Browse Topic: Fuels and Energy Sources

Items (36,929)

Model-Based Design and Energy Management of an Aeronautical Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

2025-01-0150To be published on 05/02/2025

The growing demand for air transport requires efficient and sustainable power systems to meet the pressing need for decarbonizing the sector. A hybrid unit, consisting of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and a lithium-ion battery, is a suitable option due to the benefits of reduced gravimetric and volumetric impacts, along with the flexibility of energy management strategies. This work addresses, using a model-based approach, the issue of integrating these electrochemical devices into the aircraft’s electrical architecture, considering both design and energy management aspects. Two scenarios are explored to match the DC bus line voltage requirements. In the first, the fuel cell system nominal power is kept constant, while the number of DC/DC converters operating in parallel is assessed by constructing bi-dimensional maps derived from literature. These maps relate the converter’s maximum deliverable power to the input and desired output voltage. The second scenario introduces

Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Napolitano, Ciro

Designing and Controlling a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Propelling a Turboprop Aircraft

2025-01-0151To be published on 05/02/2025

In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfill the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system

De Donato, Angelo, Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Musto, Carmine

Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Aero Electric Engine System

2025-01-0146To be published on 05/02/2025

The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting wires have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this

Oyori, Hitoshi, Sakurai, Sho, Kusase, Shin, Yoshida, Yukihiro, Yoshinaga, Seiichiro, Nose, Hiroyuki, Amemiya, Naoyuki

Experiment Characterization and Simulation Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery in Different Ambient Conditions

2025-01-5028

To be published on 04/15/2025

A great number of performances of an electric vehicle such as driving range, powering performance, and the like are affected by its configured batteries. Having a good grasp of the electrical and thermal behavior of the battery before the detailed design stage is indispensable. This paper introduces an experiment characterization method of a lithium-ion battery with a coolant system from cell level to pack level in different ambient conditions. Corresponding cell and pack simulation models established in AMESim that aimed to capture the electrical and thermal features of the battery were also illustrated, respectively. First, the capacity test and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test were conducted in a thermotank to acquire basic data about the battery cell. Next, based on acquired data, first-order equivalent circuit model (1C-ECM) was built for the battery cell and further combined with environmental boundary conditions to check the simulation accuracy. Then, hybrid

Zhou, Shuai, Liu, Huaiju, Yu, Huili, Yan, Xu, Yan, Junjie

Predictive Battery Thermal Management System Control Strategy and Simulation in Electric Vehicle

2025-01-5027

04/03/2025

With the global issue of fossil fuel scarcity and the greenhouse effect, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has surged recently. At that stage, because of the constraints of the energy density and battery performance degradation in low-temperature conditions, the mileage of EVs has been criticized. To guarantee battery performance, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is applied to ensure battery operates in a suitable temperature range. Currently, in the industry, a settled temperature interval is set as criteria of positive thermal management activation, which is robust but leads to energy waste. BTMS has a kilowatt-level power usage under high- and low-temperature environments. Optimizing the BTMS control strategy becomes a potential solution to reduce energy consumption and overcome mileage issues. An appropriate system simulation model provides an effective tool to evaluate different BTMS control strategies. In this study, a predictive BTMS control strategy, which adjusts

Huang, Zhipei, Chen, Jiangbo, Tang, Hai

Optimization of the Numerical Spray Modeling for Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers for Combustion Prediction in CONVERGE

2025-01-5026

04/03/2025

Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break

Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

Use of Methanol in a High-Power Density Generator

13-06-03-0021

04/02/2025

Increasing global pressure to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions has inspired a transition from conventional petroleum-fueled internal combustion engines to alternative powertrains, including battery electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids. Hybrids offer a promising solution for emissions reduction by addressing the limitations of pure EVs such as slow recharge and range anxiety. In a previous research endeavor, a prototype high-power density generator was meticulously designed, fabricated, and subjected to testing. This generator incorporated a compact permanent magnet brushless dynamo and a diminutive single-cylinder two-stroke engine with low-technology constructions. This prototype generated 8.5 kW of electrical power while maintaining a lightweight profile at 21 kg. This study investigates the performance and emissions reduction potential by adapting the prototype to operate on methanol fuel. Performance and emissions were experimentally evaluated under varying operating conditions

Gore, Matt, Nonavinakere Vinod, Kaushik, Fang, Tiegang

Characterization of Dimethyl Ether (DME) Spray Using ECN Spray D Under Engine-Relevant Conditions

2025-01-8457

04/01/2025

This research experimentally investigates the spray vaporization of high-pressure dimethyl ether (DME) using a single-hole research injector focusing on nominal operating conditions from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). DME is a synthetic alternative to diesel fuel, offering both high reactivity and potential reductions in particulate emissions. Because DME only features half of the energy density of diesel fuel, a specifically designed fuel system with a high mass flow rate to meet the energy delivery requirements is needed. The unique physical properties of DME, including higher vapor pressure and lower viscosity, introduce challenges like cavitation and unique evaporation characteristics that deviate from typical diesel fuel. These features are likely to lead to differences in fuel mixing and combustion. This study aims to provide detailed experimental data on DME spray characteristics under engine-like conditions, helping the development of predictive CFD models for optimal

Yi, Junghwa, Wan, Kevin, Pickett, Lyle, Manin, Julien

Modal Analysis Approach for Analysis and Design of Vehicle Transient Behavior

2025-01-8794

04/01/2025

In order to manage the serious global environmental problems, the automobile industry is rapidly shifting to electric vehicles (EVs) which have a heavier weight and a more rearward weight distribution. To secure the handling and stability of such vehicles, understanding of the fundamental principles of vehicle dynamics is inevitable for designing their performance. Although vehicle dynamics primarily concerns planar motion, the accompanying roll motion also influences this planar motion as well as the driver's subjective evaluation. This roll motion has long been discussed through various parameter studies, and so on. However, there is very few research that treats vehicle sprung mass behavior as “vibration modes”, and this perspective has long been an unexplored area of vehicle dynamics. In this report, we propose a method to analytically extract the vibration modes of the sprung mass by applying modal analysis techniques to the governing equations of vehicle handling and stability

Kusaka, Kaoru, Yuhara, Takahiro

Research on Motor Harmonic Injection Control in Hybrid System to Suppress the Torsional Vibration

2025-01-8515

04/01/2025

Based on the harmonic current injection method used to suppress the torsional vibration of the electric drive system, the selection of the phase and amplitude of the harmonic current based on vibration and noise has been explored in this paper. Through the adoption of the active harmonic current injection method, additional torque fluctuations are generated by actively injecting harmonic currents of specific amplitudes and phases, and closed-loop control is carried out to counteract the torque fluctuations of the motor body. The selection of the magnitude of the injected harmonic current is crucial and plays a vital role in the reduction of torque ripple. Incorrect harmonic currents may not achieve the optimal torque ripple suppression effect or even increase the motor torque ripple. Since the actively injected harmonic current is used to counteract the torque ripple caused by the magnetic flux linkage harmonics of the motor body, the target harmonic current command is very important

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing

Methodology for the Design Optimization of PEM Fuel Cells

2025-01-8555

04/01/2025

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) recently received a relevant interest as an electric power generation technology in Fuel Cells Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors as a complement to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). However, the massive requirements of power and durability indicate the urgent need to develop higher-than-ever power density designs with minimum internal gradients to mitigate degradation, discarding sub-optimal designs since the early design stage. Starting from the outcomes of a first study, confirming that for industry-relevant PEMFCs the parallel channel flow field was the only archetype able to minimize jointly pressure losses and limiting super-saturation at high current density, still several degrees of freedom exist for the cell designer. In this study, the research of the optimal PEMFC design is fine-tuned using a CAE-guided design process. Candidate solutions are explored using an optimization software and solving for

Rossi, Edoardo, Croci, Federico, Martoccia, Lorenzo, Cicalese, Giuseppe, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Data-driven Modeling and Control Framework for Multi-Fuel Compression-Ignition Engines

2025-01-8349

04/01/2025

Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained much attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which, in turn, dictates the controller’s performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive

Govind Raju, Sathya Aswath, Sun, Zongxuan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Health and Condition Monitoring Tool for Real-Time and on-Board Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cell in Heavy Duty Vehicles

2025-01-8556

04/01/2025

The deployment of PEM fuel cell systems is becoming an increasingly pivotal aspect of the electrification of the transport sector, particularly in the context of heavy-duty vehicles. One of the principal constraints to market penetration is durability of the fuel cell which hardly meets the expected targets set by the vehicle manufacturers and regulatory bodies. Over the years, researchers and companies have faced the challenge of developing reliable diagnostic and condition monitoring tools to prevent early degradation and efficiency losses of fuel cell stack. The diagnostic tools for fuel cell rely usually on model-based, data driven and hybrid approaches. Most of these are mainly developed for stationary and offline applications, with a lack of suitable methods for real-time and vehicle applications. The work presented is divided into two parts: the first part explores the main degradation conditions for a PEMFC and characteristics, advantages, and application limits of the main

Di Napoli, Luca, Mazzeo, Francesco

Assessing the Impact of Mirror Technology on Driver Perception and Safety: Traditional vs. Camera-Based Systems

2025-01-8664

04/01/2025

Camera-based mirror systems (CBMS) are being adopted by commercial fleets based on the potential improvements to operational efficiency through improved aerodynamics, resulting in better fuel economy, improved maneuverability, and the potential improvement for overall safety. Until CBMS are widely adopted it will be expected that drivers will be required to adapt to both conventional glass mirrors and CBMS which could have potential impact on the safety and performance of the driver when moving between vehicles with and without CBMS. To understand the potential impact to driver perception and safety, along with other human factors related to CBMS, laboratory testing was performed to understand the impact of CBMS and conventional glass mirrors. Drivers were subjected to various, nominal driving scenarios using a truck equipped with conventional glass mirrors, CBMS, and both glass mirrors and CBMS, to observe the differences in metrics such as head and eye movement, reaction time, and

Siekmann, Adam, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Sujan, Vivek

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206

04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the electric Lubrication Oil Pump (eLOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed eLOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the Digital Twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's lifecycle. The

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

Development of Prediction Model for Vehicle Road Load Using Machine Learning

2025-01-8258

04/01/2025

In the modern automotive industry, improving fuel efficiency while reducing carbon emissions is a critical challenge. To address this challenge, accurately measuring a vehicle’s road load is essential. The current methodology, widely adopted by national guidelines, follows the coastdown test procedure. However, coastdown tests are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, which can lead to inconsistencies across test runs. Previous studies have mainly focused on the impact of independent variables on coastdown results, with less emphasis on a data-driven approach due to the difficulty of obtaining large volumes of test data in a short period, both in terms of time and cost. This paper presents a road load energy prediction model for vehicles using the XGBoost machine learning technique, demonstrating its ability to predict road load coefficients. The model features 27 factors, including rolling, aerodynamic, inertial resistance, and various atmospheric conditions, gathered from a

Song, Hyunseung, Lee, Dong Hyuk, Chung, Hyun

Fundamental Science on Oxygen Storage Capacity of Cerium Complex Oxides for Advanced On-Board Diagnostics (1) Kinetic Observation of Cerium Valence Change Using Synchrotron Radiation

2025-01-8474

04/01/2025

On-board diagnosis (OBD) of gasoline vehicle emissions is detected by measuring the fluctuations of the rear oxygen sensor due to the time-dependent deterioration of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) contained in the automotive catalyst materials. To detect OBD in various driving modes of automobiles with an order of magnitude higher accuracy than before, it is essential to understand the OSC mechanism based on fundamental science. In this study, time-resolved dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) using synchrotron radiation was used to carry out a detailed analysis not only of the OSC of ceria-based complex oxides, which had previously been roughly understood, but also of how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metals, reducing gases (CO and H2), detection temperatures, and mileages (degree of deteriorations) affect the OSC rate in a fluctuating redox atmosphere. A fundamental characteristic was clearly demonstrated in ceria-based complex oxides

Tanaka, Hirohisa, Matsumura, Daiju, Uegaki, Shinya, Hamada, Shota, Aotani, Takuro, Kamezawa, Saeka, Nakamoto, Masami, Asai, Shingo, Mizuno, Tomohisa, Takamura, Riku, Goto, Takashi

Research on the Thermal Balance Test Method of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8153

04/01/2025

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are gaining increasing interest due to contributions to zero emissions and carbon neutrality. Thermal management of FCEVs is essential for fuel cell lifespan and vehicle driving performance, but there is a lack of specialized thermal balance test standards for FCEVs. Considering differences in heat generating mechanism between FCEVs and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), current thermal balance method for ICEVs should be amended to suit for FCHVs. This study discussed thermal balance performance of ICEV and FCHVs under various regulated test conditions based on thermal balance tests in wind tunnel of two FCEVs and an ICEV. FCEVs reported overheat risk during low-speed climbing test due to continuous large power output from fuel cell (FC). Frequent power source switches between FC and battery were observed under dual constrains of fuel cell temperature and battery state of charge (SOC). Significant temperature exceedance of ICEV occurred

Fang, Yanhua, Min, Yihang, Ming, Chen, Li, Hongtao, Li, Dongsheng, He, Chong, Mao, Zhifei

Initial Assessment of Component Sizing and Power-Split for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks

2025-01-8550

04/01/2025

This work presents a computationally inexpensive but effective method for an initial assessment of component sizing and power-split for fuel cell hybrid electric heavy-duty trucks. As a first step, the proposed method employs a prototypical longitudinal vehicle model to generate power demand at every instant of a representative drive cycle. Subsequently, six fuel cell and battery sizing combinations, each providing a peak continuous system power of 400 kW, are identified based on drive cycle power demands, commercially available fuel cell sizes, and Department of Energy (DOE) sizing targets. Ultimately, for each sizing combination, a proportional-integral (PI) controller with anti-windup is implemented to split power between the fuel cell and battery. In this study, the controller is tuned to reduce hydrogen consumption while meeting the instantaneous power demand and maintaining the battery state-of-charge (SOC) between 0.3 and 0.7. The results indicate that increasing the fuel cell

Mandviwala, Ali, Yesilyurt, Serhat, Stefanopoulou, Anna

Investigation of Dimethyl Ether Injection Profiles in High-Pressure Direct Injection System

2025-01-8464

04/01/2025

The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or

Cong, Binghao, Leblanc, Simon, Tjong, Jimi, Ting, David, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming

Improving Modal Frequencies in Class 5 Truck Fuel Cell Tank Structure through Topology Optimization

2025-01-8648

04/01/2025

In addition to electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell systems are gaining attention as energy-efficient propulsion options. However, designing fuel cell vehicles presents unique challenges, particularly in terms of storage systems for heavy hydrogen tanks. These challenges impact factors such as NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and safety performance. This study presents a topology optimization study for Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) tank structure in Class 5 trucks, with a focus on enhancing the modal frequencies. The study considers a specific truck configuration with a HESS structure located behind the crew cab, consisting of two horizontally stacked hydrogen tanks and two tanks attached on both sides of the frame. The optimization process aimed to meet the modal targets of this hydrogen tank structure in the fore-aft (X) and lateral (Y) directions, while considering other load cases such as a simplified representation of GST (global static torsion), simplified

Yoo, Dong Yeon, Chavare, Sudeep, Viswanathan, Sankar, Mouyianis, Adam

Supervisory Control System Development for a Toyota Mirai FCEV

2025-01-8586

04/01/2025

The performance of a second-generation Toyota Mirai fuel cell was characterized as part of the SwRI internal research program. This data was used to develop a supervisory controller scheme designed to balance the plant for the fuel cell system during steady-state and transient vehicle conditions. This was accomplished using a Supervisory Integrated Controller (SIC) implemented on a Real-time Power Electronics Control System (RPECS) with a Simulink-based control algorithm. The actuators of interest are the three hydrogen injectors at anode inlet, air compressor and three air side valves on at the cathode inlet. The FC power measurement and pressure sensor readings at the anode and cathode were utilized as real-time feedback for the controller operation. The aim of the controller was to achieve and maintain the power target set by the hybrid powertrain ECU present on the vehicle, which is responsible for balancing power on the fuel cell and battery over the high-voltage bus. These

Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Kubesh, Matthew, Legala, Adithya

Enhancement in Cabin Comfort and Overall Energy Utilization of an Electric Reverse Trike Car by Optimizing the System Layout

2025-01-8150

04/01/2025

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), driven by stricter emissions norms, is transforming both urban and rural mobility. However, significant challenges remain, particularly concerning the charging infrastructure and battery technology. The limited availability of charging stations and the reliance on current high-energy-density cells restrict the overall effectiveness of the e-mobility ecosystem. These constraints lead to shorter vehicle ranges and longer charging times, contributing to range anxiety—one of the most critical barriers to widespread EV adoption. Adding to these challenges, auxiliary systems, especially air-conditioning (AC) systems, significantly impact energy consumption. Among all auxiliary systems, the AC system is the most energy-intensive, often exacerbating range anxiety by reducing the distance an EV can travel on a single charge. Hence, it is essential to focus on enhancing the efficiency of AC systems. This involves redefining and optimizing system

Sen, Somnath, Jadhav, Yash, Singh, Karamjeet, Sorte, Swapnil, Anwar, Md Tahir

Modular Dynamometer Testing Framework to Evaluate Energy Impacts of Longitudinal Automated Driving Systems

2025-01-8065

04/01/2025

As longitudinal Automated Driving System (ADS) technologies, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), become more prevalent, robust testing frameworks that encompass both simulation and vehicle-in-the-loop (VIL) methodologies are essential to ensure system reliability, safety, and performance refinement. Although significant research has focused on ACC algorithm development and simulation testing, existing VIL dynamometer testing frameworks are typically tailored to specific vehicle models and sensor simulation tools. These highly customized approaches often fail to account for broader interoperability while overlooking energy consumption as a key performance metric. This paper presents a novel modular framework for ACC dynamometer testing, designed to enhance interoperability across a diverse range of vehicle platforms, simulation tools, and dynamometer facilities with a focus on evaluating impacts of automated longitudinal control on the overall energy consumption of the vehicle. The

Goberville, Nicholas, Hamilton, Kayla, Di Russo, Miriam, Jeong, Jongryeol, Das, Debashis, Ord, David, Misra, Priyashraba, Crain, Trevor

Advanced Aftertreatment System Meeting Future HD CNVII Legislation II

2025-01-8478

04/01/2025

With the increasing clarity of the CNVII emission legislation, it is foreseeable that CNVII will further tighten the emission limits of major pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Particulate Number (PN). Together with the implementation of stage IV fuel consumption legislation in July 2025, which requires engine fuel consumption reduction or thermal efficiency improvement, it will lead to further deterioration of its pollutant emissions and reduction of exhaust temperature, posing greater challenges to the After-Treatment System (ATS) in terms of NOx removal, particularly during engine cold start and N2O formation suppression. This study is an extension of our earlier investigation [1], and a novel copper-based corrugated SCR (Full Body-CuSCR, FB-CuSCR) technology was successfully applied. The results based on a modified CNVI medium duty engine indicated excellent dynamic response of the FB-CuSCR technology over cordierite which helped to improve the

Wang, Yan, Fu, Guangxia, Chen, Shuyue, Aberg, Andreas, Jiang, Shuiyan, Zhang, Jun

Effects of Critical Compression Ratio on Rating Gasoline Knock Propensity

2025-01-8451

04/01/2025

It is common practice in the automotive industry to explore the knock limits of fuels on an engine by a comparison of the knock limited spark advance (KLSA) at threshold knock intensity. However, the knock propensity of gasolines can be rated by changing one of three metrics on a variable compression ratio Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) octane rating engine while holding the other two variables constant: knock intensity, spark timing, and critical compression ratio. The operational differences between the standard research octane number (RON) rating and modern engine operation have been explored in three parts. The first part focused on the effects of lambda and knock characterization. The second part studied the effects of spark timing. This third part explores the knock ratings of several gasolines by comparing the critical compression ratios at constant combustion phasing and knock intensity. The threshold knock intensity was based on the standard octane rating D1 pickup or by

Kolodziej, Christopher, Hoth, Alexander

Electro-Thermal Optimal Control for Driver-Centric DC Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8374

04/01/2025

Charging a battery electric vehicle at extreme temperatures can lead to battery deterioration without proper thermal management. To avoid battery degradation, charging current is generally limited at extreme hot and cold battery temperatures. Splitting the wall power between charging and the thermal management system with the aim of minimizing charging time is a challenging problem especially with the strong thermal coupling with the charging current. Existing research focus on formulating the battery thermal management control problem as a minimum charging time optimal control problem. Such control strategy force the driver to charge with minimum time and higher charging cost irrespective of their driving schedule. This paper presents a driver-centric DCFC control framework by formulating the power split between thermal management and charging as an optimal control problem with the goal of improving the wall-to-vehicle energy efficiency. Proposed energy-efficient charging strategy

Gupta, Shobhit, Kang, Jun-Mo, Zhu, Yongjie, Lee, Chunhao, Zanardelli, Wesley

HEV Fuel Consumption Analysis, Including Transmission Losses

2025-01-8535

04/01/2025

A first-order HEV fuel consumption model is developed by solving for the transition between electric drive at low and negative traction power and engine drive and charging at high traction power. Turning the engine on above the ‘breakeven power’ minimizes fuel consumption: indirect electric driving from engine charging is more efficient below it, and direct engine operation above it. This is derived analytically and observed in benchmarking data on different drive cycles. The engine breakeven bmep is a function of engine loss and electric round trip efficiency. The location of the breakeven power on the cumulative traction work vs. time distribution enables the estimation of the engine running time at high traction power levels and of the engine work needed for extended electric driving. The approach is generalized to HEVs with substantial transmission and driveline (T&D) losses, such as the ‘P2’ Rear Wheel Drive (RWD) hybrid vehicles, with a motor sandwiched between the engine and the

Phlips, Patrick

Intebrake 3-D CFD Transient Simulation Studies for Predicting Flow Performance

2025-01-8362

04/01/2025

This paper presents transient, complex, moving mesh, 3-D CFD analysis of an intebrake lubrication oil circuit for predicting flow performance. Intebrake is a mechanism for improving braking performance during over speeding conditions. The mechanism briefly opens the exhaust valve at the end of a compression stroke with a small valve lift and releases the compressed gases, thereby helping in quick application of the brake. There is no fueling during the process and hence, no combustion induced pressure rise which helps in quick application of the brake. During the intebrake operation, opening of the exhaust valve is achieved by using a complex lube oil circuit inside the exhaust rocker lever. The intebrake lube oil circuit consists of various spring-operated valves with micro-sized clearances, high oil pressure generation up to ~ 250 bar, 3-D movement of the mechanism components, and it is a transient operation. The 3-D movement consists of simultaneous rotational and translational

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Ranganathan, Raj

Energy Savings and Range Extension from Aerodynamic Improvements of Emerging Zero-Emission Heavy Vehicle Concepts

2025-01-8787

04/01/2025

An energy-use analysis is presented to examine the potential energy-savings and range-extension benefits of aerodynamic improvements to tractors and trailers used in commercial transportation. The impetus for the study was the observation of aerodynamically-redesigned/optimized tractor shapes of emerging zero-emission commercial vehicles that have the potential for significant drag reduction over conventional aerodynamic tractors. Using wind-tunnel test results, a series of aerodynamic performance models were developed representing a range of tractor and trailer combinations. From modern day-cab and sleeper-cab tractors to aerodynamically-optimized zero-emission cab concepts, paired with standard dry-van trailers or low-drag trailer concepts, the study examines the energy use, and potential savings thereof, from implementing various fleet configurations for different operational duty cycles. An energy-use analysis was implemented to estimate the energy-rate contributions associated

McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh

Influence of Methanol-to-Gasoline Fuel Formulation on Knock Propensity and Flame Speed

2025-01-8400

04/01/2025

Drop-in gasoline fuels that originate from renewable, low-net-carbon sources, such as methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), are an important bridge in the transition between traditional fossil fuels and electrification of the transportation sector. The composition of these fuels can be tuned by adjusting the settings of the chemical processes used to create them, which can be leveraged to formulate optimized fuels for higher knock resistance or higher flame speed. This study investigated how the distribution of hydrocarbon classes and molecular structure of a renewable MTG gasoline surrogate affected knock and flame speed using chemical kinetic modeling. The original MTG surrogate was modified by increasing the relative amount of a certain hydrocarbon class while the concentration of other hydrocarbon classes is reduced equally. Increasing normal- and iso-alkanes increased reactivity and penalized octane sensitivity, olefins increased octane sensitivity while keeping the research octane number

MacDonald, James, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota

A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 1 - Development of Fuel Reformer to Improve Fuel Ignitability

2025-01-8447

04/01/2025

The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles using petroleum-based fuel. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires “Cetane on Demand” technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. It is known that the ignition property of fuel is enhanced when the fuel is oxidized to generate hydroperoxides. Moreover, the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst promotes hydroperoxide generation at low temperatures. The objective of this study is to develop a device that enhances the ignition properties of gasoline through onboard fuel reforming. Initially, from the seven

Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Matsuura, Katsuya, Kudo, Tomohide, Chishima, Hiroshi, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Albashrawi, Reem

A Loss-Based Approach to Controlling the Optimum Power Request of an Energy Provider Such as a Fuel Cell

2025-01-8548

04/01/2025

Optimizing energy providers like fuel cells and engines involves considering various factors, constraints, and requirements. These include NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness), durability, operating point efficiency, and customer expectations. Different energy providers prioritize these factors differently. For instance, NVH is crucial for engines due to customer expectations regarding start-up, sound, and power delivery based on accelerator input. In contrast, fuel cells face fewer constraints but must consider noise from electrical AC compressors and other devices, especially at lower vehicle speeds. However, operating point efficiency and durability are paramount for fuel cells, as they are expected to last as long as engines in conventional vehicles sold today. This paper proposes a holistic approach that begins at the vehicle or powertrain architecture level and designs an operating strategy that integrates all the aforementioned factors to enhance the operation of a fuel cell

Patel, Nadirsh, Kudupley, Harshal

On the Potentially Misleading Evaluation of CO ₂ Emissions for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8537

04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Energy-Efficient Maneuvering of Connected and Automated Vehicles: NEXTCAR Phase II Results

2025-01-8385

04/01/2025

Onboard sensing and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity enhance a vehicle's situational awareness beyond direct line-of-sight scenarios. A team led by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) demonstrated 20% energy savings by leveraging these information streams on a 2017 Prius Prime as part of the first phase of the ARPA-E-funded NEXTCAR program. Combining this technology with automation can improve vehicle safety and enhance energy efficiency further. In the second phase, SwRI demonstrated 30% energy savings over the baseline. This paper summarizes the efforts to achieve 30% savings on a 2021 Honda Clarity PHEV. The vehicle was outfitted with the SwRI Ranger automated driving suite for perception and localization. Model-based control schemes with selective interrupt and control (SIC) were used to override stock vehicle controls and actuate the accelerator, brake, and electric power steering system, enabling drive-by-wire and steer-by-wire functionalities. Key algorithms contributing

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Hotz, Scott, Rajakumar Deshpande, Shreshta, Rengarajan, Sankar, Adsule, Kartik, Drallmeier, Joseph, D'Souza, Daniel, Alden, Joshua, Bhattacharjya, Shuvodeep

The Impact of GCI Engines on Long-haul Trucks in the US and China

2025-01-8396

04/01/2025

This study evaluates the impacts of the gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine on heavy duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects such as vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownerships costs, and how they influence the implementation and impact of new technologies in these markets. By considering a wide variety of drive cycles, including standard regulatory cycles and real-world cycles, the study aims to identify the impact of varying degrees of powertrain electrification using diesel and GCI engines on fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, this paper explores the viability of powertrain electrification in long-haul trucks by analyzing factors such as levelized cost of driving (LCOD), manufacturing costs, and energy costs. These considerations play a crucial role in determining the economic feasibility and attractiveness of electrification technologies in various driving scenarios and market

Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin

Combustion and Emission Performance from the Use of Acid-Catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8445

04/01/2025

Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel, the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and compared to a pure diesel

Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532

04/01/2025

In recent years, the stronger push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has challenged vehicle manufacturers globally. In USA, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles released by EPA in April 2023 aims to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032 from 2026 levels. It also includes the NMOG+ NOx standards, which require a 60 – 76% reduction by 2032 from 2026 levels for light to medium-duty vehicles. Europe also aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Development of the Tour Split-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8394

04/01/2025

The Tour engine is a novel split-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) that divides the four-stroke Otto cycle of a conventional ICE between two separate cylinders, an intake and compression cylinder and a second expansion and exhaust cylinder, interconnected by an innovative charge transfer mechanism. The engine working fluid, air and fuel, is inducted into the engine and compressed by a dedicated compression cylinder, transferred with minimal pressure loss via an input port to a specifically designed combined spool shuttle transfer mechanism and combustion chamber. It is then ignited and then transferred from the combustion chamber via an exit port to a separate expansion cylinder where it is expanded and exhausted from the engine. The primary advantage of the Tour engine is that it provides the engineering freedom to independently design, control and optimize the compression, combustion, and expansion processes within a slider-crank piston engine. By decoupling the compression

Tour, Oded, Cho, Kukwon, Hofman, Yehoram, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Morris, Daniel, Wahl, Michael, Bhanage, Pratik, Sivan, Ehud, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo

Meteorological Aspects of the Operational Design Domain – Enhancing Road and Rail Safety and Efficiency through Integrated Wind, Weather, and Motion Sensing Technology

2025-01-8100

04/01/2025

As automotive technology advances, the need for comprehensive environmental awareness becomes increasingly critical for vehicle safety and efficiency. This study introduces a novel integrated wind, weather, and motion sensor designed for moving objects, with a focus on automotive applications. The sensor’s potential to enhance vehicle performance by providing real-time data on local atmospheric conditions is investigated. The research employs a combination of sensor design, vehicle integration, and field-testing methodologies. Findings prove the sensor’s capability to accurately capture dynamic environmental parameters, including wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity. The integration of this sensor system shows promise in improving vehicle stability, optimizing fuel efficiency through adaptive aerodynamics, and enhancing the performance of autonomous driving systems. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of this technology in contributing to connected vehicle

Feichtinger, Christoph Simon

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483

04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved Via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480

04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

Modeling and Simulation Analysis of an Electric Vehicle in Normal and Hot Ambient Conditions: Energy Consumption and Driving Range

2025-01-8151

04/01/2025

With better performance and usage of clean and renewable energy, electric vehicles have ushered in more and more consumers’ favor nowadays. However, insufficient driving range especially in hot and cold ambient conditions still greatly restricts the extensive application of electric vehicles. This paper presents a methodology of establishing multi-discipline coupled full vehicle model in AMESim to investigate the energy consumption and driving range of an electric vehicle in normal and hot ambient conditions. Full vehicle energy consumption test was carried out in the climate chamber to check the accuracy of simulation results. Firstly, basic framework of the full vehicle model established in AMESim was introduced. Next, modeling details of sub-systems including vehicle dynamic system, electrical system, coolant circuit system, air-conditioning system and control strategy were illustrated. Then, full vehicle energy consumption tests were carried out in 23°C and 38°C ambient conditions

Zhou, Shuai, Liu, Huaiju, Yu, Huili, Yan, Xu, Yan, Junjie

Investigation on the Effects of Fuel Injection Systems on Evaporation for a Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Ethanol Engine and Comparison with Methane

2025-01-8433

04/01/2025

Since the obvious difficulties in realizing a lightweight long-range full electric powertrain, Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are still the most suitable solution for heavy-duty mobility. In a fossil fuel free scenario, bioethanol is one of the most interesting alternative fuels. Its high-octane number, high latent heat of vaporization and high laminar flame speed guarantee high performance with reduced pollutant emissions compared to other Spark Ignition (SI) engine fuels. However, ethanol evaporation and corrosivity represent quite serious challenges. This work aims at investigating the actual performance of a heavy-duty turbocharged SI ICE fueled with ethanol at full load and different engine speeds. A 1-D numerical model that includes fuel evaporation sub-models was developed in order to evaluate the engine performance, ensuring ethanol evaporation in each operating condition. The 1-D numerical model was validated through an experimental campaign carried out with the above

Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa

Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector

2025-01-8539

04/01/2025

Marine ports are an important source of emissions in many urban areas, and many ports are implementing plans to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases using zero-emission cargo handling equipment. This paper evaluates the performance and activity profiles for various zero-emission (ZE) cargo transport equipment being demonstrated at different ports in California. This included 23 battery-electric (BE) 8,000 lb. (8K) and 36,000 lb. (36K) forklifts, a BE railcar mover, and an electrified rubber-tired gantry crane (eRTG). The study focused on evaluating the performance of the ZE equipment in terms of activity patterns and the potential emissions reductions. Data loggers were used to collect activity data, including hours of use, energy consumption, and charging information over periods from 6 to 21 months. The results showed that the BE forklifts, BE railcar mover, and the eRTG averaged 2-3 hours, 5 hours, and 14 hours of use per day of operation, respectively. The average energy use for

Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, Makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Thomas, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, Alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela

Platform Development of Fuel Cell Air Compressors

2025-01-8547

04/01/2025

Hydrogen fuel cell is one of paths to achieve carbon neutrality transportation. In the last two decades, significant improvements have been made in compactness, efficiency and durability of fuel cell systems. For heavy duty truck applications, a life span similar to heavy duty diesel engines is required. As a critical component in the fuel cell system, air compressors play an important role to meet fuel cell systems’ high efficiency and durability requirements. In this paper, a holistic approach has been taken to develop a series of airfoil bearing centrifugal compressors for a wide range of applications from forklift, passenger vehicles to commercial vehicles, and achieve high efficiency and durability of one million start-stops. In the new platform development, cooling circuit was optimized so that the external cooling air circuit for the rotor and air bearings is no longer needed, which resulted in 4% efficiency improvement. Hollow rotor structure was adopted to achieve lightweight

Wang, Qianzhen, Yuan, Xixin, Tao, Zhang, Feng, Jin Zeng, Wang, Juan, Xiao, Yong, Zhou, Lei, Xin, Jun

Effects of Cell Design Improvement on an Automotive PEMFC System

2025-01-8549

04/01/2025

The need for clean mobility launched multiple research directions in the powertrain field. While initially the battery electric vehicle (BEV) seemed the universal solution, the succession of pandemic emergencies and the resulting energetic crisis have defined a new scenario based on the multi-energy approach. One of the most promising technologies is the use of hydrogen in a fuel cell to generate electricity. This type of electric vehicle guarantees a shorter refueling time and a longer driving range than the battery electric one, becoming an enabling solution for long-haul or high-energy applications. In this study a combined 3D-CFD and 0D system analysis of an automotive Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and system was carried out to provide a multi-scale analysis. In the first part, starting from a conventional parallel channel flow field configuration, the use of an optimization tool coupled with 3D-CFD simulations allowed to identify the optimal configuration in terms of

Martoccia, Lorenzo, Antetomaso, Christian, Merola, Simona, Marra, Carmine, Breda, Sebastiano, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Effects of Intake and Exhaust Continuously Variable Valve Duration on Fuel Consumption and Emission Characteristics in Engine and Vehicle Tests

2025-01-8437

04/01/2025

An experimental study was conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with both intake and exhaust continuously variable valve duration (CVVD). Due to CVVD and continuous variable valve timing (CVVT), valve closing and opening timings of both intake and exhaust sides became decoupled, so that four valve timings (opening and closing timings of intake as well as exhaust sides) can be optimized under each engine condition. Theses independent valve timings allowed reductions of fuel consumption as well as particle number (PN) and stoichiometry combustion under full-load condition without compromise of performance. In addition, to reduce raw gaseous emissions and shorten light-off time of catalyst under catalyst heating condition, various valve timings were tested in the engine test bench. As results, nitrogen oxides (NOx) – total hydrocarbon (THC) trade-off relation was relieved by optimal valve timings including negative valve overlap duration compared to the base engine. As the last

Jung, Jinyoung, Han, Sangyeon, Park, Sangjae, Kwon, Ki Young, Son, Yousang, Kim, Back-Sik, Kim, Youngnam

Research on the Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Reduced Rotor Stack Length in Hybrid System

2025-01-8563

04/01/2025

The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Yu, Pengfei, Liu, Yiqiang, Chen, Yingchao, Dai, Zhengxing

Smart Boosting: A Control Strategy for Optimized Energy Management with Boost Converter in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8580

04/01/2025

In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring

Basutkar, Ameya, Huo, Shichao, Sullivan, Claire, Berger, Daniel, Tischendorf, Christoph

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