Browse Topic: Fuels and Energy Sources

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Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Coryton SUSTAIN Classic Super 80 Carbon-Neutral Fuel Versus E95 in a 1980s Fiat 500 Engine2026-37-0033To be published on 06/09/2026
The energy transition requires a rapid reduction in the use of fossil fuels, whose combustion generates substantial greenhouse-gas emissions. In Europe, transport alone accounts for roughly a quarter of total greenhouse-gas emissions, with road transport being the predominant component. In this context, the use of biofuels has emerged as a potential solution for limiting further increases in CO₂ emissions. However, most studies available in the literature evaluate the performance of these fuels on modern engines, while their effects on historic carburetted engines remain largely unexplored. This is particularly significant given the large fleet of historic vehicles across Europe, supported by a long-standing tradition of vehicle preservation, associations, and classic car collectors. The main historic-vehicle federations advise caution and the use of low-ethanol formulations so as not to damage elastomers, fuel tanks, and carburettor float bowls. For this reason, a few suppliers have
Tarchiani, Marco, Fossati, Federico, Raspanti, Sandro, Baroni, Alberto, Ferrara, Giovanni, Romani, Luca
A Practical Pathway to Downsize the On-Board Hydrogen Generation System for Near-Zero Emissions Mono-Fuel Ammonia Operation Using a Long-Stroke Engine2026-37-0030To be published on 06/09/2026
Ammonia-fuelled engines have emerged as a promising route toward net-zero emission targets due to ammonia’s carbon-free nature, ease of storage, and established handling infrastructure. However, the low burning speed and narrow flammability limits of ammonia pose a significant combustion challenge, which can be addressed through hydrogen co-fuelling. For practical implementation, on-board hydrogen production via thermal catalytic cracking of ammonia is an attractive solution, as it eliminates the need for external hydrogen storage and associated handling and capital costs. Previous studies by the present authors identified a lean operating strategy that achieves an equal molar ratio of NOx and unburned ammonia (NH3), enabling complete conversion to nitrogen and water vapour when coupled with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system. This strategy was further validated using cracked ammonia-derived hydrogen in place of bottled H2 through an on-board cracker, thereby representing a
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Gopakumar Suja, Gagan, Birch, Alexander, Cairns, Alasdair, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan
Forecasting Electric Vehicle Fleet Growth and Energy Requirements in the UK2026-37-0043To be published on 06/09/2026
With the United Kingdom (UK) goal to achieve a fully decarbonised energy sector by 2035 and achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the transition of the UK’s passenger car fleet to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) plays a crucial role in reaching this goal. This study evaluates the environmental and energy impact of large-scale BEV adoption by modelling future uptake scenarios using historical fleet data combined with assumed impact of future policy such as the 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles. The results have shown a large-scale adoption is possible by 2040, predicting almost 37 million BEVs on the road. However, the associated electricity demand is predicted to rise to nearly 110 TWh annually, signifying the need for rapid development in renewable energy generation. Although BEVs significantly reduce transport sector emissions, the overall climate impact is dependent on a continued effort of grid decarbonisation.
Burke, Bradley, Kateregga, Sunny, Sodre, Jose Ricardo
Development of a Diesel Combustion System for Next‑Generation Heavy‑Duty Engines Using a Synergistic Analysis‑and‑Testing Approach2026-37-0004To be published on 06/09/2026
Regulators and policymakers have introduced increasingly stringent limits on tailpipe CO₂ and pollutant emissions to accelerate the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle applications. The development of innovative propulsion technologies — such as advanced combustion systems, low-friction reciprocating components, and improved aftertreatment solutions — combined with hybridization and the adoption of alternative fuels (e.g., biogas, HVO, green hydrogen), represents a key pathway for meeting future emission and GHG targets. In this study, advanced combustion systems were developed for a 13‑liter diesel engine for heavy-duty truck applications, with the objective of complying with forthcoming Euro VII regulations while maximizing thermal efficiency. The combustion system architecture—including open-bowl geometry with high aspect ratio, injector nozzle with wider spray opening angle, and reduced swirl ratio—was optimized using a Machine Learning–algorithm trained on high-fidelity 3D CFD
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Centini, Maria Pia, Pezza, Vincenzo, Cozza, Ivan F., Pesce, Francesco C., Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Gallo, Alessandro, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Borg, Jonathan
Enabling Flexibility Services through Interoperable V2X Infrastructures: Advanced Modeling and Operational Validation in the FLEXV2X Project2026-37-0024To be published on 06/09/2026
The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as active grid resources represents a pivotal shift towards decarbonisation. However, the implementation of effective Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services faces technical challenges regarding interoperability, predictive management, and battery health preservation. This work presents a comprehensive system design and research methodology developed within the framework of the FLEXV2X project, aimed at addressing interdependencies within a unified bidirectional charging ecosystem. The proposed scientific framework addresses two complementary timescales. At the device level, the study details the modelling and optimisation of bidirectional converters, focusing on control algorithms designed to ensure robust dynamic response and efficiency. Building upon this hardware foundation, the paper describes a system-level optimisation strategy. By employing open-source cyber-physical modelling, the architecture simulates complex EV-grid interactions. This
Lutzemberger, Giovanni, Barater, Davide, Ceraolo, Massimo, Fera, Cesare, Leaver, Ian, Pasini, Gianluca
On natural gas combustion split into diesel like architecture of a compression ignition engine retrofitted for spark ignition operation2026-37-0029To be published on 06/09/2026
In commercial areas that no longer favor diesel engine, such as Europe, it might be interesting to convert an existing compression ignition (CI) engine to the spark ignition (SI) operation and to use natural gas (NG) because of its advantages: availability of still abundant NG supplies worldwide and environmental benefits of NG compared to conventional liquid fossil fuels. This paper presents experimental results on NG combustion inside such a converted engine with diesel-like architecture dedicated to light-duty vehicles (LDV) and passenger cars (PC). Particularly, our study carried out at the engine test bed revealed that in certain operating points (low speed and load, stoichiometric mixture and rather high spark advance), the combustion is split into two distinct events, which is not specific to the standard SI engine. This is clearly illustrated by a rate of heat release (RoHR) profile with two peaks. This kind of RoHR profile appeared following a spark advance sweep carried out
Clenci, Adrian F., Popa, Robert, Berquez, Julien, Iorga-Siman, Victor, Magheru, Catalin, Punov, Plamen, Niculescu, Rodica
Alcohol-Based Energy Carriers in Transportation: Status, Standards, and Outlook2026-37-0042To be published on 06/09/2026
The global transport sector accounts for approximately 28% of total energy consumption and 15.8% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, with road transport alone responsible for 11.8%. As the world seeks pathways toward carbon neutrality, methanol and ethanol emerge as promising alternative energy carriers capable of leveraging existing logistics infrastructure while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This review examines the production pathways, lifecycle considerations, and costs associated with both alcohols. Global methanol production reached 111 million metric tons in 2022, and global ethanol production totaled approximately 93.3 million metric tons in 2024. In comparison, the yearly production of gasoline and diesel amounts to over 2 billion metric tons per year. The review evaluates fuel requirements across multiple transport modes, including passenger vehicles, light- and heavy-duty vehicles, maritime shipping, aviation, and rail, and assesses regulatory frameworks governing
Fitz, Patrick, Fellner, Felix, Rößlhuemer, Raphael, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
Development of a 0D – 1D numerical model for the thermal management of a heavy – duty PEMFC2026-37-0006To be published on 06/09/2026
The rising concerns on climate change are leading to a substantial increase in the efforts to detach from fossil fuel-based technologies towards more sustainable sources. In this context, Fuel Cell (FC) technology in gaining an increasing range of practical applications, offering both advantages and technical challenges. Despite the theoretical efficiency, these systems suffer a significant loss of performance under high loads, resulting in a relevant heat generation. To this end, considered a 200-kW low temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), a 0D – 1D model of the cooling system is developed in GT – SUITE environment and the results discussed in this paper. In detail, the model is used to investigate the influence of design parameters on the effective efficiency of the system to dissipate the excessive heat produced by the FC. Additionally, a second model (STACK-ONLY) comprehensive of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) subcomponents properties was built to verify
Cecere, Giovanni, Antetomaso, Christian, Irimescu, Adrian, Merola, Simona
Analysis of a sorption energy storage system for cabin air heating and dehumidification in electric vehicles2026-37-0034To be published on 06/09/2026
This work investigates the integration of a Sorption Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into the Air Conditioning (AC) system of electric vehicles. The proposed device reduces the energy demand for cabin heating under winter conditions, leading to a driving range increase. The TES dehumidifies the cabin air through a desiccant bed (zeolite 4A), preventing window fogging, enabling higher air recirculation rates, and consequently reducing the required heating power. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to analyze the adsorption and regeneration processes and to identify suitable operating conditions. Regeneration was found to be effective at moderate temperatures (around 120°C), with a counter-current airflow configuration providing faster and more efficient desorption compared to parallel-flow operation. A simplified model integrating TES, AC unit and cabin was developed and used to compare different configurations. Heating energy consumption with and without TES under
Verlingieri, Rebecca, Calabrese, Luigi, Freni, Angelo, Marocco, Luca, Scudeler, Gabriele, De Antonellis, Stefano
Hybridized Diesel Powertrains - an important enabler for commercial applications on the long journey towards full electrification2026-37-0022To be published on 06/09/2026
The ongoing efforts for reduction of the traffic-related greenhouse gas emissions and, at the same time, the mitigation of harmful pollutant emissions from vehicle exhaust emissions are important development tasks for the entire automotive industry worldwide according to demand to provide clean and efficient products. Further tightened fleet average FE standards and ultra-low limits for exhaust emissions require the continuous development of new propulsion system types. Due to the given reluctance of the end customer and corresponding low acceptance of fully electrified vehicles, especially in the commercial vehicle segment, new and innovative topologies are needed to meet regulatory requirements and maintain the high versatility of today’s dominating solutions. For further optimisation of operating conditions with enhanced fuel efficiency, the technical strategy is also determined by uplifting the attractiveness of electric driving incl. the avoidance of areas with poor ICE efficiency
Koerfer, Thomas
Passenger Car Powertrain for Voltages above 800V2026-37-0020To be published on 06/09/2026
The EU-funded innovation project High-Voltage fast-charging Efficient electric vehicle Powertrains (HiVEP) develops new technologies for mass-market electric vehicles (EVs) by advancing architectures operating above 800 V. These architectures integrate silicon carbide (SiC)-based power electronics, rare-earth-free electric machines with active winding reconfiguration, high C-rate batteries, and optimised thermal management systems. HiVEP aims to deliver sub-10-minute fast charging, reduce energy consumption by at least 25%, extend range by 20%, and cut system costs by up to 20% in volume production. This article expands on the project objectives, methodological approach and expected key innovations as well as technical, environmental, and societal impacts. The discussion situates HiVEP within the European research and innovation landscape, emphasising its role in accelerating adoption of sustainable mobility solutions.
Schernus, Christof, Nada, Shady, Neuhaus, Christoph, Ewald, Jens, Swierc, Daniel, Kallur-Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh, Vasiliadis, Harilaos
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-0028To be published on 06/09/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine equipped with variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-Suite software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at different operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
An Along-the-Channel Pseudo-2D Approach for Spatially Resolved PEM Fuel Cell Dynamics2026-37-0010To be published on 06/09/2026
The longevity of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells is influenced by degradation processes whose rates depend on local operating conditions such as temperature, humidity, liquid-water saturation, and reactant availability. Along-the-channel gradients imposed by the flow field can therefore be relevant when interpreting operating behaviour and when formulating models intended to support control and system studies. The AlphaPEM framework provides a dynamic through-plane description, but, in its baseline form, does not explicitly resolve axial non-uniformities in the MEA. This paper presents a pseudo-2D extension of AlphaPEM that couples an along-the-channel gas-channel model to a segment-wise MEA submodel. The original model already implements a plug-flow model discretized into multiple axial control volumes to capture the evolution of species and water vapour along the flow direction. This contribution adds a MEA model derived from the original through-plane formulation with local
Ringeisen, Björn, Günthner, Michael, Kargl, Pascal
Development of a Load Responsive Mechanical Shifting Mechanism and Its Benefits for Battery Electric Vehicles2026-37-0026To be published on 06/09/2026
Many high-end electric vehicles use an automatic two-speed transmission. The ability of the drivetrain to switch between two gear ratios improves vehicle performance and increases driving range. The aim of the presented research work is to transfer these advantages to small and lightweight battery-electric vehicles, which face significant cost and weight constraints and therefore cannot rely on highly sophisticated electric motors. Direct-drive systems are widely used in this vehicle class due to their simplicity and high baseline efficiency. However, they offer limited flexibility in adapting the operating point of the electric motor under varying load conditions. A two-speed transmission can overcome this limitation by enabling load point shifting, allowing the motor to operate closer to its optimal efficiency region during both urban and extra‑urban driving. This results in improved energy consumption without adding substantial system complexity. Currently, only actuated
Napetschnig, Christof, Tromayer, Juergen, Stückler, David
Comparative Toxicological Assessment of Exhaust Emissions from Modern Low-Emission Passenger Vehicles2026-37-0005To be published on 06/09/2026
The transition towards low-emission vehicle technologies, driven largely by efforts to reduce fleet-average CO2 emissions, has led to the widespread introduction of advanced powertrains, including hybridized gasoline vehicles, modern diesel vehicles, and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles [1]. While these technologies are primarily promoted for their reduced regulated emissions, their comparative toxicological impacts under realistic driving conditions remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a comparative toxicological assessment of exhaust emissions from five state-of-the-art passenger vehicles representing different propulsion technologies. The vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer under controlled laboratory conditions, following a common experimental protocol. The test matrix included gasoline vehicles with varying degrees of hybridization and particulate filtration (with and without gasoline particulate filters, GPF), a diesel vehicle equipped with a
Tsakonas, Georgios, Stamatiou, Rodopi, Lazou, Antigone, Samaras, Zissis, Elihn, Karine
Numerical simulation of spark-ignited flame kernels towards prospective application to hydrogen SI engines2026-37-0015To be published on 06/09/2026
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its thermophysical combustion model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then
Dotteschini, Enrico, Pretto, Marco, Giannattasio, Pietro, Gadalla, Mahmoud
Evaluation of Flamelet-Based Combustion Models for Hydrogen-Ammonia Spark-Ignition Engines2026-37-0027To be published on 06/09/2026
Besides the electrification of the transport sector, the growing interest in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines represents a promising pathway to effectively decarbonize transportation over the coming decades. Predictive combustion models implemented within CFD frameworks are a critical tool to guide the design of next-generation internal combustion engines fuelled with alternative fuels. Accurate prediction of the combustion heat release process is influenced by multiple interacting parameters, requiring combustion models that can reliably adapt to variations in fuel chemical properties and operating conditions. In this study, two well-established combustion models considered to model combustion development in Spark-Ignition engine, namely the Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM) and the G-equation model, are compared to assess their capability to adapt to changes in fuel chemical composition. Both models, based on the flamelet formulation are deliberately tested beyond
Sola, Riccardo, Baratta, Mirko, Misul, Daniela, Rousselle, Christine, BREQUIGNY, Pierre, Colin, Olivier
Potential of ORC-Based Waste Heat Recovery in Conventional and Hybrid Heavy-Duty Powertrains2026-37-0018To be published on 06/09/2026
Heavy-duty vehicles are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and urban air pollution, particularly under cold-start and transient operating conditions where engine efficiency and exhaust aftertreatment effectiveness are reduced. In this context, waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies represent a practical pathway for improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO₂ emissions in real-world heavy-duty applications. This study investigates the integration of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)–based WHR system within conventional and hybrid electric powertrain architectures applied to a reference heavy-duty truck (ISUZU FTR850). A sensitivity analysis is performed on four WHR configurations, combining shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers with simple and regenerative ORC layouts. For the parallel hybrid configuration, two engine sizes and two energy management strategies are compared: a fuel-minimizing fuzzy logic rule-based strategy and a constant-power strategy aimed at stabilizing
Donateo, Teresa, Morrone, Pietropaolo
Integration of energy consumption simulation in optimal charging planning for battery electric long-haul trucks2026-37-0019To be published on 06/09/2026
Vehicle fleet decarbonization is a key objective for the coming years, with electrification representing the primary pathway to achieving the targets set by the European Union. The share of battery electric trucks in new registrations has been gradually increasing especially in light and medium size trucks. The replacement rate of diesel long-haul trucks with zero emission trucks is still low due to challenges posed by added complexity and limitations of battery charging. Depot overnight charging is not sufficient to cover the energy needs of a truck covering large distances and careful planning of the route using public charging infrastructure is crucial for an optimized route minimizing extra costs and range anxiety. The current work aims to develop a methodology to propose the optimal charging locations for a given route of a battery electric truck based on nearby stations along the route. Our study uses an open-source optimization algorithm for the fixed route vehicle charging
Perdikopoulos, Michail, Doulgeris, Stylianos, Livitsanos, Georgios, Kazakis, Thomas, Mellios, Giorgos, Ntziachristos, Leonidas
Development and validation of a one-dimensional model for an opposed-piston free-piston engine generator with parametric analysis2026-37-0021To be published on 06/09/2026
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation hybridized and electrified transportation systems, offering the potential for high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and favorable noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. By eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, OFPEGs enable the direct conversion of combustion energy into electrical power. This architecture is particularly attractive for hybrid and range-extender applications, where operational flexibility and high system efficiency are critical to achieving significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. Despite these advantages, the performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control
Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong
Comparison of Detailed Chemistry and Flamelet-Based Models for Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty PFI Engine2026-37-0014To be published on 06/09/2026
Addressing climate change requires substantial reductions in emissions from the transportation sector, where alternative fuels for internal combustion engines play a crucial role. Among these options, hydrogen stands out as a compelling energy carrier capable of enabling low-carbon combustion while leveraging existing engine technologies. Its adoption can support a transition toward fuel-flexible powertrains and deliver rapid decreases in exhaust carbon emissions. This approach is particularly relevant for hard-to-abate segments such as heavy-duty transportation, where full electrification remains challenging. Building on this perspective, this numerical study investigates the modelling behaviour of a heavy-duty port fuel injection (PFI) internal combustion engine fuelled with hydrogen. Initially, the mixture was assumed to be fully premixed to avoid uncertainties related to injection and mixing processes and to significantly reduce computational cost; this assumption was subsequently
Scopelliti, Alex, Misul, Daniela Anna, Baratta, Mirko, Gallo, Alessandro, Rapetto, Nicola, Vargiu, Luca
Nitrogen-based emissions from Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine2026-37-0032To be published on 06/09/2026
Ammonia (NH3) is increasingly recognized as one of the paths toward decarbonizing power generation and transportation. Its carbon-free molecular structure and ease of storage compared to hydrogen put NH3 at the forefront of alternative fuels. However, transitioning from hydrocarbon fuels to NH3 in internal combustion engines significantly alters the profiles of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. In traditional hydrocarbon combustion, NOx is formed mainly via the thermal Zeldovich mechanism, where atmospheric nitrogen reacts with oxygen at high temperatures. In contrast, ammonia combustion introduces "fuel-NOx," where the nitrogen atom within the NH3 molecule itself is oxidized. This study used experiments and numerical simulations to evaluate the effect of engine geometry and operating condition on these differences. In addition, the study observed the differences in NOx and N2O formation and destruction with respect to the engine cycle timeline. While ammonia's
Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Alvarez, Luis F., Akkerman, Vyacheslav, Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
Experimental investigation on cold start and warm-up phases for an ethanol fueled SI engine.2026-37-0031To be published on 06/09/2026
Engine operation during the initial warm-up period is characterized by pronounced thermal non-uniformities, which have a direct impact on fuel efficiency, combustion stability, tailpipe emissions and engine long-term reliability. For these reasons, accelerating the warm-up process represents an effective strategy to improve both environmental impact and overall engine performance. This paper presents an experimental study carried out on a 1.2 liter, naturally aspiered, four-cylinder SI engine equipped with a Port Fuel Injection (PFI) system. The engine is fueled with standard gasoline and an ethanol-gasoline blend containing 30% ethanol by volume (E30), with the aim of assessing the influence of fuel formulation on thermal evolution after a cold start. Each test begins with the engine at ambient temperature and is continued until thermal equilibrium is established. Experiments are carried out at a single steady operating point of 2000 rpm and 20 Nm, selected to reproduce representative
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Adaptive HVAC Strategies for Enhanced Cabin Thermal Comfort, Air Quality and Energy Efficiency2026-26-0791To be published on 06/01/2026
Passenger comfort within vehicle and aerospace cabins relies on finely tuned management of temperature, air quality, and energy use. This paper proposes an integrated HVAC framework that combines zonal climate control, intelligent airflow distribution, and real-time sensor data to maintain thermal balance across different cabin zones. Leveraging predictive thermal load modeling and machine learning, the system anticipates environmental changes—such as sudden shifts in external temperature or passenger load—and proactively adjusts heating and cooling outputs. Simultaneously, air quality is enhanced through a multistage filtration system, active air purification technologies, and dynamic CO₂ concentration monitoring. Comfort assessment integrates PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) indices to adapt environmental conditions based on passenger feedback and physiological needs. Simulations and early-stage prototypes improve energy savings and improve
Mudavath, Lehitha Sai, Patil, Ashish, Saha, Sudipta
Data-Driven Air Traffic Management: Forecasting Demand, Modeling Delay Propagation, and Demand Capacity Balancing2026-26-0772To be published on 06/01/2026
Air traffic management (ATM) systems must accurately estimate flight demand, analyze network delays, and optimize capacity. This research uses a global airline dataset with passenger information, airport characteristics (including geographic markers and continental classifications), flight scheduling data (timing and destination details), crew information, operational status records, and OpenSky Network real-time states data to create an intelligent ATM decision-support framework. Advanced machine learning (ML) methods like gradient boosting and sequential modeling are used to build network models of flight routes between origins and destinations, develop temporal demand patterns for individual airports, analyze delay factors, and predict congestion periods. The research uses mixed-effects statistical models using crew data to measure operational variability and demographic and nationality-based analysis to identify demand trends for improving staffing and security processing during
Senthilkumar, N., S, Gopalakrishnan, Gopinath, S
Electric Air Mobility Using Fuel Cells2026-26-0774To be published on 06/01/2026
Electric air mobility (EAM) is redefining the future of aviation by presenting sustainable, efficient, and adaptable solutions for both urban and regional travel. Within this emerging field, aircraft powered by fuel cells are rapidly gaining recognition as a promising route toward cleaner skies. Hydrogen fuel cells, in particular, stand out due to their impressive energy density, quick refueling times, and the fact that they emit no pollutants during operation. This makes them an appealing replacement for traditional internal combustion engines, as well as an alternative to conventional battery-electric systems. This document delves into the core principles, benefits, challenges, and long-term prospects of adopting fuel cell technology for electric air mobility. It examines how these advancements could revolutionize aviation and significantly support the global push for decarbonization. Specifically, the study evaluates Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells operating at 60
Kari, Sreedhar, Kolipaka, Pradeep
Predictive model and analysis of the resultant force in the dry machining of Mg-4Zn/Si3N4 nanocomposites2026-26-0762To be published on 06/01/2026
In aerospace and automotive applications, the usage of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys and composites reduces the structural weight due to their low density. They also possess good specific strength and are abundantly available. The Mg-4Zn alloy is one such Mg-based alloy that is also biodegradable and biocompatible. In spite of these advantages, there is a strong need and scope to improve its wear resistance and mechanical properties. Mg-4Zn nanocomposites with Si3N4 reinforcements (also a biocompatible bio-ceramic) are hypothesized to possess superior properties. Sustainable machining with minimal subsurface defects and minimal energy consumption is necessary to manufacture components from these vacuum stir-cast nanocomposites. The resultant machining force (Fr) is a good indicator of subsurface quality and energy consumption in machining. The addition of Si3N4 reinforcement to improve the properties of the Mg-4Zn alloy could introduce challenges in machining and could influence Fr. To
N, Anand, Shaju, Tony M, G, Nagamalleswara Rao, D, Bijulal, K, Jayaprakash Reddy, K, Vijayan, Chaman, Joji J
Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Optimization for Optimal Re-Orbital Entry Trajectory Planning in Support of In-Orbit Satellite Refueling Missions2026-26-0725To be published on 06/01/2026
Trajectory optimization for reusable launch vehicles is a critical challenge in space mission design, aiming to determine fuel-efficient paths for spacecraft during ascent, hover, and descent phases. Minimizing fuel consumption not only enhances cost-effectiveness but also improves mission sustainability. The optimization process is governed by nonlinear orbital mechanics, gravitational perturbations, atmospheric drag, and operational constraints such as thrust limits and collision avoidance. These factors make the problem highly nonconvex and discontinuous, posing significant difficulties for classical gradient-based approaches, which often fail to identify global optima. In this work, we formulate the trajectory optimization problem for a reusable rocket executing an ascent–hover–descent cycle. The vehicle must ascend to a specified target altitude, maintain a stable hover for a given duration, and then return to the launch site. The primary decision variable is the throttle control
Eswara Sai Kumar, Kandula, Singh, Utkarsh, Pohankar, Pritam, A, Anoop, Maharana, Priyabrata, Lineswala, Rut
Weight Estimation of Novel Aircraft Configurations in Early Design Phase2026-26-0773To be published on 06/01/2026
Initial Weight estimation based on the Top Level Aircraft Requirements, hereon referred to as TLAR, is one of the key points to begin with the design of any aircraft. A quick and accurate estimation at the initial stages allows to achieve optimal design solution in fewer steps. This has more relevance in a setup like DOE, i.e., Design of Experiments, where the idea is to explore the complete design space and choose the best solution. At present, there are techniques available to estimate the weight from TLAR for conventional tube and wing configurations with JetA1 fuel. These techniques are primarily based on trends and empirical equations that have been derived from historical data of aircrafts previously built. A lot of new aircraft concepts have been (eg: VTOL) and are being (eg - BWB, H2 as fuel, OpenFan Propulsion etc.) considered for the commercial future. Currently, there are no standard methods established to estimate their weights due to the scarcity of historical data. The
Goyal, Tushar
Conceptual Design of Hydrogen Fuel-Cell-Based Utility Aircraft2026-26-0783To be published on 06/01/2026
The aviation industry contributes to around 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As various sectors of the economy look to reduce their global carbon footprint, the aviation industry is positively acknowledging alternatives to jet fuel. Hydrogen proves to be one such alternative having a high energy density and producing zero carbon emissions on combustion. Hydrogen when used in a jet engine produces water vapour and NOx emissions. In order to reduce the effect of GHGs, the current study aims to develop aircraft concepts suitable with hydrogen propulsion through fuel cells for a short-haul commercial mission profile. Aircrafts such as Metro-23 and Dornier 228-212 were referenced for the requirements of a utility turboprop aircraft. The weight estimation was done to obtain the take off weight of 10,863 kg following the optimization of thrust to weight ratio and wing loading to calculate the initial dimensions. OpenVSP was used to model the initial structure of the aircraft. For the
Bhattacharya, Anisha, Seetha Ramu, Sree Valli, C N, Lakshmi Manasa, Rohit, Benjamin
Thermal Management System in Commercial Aircraft: A Case Study on Passenger Egress System2026-26-0760To be published on 06/01/2026
It is known fact that Thermal management systems are essential to the safety, operational efficiency, and structural integrity of present-day commercial aircraft. Very critical insulation and thermal protection materials are utilized across various aircraft zones to mitigate extreme temperature challenges, ranging from cryogenic conditions at high altitude to pyrotechnic conditions at low altitude/ sea level. Some of the examples where specific materials at their functional role are, • In engine pylons and nacelles, high temperature alloys such as Titanium and Inconel, along with ceramic Matrix composites (CMCs) serve as firewalls and heat shields, which are designed to contain fires and protect primary structures. • In bleed air ducting, fiberglass or silica insulations blankets are employed to prevent thermal degradation of surrounding aluminum and composite components, when air at temperatures above 200 degree C flows. This paper focuses on the critical insulation and thermal
Govindaraju, Parthasarathy, Nanjundegowda, Harshavardhana
AI Based Energy Sustained Series Hybrid Aircraft2026-26-0776To be published on 06/01/2026
This paper investigates the energy consumption characteristics of series hybrid aircraft with a focus on comparing conventional energy management approaches against an AI-powered optimization framework. The study comprehensively models the energy demands of a series hybrid aircraft across all major flight phases, including Idle & Ground Operations, Taxi, Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Descent, Approach, Landing, and Rollout & Taxi. For each phase, detailed mathematical formulations are developed to capture power requirements and energy flow, incorporating real-time operational parameters to enhance the accuracy of the energy consumption estimations measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). The AI-based optimization leverages advanced control strategies, specifically Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms, to dynamically manage the aircraft's energy systems. MPC is employed to predict and optimize future energy usage by solving constrained optimization problems over
Kanchagar, Amogha
Investigation of Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Zirconium oxide and Solid Lubricant Attributes for Brake and Clutch Components of Aircrafts2026-26-0752To be published on 06/01/2026
For brake and clutch components of aircraft, which require higher mechanical strength and wear resistance, lightweight aluminum composites were developed by infusing solid lubricant. In this study, hybrid composites were developed using the powder metallurgy route, using aluminum alloy AA356 and various amounts of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) as reinforcements. A solid lubricant, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), at a fixed 5 wt.% is considered. Following the appropriate ASTM guidelines, the specimens were mechanically characterized by measuring their density, porosity, micro-hardness, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength, among other properties. The findings showed that the composites' physical and mechanical behaviour were greatly affected by the addition of ZrO₂.Porosity increased as a result of particle clustering and interfacial voids, while density increased gradually as ceramic content increased. Consistently increasing ZrO₂ addition
Senthilkumar, N.
A Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell and Battery Powertrains for Formula Student Electric Applications2026-01-5032To be published on 04/27/2026
The organizers of the most prominent Formula Student competitions have recently initiated a preliminary feasibility study on the application of hydrogen-based propulsion technologies in future single-seater race vehicles. These include electric powertrains with electrochemically converted hydrogen in fuel cell–powered vehicles, competing within the electric championship league. Based on the initial set of regulations, this study presents a model-based comparison between battery-powered (BEVs) and fuel cell–powered electric vehicles (FCVs) for Formula Student. The analysis is conducted using energy, power, and efficiency metrics from four candidate models of propulsion systems, implemented in an open and publicly available MATLAB script: two BEVs with varying battery capacities, and two FCVs employing different hybridization strategies. The aim of this study is to pinpoint and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of each technology for the Formula Student use case, and to identify
Martoccia, Lorenzo, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, d’Adamo, Alessandro
Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test ProcedureJ1634_202604 (Current)4/13/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing BEVs that are capable of being operated on public and private roads. The procedure applies only to vehicles using batteries as their sole source of power. It is the intent of this document to provide standard tests that will allow for the determination of energy consumption and range for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on the federal test procedure (FTP) using the urban dynamometer driving cycle (UDDS) and the highway fuel economy driving schedule (HFEDS) and provide a flexible testing methodology that is capable of accommodating additional test cycles as needed. Additionally, this SAE Recommended Practice provides five-cycle testing guidelines for vehicles performing supplementary testing on the US06, SC03, and cold FTP procedures. Realistic alternatives should be allowed for new technology. Evaluations are based on the total vehicle system’s performance and not on subsystems apart from the vehicle.
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Experimental Study of Knock Resistance Offered by Direct Water Injections in a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine03-19-02-00114/11/2026
Stochastic end-gas autoignition in spark ignition (SI) engines, commonly called “knock,” limits attainable engine efficiencies. Multiple pathways to extend SI engine operation into knock-limited regions have been studied, including direct water injection (DWI). This study employs single-cylinder engine experiments with a centrally mounted water injector to investigate the knock resistance offered by compression stroke water injections, which, through incomplete mixing, can thermally stratify the cylinder. In SI, thermally stratifying injections are expected to forcibly widen the cylinder temperature distribution by preferentially cooling the cylinder periphery. The end-gas is in the cylinder periphery. A cooler end-gas would result in longer ignition delays, thus providing knock resistance. The difference between intake temperature required to match knock-limited CA50 and a baseline intake temperature at the load of 8 bar IMEPg (gross indicated mean effective pressure) was used to
Datar, Aditya, Vedpathak, Kunal, Gainey, Brian, Lawler , Benjamin
Quantifying Highway Flow Improvements via CACC-Based Truck Platooning: A Statistical Modeling Approach2026-01-04634/7/2026
The advancement of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) technology enables vehicle platooning on public roads, offering significant potential to enhance urban mobility, driving safety, and energy efficiency. Among various applications, truck platooning has become a promising strategy to increase highway flow rates by reducing vehicle headways, improving coordination, and optimizing space utilization. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of a CACC-based truck platooning system, focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing highway mobility under varying traffic conditions. A statistical regression model is developed and calibrated using simulations of real-world highway networks to identify key influencing factors and evaluate the resulting improvements in traffic flow. The analysis considers five primary variables: desired platoon speed, platoon size, space headway, percentage of platooning trucks, and non-platoon traffic flow. The study systematically examines the impact
Karbasi, Amir Hossein, Wang, Jinghui, Yang, Hao
Improving EV Energy Forecast Accuracy via ML Residual Correction: The Role of Wind Speed in Data-Driven Predictions2026-01-01504/7/2026
The increasing demand for electrified transportation is leading to accelerated development of highly efficient hybrid and battery electric vehicles. A major concern for customers adapting to battery electric vehicles (BEV) is range anxiety due to low charging speeds, charging infrastructure not matching expectations and unreliable range estimations shown to the customers by their vehicles. Estimating the range more accurately has been difficult due to the sensitivity of vehicle’s energy consumption to real-world environmental and driving conditions. This paper aims to find out the effect of true wind in the road load experienced by BEVs in the real-world driving scenarios and how using a highly accurate wind speed measurement improves the energy consumption estimation better. On-road tests were conducted on public roads and in controlled test-track environments to collect reliable wind speed measurements using a dynamic multi-hole pressure probe. Additional coastdown tests were also
Raghupathy, Vishnu Prasaad, Kim, Shinhoon, Evans, Nic, Niimi, Keisuke, Mochihara, Takahiro
An Integrated Methodology for Sustainable Mobility Infrastructure Planning: The Atlanta Aerotropolis Case Study2026-01-00974/7/2026
By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human
Rana, Vishva, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri, Valenzuela Del Rio, Jose
Effect of Liquidized-Gas Fluid Properties in a High-Pressure Fuel Pump2026-01-02734/7/2026
Paper considers the effects of fluid properties from liquified gases during high pressure pumping, at ranges from 200 to 1500 bar, and at speeds of 500 to 1500 rpm. Tests represent highest to date pressure ranges attained with liquified fluids such as DME. The paper examines the effects of compressibility on the pumping and resulting loading torque characteristics described over the pumping cycle as resolved by a high-fidelity sensor. Experimental tests and simulated performance based on a 1-D model are compared for Diesel and DME for a high-pressure fuel pump, piston style, featuring two plunger-barrels. Each of the pump’s plunger-barrel is inlet metered electronically, allowing the pump to run at a variable displacement and with the flexibility to deactivate one or both plungers fully. The model captures the response of the inlet metering valve and output valve lifts across speed and loads. The output check valve is subject to pressure pulsations and shows the importance to optimize
de Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao)
Novel Air System for 300 kW Heavy Duty Fuel Cell2026-01-04344/7/2026
Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles for heavy duty trucking are a promising path for reducing future vehicle emissions due to their reduced mass for storage and faster refueling compared to battery electric trucks. These benefits come at the cost of increased system complexity stemming from the fact that fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction which must be tightly controlled. The air handling system delivers the proper amount of air (oxygen) to react with fuel (hydrogen) in the fuel cell to produce power. Air delivery requires significant power and is the largest parasitic loss for a 300 kW fuel cell. Today’s systems use an electric motor driving an air compressor to supply pressurized air to the fuel cell stack. By operating at elevated pressure levels, fuel cells can achieve higher power density, which is important for vehicle powertrains. In addition to parasitic power loss, hydrogen fuel cell systems often have reliability issues associated with the air
Reich, Evan, Swartzlander, Matthew, Wine, Jonathan, McCarthy, Jr., James, Miller, Eric, Akhtar, Saad, Reddy, Sharan, Lawy, TJ
Ambient and Initial Temperature Effects on Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Range and Energy Consumption Rate Modeled in FASTSim2026-01-02774/7/2026
Ambient and initial temperatures significantly impact the energy consumption rate (ECR) of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) due to auxiliary loads and the temperature dependence of battery efficiency. This study introduces a streamlined, physics-based thermal modeling approach within the FASTSim tool that bridges the gap between oversimplified constant-load models and computationally expensive high-fidelity simulations. By employing a lumped thermal mass framework, the model captures fundamental energy balances and critical non-linear energy penalties while maintaining the computational efficiency required for expansive sensitivity studies. The simulations evaluated a compact BEV hatchback with a resistive heater over city (UDDS) and highway (HWFET) test cycles. Compared to a 22°C initial and ambient temperature baseline, a -7°C initial/ambient temperature resulted in a 221% increase in the ECR for the city cycle and a 100% increase for the highway cycle. Conversely, a 45°C initial
Baker, Chad, Steuteville, Robin, Holden, Jake, Gonder, Jeffrey, Carow, Kyle
ANN and RSM-Driven Optimization of Tribological Characteristics of CuO-Doped Castor Oil Bio-Lubricants2026-01-03534/7/2026
The development of renewable and eco-friendly bio-lubricants can address the environmental challenges posed by petroleum-based lubricants. At the same time, it is possible to improve the tribological properties of lubricants through alternative sources. To overcome these problems, castor oil is a potential basis for bio-lubricants due to its high viscosity, natural lubricity, and biodegradability. In the current work, castor oil was chemically modified by the epoxidation process. This process has improved the tribological properties of castor oil through the epoxidation method. In this method, the presence of hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidizing agent while sulfuric acid serves as a catalyst, converting the unsaturated double bonds present in the oil into oxirane rings. At the same time, this modification enhanced the thermal stability and tribological applications in harsh operating conditions. The tribological performance of the epoxidized castor oil, further reinforced with copper
Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant Kumar
Model-Based Development of the “Big 5” in Fuel Cell Systems2026-01-00724/7/2026
Fuel cell systems are gaining traction across heavy-duty applications, driven by global decarbonization targets. Managing their inherent complexity and diverse architectural requirements, commonly organized into the “Big 5” fuel cell subsystems (stack, thermal, electric, anode, and cathode), necessitates advanced Model-Based Development (MBD) approaches. This paper presents and validates a constraint-graph-based, equation-oriented, acausal MBD methodology for fuel cell system (FCS) development, implemented in an industrial modeling environment. This methodology supports scalable functional and software development from 75 kW single-stack systems to twin-stack configurations exceeding 250 kW. It facilitates robust parameterization and reuse of consistently formulated, subsystem-level physical models across Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) to Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) environments, ensuring numerically robust software architectures and improved embedded control quality. Industrial application
Bandi, Rajendra Prasad, Bleile, Thomas
Accelerating Electrification through Modular Propulsion: GM’S Strategy for BEV and BET Platforms2026-01-04104/7/2026
General Motors (GM) continues to advance its electrification strategy through the development of scalable Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Battery Electric Truck (BET) platforms. This paper highlights GM’s latest BEV and BET products that leverage shared Drive Unit (DU), Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS), and integrated power electronic (IPE) components across multiple vehicle programs. By adopting a modular and commonized propulsion architecture, GM achieves significant benefits in manufacturing efficiency, cost optimization, speed to market, and product flexibility. The shared DU, RESS, and IPE components are engineered to meet diverse performance requirements while maintaining high standards of energy efficiency, thermal management, and durability. This approach enables rapid deployment of electrified solutions across various segments, from passenger vehicles to full-size trucks, without compromising on capability or customer experience. The paper outlines the technical
Liu, Jinming, Sevel, Kris, Anwar, Mohammad, Oury, Andrew, Welchko, Brian, Gagas, Brent
The Impact of Various Renewable Hydrocarbons on Performance and Emissions in a Super Lean Burn Engine2026-01-03064/7/2026
Compared to regular fuels, biofuels can play a key role as low-carbon transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel
Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji
AI-Powered Requirements Engineering & Design Optimization of Electric Powertrains2026-01-05004/7/2026
The development of electric vehicle powertrains is driven by diverse and often conflicting requirements. In early development phases, these requirements are often vague, incomplete, continuously refined and subject to change as development progresses. Moreover, powertrain designs must be competitive regarding multiple key performance indicators (KPIs) such as performance, cost, energy efficiency, and package integration. This challenges engineers to concurrently develop the powertrain design alongside the requirements on which the design is based on. Managing this combination of uncertain requirements and multi-KPI design optimization represents a complex challenge in automotive engineering. The present work introduces a requirements engineering approach based on OPED (Optimization of Electric Drives). OPED digitalizes the transition from requirements to technical solutions by integrating parametric system models with an AI-based evolutionary optimization algorithm. This enables
Hofstetter, Martin, Lechleitner, Dominik
Modelling of Cold Start Processes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells2026-01-04964/7/2026
In this work, a numerical study is carried out to analyze the cold start process of a three-dimensional proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a three-parallel serpentine flow channel design. The investigation is mainly focused on developing a transient ice formation model in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) environment to predict ice formation during subfreezing startup and to analyze its influence on the operation of the fuel cell. The model considers sublimation and de-sublimation processes inside the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. To account for the influence of ice on electrochemical reactions, the local transfer current is reduced depending on the fraction of ice volume present in the porous regions. The proposed model is validated against experimental data, and the comparison shows that the model can successfully reproduce both the successful and the failed cold start cases under different initial temperatures. The study identifies two main factors
ma, Shihu, Champhekar, Omkar, Han, Chao
The Effect of Diesel Fuel Compositions and Distillation Properties on PM Production2026-01-03464/7/2026
Although overall demand for petroleum products is expected to decline, diesel fuel demand is projected to remain stable. Modern refineries produce diesel fuel by blending straight-run diesel fuel with cracked fractions like Light Cycle Oil (LCO) and kerosene. Cracked fractions are characterized by high concentrations of aromatic and naphthenic compounds compared to straight-run diesel fuel, whereas kerosene exhibits lighter distillation properties. This study quantitatively assesses the effects of diesel fuel composition and distillation properties on PM formation using engine bench tests designed to reflect practical refinery blending operations. To isolate the impact of fuel composition, test fuels were formulated with substantial variations in aromatic and naphthenic content, while other key parameters were held constant. To investigate the influence of distillation properties, two sets of test fuels were prepared: one series with varying front-end volatility achieved by adjusting
Katori, Kohei, Seo, Masahiro, Takahashi, Ko
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Powertrains2026-01-02964/7/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating several fuel-efficient design features, including a higher compression ratio, increased fuel-rail pressure, low-friction piston rings, and a high-efficiency variable-geometry turbocharger. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR
McCarthy, Jr.,, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
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