at elevated temperatures up to 700°C, in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) TMF tests in different temperature ranges have been conducted. Because of the asymmetric behavior in tension and compression, creep behaviors in both tension and compression and oxidation are also studied. These behaviors are the key aspects to be captured in virtualization

Liu, Yi, Lee, Heewook, Hess, Devin, Coryell, Jason

CFD Modeling of Elastomeric Silicone Material Dispensing to Enable Equipment Design & Optimization for Efficient Automotive Manufacturing

2025-01-8318To be published on 04/01/2025

In the automotive industry, it is essential to consider not only how well specialty materials perform and are formulated, but also how efficiently and economically they can be applied during manufacturing. This becomes especially important during the early stages of development to prevent issues when these materials are used in new designs by automotive suppliers or manufacturers. With the rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs), new materials are being used more frequently, and these materials may not have been as thoroughly tested as those used in traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that these materials can be applied correctly and efficiently from the start. One way to speed up the development process is through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. CFD helps predict how materials will behave when dispensed, which is essential for developing the right equipment and conditions for applying these materials. Working with

Kenney, J. Andy, Delgado, Roberto, Hossain, Arif, Ng, Sze-Sze, Thomas, Ryan, Chyasnavichyus, Marius, Tsang, Chi-Wei, Hwang, Margaret, Wu, Lance, Dietsche, Laura, Mcmichael, Jonathan, Raines, Kevin, Nelson, Grant

Effect of Geometrical Manipulation of the Pre-Chamber Design Parameters on the Combustion Performance of an Argon Power Cycle Engine

2025-01-8405To be published on 04/01/2025

Most of the power produced in the United States is via combined heat and power (CHP) systems, with most CHP installations using reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE). RICE CHP systems offer several advantages, such as low installation and operational costs, high performance, load flexibility, and adaptability to various applications spanning from kilowatt to megawatt scales. Noble Thermodynamic Systems' (NTS) core technology, the Argon Power Cycle (APC), is a revolutionary, new power generation system that boosts the efficiency of RICE CHP generation systems while emitting zero greenhouse gasses or producing zero air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx). The APC uses the noble gas argon, a monatomic gas, which dramatically increases the specific heat ratio of the working fluid, resulting in a significantly higher ideal Otto cycle efficiency. The APC presents a promising solution to reach a carbon-neutral future for the energy needs of pivotal industries such as

Sharma, Eshan, Kim, Joohan, Strickland, Tyler, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Beardsell, Guillaume, Nilsen, Christopher, Sierra Aznar, Miguel

Experimental Study of DOC-on-Filter using next Generation filter solutions for Non-Road Applications

2025-01-8479To be published on 04/01/2025

Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test

Dam, Mrinmoy, Warkins, Jason, He, Suhao

Fully Automated Global Powertrain Optimization for Electric Truck Using Active Learning Algorithm and Backwards Simulation Approach

2025-01-8536To be published on 04/01/2025

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly becoming a significant part of the automotive market. This trend is not limited to passenger cars, but also extending to the truck segment. Electric trucks, due to their substantial self-weight and payload, require a different approach compared to electric passenger cars. While electric passenger cars generally use only one motor or a single-speed transmission, electric trucks necessitate the use of multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions. This addresses a complex issue: how to determine the size of the motor, the number of motors, the number of gears, and the corresponding gear ratios in the drive system of an electric truck. The nonlinearity of the vehicle system further complicates this issue. To tackle this, the paper proposes the application of an active learning algorithm, namely Bayesian optimization, to determine the configuration of the motors and transmission. The goal is to provide an optimal

Chen, Bicheng, Wellmann, Christoph, Xia, Feihong, Savelsberg, Rene, Andert, Jakob, Pischinger, Stefan

Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI operation

2025-01-8440To be published on 04/01/2025

In the pursuit of environmentally friendly transportation, there is a critical need to rapidly transition the engines in the transportation sector away from fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing their emissions. An attractive solution to achieve this goal, particularly in heavy-duty applications with demanding energy and power requirements, is the utilization of methanol. Methanol stands out as a promising alternative fuel, owing to its potential carbon-neutral production process, liquid form resulting in high energy density and easy handling, and favorable combustion properties, as well as its clean-burning characteristics. The high octane number of methanol makes it exceptionally resistant to knock, making it an ideal fuel for spark-ignited (SI) engines. Therefore, methanol was predominantly explored for use in SI passenger car engines, while heavy-duty engines, with their high power demands, still primarily rely on compression-ignition (CI) engines running on diesel. The

Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian

3D Drive Unit - Pump Coupled Model to Predict Line Pressures during Vehicle Manoeuvres

2025-01-8623To be published on 04/01/2025

The drive unit, primarily consisting of an electric motor and a gearbox, need to be cooled and lubricated for its long life and efficient performance. In an extreme drive cycle condition, the pickup tube to the pump may get exposed to air, leading to a substantial loss in line pressure and a drop in oil flow rate to the subsystems. An advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can provide insights into the oil delivery system and help in improving the oil sump design, optimizing the position of the pick tube to the pump and oil delivery lines. The current study employs a Volume of Fluid (VOF) based multiphase model implemented in a commercial CFD solver, Simerics-MP+. The drive unit lubrication system considered in the study consists of a gerotor pump, the entire oil delivery lines to the two subsystems and the drive unit casing. A multiphase simulation of the system with transient operation of the pump is computationally expensive. Therefore, a new methodology is

Joe, Erin Sam, Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar

A study into the engine oil performance on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through an on-road fleet test under extreme cold environmental condition

2025-01-8471To be published on 04/01/2025

In pursuit of reducing carbon emissions and to fulfill the customers’ needs for fuel-saving and environmentally friendly cars, car manufacturers have been increasingly offering different choices of electrified cars to their customers. Among those different powertrain solutions, with a balance of energy source between on-board electricity and fossil fuels, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are becoming a choice for more and more end users, particularly in regional car markets such as China in recent years. Owing to the diversified vehicle operating conditions, new challenges are brought to the engine oil to protect the hardware from issues such as piston deposit, water/oil emulsification, oil thinning caused by fuel dilution, stop-start bearing wear and corrosion. This technical paper seeks to understand the impact of different operating modes of PHEV on engine oil performance. One key finding is that extreme conditions were needed to accumulate water content in the oil. When the

Zhang, Ruifeng, Rhiann, Andrew, Martin, Etienne, Hu, Gang

Numerical study on the effect of SCO-SCR catalyst coating strategy on the synergistic effect of NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in diesel engine SDPF

2025-01-8490To be published on 04/01/2025

Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction (SCO/SCR) catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the synergistic purification performance of SDPF. In this study, MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13 were combined to obtain a novel SCO-SCR catalyst, and a multi-physics field SDPF model was constructed. The effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the synergistic effect between NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, When the inlet gas temperature is 200~400℃, the soot cake layer pressure drops of C50, C75, and C100 are very similar. Increasing the inlet gas temperature or expanding the catalyst coating area can increase the NH3 oxidation rate. As the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and

Chen, Ying-jie, TAN, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming

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