Browse Topic: Fuels and Energy Sources

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Time-of- Flight (ToF) estimation using the Discrete Logarithmic Frequency (DLF) method2026-01-0019To be published on 04/07/2026
When incorporated into the small, curved, and enclosed spaces of contemporary automotive lighting systems, conventional measurement tools like photodetectors, optical sensors, and laser-based systems frequently encounter difficulties. Physical space restrictions, light attenuation along curved surfaces, and the high energy consumption of conventional sensors—particularly in intelligent headlight modules and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)—are some of these limitations. To address these issues, this work presents a novel method for Time-of-Flight (ToF) estimation based on the Discrete Logarithmic Frequency (DLF) approach. The suggested method improves the accuracy and dependability of ToF-based measurements by examining the time-frequency correlations of modulated light signals sent through optical channels in automotive systems. Applications like adaptive beam shaping, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) optical communication, and in-lens diagnostics benefit greatly from this. The
Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep
Integrated Simulation Framework for Multi-Objective Electric Vehicle Powertrain Design: Energy, Cost and Environmental Impact Optimization2026-01-0508To be published on 04/07/2026
Eco-design represents a key challenge in vehicle development, as increasingly stringent regulations and rising customer performance expectations require the optimal combination of environmental considerations and efficiency. This work presents three integrated simulation tools for electric vehicle (EV) powertrain design, targeting energy consumption, cost optimization, and environmental impact assessment. Three complementary models were developed and validated: a dynamic energy consumption model, a comprehensive cost estimator, and a life cycle carbon footprint assessment tool. Validation against real-world data demonstrated residuals consistent with existing literature, with prediction errors under 9% for energy efficiency and cost models. This integrated approach enables designers to account for the complete life-cycle impact of the vehicle being designed while optimizing component sizing for specific behavioral usage patterns, thereby avoiding costly oversizing. As an example of
Maréchal, Bérénice, Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, AHNINE, bouchra, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae, Couillandeau, Matthieu, Miliani, El Hadj, PETIT, Quentin
Development of the Honda S+ Shift Utilizing e:HEV System2026-01-0418To be published on 04/07/2026
Honda is promoting mobility electrification to realize a carbon-neutral society by 2050. Hybrid vehicles will remain advantageous over electric vehicles in terms of manufacturing cost and driving range until renewable energy usage increases, charging infrastructure is sufficiently developed, and battery costs are reduced. In response to this situation, Honda has developed a new control system, “Honda S+ Shift”, which further enhances the “emotional value of driving pleasure” inherent to the e:HEV system and creates new value for hybrid vehicles. Honda S+ Shift synchronizes the engine and vehicle speed and selects a virtual gear position according to the driver's operation such as acceleration, cornering, and deceleration. Subsequently, the system achieves the required system output in cooperation with a dedicated energy management system. It also works with each vehicle system, such as drive force control, sound control, and meter cluster, to stimulate all five senses of the driver
Murata, Naoya, Narimoto, Ryosuke, Saito, Masatoshi, Ishida, Daichi, GUNJI, HIROKI, UKAI, YOHEI, Kurachi, Shinobu, SHIKI, KAZUKI, Nagakura, Akari, Maeda, Sadaharu, Mitogawa, Terumasa
Optimization Strategies of Gliding Arc Plasma-Based Ammonia Cracker towards On-Board Applications2026-01-0292To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia has emerged as a viable hydrogen energy carrier owing to its superior hydrogen density, mature industrial utilization. However, ammonia faces critical challenges including inadequate ignition characteristics and sluggish combustion kinetics, necessitating supplementary high-reactivity fuels for optimizing combustion. Onboard ammonia cracking technology resolves this problem through on-demand hydrogen in-time production. Among existing decomposition methods, gliding arc plasma (GAP) demonstrates exceptional promise for on-board crackers given its decent hydrogen conversion rate and transient response capability. Prevailing research predominantly employs experimental methodologies wherein macroscopic parameters inadequately proxy microscopic electric field characteristics, thereby impeding mechanistic insight. This study establishes a quasi-1D numerical model to interrogate how electric field parameters modulate ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion yield and system energy efficiency in
Dong, Guangyu, LI, Xian, ZHOU, Yanxiong, XU, Jie, Li, Liguang
Energy Efficiency Analysis of U-Haul Truck and Trailer Systems: Impact of Tongue Weight and Load Variations2026-01-0466To be published on 04/07/2026
The demand for improved energy efficiency in real-world vehicle operations continues to grow with technology enhancement. When transporting large cargos with passenger pickup trucks and rental trailers, the interaction between vehicle payload, towing configuration, and fuel consumption becomes a key factor in overall system efficiency. Understanding how towing configurations and trailer loading influence fuel consumption and vehicle performance is critical for both consumer guidance and vehicle system design. This study investigates the energy efficiency of U-Haul truck and trailer systems, with a particular focus on the influence of trailer tongue weight. U-Haul truck and trailer simulation models were developed using AVL Vehicle Simulation Model (VSM) software, with an F-350 engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) map integrated to represent realistic engine performance. Two configurations with equal payload were evaluated: (1) a U-Haul truck alone, and (2) a U-Haul truck
Wang, Gang, Yang, Allan, Chen, Yan
Achieving 70% Urban Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Opposed-Piston Engine-Based Mild-Hybrid Powertrain Architecture for Light Commercial Vehicles (JLA-2/JLA-T)2026-01-0432To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes a novel powertrain architecture for the urban Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment, leveraging the compact JLA-2 opposed-piston (OP) engine paired with the reconfigurable JLA-T mild-hybrid architecture. Within SAE literature, OP engines are consistently associated with simplicity. As highlighted by Tom Ryan III (2008 SAE President) in the foreword of Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, this architecture is characterized by its manufacturing simplicity” and described as a “relatively simple, robust, and cost effective” power unit solution. The present work builds on this established view. The JLA-2 engine solves traditional packaging constraints by reducing the block width by 30% for horizontal installation and is volumetrically self-sufficient, eliminating external compressors. Although the gear train required for crank synchronization introduces design challenges, explicitly accounted for in our model, the elimination of the cylinder
Nigro, Norberto, Aguerre, Horacio, Carignano, Mauro Guido, Alonso, José Luis, Juni, Carlos A.
Simultaneously NOx and Fuel Reduction for Off-Road2026-01-0296To be published on 04/07/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a current production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating many fuel-efficient approaches such as higher compression and reduced parasitic loads. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR plus main SCR system, both with and without an electric heater upstream of the LO-SCR. These
McCarthy, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo
Effect of Pre-Chamber Geometry on Methanol Cold-Start Combustion in an SI Engine2026-01-0307To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle pollutant emissions represent a key issue in the development of internal combustion engines. In recent decades, the automotive industry has been driven to explore innovative solutions, such as the use of alternative fuels and lean-burn combustion strategies, in order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. In this context, pre-chamber ignition systems show strong potential for reducing both fuel consumption and emissions, due to their ability to operate under lean mixtures and with non-conventional fuels. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of plasma jets under different in-cylinder combustion conditions, using methanol as fuel and integrating a pre-chamber heating system to improve cold-start operation. The experimental activity was carried out on a small optical spark-ignition (SI) engine, alternatively equipped with a conventional ignition system and a pre-chamber. The engine was operated at 2000 rpm under wide open throttle (WOT) in standard
Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Tornatore, Cinzia
An Adaptive Brake Force Allocation Strategy for Rear-Wheel Driven EVs2026-01-0636To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to changed requirements compared to conventional propulsion concepts, electromobility demands new and innovative strategies for energy-efficient vehicle motion control. For example, the challenge in purely rear-wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicles (EVs) is to achieve a maximum of regenerative braking power in order to increase energy recovery and to ensure, that this does not impair the braking stability. Within this conflict between energy efficiency and braking dynamics, it is necessary to design an intelligent strategy to optimise recuperation. This paper presents such a strategy, which improves an existing approach formerly presented by the authors, but specifically optimises it to overcome weaknesses. The previous approach had two major limitations: First, the efficiency map of the in-wheel machines (IWMs) was not considered. Second, there was no possibility of switching flexibly between different brake force distributions to guarantee both, maximized recovery potential and
Mitsching, Thomas, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin
A System-Level Calibration Framework for Embedded Vision: Integration of Sensor, Firmware, and Software Enhancements2026-01-0013To be published on 04/07/2026
Embedded vision systems are essential for contemporary applications, including robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent surveillance; yet they frequently experience diminished image quality due to resource constraints, environmental variability, and inconsistent illumination conditions. Such degradations impact multiple visual attributes-sharpness, contrast, color accuracy, noise levels, and structural similarity-that are critical for reliable perception in safety- and performance-driven domains. This study introduces a comprehensive system-level calibration architecture that integrates three coordinated layers: sensor-level adjustment, firmware optimization, and adaptive software enhancements. At the sensor level, exposure control, gain tuning, and white balance adjustments mitigate luminance imbalance and color shifts under changing light conditions. Firmware optimization leverages image signal processor (ISP) parameters to reduce temporal and spatial
Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar, Vishnoi, Nitin, KAMADI, VENKATA
Radar-Based Dynamic Pixel Activation in Camera Sensors for Optimized Image Processing, Power Efficiency, and Thermal Management2026-01-0047To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents a radar-based dynamic imager pixel activation method designed to optimize image processing efficiency, power consumption, and thermal management in automotive In-cabin monitoring systems (DMS and OMS). By integrating radar sensing with high-resolution cameras, the proposed approach selectively activates image sensor pixels only within radar-identified regions of interest, such as moving occupants or key cabin areas. This selective pixel activation substantially reduces the computational workload and data bandwidth required, as the camera transmits high-resolution data solely for relevant zones while maintaining lower resolution or deactivating pixels elsewhere. The fusion of radar and camera data enables adaptive sensor control that caters to distinct scenarios, including driver gaze tracking and passenger monitoring, thereby enhancing DMS and OMS functionality. The architecture supports mounting configurations such as headliner or rearview mirror installations
Kasarla, Nagender Reddy, Patel, Krunal, Balaraman, Nirmal Kumar
A Comparison of Road Grade Preview Signals from Lidar and Maps2026-01-0026To be published on 04/07/2026
Road grade can impact the energy efficiency, safety, and comfort associated with automated vehicle control systems. Currently, control systems that attempt to compensate for road grade are designed with one of two assumptions. Either the grade is only known once the vehicle is driving over the road segment through proprioception, or complete knowledge of the oncoming road grade is known from a pre-made map. Both assumptions limit the performance of a control system, as not having a preview signal prevents proactive grade compensation, whereas relying only on map data potentially subjects the control system to missing or outdated information. These limits can be avoided by measuring the oncoming grade in real-time using on-board lidar sensors. In this work, we use point returns accumulated during travel to estimate the grade at each waypoint along a path. The estimated grade is defined as the difference in height between the front and rear wheelbase at a given waypoint. Kalman filtering
Schexnaydre, Logan, Poovalappil, Aman, Robinette, Darrell, Bos, Jeremy
Advanced Integrated Chassis Control for Improved Energy Efficiency and Driving Experience in Electric Vehicle Applications2026-01-0643To be published on 04/07/2026
Complexity of modern ground vehicles grows constantly, since car manufacturers want to provide functionality, while customers are expecting innovation and recent technologies to be integrated into the latest models released to the market. Recent advances in hard- and software opened the gates for new means of vehicle control and operation. Especially the transition to electric propulsion systems and decoupled chassis actuators offer completely new opportunities of dynamics control and manipulation. This paper presents an approach for integrated chassis and vehicle motion control in (battery) electric vehicle applications by using new and innovative controllers as well as mechatronic chassis systems. In several experiments on public roads with a fully instrumented vehicle demonstrator, that features in-wheel based rear-wheel drive and a hybrid brake-by-wire-system, the proposed control is tested under real environmental and traffic conditions with respect to aspects like energy
Heydrich, Marius, Mitsching, Thomas, Ivanov, Valentin
Study on performance parameters of retarder in mountain condition of hybrid electric vehicle2026-01-0617To be published on 04/07/2026
In mountain driving scenarios, the continuous braking demands of vehicles pose significant challenges to the performance and reliability of braking systems. Traditional fuel-powered vehicles primarily rely on friction brakes for deceleration, which face issues such as high thermal fade risks and severe brake wear. While pure electric vehicles can utilize motor energy recovery to provide braking force and recover energy, their braking capacity is limited by the maximum regenerative torque of the motor. Moreover, when the battery State of Charge (SOC) is high, the energy recovery function may be restricted or disabled to protect the battery, leading to a sharp reduction or complete loss of braking torque—a safety hazard. Range-extended hybrid vehicles combine the advantages of both engine and electric drive systems. During long downhill operations, their motors can also serve as priority decelerators for efficient energy recovery. However, similar to pure electric vehicles, their motor
duan, xianqi, Tan, Gangfeng, Li, LiuYuanHeng, Tian, Tian, Yang, Yong
Look-ahead Information based Predictive Cruise Controller for Energy Efficient Powertrain Operation of Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks2026-01-0039To be published on 04/07/2026
Heavy-duty electric trucks represent a growing innovation in the transport and logistics sector, aiming to reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. A major challenge with battery electric trucks is the long recharging time which takes significantly longer than refueling conventional diesel trucks. This limitation highlights the importance of optimizing powertrain operations to reduce energy losses and maximize efficiency. One effective approach is implementing optimal speed control through a predictive cruise controller. By anticipating road conditions, traffic, and elevation changes, the predictive cruise controller can adjust the truck’s speed in real time to minimize energy consumption, enhancing the range and reducing the need for frequent charging. Many problem formulations for electric trucks focus primarily on minimizing the energy required at the wheels, often overlooking the impact of powertrain efficiencies. This simplification neglects critical factors such as the
Safder, Ahmad Hussain, Villani, Manfredi, Khuntia, Satvik, Nelson, James, Meijer, Maarten, Ahmed, Qadeer
Accelerating Electrification Through Modular Propulsion: GM’s Strategy for BEV and BET Platforms2026-01-0410To be published on 04/07/2026
General Motors continues to advance its electrification strategy through the development of scalable Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Battery Electric Truck (BET) platforms. This paper highlights GM’s latest BEV and BET products that leverage shared Drive Unit (DU), Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS), and integrated power electronic (IPE) components across multiple vehicle programs. By adopting a modular and commonized propulsion architecture, GM achieves significant benefits in manufacturing efficiency, cost optimization, and product flexibility. The shared DU, RESS, and IPE components are engineered to meet diverse performance requirements while maintaining high standards of energy efficiency, thermal management, and durability. This approach enables rapid deployment of electrified solutions across various segments, from passenger vehicles to full-size trucks, without compromising on capability or customer experience. The paper outlines the technical rationale behind
Liu, Jinming, Sevel, Kris, Anwar, Mohammad, Oury, Andrew, Welchko, Brian, Gagas, Brent
Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highways2026-01-0615To be published on 04/07/2026
This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study[1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the CD yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence frequency. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course[2]. The driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw frequency and CD yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw frequency varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weight the road environment type frequency when calculating the driving energy. The frequency was calculated using machine
Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt
The influence of split injection ratio on efficiency and NOx emissions in a pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engine2026-01-0329To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the impact of hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion burning. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen of 95% total energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high efficiency injection timings from the previous equal split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to fix CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC for all tested split injection ratios. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not make a significant impact on IMEP/efficiency, which
Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
The effect of diesel fuel compositions and distillation properties on PM production2026-01-0346To be published on 04/07/2026
Although overall demand for petroleum products is expected to decline, diesel fuel demand is projected to remain stable. Modern refineries produce diesel fuel by blending straight-run diesel fuel with cracked fractions like Light Cycle Oil (LCO) and kerosene. Cracked fractions are characterized by high concentrations of aromatic and naphthenic compounds compared to straight-run diesel fuel, whereas kerosene exhibits lighter distillation properties. This study quantitatively assesses the effects of diesel fuel composition and distillation properties on PM formation using engine bench tests designed to reflect practical refinery blending operations. To isolate the impact of fuel composition, test fuels were formulated with substantial variations in aromatic and naphthenic content, while other key parameters were held constant. To investigate the influence of distillation properties, two sets of test fuels were prepared: one series with varying front-end volatility achieved by adjusting
Katori, Kohei, Seo, Masahiro, Takahashi, Ko
Effects of Gasoline Composition and Operating Parameters on the Response of Knock Limit to Nitric Oxide in a Lean-Burn DI-SI Engine2026-01-0313To be published on 04/07/2026
Lean operation of spark-ignition engines can lead to efficiency gains and lower NOx emissions due to reduced combustion temperatures. However, lean operation may still encounter difficulties with end-gas autoignition and knock, which worsen by the presence of trapped NO in the cylinder. This study assesses the impact of intake-seeded NO on end-gas autoignition and knock for two gasolines with similar octane rating but different composition: high cycloalkane fuel (HCA) and high olefin fuel (HO). Experiments were performed at stoichiometric and lean (lambda = 2) conditions and at two engine speeds of 1400 rpm and 2000 rpm to investigate the influence of equivalence ratio and residence time on end-gas autoignition trends. Chemical kinetics simulations revealed that the mechanisms that control the effect of NO on knock are similar at lambda = 2 and lambda = 1, with NO + HO2 = NO2 + OH being the main pathway for enhancing reactivity by promoting low-temperature heat release (LTHR
Kim, Namho, Abboud, Rami, Sjöberg, Magnus, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Saggese, Chiara, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota, Sugata, Kenji
A Comprehensive Modelling tool for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Powertrains2026-01-0430To be published on 04/07/2026
The global transition towards sustainable transportation is driving the development of efficient, low-emission propulsion systems. Battery-electric solutions are effective in urban contexts but face limitations in heavy-duty and long-haul applications due to the size and weight of the required energy storage. Hybrid battery/fuel cell powertrains offer a promising alternative for such use case, reducing vehicle mass and charging times while maintaining high energy efficiency. This study presents a zero-dimensional MATLAB/Simulink model of a parallel hybrid fuel cell/battery system for heavy-duty vehicles. The model encompasses the main vehicle subsystems, including the fuel cell stack with auxiliaries, the battery pack, the electric drive, the transmission and vehicle longitudinal dynamics, coordinated through a rule-based energy management strategy. Two representative vehicle configurations were analysed: a Group 2 urban delivery vehicle, and a Group 5 long-haul truck. Model validation
Montecchi, Gianluca, Martoccia, Lorenzo, D'Adamo, Alessandro
Energy-Aware Traffic Signal Optimization for Sustainable Urban Networks Using Valid Action Policies2026-01-0462To be published on 04/07/2026
Optimizing signal control across urban networks is crucial for reducing energy consumption and improving traffic efficiency. Advances in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies have enabled deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to demonstrate significant promise in traffic signal control. However, many existing studies focus primarily on agent performance while neglecting practical operational constraints, which can lead to fairness issues in traffic control. Moreover, prior work often treats energy optimization as a by-product of efficiency. To address these gaps, this study proposes a multi-agent DRL framework to mitigate peak-hour congestion and reduce excessive emissions in urban networks. Building on this framework, a variant of Independent Proximal Policy Optimization (IPPO), termed Global State Independent PPO (GS-IPPO), is developed to enhance IPPO's coordination capability. To further improve practical applicability and fairness, this study incorporates constraints imposed by the
Qian, Wangrui, Jiang, Shuyan, Qi, Hao, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions Under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-0301To be published on 04/07/2026
Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Characterizing Regenerative Braking of Tesla Model 3 Using Dynamometer Testing2026-01-0453To be published on 04/07/2026
Regenerative braking has a strong influence on the energy efficiency and drivability of battery-electric vehicles. This study establishes an empirical baseline analysis under controlled conditions of the regenerative braking behavior of the 2020 Tesla Model 3 to support the interpretation of on-road performance and serve as a reference for subsequent testing and analysis. The tests were performed on a four-wheel-drive chassis dynamometer at Argonne National Laboratory, combining Multi Cycle Testing (MCT) to simulate real world driving patterns (city, highway) with coast-down tests to isolate periods where the motor is operating in regen mode and compare the behavior across different parameters. Vehicle data was collected from the vehicle using taps in the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus as well as a high-resolution power analyzer. The vehicle displayed the highest efficiency during simulated city driving conditions (3.62 miles/kWh followed by highway (3.40 miles/kWh) and aggressive
Pierce, Benjamin Branch, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, DEBASHIS, Zhan, Lu
From LLM to Deep Learning: Efficient Simulation of Last-Mile Energy Behavior in Campus Communities2026-01-0461To be published on 04/07/2026
Communities are critical nodes in the urban energy network, integrating energy, transportation, and building systems to enhance overall energy efficiency. Accurate management of these systems depends on characterizing individual energy-demand behaviors. However, traditional last-mile behavioral models often fail to capture the complex and non-linear nature of human decision-making, creating a need for advanced simulation techniques. Although agent-based simulations powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy across diverse domains, their substantial computational demands—specifically in terms of token consumption—pose pronounced constraints in large-scale simulations involving tens of thousands of agents, considerably limiting their practical applicability. To address this challenge, a deep learning-based approach is proposed for single-step prediction of last-mile behavior. A hybrid architecture, consisting of an MLP encoder and a Transformer
Yang, Zhifeng, Chen, Yongjian, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
Predicting the Impact of FIA 2026 Power Unit Regulations on the Performance of Formula 1 Car2026-01-0268To be published on 04/07/2026
This work investigates the impact of the forthcoming 2026 FIA Formula 1 power unit regulations on vehicle track performance. This new regulation introduces a rebalanced power distribution between the internal combustion engine and the Motor Generator Unit–Kinetic (MGU-K), with each unit contributing up to 350 kW. This transition nearly triples the previous 120 kW output of the MGU-K while constraining the internal combustion engine through newly imposed fuel energy limits. A full vehicle powertrain model was developed in GT-Suite following 2026 FIA technical directives. Particular attention was given to Articles 5.4.7 to 5.4.10, which define key constraints on hybrid operation: a maximum variation of 4 MJ in battery state of charge, up to 9 MJ of recoverable energy per lap, and a peak MGU-K electrical power output of 350 kW. The model includes updated architecture specifications, active aerodynamic modules, energy deployment logic, and component-level constraints. Telemetry data from
Giaquinta Aitala, Lucio, Samuel, Stephen
BEV incremental CO2 emissions in a ranked order electric grid2026-01-0424To be published on 04/07/2026
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have been promoted and required by many governments towards the need to reduce transportations CO2 emissions. BEV are not “Zero Emissions Vehicles” because they run on grid electricity, but could be ‘effectively ZEV’ if the incremental CO2 is ‘very small’. To answer this question at the national level, three metrics are needed and estimated: (1) ICEV fuel consumption, approximated by the total US gasoline consumption divided by the total fleet miles driven, 25 mpg or 350 g CO2/mi. For strong HEV it is about one third less, 240 g CO2/mi. (2) BEV energy consumption, using data from systematic on-road testing of a wide range of vehicles, estimated at 40 kWh/100 mi for a US sales mix. (3) Electric grid marginal CO2, with ranked order sourcing: zero-CO2 sources are prioritized and supplemented by fossil sources. IEA hourly data show that the US 48 contiguous states are nearly self-contained, with zero-CO2 sources providing about a third of total demand. The
Phlips, Patrick
In-Situ Raman Measurements of Fuel Dilution of Lubricant Films in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine2026-01-0355To be published on 04/07/2026
To measure the fuel proportion within the lubricant film, an in-situ Raman spectroscopy technique was employed in a specially modified single-cylinder direct-injection spark-ignition engine. The engine block was engineered for optical access with a fused silica window, enabling a focused laser beam to probe the lubricant film on the engine liner under motoring conditions. The lubricant used was GTL8 base oil with ZDDP additive, and iso-octane was injected as a model fuel to study fuel-lubricant mixing. A calibration curve was established by recording Raman spectra of known mixtures of GTL8 oil and iso-octane. The Raman intensity ratio of the iso-octane peak to the oil peak was used as a quantitative indicator of fuel concentration. During engine operation, Raman spectra were acquired in real time, on a cycle-by-cycle basis, through the optical window. Upon iso-octane injection, its characteristic Raman peak appeared in the spectrum, and the intensity ratio was referenced against the
Bolle, Bastien, Augoye, Kobi, Wong, Janet, Aleiferis, Pavlos, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger
On-Road Vehicle Testing and Characterization2026-01-0195To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle testing for fuel economy and emissions is typically performed indoors over standard dynamometer drive schedules to minimize variability and maximize repeatability of the results. In contrast, during on-road operation, operational parameters such as vehicle speed and acceleration and environmental factors such as temperature and wind will change unpredictably. These factors influence vehicle fuel economy and emissions, making on-road operation much more variable than dynamometer results. However, even though on-road conditions may be unpredictable, the on-road operational data can still be used to characterize vehicle performance. This paper describes the development of an on-road vehicle test methodology, with a focus on accounting for on-road factors with a high degree of accuracy while requiring only an achievable and reasonable amount of data. To develop this methodology, a 2016 Honda Civic was instrumented and driven multiple times over a route covering urban, rural, and
Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel
Modeling of Cold Start Processes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells2026-01-0496To be published on 04/07/2026
In this work, a numerical study is carried out to analyze the cold start process of a three-dimensional proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) which uses a three-parallel serpentine flow channel design. The investigation is mainly focused on the ice formation during subfreezing startup and how this ice influences the operation of the fuel cell. For this purpose, a transient ice formation model is developed in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) environment. The model considers sublimation and de-sublimation processes inside the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. To account for the influence of ice on the electrochemical reactions, the local transfer current is reduced depending on the fraction of ice volume present in the porous regions. Validation of the model is performed with available experimental data, and the comparison shows that the model can successfully reproduce both the successful and the failed cold start cases under different initial temperatures. The study
ma, Shihu, Champhekar, Omkar, Han, Chao
Numerical Framework for Predicting Power Loss and Oil Flow Dynamics in Dip-Lubricated Gear Systems2026-01-0411To be published on 04/07/2026
Oil churning and windage power losses in dip-lubricated gearboxes can significantly improve overall transmission efficiency, particularly at high rotational speeds. As modern gearbox systems are pushed toward higher efficiency and reliability, understanding and predicting these losses becomes increasingly important. In addition to energy dissipation, the associated multiphase flow phenomena—such as oil splashing, thin film formation along gear surfaces, and aeration of the sump—strongly influence lubrication effectiveness, heat transfer, and component durability. Capturing these effects requires a robust numerical strategy that can resolve both power loss mechanisms and multiphase flow dynamics with sufficient accuracy. In this study, a single spur gear is numerically analyzed under varying oil depths and rotational speeds to quantify total power loss and investigate oil flow patterns. The computational approach employs a volume-of-fluid multiphase framework, and the predictions are
Mahyawansi, Pratik J., Haria, Hiral, Pandey, Ashutosh, KHAJEH HOSSEINI D, NAVVAB
Real-Time Observations of the Effect of Fuel Dilution in an Engine Transient Friction Rig. Along with Real-Time Observations of Fuel Entering and Leaving Internal Combustion Engine Oil, over both Standard Engine, ICE and Hybrid, HEV Dynamic Drive Cycles.2026-01-0351To be published on 04/07/2026
Hybrid electric vehicles with an increasing level of electrification, are becoming a major part of the global energy transition. To achieve lower engine tailpipe exhaust emissions and improve total fuel consumption, typically the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) control system efficiently and frequently switches between the internal combustion engine and electric motor drive, with multiple stops and restarts of the internal combustion engine. A consequential result of this switching is typically slower, or even incomplete engine warm up times, depending on the engine speed, load pattern and run time of the vehicle drive cycle. Along with the speed and load transient control, the engine stop and start processes are also challenging to control, with respect to cold start fuel and combustion by-products entering the oil. Consequently, contamination enters the engine oil but may not completely leave. These effects are highly transient over the drive cycle with contaminants, in particular fuel
Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Thedering, Dennis
Effect of passive pre-chamber geometry on performance and emissions of a single-cylinder natural gas large bore engine.2026-01-0333To be published on 04/07/2026
The maritime industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, characterized by high fuel consumption and significant environmental impact. As global trade mainly relies on shipping, the challenge of reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions becomes ever more pressing. Natural gas (NG) is regarded as a transitional fuel, capable of lowering CO₂ emissions by 20–30% compared to conventional marine fuels. However, to fully harness this potential, significant advances in combustion technology are necessary, particularly when ultra-lean combustion strategy is adopted. One of the most promising pathways is pre-chamber combustion, a solution that can simultaneously improve the efficiency and sustainability of NG marine engines. In this scenario, the passive pre-chamber geometry plays an important role, as it directly influences ignition behavior, combustion stability and exhaust emissions. This work presents an experimental study carried out on a single-cylinder marine engine
Marchitto, Luca, Tornatore, Cinzia, Pennino, Vincenzo, Mariani PhD, Antonio, Beatrice, Carlo, Accurso, Francesco, Gorietti, Valentina, Pesce, Francesco, Giardino, Angelo, Vitti, Luciano
ENERGY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF SHARED AUTONOMOUS FLEET2026-01-0464To be published on 04/07/2026
Electrifying shared autonomous fleets (Robotaxis) presents challenges in balancing decarbonization, service quality, and operational costs, given the limited driving range, long charging times, and suboptimal planning of charging infrastructure. This study develops an integrated energy management and fleet dispatching simulation framework to support cost-effective, low-carbon Robotaxi deployment. The proposed system models both battery electric vehicles (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) technologies, and is extensible to other powertrain types. The study also integrates a life cycle assessment module to evaluate well-to-wheel carbon emissions. A total of 1,440 scenarios are designed to test the performance of two service modes (ride-hailing vs. ride-pooling) in terms of energy consumption, emissions, service quality, and operational costs, across varying levels of trip demand and market penetration of different powertrain technologies. The test aims to verify the
Tang, Kang, Abdulsattar, Harith, Yang, Hao, Wang, Jinghui
Effect of Ignition Energy on Combustion Duration under Flow Conditions2026-01-0336To be published on 04/07/2026
Utilizing low carbon fuel in lean burn combustion presents a compelling strategy for improving thermal efficiency and reducing NOx emissions. Methane, the main content of natural gas, still receives challenge of a rapid and complete combustion process because of its low chemical reactivity. Further increase of excess air ratio would decrease the flame propagation speed significantly, leading to prolonged combustion durations. The long combustion duration deteriorates the performance of a spark ignition engine, in terms of poor combustion instability and misfire. Although ignition timing can be utilized to adjust the combustion phasing, the ignition process faces challenges due to reduced background pressure and temperature at advanced spark timings. In this paper, a rapid compression machine equipped with a specially designed combustion flow chamber is utilized to enhance the mean flow speed across the spark gap under the background pressure 6 bar abs. and temperature 600 K. A
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Modelling of Le Mans Daytona Hybrid Hypercar Powertrain System2026-01-0270To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents the development, validation, and application of a full-vehicle simulation model of the BMW M Hybrid V8 LMDh Hypercar, designed to investigate and optimise hybrid energy recovery strategies in compliance with FIA and IMSA 2025 technical regulations. With increasing regulatory and sustainability demands in endurance racing, the deployment and recovery of electric energy using MGU-K have become pivotal for both performance and fuel efficiency. A physics-based simulation model was constructed in GT-SUITE, incorporating a map based internal combustion engine, transmission, and 50 kW rear-axle hybrid system. Complementary to this, a novel telemetry extraction method using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in MATLAB and Python was developed to generate real-world drive cycles from on-board race footage. The model was validated using telemetry data. Subsequently, multiple energy deployment strategies were evaluated under varying race scenarios to identify optimal control
Buysse, Alexander, Samuel, Stephen
Assessing Energy Use, Cost, and Emissions of Small Regional Rail Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study on a German Track2026-01-0419To be published on 04/07/2026
The decarbonization of regional rail remains a pressing challenge in the European Union, where nearly half of the 200,000 km network remains unelectrified. Lightweight, single-car railbuses historically provided efficient service on such lines, but modern replacements are scarce. This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined
Ahrling, Christoffer, Tuner, Martin, Gainey, Brian, Torkiharchegani, Amir, Scharmach, Marcel, Hertel, Benedikt, ALAKÜLA, Mats
Optimization of Engine Cooling System for Improved Fuel Efficiency and Vehicle Marketability2026-01-0297To be published on 04/07/2026
Effective thermal management in internal combustion engines is essential for meeting increasingly stringent global emissions regulations and fuel efficiency standards. This paper presents a comprehensive solution to enhance engine thermal management performance by addressing key system aspects, including coolant circuit architecture, Integrated Thermal Management Module (ITM) control strategies, port-specific flow management, zero-flow operation, and standardization of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) settings. The research was conducted on a newly developed engine platform, where a suite of advanced thermal management measures was applied and verified through both vehicle and bench testing. Key improvements included reducing the thermal mass of the coolant circuit to enable faster warm-up of the engine and major components, as well as refining ITM control logic through linear mapping and signal filtering for more precise target coolant temperature regulation. Enhanced
Lee, ChangJoo, LEE, KyuMin, Kim, Seonyeong, Nam, Choonho, YOO, JiHun
Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Mining Trucks Based on Global SOC Planning and Neural Network Optimal Control2026-01-0446To be published on 04/07/2026
Hybrid mining trucks, as core equipment for mine transportation, face high energy consumption and significant fluctuations in power demand during cyclic operations due to prolonged exposure to demanding operating conditions characterized by heavy loads and variable working conditions. To address the issues of high energy consumption and significant fluctuations in power demand during the cyclic operation of mining trucks, this paper proposes a hybrid mining truck energy management strategy based on global SOC (State of Charge) planning and neural network optimization control. First, a powertrain model was developed for a typical operating cycle of a hybrid mining truck, and its accuracy was validated by comparing it with experimental data. Using dynamic programming algorithms to plan the SOC for single-cycle operations provides a rational reference for energy allocation across different operational phases of mining trucks during a single cycle. Next, using the powerful nonlinear
Yang, Jianyu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Chen, Huiyong, Li, Tao, ZHUANG, Wenyu, Shen, Peihong, Tang, Peng
Achieving Euro 7 WHSC NOx emission targets from a Spark ignited engine using Methanol-Hydrogen co-fuelling.2026-01-0321To be published on 04/07/2026
E-methanol is increasingly seen as a promising clean fuel because its chemical makeup is close to fossil fuels, making it easier to use in existing engines. It offers a carbon-neutral option to help reduce greenhouse gases in sectors where cutting emissions is especially difficult, such as transportation. However, while e-methanol avoids adding new carbon dioxide, burning it in internal combustion engines still releases harmful gases like NOx and other toxic by-products like formaldehyde and formic acid that damage both health and the environment. This report explores a new strategy that combines methanol with hydrogen to run engines under “ultra-lean” conditions and its impact on emissions, performance and efficiency. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine, with directly injected methanol and port fuelled injection of hydrogen. The findings show that adding about 15% hydrogen at low engine loads can extend the lean limit from λ=1.7 to λ=2. This change
Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Cairns, Alasdair, Varaei, Amirata, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger
CFD Investigation of Oil Ingestion and Aeration in a V6 Engine Oil Pan During Vehicle Maneuvers2026-01-0279To be published on 04/07/2026
A computational investigation was carried out using SimericsMP+ to analyze oil distribution and aeration behavior in a V6 engine oil pan during severe vehicle maneuvers. The model accounted for the crankshaft/camshaft rotations and piston motions, which allows for capturing realistic oil distribution in cylinder head drainbacks, engine bay and sump after initializing the crankcase with prescribed oil levels to establish baseline aeration prior to applying dynamic maneuver profiles. Of particular interest was the response of the main oil gallery (MOG) pressure and the exposure of the oil pickup tube during kickoff conditions at multiple fill levels. Both a baseline configuration and a modified sump featuring a containment “doghouse” were examined. Results obtained from the kickoff maneuver show complete uncovering of the pickup tube in the baseline design, leading to unstable lubrication. The first doghouse design only delayed pickup tube uncovering briefly, as oil pooled at the rear
Jia, Kun, Rahman, Ashique, Pandey, Ashutosh
Meeting the Challenges of PHEVs/REEVs Lubrication: Insights from Comprehensive On-Road Fleet Tests2026-01-0354To be published on 04/07/2026
Driven by increasingly stringent emissions regulations, rapid advancements in electrification technologies, and rising consumer demand for fuel-efficient and environmentally sustainable mobility, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Range-Extended Electric Vehicles (REEVs) have seen substantial growth in global automotive market. These hybrid architectures integrate electric propulsion with internal combustion engines (ICEs), offering extended driving range and operational flexibility. However, the evolution of hybrid powertrain systems introduces distinct operating characteristics—such as frequent engine start-stop events, reduced average engine loads, and extended oil drain intervals—that diverge significantly from conventional ICE vehicle usage profiles. These changes present new challenges for engine lubricants, which must maintain performance under intermittent engine operation, increased exposure to water and fuel, and fluctuating thermal and environmental conditions
Zhang, Ruifeng, Andrew, Rhiann, Hu, Gang, Lim, Pei Yi, Lu, Hongjie, Moizan, Simon
Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends2026-01-0357To be published on 04/07/2026
Natural gas (NG) is a domestically abundant, low-cost fuel with the potential to displace gasoline and diesel fuel in commercial and off-road vehicles. NG engines typically produce lower engine-out pollutant emissions, such as NOx, CO and particulate matter, which could simplify emission control systems. Blending NG with hydrogen (H₂) can improve engine performance and increase combustion efficiency to further reduce engine-out emissions. Additionally, the presence of H2 in the exhaust stream may also facilitate the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane
Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh
Experimental Evaluation of After-treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to meet future CNVII Regulations2026-01-0376To be published on 04/07/2026
The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe NOx and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally, PN emissions from natural
Jiahui, Gao, Marc C, Besch, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye
A novel chemical clustering approach for the acceleration of 3D CFD simulations of internal combustion engines with complex fuels2026-01-0495To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurate fuel chemistry modelling is critical for internal combustion engine (ICE) simulations, especially when assessing fuel composition effects, preferential evaporation, and emissions. This need grows with the increasing use of e-fuels and blends with conventional fuels. While detailed chemical kinetics offers high fidelity, computational cost often limits its practical application. This paper introduces an extended chemical kinetics clustering approach to accelerate complex fuel simulations in 3D CFD. Building on a previously published method, the approach targets multi-component fuels with strong local inhomogeneities. By grouping cells with similar thermochemical states during source term evaluation, redundant calculations are reduced. The method is robust for a wide range of fuels, from simple surrogates to complex gasoline blends. Benchmark results and an evaluation of the clustering strategy are presented for a direct injection gasoline engine. Simulations are performed using
Hernandez, Ignacio, Turquand d Auzay, Charles, Shapiro, Evgeniy, Shala, Mehmet, Borg, Anders, Seidel, Lars, MAUSS, Fabian, Brandes-Grote, Kerstin
Enabling Sustainable E-Mobility: An Edge–Cloud Collaborative Framework for Lifecycle Health Management of Electric Vehicle Batteries2026-01-0460To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, uncertainty regarding battery degradation remains a significant obstacle, hindering vehicle energy efficiency, operational safety, and the recovery of end-of-life value. Accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are therefore critical for sustainable vehicle lifecycle management. This study proposes an edge–cloud collaborative intelligent framework for in-vehicle deployment that leverages a Transformer-based architecture to jointly model SOH and RUL. The cloud-side model retains the full configuration to capture long-term degradation trajectories for high-accuracy RUL prediction. A lightweight edge-side model, engineered via pruning and knowledge distillation, delivers millisecond-level inference for real-time SOH estimation onboard the vehicle. To ensure efficiency, only four core health indicators are
Gao, Weimin, Lv, Zhilong, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
A Dataset for Visual Classification of Buldging Pouch Battery Cells2026-01-0393To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid advancement of lithium-ion battery technologies, particularly pouch cells, has driven significant growth in electric vehicles, mobile devices, and renewable energy storage. However, pouch cells are especially susceptible to mechanical deformation and failure, including bulging caused by internal gas formation—a common indicator of cell aging or imminent failure. In this study, we developed a dataset of bulging pouch battery cells to support real-time diagnostics and safety monitoring in industrial and laboratory environments.
Alkawasmie, Mohammad, Farooqui, Saad, Algalham, Dheya, Rahman, Mahfilur, Challa, Karthikeya, Maxim, Bruce, Shen, Jie
Study on the Regulation of the Three-Phase Microenvironment in Low-Platinum MEA2026-01-0443To be published on 04/07/2026
With the growth of energy demand, fuel cells as efficient and clean energy devices, have attracted increasing attention. However, the high cost of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) restricts their large-scale application. Therefore, reducing the platinum usage and improving performance have become key research point. In this work, MEA was prepared and excellent performance of 1.52 W·cm-2 was achieved at a low platinum loading. The influence of different ionomer/carbon (I/C) ratio on the performance of fuel cells was systematically investigated. It was found that the performance of the MEA was the highest when the I/C ratio is 0.6. Quantifying hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of catalyst layers with varying ionomer contents revealed that the proton conduction efficiency is optimal when the I/C ratio is 0.6. This balance established efficient proton conduction pathways, from the results of proton conduction impedance testing. SEM analysis demonstrated that pore structure
Li, Xin, Cai, Xin, Lin, Rui
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-0331To be published on 04/07/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to low-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study investigates the combined influence of spark plug location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty Volvo Diesel engine modified to operate in a spark-ignited mode with hydrogen fuel at low compression ratio under different load conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry, including diffusive-thermal effects, were conducted to evaluate flame development, combustion efficiency, and heat release under different loads. Model validation against combustion behavior and jet characteristics from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector is also presented. The results demonstrate that
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
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