Browse Topic: Transportation Systems

Items (5,067)
This paper presents a novel concept for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), referred to as the low-voltage reconfigurable electric vehicle (LVREV). The LVREV is designed to bridge the gap between L- and M-class vehicles by adopting a <60 V multi-phase powertrain combined with a swappable battery system, maintaining the overall vehicle mass below one ton. This configuration enables adaptable driving range, optimized energy consumption in urban environments, and enhanced safety. The LVREV features two distinct operating modes. Frugal mode is intended for urban use and employs a smaller battery pack to maximize efficiency and reduce vehicle mass, while Dual mode is tailored for longer extra-urban trips through the use of a dual-battery configuration. The key innovations of the LVREV concept include a reconfigurable vehicle architecture capable of meeting both urban and extra-urban mobility requirements, thus providing a highly versatile transportation solution. In addition, the low-voltage
Tramacere, EugenioFavelli, StefanoGalluzzi, RenatoTonoli, Andrea
The present paper reports preliminary requirement elicitation for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) from Indian perspective. A mission based approach has been adopted to identify the stakeholders and their respective requirements during different phases of the mission profile. Non adherence to the requirements emerge as possible risks for the mission and need mitigation planning. Three UAM operations for Bengaluru city viz. cargo delivery, organ delivery and passenger transport using UAM vehicle are elaborated. Stakeholders for these missions are identified and associated requirements are reported. For the cargo delivery mission, a detailed analysis is carried out to emphasis on how the India specific statutory restrictions of abiding by the red zone restrictions levied by DGCA impacts the de-tour factor and flight time. A qualitative assessment of the impact of these mission based requirements on the UAM vehicle design is presented.
DE, Manabendra M.Hebbar, ArchanaHenry, Devanandham
Air Traffic Management (ATM) must be familiar with the exact Aircraft Take-off Weights (ATOWs) of airplanes to make the most use of runways, maintain safety margins high, and keep utilization and resources in balance. This paper aims to present a dependable ATOW forecasting methodology that can assist the air transport industry in enhancing operational decision-making. This research used datasets acquired from the EUROCONTROL Performance Review Commission (PRC) 2024 Aircraft Take-Off Weight Estimation dataset featuring 527,000 flights over Europe containing aircraft details, air trips and flight conditions. Technique comprises structured data input, inspection of missing data, timestamp aggregation to identify demand cycles over time, and domain-specific feature engineering using distance_per_minute, block_minutes, taxiout_ratio, and a strong wake turbulence metric The two supervised learning models used were Linear Regression (LR) for understanding and XGBoost for performance
Senthilkumar, N.S, GopalakrishnanGopinath, S
This paper addresses the critical challenge of fault-tolerant control in autonomous multi-copters, particularly under conditions of one or two rotor failures a scenario that often leads to severe instability and a complete loss of directional control due to unbalanced torque and resultant autorotation. Existing advanced control strategies, including optimal approaches such as LQR, typically require precise system modeling and state estimation, which are difficult to achieve in real-world, dynamic failure scenarios. Alternative methods like fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and gain-scheduling either lack robust generalization or are impractical for enumerating all possible failure cases. In this work, a hybrid control framework integrating Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) with a standard PID controller is proposed for fault-tolerant operation of autonomous multi-copters subject to multiple actuator failures. PINNs incorporate governing physical laws as regularization in their
Charapalle, SamruddhiVenugopalan, NandagopalanNerkundram Muralidharan, ArunSundararaj, Laveen
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are increasingly deployed in diverse missions, and maintaining heading stability in the presence of unpredictable wind disturbance is a significant challenge. This paper proposes a novel model reference adaptive gain-scheduled PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control framework tailored for the heading control of flapping-wing UAS (ornithopter) operating under dynamic wind conditions. The control architecture integrates an estimated wind disturbance value and adaptively tunes the PID gains by minimizing the error between the actual system response and a desired reference model. Gain scheduling mechanism uses airspeed, yaw rate, and estimated wind magnitude to ensure stability. The proposed method is validated on a 6-DOF UAS simulation model subjected to dynamic wind and temperature variation profiles. Comparative results show improved heading accuracy, responsiveness, and robustness over conventional fixed-gain and static gain-scheduled PID
M V, ArunaMelissa, Arul
Automated aircraft parking systems enhance airport ground operations by enabling precise and autonomous docking of aircraft at gates. These systems reduce turnaround time, minimize human error, and optimize apron space through real-time object detection, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic path planning. Unlike fixed guided-path methods, the proposed system adapts to congestion and environmental conditions such as low visibility, ensuring safety and efficient maneuvering. Validation through simulation demonstrates the system’s potential to improve operational resilience and support scalable automation in future airport infrastructure.
Penugonda, Navya SunainaEdiga, Venkatadiwakar Goud
The traffic situation at urban expressway interchanges is really complicated in daily life. Cars change lanes very often, and problems from cars merging together are obvious. Traditional traffic models aren’t accurate enough when they try to predict what happens in these areas. To solve this, we suggest a better cellular transport model (CTM) that’s improved using genetic algorithms. It can describe and improve traffic conditions in a flexible way. We picked the interchange on Hohhot’s North Second Ring Expressway for our study. To get traffic data during rush hours—7 to 9 in the morning and 5 to 7 in the evening—we used a few methods together. There was video monitoring with tools like YOLOv8 and DeepSORT, people counting cars by hand, and also VISSIM simulation. The data we collected had things like how fast cars were going, how many were packed in an area, and how much traffic was moving through. With this info, we could see how traffic changes in different parts of the interchange
Duan, XiangyuHu, BingYan, Wang
Taking China’s five northwestern provinces as the study area, this paper investigates the spatial-temporal interactions among carbon emissions, passenger transport, and freight transport from 2010 to 2020. An entropy-weighted composite index is constructed for each system and integrated into a coupling coordination degree model to quantify interaction. It is found that (1) the average annual growth of provincial coupling coordination degree is 4.7%, but the gradient difference between regions is significant, and the extreme difference of coupling coordination degree between east and west reaches 4.5 times in 2020; (2) Spatially, it shows a unipolar leading pattern, with Shaanxi achieving a significant decrease in carbon emission intensity and Qinghai achieving a lesser coupling coordination degree of 23% in Shaanxi due to the high proportion of highway freight transport and single energy structure; (3) the driving mechanism analysis shows that the improvement of transport network
Qian, YongshengLi, ShaoyuanZeng, JunweiHe, Qingling
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Liang, YaoWang, YixuanZhao, XiaoyanCheng, ShenzhenWu, BingZeng, Weiyi
The aging of the population has been a key issue worldwide, with mobility and fall of the elderly an important problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose an elderly mobility assist system based on the intelligent power-assisted device consisting of an assistive cane and an intelligent companion. It has the functions of standing support after falling, daily support and on-site rest. The assistive cane adopts a two-stage expansion mechanism of crank and slider structure, which forms a stable triangular support after unfolding, so that the patient can stand safely. The intelligent companion platform is driven by drive wheels, equipped with pushrod motors and vacuum suction devices, it can automatically approach the user and form an stable support column when the cane is in the out-of reach range; the control system is designed by combining microcontroller, camera object recognition, wristband remote control, to realize automatic steering and autonomous navigation at differential
Yu, ChenxiWang, LongyiZhu, HuayunDong, YanMi, RuixueZhu, Lihong
In response to the problems of urban traffic congestion and the limited expansion of infrastructure, this paper conducts two core research focusing on the intelligent chassis system of split-type flying vehicle. Firstly, an autonomous navigation strategy for the intelligent chassis module is proposed based on chassis module Navigation 2 architecture, which fuses LIDAR and IMU positioning to plan paths using the A* global planning algorithm on a global cost map, and update the local cost map in real time with sensor data. It is orchestrated by the BT Navigator using a behavior tree, with failures handled by the Recovery Server, to achieve autonomous driving across multiple waypoints. In simulation and closed-field experiments, the system can stably reach the preset target points. The positioning accuracy and trajectory tracking performance can meet the design requirements. Secondly, a mechanical slide rail-type docking structure adapted to the split flying vehicle architecture is
Zhao, WenyuShi, QinJiang, CongHe, Zejia
As an emerging innovative mode of public transportation, electric modular buses (EMBs) offer a novel solution to the problems of existing public transportation systems, due to the coupling-decoupling processes. In this paper, we study the energy consumption characteristics of EMBs by joining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and reduction in aerodynamic drag due to coupling. For the pursuit of energy economy, ride comfort, and operational efficiency, we constructed an optimization scheme based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to facilitate the coupling-decoupling process. The simulation results show that EMBs can meet 82.5 % of service requests compared with 61.8 % for the benchmark group, and V2V presents a significant contribution to energy efficiency, especially at low battery state of charge (SOC). Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of initial SOC, operation interval, and route type. The results provide insights for optimizing EMBs
Liao, PengGuo, JiaheNing, DonghongLi, SijiaWang, Tao
This article proposes a method for real-time monitoring and rapid alert for guardrail collisions based on Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). The aim is to enhance traffic safety through continuous analysis of vibration signals. To achieve this, a system architecture that combines both hardware and software design has been developed, enabling the handling of the entire process from signal acquisition and decoding to intelligent event recognition and visualization. To improve signal reliability, an adaptive noise reduction algorithm and a multi-level feature extraction method are introduced, enabling accurate differentiation between collision events and environmental disturbances. Tests at various vehicle speeds show that the DAS-based system detects collisions with over 98% accuracy and cuts false alarms by more than 60% compared to traditional video and point-sensor monitoring. It can locate accidents with an average error of 4.2 meters and respond in under 1 second, demonstrating
Sun, Lang
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Li, ZhiyingLi, JeiZhu, AndingBai, XianxuLi, WeihanLi, Rui
As the “digital brain” and core foundational support for the development of intelligent transportation and connected vehicles, the performance of data centers directly determines the operational capability of intelligent transportation systems. In the process of advancing the vehicle-road-cloud collaborative architecture, the demand for high-performance computing power in data centers has experienced explosive growth. The substantial increase in computing tasks has posed severe challenges to thermal management, making efficient and reliable cooling systems an indispensable core component. Centrifugal compressor water-cooling units are the mainstream cooling solution for large-capacity scenarios, and their design optimization is crucial for improving the energy efficiency and performance of the entire cooling system. This paper proposes a one-dimensional performance prediction method for centrifugal compressors based on an empirical loss model, and realizes the iterative calculation of
Zhu, MinhaoJiang, BinLi, MinZeng, ZihuiGu, Yunhui
Automated Vehicles (AV) pose new challenges in road safety, multimodal interaction, and urban planning, requiring a holistic approach that prioritizes sustainability and protects all road users. The KASSA.AST project addresses this by deploying and evaluating an automated shuttle in southern Austria on three routes. The study area is a Park & Ride zone near a train station, enabling seamless transfers and higher transit use. To assess the safety impacts of the automated shuttle, four Mobility Observation Boxes (MOBs) were deployed. These AI-based systems detect and classify road users, track their trajectories and geospatial coordinates, and identify safety-critical events via Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs). Over 10 days, a trajectory dataset captured interactions among vehicles and the shuttle. The resulting real-world dataset is a core contribution. This dataset underpins microscopic behavior modeling. Trajectory pairs yield car-following and interaction metrics (relative distance
Losada Arias, ÁngelRosenkranz, PaulHula, AndreasAleksa, MichaelSaleh, PeterErdelean, Isabela
The objective of this research was to understand the impact of transition window duration on success and performance during nominal transitions from conditional driving automation (SAE level 3). Because the driver can be disengaged from driving when conditional driving automation is engaged, the central challenge is how to safely transition from automated control to human control. Past research from the literature on Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (L3 ADS) has focused on safety-critical event responses (e.g., responding to a hazard) and on automation that operates at high speeds, which is not representative of the systems currently deployed that operate in lower-speed traffic jam situations [4, 5]. This article presents an analysis of data from several transition-of-control studies with conditional driving automation in a high-fidelity driving simulator. A range of transition window durations were compared, and different transition-of-control behaviors were coded from video data
Gaspar, JohnAhmad, OmarSchwarz, ChrisFincannon, ThomasJerome, Christian
Meta-wheels—non-pneumatic wheels whose performance is governed by structural geometry rather than internal pressure—offer new opportunities for directional stiffness control. Yet achieving independent tuning of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical stiffness within a single wheel architecture has remained challenging due to the inherent coupling in conventional radial and planar curved spokes. In this study, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) discrete curved-spoke design that provides explicit geometric control through two independent parameters: the in-plane curvature angle (α) and the out-of-plane inclination angle (β). Using spoke-level and full-wheel finite-element (FE) simulations, supported by a simplified cantilever-beam analytical model, we show that these two geometric parameters govern stiffness in fundamentally different ways. The curvature angle α serves primarily as a geometric softener, reducing stiffness in all directions while maintaining a high top-loading ratio (TLR
Han, HeeseungLiu, ZhipengJu, Jaehyung
Flow conditions on the road are quite different from the conditions used to develop vehicle aerodynamics. However, a significant amount of statistical data now exists that describes realistic road conditions. Some of these on-road flow characteristics can be replicated in wind tunnels. This paper reviews technical facilities designed to simulate on-road flow characteristics, such as turbulence intensity, turbulent length scales, and flow angle distribution. Reconstruction of a flow field that matches real road conditions is made possible by using active or passive turbulence generators within the wind tunnel. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these facilities, offering readers key insights into the challenges involved in replicating real-world flow conditions in wind tunnels.
Vondruš, JanVančura, Jan
By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human
Rana, VishvaBalchanos, MichaelMavris, DimitriValenzuela Del Rio, Jose
This study focused on investigating how tire grip performance on dry, wet, and snowy road surfaces varied with the different level of tire wear. New, 50% worn, and end-of-life tires were prepared following worn tire preparation standards. Additionally, worn tires obtained under real driving conditions in the market were used. Tire grip performances on dry, wet and snowy roads were characterized respectively by using an indoor flat belt machine, an outdoor trailer, and a specially designed snow truck. The results demonstrated an evolution of grip performance as a function of tire wear. The study identified differences in impact between worn tire preparation methods —real driving versus artificial—particularly on snowy road surfaces. Furthermore, the effects of tire stiffness, reduced tread depth, and tread surface roughness of worn tires were investigated for each type of road surface. The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of tire behavior throughout its lifecycle
Kim, ChangsuSaito, Yoshinori
Flat tires represent a common yet serious issue in vehicle safety, leading to compromised control, increased braking distance, and potential rim or structural damage when undetected. Conventional tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) rely on embedded sensors that can fail, incur high replacement costs, and are not always equipped in older or low-cost vehicles. To address these limitations, this study presents a comprehensive visual dataset for flat-tire classification using computer vision and machine learning techniques. The dataset comprises 600 labeled images—300 flat-tire and 300 non-flat-tire samples—collected from diverse vehicle types, lighting conditions, and viewpoints. This dataset is designed to support the training and benchmarking of lightweight edge-AI models suitable for real-time deployment on embedded platforms. A set of supervised learning models were evaluated. Results demonstrate that visual-based classification provides a cost-effective and scalable pathway
Gunasekaran, AswinGovilesh, VidarshanaChalla, KarthikeyaMaxim, BruceShen, Jie
The advancement of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) technology enables vehicle platooning on public roads, offering significant potential to enhance urban mobility, driving safety, and energy efficiency. Among various applications, truck platooning has become a promising strategy to increase highway flow rates by reducing vehicle headways, improving coordination, and optimizing space utilization. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of a CACC-based truck platooning system, focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing highway mobility under varying traffic conditions. A statistical regression model is developed and calibrated using simulations of real-world highway networks to identify key influencing factors and evaluate the resulting improvements in traffic flow. The analysis considers five primary variables: desired platoon speed, platoon size, space headway, percentage of platooning trucks, and non-platoon traffic flow. The study systematically examines the impact
Karbasi, Amir HosseinWang, JinghuiYang, Hao
This paper proposes ProGuard, a novel approach to preemptive pinch detection systems for buses. ProGuard utilizes state-of-the-art AI object detection algorithms to identify potential pinching events in bus entryways before pinching occurs. Modern conventional anti-pinch systems, such as pressure sensors or hall effect sensors, often rely on mechanical contact before triggering. While these systems are established safety mechanisms, they are reactive and therefore require some level of pinching before triggering. This reactive approach presents numerous safety concerns for passengers, especially when considering children on school buses. Existing preemptive detection methods, such as infrared or ultrasonic sensors, solve the problems presented by these reactive detection systems. However, these systems either lack the range or environmental resilience needed for reliable operation in buses. The critical nature of anti-pinch systems requires a robust and reliable solution that can adapt
Bradley, HudsonZadeh, MehrdadTan, Teik-Khoon
Battery swapping technology has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional charging for electric bus fleets, offering rapid turnaround times and improved vehicle availability. This paper utilizes existing bus routing information to perform an initial site evaluation for battery swapping stations. A Seattle-based public transit agency—King County Metro, a partner on this project—is used as a case study. Using General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data from King County Metro, a MATLAB model was built to reconstruct blocks and layovers, extracts dwell-time opportunities, and performs block-distance and block-time analyses to understand operational rhythms. based bus model was developed that maps route mileage, efficiency, and layover availability for battery swap decisions, using a look-ahead rule that defers battery exchanges whenever the next feasible layover can still be reached while respecting a minimum state-of-charge. The workflow estimates how many swaps each block
Vadlapatla, Taraka RishiJankord, GregoryD'Arpino, Matilde
Ensuring safe operation and reliable control of mobility systems remains a significant challenge, particularly for nonlinear and high-dimensional applications subject to external disturbances with hard constraints and limited computational resources in real-time implementations. A reference governor (RG) can enforce constraints using an add-on scheme that preserves the pre-stabilizing controller while balancing the need to satisfy other requirements, including reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Thus, in this paper, we exploit RG-based strategies focusing on nonlinear mobility systems. While the method is generalizable to other applications, such as waypoint following for autonomous driving, the flight dynamics of a quadrotor system with twelve states are used as an example. We implement a disturbance rejection RG to satisfy safety constraints and track set points. To handle nonlinearity, we propose an optimal strategy to quantify the maximum deviation between the nonlinear
Dong, YilongLi, Huayi
Flying cars have already been used in tourism, firefighting, and logistics, and might be soon used for short-distance commute. However, the lumbar spine injury risks in flying car crash accidents have raised safety concerns. This is because the crash load of a flying car is largely aligned with the orientation of the occupant’s spine. This study introduces a countermeasure of actively adjusting seat posture for mitigating lumbar injury in crash events. A flying car crash usually has a few seconds of warning time before collision to ground. The pre-impact warning time is enough to rotate the seat and occupant together using seat motors. Posteriorly rotating seat can alter the angle between the crash load and the spinal axis, thereby reducing lumbar injury risk. Using numerical simulations, the 30g deceleration pulse defined in SAE-AS-8049 was applied to seat of flying car. The THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) human body model was used to model occupant, sitting in a typical vehicle
Zhuang, ZiaoPuyuan, TanShen, WenxuanZhou, QingGu, Gongyao
This paper presents a comparative study of three widely used cloud platforms, Google Colab, Microsoft Azure, and Amazon Web Services (AWS), for running a real-time cooperative perception system based on roadside unit (RSU) cameras. The goal is to evaluate the performance, scalability, and cost-efficiency of each platform when handling high-volume video data for object detection, a key task in autonomous driving. A unified perception pipeline using the YOLOv8 Small model was deployed on all platforms, with the same dataset and settings to ensure fair comparison. The evaluation focused on key metrics such as latency, frame processing rate, detection accuracy, cost, scalability, and reliability. The results show that Google Colab is a cost-effective starting point but has limitations in uptime and scalability. Azure offers stable performance and balanced cost, making it suitable for medium-scale applications. AWS delivers the best scalability and speed but at a higher cost. This study
Alkharabsheh, EkhlassAlawneh, ShadiRawashdeh, Osamah
Recent years have seen a rapid rise in edge-oriented object detection models, including new YOLO variants and transformer-based RT-DETR. Choosing an appropriate model for vehicle detection, however, remains challenged because common metrics such as precision, recall, and mAP capture only part of the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. To better support model selection, we introduce the Multi-dimensional Equilibrium Detection Assessment Score (MEDAS), which evaluates detectors across four practical dimensions: performance, balance, efficiency, and adaptability. The framework includes a normalization strategy and adjustable weighting so that evaluations can reflect specific deployment needs, especially in resource-limited settings. Experiments on the MS-COCO vehicle dataset show that while RT-DETR models offer competitive accuracy, they require substantially more computation. In contrast, lightweight YOLO variants provide a stronger balance between accuracy and efficiency
Guo, Bin
The transition to sustainable mobility and energy systems represents a complex socio-technical challenge, with the success of new technologies and policies critically dependent on their interaction with human behavior. Traditional models frequently struggle to capture the nuanced, heterogeneous, and adaptive characteristics of individual decision-making in mobility choices and energy usage, thereby introducing significant uncertainties into system design and policy evaluation. This paper presents a novel paradigm to bridge this gap: the Hierarchical Generative Agent-based Simulation Framework (HGA-Sim). The framework's core innovations are twofold: 1) It utilizes Large Language Models to generate agents endowed with intrinsic personality traits autonomously, enabling a realistic simulation of diverse, human-like responses to environmental stimuli and personal experiences. 2) It employs a hierarchical "Archetype -Individual" architecture, rendering large-scale community simulations
Chen, YongjianYang, ZhifengOu, Shiqi(Shawn)
As automotive aerodynamic testing facilities evolve to capture more real-world behavior, updating the correlation between old and new technologies is essential. Recently, the three-member consortium of the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) - General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and FCA US LLC - transitioned from full-size static ground plane facilities to 5-belt moving ground plane wind tunnel facilities. The primary objective of this study was to update the correlation data sets to maintain consistent and robust data sharing among companies, which is the cornerstone of USCAR efforts. To achieve this, a set of updated correlation data sets were calculated to replace the original correlation study results from 2008. Additionally, the methodology for applying correlation equations was revised from using averaged wind tunnel data to employing direct wind tunnel-to-wind tunnel correlation equations. In a two-phase correlation effort conducted in 2022 and 2025, the three
Nastov, AlexanderLounsberry, ToddMadin, TrevorLangmeyer, GregoryFadler, GregorySkinner, ShaunHorton, Damien
Ensuring the safety of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) is a critical challenge in the development of advanced autonomous driving systems in smart cities. Among vulnerable road users, bicyclists present unique characteristics that make their safety both critical and also manageable. Vehicles often travel at significantly higher relative speeds when interacting with bicyclists as compared to their interactions with pedestrians which makes collision avoidance system design for bicyclist safety more challenging. Yet, bicyclist movements are generally more predictable and governed by clear traffic rules as compared to the sudden and sometimes erratic pedestrian motion, offering opportunities for model-based control strategies. To address bicyclist safety in complex traffic environments, this study proposes and develops a High-Order Control Lyapunov Function–High-Order Control Barrier Function–Quadratic Programming (HOCLF-HOCBF-QP) control framework. Through this framework, CLFs constraints
Chen, HaochongCao, XinchengGuvenc, LeventAksun Guvenc, Bilin
Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs) can enhance urban mobility and efficiency. However, their operational performance is often hindered by the spatio-temporal imbalance between vehicle supply and passenger demand, leading to long wait times. This paper develops a novel repositioning framework where a lightweight CNN, informed by computationally intensive multi-agent simulations, enables real-time strategy deployment. The results show that: (1) An optimized repositioning policy, calibrated via multi-agent simulation, effectively cuts the mean passenger waiting time from 12.0 to 3.0 minutes (a 75% reduction). (2) A lightweight CNN surrogate model enables real-time deployment, reducing the policy computation time from ~4 hours to ~5 minutes (>98% faster). (3) The deep learning surrogate achieves this speed with a negligible performance trade-off, increasing the waiting time by only 0.156 minutes (4.9%) compared to the full optimization.
Shang, KaiWang, Ning
This paper proposes an intelligent, artificial intelligence (AI) enabled seat heating system for school buses that saves energy by only activating heating elements when a passenger is identified. A custom-trained YOLOv8 deep learning model identifies passengers in real time and opens/closes real-time control of the individual electric seat heaters via a Raspberry Pi 5. The detector achieves around 10 frames-per-second (FPS) of inference on the Raspberry Pi 5 and 80–90 FPS on a laptop with over 92% detection confidence across various illumination conditions. Energy modeling shows the anticipated demand for a 10-kW propane-based heater is approximately 75% lower by implementing a 2.52 kW electric seat-heating system. In a typical operation schedule of 540 hours a year, this results in 4,000–5,000 kWh of annual savings, $465–$579 of annual cost savings and mitigates 0.9–1.3 t CO₂ per bus, annually. When implemented at the fleet level, the energy and cost saving will be in proportion. This
Chikkala, Daney BhargavZadeh, MehrdadTan, Teik-KhoonPonnam, JitinBatte, Jai Rathan
Road grade can impact the energy efficiency, safety, and comfort associated with automated vehicle control systems. Currently, control systems that attempt to compensate for road grade are designed with one of two assumptions. Either the grade is only known once the vehicle is driving over the road segment through proprioception, or complete knowledge of the oncoming road grade is known from a pre-made map. Both assumptions limit the performance of a control system, as not having a preview signal prevents proactive grade compensation, whereas relying only on map data potentially subjects the control system to missing or outdated information. These limits can be avoided by measuring the oncoming grade in real-time using on-board lidar sensors. In this work, we use point returns accumulated during travel to estimate the grade at each waypoint along a path. The estimated grade is defined as the difference in height between the front and rear wheelbase at a given waypoint. Kalman filtering
Schexnaydre, LoganPoovalappil, AmanRobinette, DarrellBos, Jeremy
Advances in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) have developed a level in which high-definition maps can be used to improve road safety. Data compactness and robustness on road characterization is essential for the proper handling of vehicles under curves. In this paper, an optimization scheme that relates highway-design road curvature and optimal speed of travel is defined to safely navigate through a given road. The scheme is divided in two main steps. First a nonlinear optimization problem, in which curvature profiles are fitted from a model that based on street design standards as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Secondly, the optimized curvature profile is subject to a secondary optimization problem that uses vehicle dynamics for both constraints and objective function derivation. Guidance reference parameters such as curvature and velocity, at different levels of friction are analyzed. Results show that, even in sparse
Jacome, Ricardo OsmarStolle, CodyGrispos, George
The performance of chassis suspension mechanisms critically affects vehicle handling, ride comfort, and safety. Implementing real-time health monitoring for chassis systems contributes to preventing severe consequences such as increased body roll or loss of handling stability caused by shock absorber softening or spring stiffness degradation under deteriorating operating conditions, while circumventing the substantial costs associated with professional facility-based chassis inspections. With the rapid development of sensing and data analytics technologies, data-driven approaches are increasingly used in health monitoring. This study aims to achieve online monitoring of chassis suspension performance degradation using a deep neural network (DNN). First, a half-car model incorporating both vertical and pitch motions was established to simulate bumpy road conditions, with the aim of constructing a dataset that includes key vehicle suspension parameters and vehicle states related to their
Liao, YinshengLei, YisongSu, AilinWang, ZhenfengShi, ShuaiZhang, LeiZhang, JunzhiMa, Changye
In this paper, the effects of aerodynamic interactions on the drag of a longitudinally-arranged two-vehicle system are examined by considering the influence of separation distance, cross winds, vehicle size and shape. Testing was undertaken at 30% scale in a large wind tunnel with road-representative freestream turbulence. Separation distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vehicle lengths (L) were examined over a range of yaw angles between ±15°. A highlight of the current study is the characterization of platoon drag-reduction benefits for different sizes and shapes of the lead and follower models, by using a DrivAer model and an Aero-SUV model, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants, providing four distinct model pairings. Drag reduction for the lead model appears to be affected mainly by the size of the follower model, while the follower model shows a much greater sensitivity to shape of the lead model. Larger drag reductions were observed at most
McAuliffe, BrianGhorbanishohrat, Faegheh
Developing efficient fast-charging infrastructure along highway corridors is critical for reducing range anxiety and promoting long-distance electric travel. However, traditional static location approaches often fail to account for the stochastic interactions between continuous traffic flows and the stochastic variability of remaining driving ranges. To address these methodological gaps, this study develops a demand-driven optimization framework that integrates an improved Genetic Algorithm with the flow-capturing location-allocation model (GA-FCLM). Unlike static facility location approaches, the flow-capturing location-allocation component is specifically selected to maximize the interception of continuous traffic flows under strict range constraints, while the genetic algorithm efficiently navigates the high-dimensional discrete search space of simultaneous siting and sizing decisions. By synthesizing segment-level traffic flows with Monte Carlo simulations of state of charge (SOC
Guo, HaifengZhang, JingzhongLian, Jintao
At present, tire failures directly affect road safety, and the number of incidents caused by them is gradually increasing. Examining wheel attachment loosening on time is vital for vehicle safety. Tire-related incidents not only put people in peril but also have a detrimental effect on the economy. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a new and effective method for identifying wheel attachment loosening. A novel gear error reduction approach, distinct from traditional methods, combines advanced computing and probabilistic analysis. This paper involves three key components: extracting looseness eigenvalues, calculating ring gear errors, and computing the tire loosen probabilities. Gear errors derived from the Kalman filter and adjusted for speed, eigenvalues were calculated, and a tire loosening probability analysis was performed. Real-car trials across speeds and roads confirm its accuracy and reliability. This technology can improve automotive safety and maintenance
Liu, JianjianZhang, ZhijieWang, ZhenfengMa, GuangtaoShi, MeijuanLiu, JingZhao, BinggenLu, Yukun
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