Browse Topic: Fuels and Energy Sources

Items (37,257)

From LLM to Deep Learning: Efficient Simulation of Last-Mile Energy Behavior in Campus Communities

2026-01-0461To be published on 04/07/2026

Communities are critical nodes in the urban energy network, integrating energy, transportation, and building systems to enhance overall energy efficiency. Accurate management of these systems depends on characterizing individual energy-demand behaviors. However, traditional last-mile behavioral models often fail to capture the complex and non-linear nature of human decision-making, creating a need for advanced simulation techniques. Although agent-based simulations powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy across diverse domains, their substantial computational demands—specifically in terms of token consumption—pose pronounced constraints in large-scale simulations involving tens of thousands of agents, considerably limiting their practical applicability. To address this challenge, a deep learning-based approach is proposed for single-step prediction of last-mile behavior. A hybrid architecture, consisting of an MLP encoder and a Transformer

Yang, Zhifeng, Chen, Yongjian, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Enabling Sustainable E-Mobility: An Edge–Cloud Collaborative Framework for Battery Lifecycle Health Management in Electric Vehicles

2026-01-0460To be published on 04/07/2026

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, uncertainty regarding battery degradation remains a significant obstacle, hindering vehicle energy efficiency, operational safety, and the recovery of end-of-life value. Accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are therefore critical for sustainable vehicle lifecycle management. This study proposes an edge–cloud collaborative intelligent framework for in-vehicle deployment that leverages a Transformer-based architecture to jointly model SOH and RUL. The cloud-side model retains the full configuration to capture long-term degradation trajectories for high-accuracy RUL prediction. A lightweight edge-side model, engineered via pruning and knowledge distillation, delivers millisecond-level inference for real-time SOH estimation onboard the vehicle. To ensure efficiency, only four core health indicators are

Gao, Weimin, Lv, Zhilong, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highways

2026-01-0615To be published on 04/07/2026

This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study[1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the CD yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence frequency. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course[2]. The driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw frequency and CD yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw frequency varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weight the road environment type frequency when calculating the driving energy. The frequency was calculated using machine

Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt

Energy-Aware Traffic Signal Optimization for Sustainable Urban Networks Using Valid Action Policies

2026-01-0462To be published on 04/07/2026

Optimizing signal control across urban networks is crucial for reducing energy consumption and improving traffic efficiency. Advances in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies have enabled deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to demonstrate significant promise in traffic signal control. However, many existing studies focus primarily on agent performance while neglecting practical operational constraints, which can lead to fairness issues in traffic control. Moreover, prior work often treats energy optimization as a by-product of efficiency. To address these gaps, this study proposes a multi-agent DRL framework to mitigate peak-hour congestion and reduce excessive emissions in urban networks. Building on this framework, a variant of Independent Proximal Policy Optimization (IPPO), termed Global State Independent PPO (GS-IPPO), is developed to enhance IPPO's coordination capability. To further improve practical applicability and fairness, this study incorporates constraints imposed by the

Qian, Wangrui, Jiang, Shuyan, Qi, Hao, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

A System-Level Calibration Framework for Embedded Vision: Integration of Sensor, Firmware, and Software Enhancements

2026-01-0013To be published on 04/07/2026

Embedded vision systems are essential for contemporary applications, including robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent surveillance; yet they frequently experience diminished image quality due to resource constraints, environmental variability, and inconsistent illumination conditions. Such degradations impact multiple visual attributes-sharpness, contrast, color accuracy, noise levels, and structural similarity-that are critical for reliable perception in safety- and performance-driven domains. This study introduces a comprehensive system-level calibration architecture that integrates three coordinated layers: sensor-level adjustment, firmware optimization, and adaptive software enhancements. At the sensor level, exposure control, gain tuning, and white balance adjustments mitigate luminance imbalance and color shifts under changing light conditions. Firmware optimization leverages image signal processor (ISP) parameters to reduce temporal and spatial

Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar, Vishnoi, Nitin, Kamadi, Venkata

Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Drizzling-Based Evaporative Cooling for Enhanced Thermal Management of FCEV Stack

2026-01-0115To be published on 04/07/2026

In response to increasingly stringent global emissions regulations, including Euro 7, the automotive industry is intensifying its focus on eco-friendly propulsion systems. Among them, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have emerged as a promising alternative in the commercial transport sector, offering high energy density, rapid refueling, long driving range, and minimal payload limitations. However, the operational efficiency and durability of fuel cell stacks heavily depend on effective thermal management, and insufficient cooling can lead to power degradation and reduced lifespan. This study proposes a novel thermal management strategy that enhances stack cooling performance by directly applying fuel cell discharge water onto the radiator surface, utilizing latent heat of evaporation. To overcome the structural complexity and control challenges of high-pressure spray systems, a gravity-driven low-pressure drizzling method was adopted, achieving both system simplification

Lee, Dongkeon, Seo, Jungmin, Lee, Seogjun, Son, Dongwook, Lee, Hoseong, Shin, Yoonhyuk, Kang, Hyunsung

ENERGY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF SHARED AUTONOMOUS FLEET

2026-01-0464To be published on 04/07/2026

Electrifying shared autonomous fleets (Robotaxis) presents challenges in balancing decarbonization, service quality, and operational costs, given the limited driving range, long charging times, and suboptimal planning of charging infrastructure. This study develops an integrated energy management and fleet dispatching simulation framework to support cost-effective, low-carbon Robotaxi deployment. The proposed system models both battery electric vehicles (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) technologies, and is extensible to other powertrain types. The study also integrates a life cycle assessment module to evaluate well-to-wheel carbon emissions. A total of 1,440 scenarios are designed to test the performance of two service modes (ride-hailing vs. ride-pooling) in terms of energy consumption, emissions, service quality, and operational costs, across varying levels of trip demand and market penetration of different powertrain technologies. The test aims to verify the

Tang, Kang, Abdulsattar, Harith, Yang, Hao, Wang, Jinghui

Development of the Honda S+ Shift Utilizing e:HEV System

2026-01-0418To be published on 04/07/2026

Honda is promoting mobility electrification to realize a carbon-neutral society by 2050. Hybrid vehicles will remain advantageous over electric vehicles in terms of manufacturing cost and driving range until renewable energy usage increases, charging infrastructure is sufficiently developed, and battery costs are reduced. In response to this situation, Honda has developed a new control system, “Honda S+ Shift”, which further enhances the “emotional value of driving pleasure” inherent to the e:HEV system and creates new value for hybrid vehicles. Honda S+ Shift synchronizes the engine and vehicle speed and selects a virtual gear position according to the driver's operation such as acceleration, cornering, and deceleration. Subsequently, the system achieves the required system output in cooperation with a dedicated energy management system. It also works with each vehicle system, such as drive force control, sound control, and meter cluster, to stimulate all five senses of the driver

Murata, Naoya, Narimoto, Ryosuke, Saito, Masatoshi, Ishida, Daichi, GUNJI, HIROKI, UKAI, YOHEI, Kurachi, Shinobu, SHIKI, KAZUKI, Nagakura, Akari, Maeda, Sadaharu, Mitogawa, Terumasa

Achieving Euro 7 WHSC NOx emission targets from a Spark ignited engine using Methanol-Hydrogen co-fuelling.

2026-01-0321To be published on 04/07/2026

E-methanol is increasingly seen as a promising clean fuel because its chemical makeup is close to fossil fuels, making it easier to use in existing engines. It offers a carbon-neutral option to help reduce greenhouse gases in sectors where cutting emissions is especially difficult, such as transportation. However, while e-methanol avoids adding new carbon dioxide, burning it in internal combustion engines still releases harmful gases like NOx and other toxic by-products like formaldehyde and formic acid that damage both health and the environment. This report explores a new strategy that combines methanol with hydrogen to run engines under “ultra-lean” conditions and its impact on emissions, performance and efficiency. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine, with directly injected methanol and port fuelled injection of hydrogen. The findings show that adding about 15% hydrogen at low engine loads can extend the lean limit from λ=1.7 to λ=2. This change

Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Cairns, Alasdair, Varaei, Amirata, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger

Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends

2026-01-0357To be published on 04/07/2026

Natural gas (NG) is a domestically abundant, low-cost fuel with the potential to displace gasoline and diesel fuel in commercial and off-road vehicles. NG engines typically produce lower engine-out pollutant emissions, such as NOx, CO and particulate matter, which could simplify emission control systems. Blending NG with hydrogen (H₂) can improve engine performance and increase combustion efficiency to further reduce engine-out emissions. Additionally, the presence of H2 in the exhaust stream may also facilitate the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane

Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh

The impact of various renewable hydrocarbons on performance and emissions in a super lean burn engine

2026-01-0306To be published on 04/07/2026

Biofuels can play a key role as carbon-neutral transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to significantly enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in a PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with a high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel

Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji

Experimental Evaluation of After-treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to meet future CNVII Regulations

2026-01-0376To be published on 04/07/2026

The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe NOx and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally, PN emissions from natural

Jiahui, Gao, Marc C, Besch, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye

Assessing Energy Use, Cost, and Emissions of Small Regional Rail Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study on a German Track

2026-01-0419To be published on 04/07/2026

The decarbonization of regional rail remains a pressing challenge in the European Union, where nearly half of the 200,000 km network remains unelectrified. Lightweight, single-car railbuses historically provided efficient service on such lines, but modern replacements are scarce. This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined

Ahrling, Christoffer, Tuner, Martin, Gainey, Brian, Torkiharchegani, Amir, Scharmach, Marcel, Hertel, Benedikt, ALAKÜLA, Mats

Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 2.1: Inter-Ring Pressure Measurements and 2D/3D Ring Dynamics Analysis Across Multiple Engine Platforms – Light Vehicle

2026-01-0281To be published on 04/07/2026

The growing demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. The first part of this publication series highlights the significance of 2D simulation as a crucial and computationally efficient tool for the precise development of hydrogen Power Cylinder Units. This approach demonstrates predictive capability proofed through engine tests, achieving a reduction in lube oil consumption by 5–7 g/h during high-load operations, alongside a 28% decrease in blow-by and an 11% reduction in hydrogen flow to the crankcase. To provide deeper insights into the complexities identified in Part 1, this study employs inter-ring pressure measurements across various engine types and configurations, including light vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and large-bore applications, covering a broad range of engine displacements from 2 to almost 100 liters. This investigation in Part 2.1 focuses on understanding

Moreira, Rui, Rösch, Hannes, Ehnis, Holger, Köser, Philipp

BEV incremental CO2 emissions in a ranked order electric grid

2026-01-0424To be published on 04/07/2026

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have been promoted and required by many governments towards the need to reduce transportations CO2 emissions. BEV are not “Zero Emissions Vehicles” because they run on grid electricity, but could be ‘effectively ZEV’ if the incremental CO2 is ‘very small’. To answer this question at the national level, three metrics are needed and estimated: (1) ICEV fuel consumption, approximated by the total US gasoline consumption divided by the total fleet miles driven, 25 mpg or 350 g CO2/mi. For strong HEV it is about one third less, 240 g CO2/mi. (2) BEV energy consumption, using data from systematic on-road testing of a wide range of vehicles, estimated at 40 kWh/100 mi for a US sales mix. (3) Electric grid marginal CO2, with ranked order sourcing: zero-CO2 sources are prioritized and supplemented by fossil sources. IEA hourly data show that the US 48 contiguous states are nearly self-contained, with zero-CO2 sources providing about a third of total demand. The

Phlips, Patrick

A Novel Development Method for a Control Model of TWC in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Mechanism Simplification and Temperature Update

2026-01-0371To be published on 04/07/2026

Under increasingly stringent emission regulations, hybrid electric vehicles face heightened requirements for tailpipe emission control. Their complex operational profiles and frequent transitions between power modes pose significant challenges to experimental efforts in emission measurement and aftertreatment control, leading to substantially increased economic and temporal costs that severely constrain emission optimization. To address these challenges, this study employs the development and calibration of a high-accuracy virtual model to conduct simulation experiments that accurately replicate real-world driving conditions, significantly reducing development costs while maintaining predictive accuracy. Focusing on hybrid electric vehicles, we developed an aftertreatment model integrating catalytic reaction mechanisms and energy conservation equations, incorporating coupled temperature and concentration calculations. This model enables real-time monitoring of dynamic oxygen storage

Lian, Xuetong, Wang, Zhiao, Liu, Weiqiang, Chen, Tao

Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation

2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026

The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics

Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo

Improving EV Energy Forecast Accuracy via ML Residual Correction: The Role of Wind Speed in Data-Driven Predictions

2026-01-0150To be published on 04/07/2026

The increasing demand for electrified transportation is leading to accelerated development of highly efficient hybrid and battery electric vehicles. A major concern for customers adapting to battery electric vehicles (BEV) is range anxiety due to low charging speeds, charging infrastructure not matching expectations and unreliable range estimations shown to the customers by their vehicles. Estimating the range more accurately has been difficult due to the sensitivity of vehicle’s energy consumption to real-world environmental and driving conditions. This paper aims to find out the effect of true wind in the road load experienced by BEVs in the real-world driving scenarios and how using a highly accurate wind speed measurement improves the energy consumption estimation better. On-road tests were conducted on public roads and in controlled test-track environments to collect reliable wind speed measurements using a wind probe. Additional coastdown tests were also conducted to find more

RAGHUPATHY, Vishnu Prasaad, Kim, Shinhoon, Evans, Nic, Niimi, Keisuke, Mochihara, Takahiro

Effect of passive pre-chamber geometry on performance and emissions of a single-cylinder natural gas large bore engine.

2026-01-0333To be published on 04/07/2026

The maritime industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, characterized by high fuel consumption and significant environmental impact. As global trade mainly relies on shipping, the challenge of reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions becomes ever more pressing. Natural gas (NG) is regarded as a transitional fuel, capable of lowering CO₂ emissions by 20–30% compared to conventional marine fuels. However, to fully harness this potential, significant advances in combustion technology are necessary, particularly when ultra-lean combustion strategy is adopted. One of the most promising pathways is pre-chamber combustion, a solution that can simultaneously improve the efficiency and sustainability of NG marine engines. In this scenario, the passive pre-chamber geometry plays an important role, as it directly influences ignition behavior, combustion stability and exhaust emissions. This work presents an experimental study carried out on a single-cylinder marine engine

Marchitto, Luca, Tornatore, Cinzia, Pennino, Vincenzo, Mariani PhD, Antonio, Beatrice, Carlo, Accurso, Francesco, Gorietti, Valentina, Pesce, Francesco, Giardino, Angelo, Vitti, Luciano

Generative Agents for High-Fidelity Simulation of Community-Scale Mobility and Energy Behavior

2026-01-0465To be published on 04/07/2026

The transition to sustainable mobility and energy systems is a complex socio-technical challenge, where the success of new technologies and policies hinges on their interaction with human behavior. Traditional models often fail to capture the nuanced, heterogeneous, and adaptive nature of occupant decision-making, particularly in terms of mobility choices and energy use, creating a critical uncertainty gap for system design and policy evaluation. This paper presents a new paradigm to address this gap: a scalable, high-fidelity simulation framework based on Generative Agents. The framework's core innovations are twofold: 1) It leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to autonomously generate agents with intrinsic personality traits autonomously, enabling a realistic simulation of diverse, human-like responses to environmental, social, and transportation-related cues. 2) It introduces a hierarchical "Prototype-Individual" architecture that makes large-scale simulation of entire communities

Chen, Yongjian, Yang, Zhifeng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Wind-tunnel investigation of snow/ice drag on a 30%-scale DrivAer model

2026-01-0604To be published on 04/07/2026

Wind-tunnel tests were conducted using a 30%-scale DrivAer model, in estateback and notchback rear-geometry configurations, to investigate aerodynamic performance changes associated with snow and ice buildup on passenger vehicles. Around 20 snow/ice accumulation patterns were tested, at a Reynolds number of 2.8 million based on model wheelbase, for each of the notchback and estateback variants. 5 additional patterns were tested on the estateback with roof-rack support bars. Snow accumulation was modelled with foam, while ice accumulation was simulated with aluminum tape hand-formed to the desired shape. A simulated full-scale snow thickness of 58 mm on the hood, roof and trunk increased the wind-averaged drag coefficient by 16% for both model variants. With 90 mm of snow, the drag of the estateback variant increased by 19%. Drag changes increased with, but were not proportional to, snow thickness. Chamfered front and rear edges, representing windblown shapes, reduced the drag penalty

de Souza, Fenella, McAuliffe, Brian

Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 2.2: Inter-Ring Pressure Measurements and 2D/3D Ring Dynamics Analysis Across Multiple Engine Platforms – Heavy Duty and Large Bore

2026-01-0280To be published on 04/07/2026

The growing demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. The first part of this publication series highlights the significance of 2D simulation as a crucial and computationally efficient tool for the precise development of hydrogen Power Cylinder Units. This approach demonstrates predictive capability proofed through engine tests, achieving a reduction in lube oil consumption by 5–7 g/h during high-load operations, alongside a 28% decrease in blow-by and an 11% reduction in hydrogen flow to the crankcase. To provide deeper insights into the complexities identified in Part 1, this study employs inter-ring pressure measurements across various engine types and configurations, including light vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and large-bore applications, covering a broad range of engine displacements from 2 to almost 100 liters. Part 2.1 focuses on understanding the cyclic variations

Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui

The Impact of Mid-level Ethanol Blends on Reliability, Performance and Emissions in Gasoline engine

2026-01-0302To be published on 04/07/2026

To reduce CO₂ emissions from automobiles, it is essential to enhance system efficiency through the electrification of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines (ICEs), such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), as well as through improvements in ICE thermal efficiency. Furthermore, biofuels and synthetic fuels are gaining attention as promising options for reducing CO₂ emissions, including from existing vehicles. Among these alternative fuels, ethanol - a bio-derived fuel - is already utilized in varying concentrations across many countries, and its further application is anticipated. While expanding the fleet of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) capable of operating on high ethanol blends is one approach, increasing the ethanol content in conventional gasoline fuels, which are more widely used, is considered to have a greater impact on CO₂ reduction. A key issue is the impact and adaptability of existing vehicles when ethanol concentrations

Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Sugata, Kenji, Koyama, Takashi, Ochi, Yuta, Aoki, Mizuki, Hashima, Takashi, Kodama, Kohei, Tomoda, Keiju, Kojima, Masakiyo

Cradle-to-grave assessment of Austrian passenger car traffic based on actual vehicle movements and derivation of future forecasts for minimising greenhouse gas emissions

2026-01-0457To be published on 04/07/2026

As part of the decarbonisation process for passenger car fleet in Austria, battery electric cars in particular have been subsidised in recent years, as these vehicles are considered to be largely emission-free during use and are expected to reduce emissions in future. However, in order to sustainably reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions of Austrian passenger car traffic, taking into account all types of propulsion systems, it is necessary to apply a cradle-to-gate approach, as is commonly done in comparable analyses in the literature, which evaluates the emissions of the entire vehicle life cycle. The most important phase in the life cycle assessment remains the well-to-wheel phase, which includes emissions from energy supply and vehicle use. Due to the large number of influencing factors, highly simplified models are usually used for this phase in the literature. As part of this work, a methodology was developed that, allows an in-depth analysis of entire vehicle fleets by

Lischka, Gregor, Tober, Werner

Challenges to Ranking Diesel Fuels for NOx Emissions Using a Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber

2026-01-0348To be published on 04/07/2026

This study examined the use of a constant volume combustion chamber for the measurement of fuel effects on NOx emissions, with the goal of developing a method to rapidly screen or rank fuels in a small - volume experiment. A small amount of fuel was injected into the air at 650°C and 20 bars, where it ignited and burned. The chamber was sampled post-combustion using a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer. Extensive sampling method development was required to obtain repeatable results. Seven hydrocarbon fuels and two biodiesel fuels were tested, all of which have shown difference in NOx emissions in past engine studies. When using a single injection event to deliver the same amount of fuel energy, the test method could not clearly demonstrate the difference in NOx emissions between the hydrocarbon fuels as reported in engine combustion studies. To improve this, a dual-injection strategy was used. It included a small “pilot” injection followed by a main injection, timed based on each fuel’s

Luecke, Jon, Rahimi, Mohammad, Mohamed, Samah, Naser, Nimal, Chausalkar, Abhijeet, McCormick, Robert

Persistent Elevated Soot Emissions Induced by Clustered Stochastic Preignition Events

2026-01-0314To be published on 04/07/2026

Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion phenomenon that can occur in spark-ignition engines particularly under high-load operation. SPI is characterized by uncontrolled initiation of combustion prior to spark discharge, an abnormal combustion process that can lead to severe knock events and significant engine damage. SPI has been associated with fuel properties, lubricant composition, and engine design and operation. In this work, a single-cylinder test engine with a dry-sump oil system was utilized to study the SPI response of E10 and E25 fuels with a range of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP). An automated test procedure was employed, consisting of ten square-waved load profile segments, with each segment composed of 5 min of low-load operation followed by 25 min of sustained high-load operation. These tests were replicated across multiple days of testing with a triple flush of lubricant between each test, and an online Fuel in Oil diagnostic measurement. Exhaust particulate

Splitter, Derek, Jatana, Gurneesh, DelVescovo, Dan, Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, Fioroni, Gina, Chapman, Elana, Salyers, John

Effect of renewable fuel blends on particulate emissions in warm-up conditions in a GDI engine

2026-01-0304To be published on 04/07/2026

Renewable gasoline offers significant benefits in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, five gasolines with different renewable hydrocarbon classes and varying distillation curves were taken to investigate their effect on particle number (PN) emissions in a spark-ignition GDI engine at 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The engine coolant temperature was varied from 90°C to 35°C to investigate the effect of fuel evaporation on soot formation. Injectors with various spray plume targets and start of injection (SOI) timing (300° and 260° bTDC) were used to assess how different gasolines affect engine performance and to determine engine calibration requirements. A simplified transient cycle examines how engine motoring influences PN emissions for test gasolines. A high-speed camera and endoscope were used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. Simulations were done to assess the quality of fuel-air mixing in support of the

Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel in a 4-Stroke Locomotive Engine

2026-01-0315To be published on 04/07/2026

Rail transportation in North America consumes substantial amounts of fossil fuel, raising energy security and supply chain resilience concerns. Adopting renewable or alternative fuels is a practical approach to reduce petroleum dependence and improve supply security. The objective of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel and renewable diesel as a drop-in fuel without engine modification. In this study, a single-cylinder, four-stroke locomotive engine was employed to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of four fuels: conventional Diesel No. 2, plant-based biodiesel, animal-based biodiesel, and renewable diesel. The experimental campaign was carried out under both part-load and full-load operating conditions at the constant load, with injection duration adjusted to achieve the targeted engine’s load and speed. Results indicate that biodiesel and renewable diesel deliver comparable peak in-cylinder pressure, indicated

Ewphun, Pop-Paul, Biruduganti, Munidhar, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas, Fu, Xiao, Subramanya, Raghavendra

From Propane to Pi: Affordable AI-Driven Solutions for Sustainable Bus Heating.

2026-01-0164To be published on 04/07/2026

The design of an affordably luxurious school bus means improving passenger comfort while greatly decreasing energy usage and emissions. The key consideration is to replace traditional propane heating with an electric heated-seat system and supported by green electricity/energy efficient smart power management. The system is designed from a 24V/48V battery system; to a Smart Energy Cube - a portable dock in power module requiring solar, battery and grid connection. Seat heating is only applied to seats that are occupied. The on-board image processing models (YOLOv5/YOLOv8, OpenCV, TensorFlow Lite) are run on affordable/portable microcomputers capable of detecting the number of occupied and available seats e.g. Raspberry Pi. There is one bottle neck when using the Raspberry Pi in the experiments to validate concept, when using low/medium power frame rates of ~ 1 fps for Raspberry Pi 3; to 7-8 fps with a Raspberry Pi 5. As a baseline, there is still potential for improvement and

Chikkala, Daney Bhargav, Zadeh, Mehrdad, TAN, Teik-Khoon, Ponnam, Jitin, BATTE, JAI RATHAN

An Integrated Methodology for Sustainable Mobility Infrastructure Planning: The Atlanta Aerotropolis Case Study

2026-01-0097To be published on 04/07/2026

By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic, agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human

Rana, Vishva, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri, Valenzuela Del Rio, Jose

Climate Heat Recovery Energy Study in Electric Vehicles

2026-01-0129To be published on 04/07/2026

Climate control systems in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs) rely on electrical energy to provide cabin heating. In winter conditions, the absence of waste heat from internal combustion engines necessitates increased energy consumption for thermal comfort, which directly impacts vehicle range. Conventional HVAC systems typically operate with a mixture of cold ambient air and recirculated cabin air. However, the proportion of recirculated air is limited due to windshield fogging risks, constraining energy-saving potential. To address this, MAHLE has developed modular heat recovery technologies that utilize the thermal energy of exhaust cabin air, that would normally leave the passenger compartment through vehicle body vents, to precondition incoming fresh air, thereby reducing the heating load. These solutions are engineered for scalable integration into existing HVAC architectures, allowing

Wolfe, Edward, Wochele, Kerstin, Reid, Bailey

Optimization Strategies of Gliding Arc Plasma-Based Ammonia Cracker towards On-Board Applications

2026-01-0292To be published on 04/07/2026

Ammonia has emerged as a viable hydrogen energy carrier owing to its superior hydrogen density, mature industrial utilization. However, ammonia faces critical challenges including inadequate ignition characteristics and sluggish combustion kinetics, necessitating supplementary high-reactivity fuels for optimizing combustion. Onboard ammonia cracking technology resolves this problem through on-demand hydrogen in-time production. Among existing decomposition methods, gliding arc plasma (GAP) demonstrates exceptional promise for on-board crackers given its decent hydrogen conversion rate and transient response capability. Prevailing research predominantly employs experimental methodologies wherein macroscopic parameters inadequately proxy microscopic electric field characteristics, thereby impeding mechanistic insight. This study establishes a quasi-1D numerical model to interrogate how electric field parameters modulate ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion yield and system energy efficiency in

Dong, Guangyu, LI, Xian, ZHOU, Yanxiong, XU, Jie, Li, Liguang

Energy Efficiency Analysis of U-Haul Truck and Trailer Systems: Impact of Tongue Weight and Load Variations

2026-01-0466To be published on 04/07/2026

The demand for improved energy efficiency in real-world vehicle operations continues to grow with technology enhancement. When transporting large cargos with passenger pickup trucks and rental trailers, the interaction between vehicle payload, towing configuration, and fuel consumption becomes a key factor in overall system efficiency. Understanding how towing configurations and trailer loading influence fuel consumption and vehicle performance is critical for both consumer guidance and vehicle system design. This study investigates the energy efficiency of U-Haul truck and trailer systems, with a particular focus on the influence of trailer tongue weight. U-Haul truck and trailer simulation models were developed using AVL Vehicle Simulation Model (VSM) software, with an F-350 engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) map integrated to represent realistic engine performance. Two configurations with equal payload were evaluated: (1) a U-Haul truck alone, and (2) a U-Haul truck

Wang, Gang, Yang, Allan, Chen, Yan

Achieving 70% Urban Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Opposed-Piston Engine-Based Mild-Hybrid Powertrain Architecture for Light Commercial Vehicles (JLA-2/JLA-T)

2026-01-0432To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper proposes a novel powertrain architecture for the urban Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment, leveraging the compact JLA-2 opposed-piston (OP) engine paired with the reconfigurable JLA-T mild-hybrid architecture. Within SAE literature, OP engines are consistently associated with simplicity. As highlighted by Tom Ryan III (2008 SAE President) in the foreword of Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, this architecture is characterized by its manufacturing simplicity” and described as a “relatively simple, robust, and cost effective” power unit solution. The present work builds on this established view. The JLA-2 engine solves traditional packaging constraints by reducing the block width by 30% for horizontal installation and is volumetrically self-sufficient, eliminating external compressors. Although the gear train required for crank synchronization introduces design challenges, explicitly accounted for in our model, the elimination of the cylinder

Nigro, Norberto, Aguerre, Horacio, Carignano, Mauro Guido, Alonso, José Luis, Juni, Carlos A.

Simultaneously NOx and Fuel Reduction for Off-Road

2026-01-0296To be published on 04/07/2026

Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a current production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating many fuel-efficient approaches such as higher compression and reduced parasitic loads. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR plus main SCR system, both with and without an electric heater upstream of the LO-SCR. These

McCarthy, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas

Effect of Pre-Chamber Geometry on Methanol Cold-Start Combustion in an SI Engine

2026-01-0307To be published on 04/07/2026

Vehicle pollutant emissions represent a key issue in the development of internal combustion engines. In recent decades, the automotive industry has been driven to explore innovative solutions, such as the use of alternative fuels and lean-burn combustion strategies, in order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. In this context, pre-chamber ignition systems show strong potential for reducing both fuel consumption and emissions, due to their ability to operate under lean mixtures and with non-conventional fuels. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of plasma jets under different in-cylinder combustion conditions, using methanol as fuel and integrating a pre-chamber heating system to improve cold-start operation. The experimental activity was carried out on a small optical spark-ignition (SI) engine, alternatively equipped with a conventional ignition system and a pre-chamber. The engine was operated at 2000 rpm under wide open throttle (WOT) in standard

Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Tornatore, Cinzia

An Adaptive Brake Force Allocation Strategy for Rear-Wheel Driven EVs

2026-01-0636To be published on 04/07/2026

Due to changed requirements compared to conventional propulsion concepts, electromobility demands new and innovative strategies for energy-efficient vehicle motion control. For example, the challenge in purely rear-wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicles (EVs) is to achieve a maximum of regenerative braking power in order to increase energy recovery and to ensure, that this does not impair the braking stability. Within this conflict between energy efficiency and braking dynamics, it is necessary to design an intelligent strategy to optimise recuperation. This paper presents such a strategy, which improves an existing approach formerly presented by the authors, but specifically optimises it to overcome weaknesses. The previous approach had two major limitations: First, the efficiency map of the in-wheel machines (IWMs) was not considered. Second, there was no possibility of switching flexibly between different brake force distributions to guarantee both, maximized recovery potential and

Mitsching, Thomas, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin

Radar-Based Dynamic Pixel Activation in Camera Sensors for Optimized Image Processing, Power Efficiency, and Thermal Management

2026-01-0047To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper presents a radar-based dynamic imager pixel activation method designed to optimize image processing efficiency, power consumption, and thermal management in automotive In-cabin monitoring systems (DMS and OMS). By integrating radar sensing with high-resolution cameras, the proposed approach selectively activates image sensor pixels only within radar-identified regions of interest, such as moving occupants or key cabin areas. This selective pixel activation substantially reduces the computational workload and data bandwidth required, as the camera transmits high-resolution data solely for relevant zones while maintaining lower resolution or deactivating pixels elsewhere. The fusion of radar and camera data enables adaptive sensor control that caters to distinct scenarios, including driver gaze tracking and passenger monitoring, thereby enhancing DMS and OMS functionality. The architecture supports mounting configurations such as headliner or rearview mirror installations

Kasarla, Nagender Reddy, Patel, Krunal, Balaraman, Nirmal Kumar

A Comparison of Road Grade Preview Signals from Lidar and Maps

2026-01-0026To be published on 04/07/2026

Road grade can impact the energy efficiency, safety, and comfort associated with automated vehicle control systems. Currently, control systems that attempt to compensate for road grade are designed with one of two assumptions. Either the grade is only known once the vehicle is driving over the road segment through proprioception, or complete knowledge of the oncoming road grade is known from a pre-made map. Both assumptions limit the performance of a control system, as not having a preview signal prevents proactive grade compensation, whereas relying only on map data potentially subjects the control system to missing or outdated information. These limits can be avoided by measuring the oncoming grade in real-time using on-board lidar sensors. In this work, we use point returns accumulated during travel to estimate the grade at each waypoint along a path. The estimated grade is defined as the difference in height between the front and rear wheelbase at a given waypoint. Kalman filtering

Schexnaydre, Logan, Poovalappil, Aman, Robinette, Darrell, Bos, Jeremy

Advanced Integrated Chassis Control for Improved Energy Efficiency and Driving Experience in Electric Vehicle Applications

2026-01-0643To be published on 04/07/2026

Complexity of modern ground vehicles grows constantly, since car manufacturers want to provide functionality, while customers are expecting innovation and recent technologies to be integrated into the latest models released to the market. Recent advances in hard- and software opened the gates for new means of vehicle control and operation. Especially the transition to electric propulsion systems and decoupled chassis actuators offer completely new opportunities of dynamics control and manipulation. This paper presents an approach for integrated chassis and vehicle motion control in (battery) electric vehicle applications by using new and innovative controllers as well as mechatronic chassis systems. In several experiments on public roads with a fully instrumented vehicle demonstrator, that features in-wheel based rear-wheel drive and a hybrid brake-by-wire-system, the proposed control is tested under real environmental and traffic conditions with respect to aspects like energy

Heydrich, Marius, Mitsching, Thomas, Ivanov, Valentin

Study on performance parameters of retarder in mountain condition of hybrid electric vehicle

2026-01-0617To be published on 04/07/2026

In mountain driving scenarios, the continuous braking demands of vehicles pose significant challenges to the performance and reliability of braking systems. Traditional fuel-powered vehicles primarily rely on friction brakes for deceleration, which face issues such as high thermal fade risks and severe brake wear. While pure electric vehicles can utilize motor energy recovery to provide braking force and recover energy, their braking capacity is limited by the maximum regenerative torque of the motor. Moreover, when the battery State of Charge (SOC) is high, the energy recovery function may be restricted or disabled to protect the battery, leading to a sharp reduction or complete loss of braking torque—a safety hazard. Range-extended hybrid vehicles combine the advantages of both engine and electric drive systems. During long downhill operations, their motors can also serve as priority decelerators for efficient energy recovery. However, similar to pure electric vehicles, their motor

duan, xianqi, Tan, Gangfeng, Li, LiuYuanHeng, Tian, Tian, Yang, Yong

Look-ahead Information based Predictive Cruise Controller for Energy Efficient Powertrain Operation of Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks

2026-01-0039To be published on 04/07/2026

Heavy-duty electric trucks represent a growing innovation in the transport and logistics sector, aiming to reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. A major challenge with battery electric trucks is the long recharging time which takes significantly longer than refueling conventional diesel trucks. This limitation highlights the importance of optimizing powertrain operations to reduce energy losses and maximize efficiency. One effective approach is implementing optimal speed control through a predictive cruise controller. By anticipating road conditions, traffic, and elevation changes, the predictive cruise controller can adjust the truck’s speed in real time to minimize energy consumption, enhancing the range and reducing the need for frequent charging. Many problem formulations for electric trucks focus primarily on minimizing the energy required at the wheels, often overlooking the impact of powertrain efficiencies. This simplification neglects critical factors such as the

Safder, Ahmad Hussain, Villani, Manfredi, Khuntia, Satvik, Nelson, James, Meijer, Maarten, Ahmed, Qadeer

Accelerating Electrification Through Modular Propulsion: GM’s Strategy for BEV and BET Platforms

2026-01-0410To be published on 04/07/2026

General Motors continues to advance its electrification strategy through the development of scalable Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Battery Electric Truck (BET) platforms. This paper highlights GM’s latest BEV and BET products that leverage shared Drive Unit (DU), Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS), and integrated power electronic (IPE) components across multiple vehicle programs. By adopting a modular and commonized propulsion architecture, GM achieves significant benefits in manufacturing efficiency, cost optimization, and product flexibility. The shared DU, RESS, and IPE components are engineered to meet diverse performance requirements while maintaining high standards of energy efficiency, thermal management, and durability. This approach enables rapid deployment of electrified solutions across various segments, from passenger vehicles to full-size trucks, without compromising on capability or customer experience. The paper outlines the technical rationale behind

Liu, Jinming, Sevel, Kris, Anwar, Mohammad, Oury, Andrew, Welchko, Brian, Gagas, Brent

The influence of split injection ratio on efficiency and NOx emissions in a pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engine

2026-01-0329To be published on 04/07/2026

This study investigates the impact of hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion burning. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen of 95% total energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high efficiency injection timings from the previous equal split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to fix CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC for all tested split injection ratios. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not make a significant impact on IMEP/efficiency, which

Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon

The effect of diesel fuel compositions and distillation properties on PM production

2026-01-0346To be published on 04/07/2026

Although overall demand for petroleum products is expected to decline, diesel fuel demand is projected to remain stable. Modern refineries produce diesel fuel by blending straight-run diesel fuel with cracked fractions like Light Cycle Oil (LCO) and kerosene. Cracked fractions are characterized by high concentrations of aromatic and naphthenic compounds compared to straight-run diesel fuel, whereas kerosene exhibits lighter distillation properties. This study quantitatively assesses the effects of diesel fuel composition and distillation properties on PM formation using engine bench tests designed to reflect practical refinery blending operations. To isolate the impact of fuel composition, test fuels were formulated with substantial variations in aromatic and naphthenic content, while other key parameters were held constant. To investigate the influence of distillation properties, two sets of test fuels were prepared: one series with varying front-end volatility achieved by adjusting

Katori, Kohei, Seo, Masahiro, Takahashi, Ko

Effects of Gasoline Composition and Operating Parameters on the Response of Knock Limit to Nitric Oxide in a Lean-Burn DI-SI Engine

2026-01-0313To be published on 04/07/2026

Lean operation of spark-ignition engines can lead to efficiency gains and lower NOx emissions due to reduced combustion temperatures. However, lean operation may still encounter difficulties with end-gas autoignition and knock, which worsen by the presence of trapped NO in the cylinder. This study assesses the impact of intake-seeded NO on end-gas autoignition and knock for two gasolines with similar octane rating but different composition: high cycloalkane fuel (HCA) and high olefin fuel (HO). Experiments were performed at stoichiometric and lean (lambda = 2) conditions and at two engine speeds of 1400 rpm and 2000 rpm to investigate the influence of equivalence ratio and residence time on end-gas autoignition trends. Chemical kinetics simulations revealed that the mechanisms that control the effect of NO on knock are similar at lambda = 2 and lambda = 1, with NO + HO2 = NO2 + OH being the main pathway for enhancing reactivity by promoting low-temperature heat release (LTHR

Kim, Namho, Abboud, Rami, Sjöberg, Magnus, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Saggese, Chiara, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota, Sugata, Kenji

A Comprehensive Modelling tool for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Powertrains

2026-01-0430To be published on 04/07/2026

The global transition towards sustainable transportation is driving the development of efficient, low-emission propulsion systems. Battery-electric solutions are effective in urban contexts but face limitations in heavy-duty and long-haul applications due to the size and weight of the required energy storage. Hybrid battery/fuel cell powertrains offer a promising alternative for such use case, reducing vehicle mass and charging times while maintaining high energy efficiency. This study presents a zero-dimensional MATLAB/Simulink model of a parallel hybrid fuel cell/battery system for heavy-duty vehicles. The model encompasses the main vehicle subsystems, including the fuel cell stack with auxiliaries, the battery pack, the electric drive, the transmission and vehicle longitudinal dynamics, coordinated through a rule-based energy management strategy. Two representative vehicle configurations were analysed: a Group 2 urban delivery vehicle, and a Group 5 long-haul truck. Model validation

Montecchi, Gianluca, Martoccia, Lorenzo, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions Under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine

2026-01-0301To be published on 04/07/2026

Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector

Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle

Characterizing Regenerative Braking of Tesla Model 3 Using Dynamometer Testing

2026-01-0453To be published on 04/07/2026

Regenerative braking has a strong influence on the energy efficiency and drivability of battery-electric vehicles. This study establishes an empirical baseline analysis under controlled conditions of the regenerative braking behavior of the 2020 Tesla Model 3 to support the interpretation of on-road performance and serve as a reference for subsequent testing and analysis. The tests were performed on a four-wheel-drive chassis dynamometer at Argonne National Laboratory, combining Multi Cycle Testing (MCT) to simulate real world driving patterns (city, highway) with coast-down tests to isolate periods where the motor is operating in regen mode and compare the behavior across different parameters. Vehicle data was collected from the vehicle using taps in the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus as well as a high-resolution power analyzer. The vehicle displayed the highest efficiency during simulated city driving conditions (3.62 miles/kWh followed by highway (3.40 miles/kWh) and aggressive

Pierce, Benjamin Branch, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, DEBASHIS, Zhan, Lu

Predicting the Impact of FIA 2026 Power Unit Regulations on the Performance of Formula 1 Car

2026-01-0268To be published on 04/07/2026

This work investigates the impact of the forthcoming 2026 FIA Formula 1 power unit regulations on vehicle track performance. This new regulation introduces a rebalanced power distribution between the internal combustion engine and the Motor Generator Unit–Kinetic (MGU-K), with each unit contributing up to 350 kW. This transition nearly triples the previous 120 kW output of the MGU-K while constraining the internal combustion engine through newly imposed fuel energy limits. A full vehicle powertrain model was developed in GT-Suite following 2026 FIA technical directives. Particular attention was given to Articles 5.4.7 to 5.4.10, which define key constraints on hybrid operation: a maximum variation of 4 MJ in battery state of charge, up to 9 MJ of recoverable energy per lap, and a peak MGU-K electrical power output of 350 kW. The model includes updated architecture specifications, active aerodynamic modules, energy deployment logic, and component-level constraints. Telemetry data from

Giaquinta Aitala, Lucio, Samuel, Stephen

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