With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load

Fan, Longyu, Chen, Yuxin, Zhang, Dacai

Assessing the Performance of a Modified Fuel Injection System–Equipped Dimethyl Ether-Fueled Genset/Tractor Engine

04-18-03-0014

05/21/2025

Ethers are emerging as suitable mineral diesel replacements. A customized mechanical fuel injection system was used to investigate the dimethyl ether–fueled genset/tractor, and ~75% rated engine load was achieved over diesel. The in-cylinder pressure rise rate was about half for the dimethyl ether engine. However, the lower pressure generated in the high-pressure dimethyl ether line reduced brake thermal efficiency for the dimethyl ether engine. Dimethyl ether engines emitted lower nitrogen oxide emissions than baseline diesel except at higher loads and reduced nozzle opening pressure. Carbon monoxide emissions increased due to prolonged and incomplete combustion at higher loads with reduced nozzle opening pressure. Blowby gas leakage was lower for dimethyl ether than for baseline diesel engines. Overall, the genset/tractor engine could perform satisfactorily using a customized fuel injection system and will help achieve carbon neutrality from the various sectors using this technology.

Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Pal, Manojit, Valera, Hardikk

Methodology for Selection of Gasoline Catalytic Convertor & Oxygen Sensor Position, Study on Oxygen Storage Capacity for 1.2L Turbocharger MPFI Engine

2025-01-5022

05/16/2025

The results published in this paper emphasize on the study of three-way catalytic convertor for a 1.2 L turbocharged multi-point fuel injection gasoline engine. This paper takes us through the findings on methodology used for finalizing the brick configuration for catalytic convertor along with downstream oxygen sensor placement for emission control and methods applied for catalytic convertor selection with actual testing. The advantages of dual brick configuration over single brick with downstream sensor placed in between the bricks to enable faster dew point of sensor is explained using water splash test and design confirmation of better exhaust gas flow vortices concentration at the sensor tip for better sensing. Selection of catalytic convertor loading by testing its emission conversion capability and light-off behavior. NOx conversion capability across stoichiometric ratio (14.7:1 for petrol) on selected most operational zone was tested (±5% lambda) for the design-finalized

Arun Selvan, S. A., Paul, Arun Augustine, Selvaraj, Manimaran

Experimental Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Additives Effect on Performance and Emission of a High-Injection Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine

03-18-03-0020

05/16/2025

Due to the continuous decrease in fossil fuel resources, and drawbacks of some biofuel properties, in addition to restricted environmental concerns, it becomes a vital manner to innovate some approaches for energy saving and emission reduction. One of the promising approaches is to enhance the fuel properties via adding nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blended with biofuels get extensive investigations by researchers using conventional diesel engines at relatively limited operating regimes. The objective of this work is to extend these studies using diesel fuel, rather than biofuels, on a high-injection pressure (1400–1600 bar) common rail diesel engine at wide operating conditions and higher CNT concentrations. Experimental results show an increase in peak pressure up to 24.46% than pure diesel when using 100 ppm CNTs concentration. Also, BSFC has decreased by 33.19%, and BTE increased by 54.2% compared to pure diesel fuel at high speeds and loads. NOx and CO2 emissions raised

Moaayet, Sayed, Neseem, Waleed Mohamed, Amin, Mohamed Ibrahim, Shahin, Motasem Abdelbaky

Aviation Lubricant Tribology Evaluator (ALTE) Method to Determine the Lubricating Capability of Gas Turbine Lubricants

ARP6255A (Current)

05/16/2025

Employing “ball-on-ring” philosophy, a nonrotating steel ball is held in a vertically mounted chuck and, using an applied load, is forced against an axially mounted steel rotating ring. The test ring is rotated at a fixed speed while being partially immersed in a lubricant reservoir. This maintains the ring in a wet condition and continuously transports a lubricating film of test fluid to the ball and ring interface. The diameter of the wear scar generated on the test ball is used as a measure of the fluid’s lubricating properties. The apparatus can be used by adjusting the operating conditions to reproduce two different wear mechanisms. Therefore, the ALTE can assess a lubricant’s performance in that regard. These mechanisms are described below.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Two-Stroke-Cycle Engine Oil Fluidity/Miscibility Classification

J1536_202505 (Current)

05/16/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for use by engine manufacturers in determining the Fluidity/Miscibility Grades to be recommended for use in their engines and by oil marketers in formulating and labeling their products.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Experimental Quantitative Analysis of Spray Velocity Field Characteristics of Four Compression-Ignition Engine Oxygenated Alternative Fuels

03-18-03-0021

05/10/2025

As the suitable substitutes for diesel in compression-ignition (CI) piston engines, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEs), and bio-aviation fuel (BAF), among other oxygenated alternative fuels have been widely recognized due to higher cetane values. To explore the in-cylinder fuel spray dynamics and subsequent fuel–air entrainment of these fuels, experimental studies on near-field and full-field spray characteristics were carried out by the diffuser back-illumination imaging (DBI) method within a constant-volume chamber. The local velocity was inferred by momentum flux conservation and Gaussian radial profile assumption, and the dimensionless Jet number was introduced to qualify the strength of interaction within two-phase flow. It was found that the initial spray transitions from a “needle” to a larger spray head structure as injection pressure rises, especially with PODE3-5 exhibiting a stable “mushroom” structure due to its higher surface tension

Chen, Houchang, Jiang, Junxin, Hu, Yong, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang

Experimental Evaluation of Direct and Port Fuel Injection Strategies on a Heavy-Duty Liquefied Petroleum Gas Engine

03-18-03-0022

05/09/2025

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a popular alternative fuel in the transportation sector as a result of its favorable physical and chemical properties, availability, and relatively lower emissions compared to conventional fuels. However, much of its use is currently in light-duty applications, usually in manifold or port-injected configurations primarily due to their simplicity and ease of conversion. However, there are shortfalls in heavy-duty applications where decarbonization efforts are direly needed. The key reasons for this shortfall in alternative fuel adoption in the heavy-duty sector are the deficit in engine performance when compared to conventional heavy-duty diesel engines and the lack of specialized hardware to bridge this performance gap, for example, direct injectors optimized for LPG fuel operation on large-bore engines. To address this, this study evaluated the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine, the

Fosudo, Toluwalase, Windom, Bret, Olsen, Daniel

Wear Protection for Electrified Transmissions Using e-Fluids without Active Sulfur

04-18-03-0015

05/08/2025

In electrified drivetrains, lubricants are commonly in contact with the motor and other electrical components as well as the gears and bearings. Copper, present in these electrical components, is susceptible to corrosion by fluids containing active sulfur, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the unit. Lubricating fluids for electric vehicles (referred to as e-fluids) must not cause corrosion and must maintain high performance while having suitable electrical conductivity, material compatibility, and heat transfer properties. We describe a new formulation without active sulfur that has recently entered the market, which can protect against copper corrosion. We show that this e-fluid can provide suitable wear protection under field trial conditions, and that the e-fluid provides improved wear protection in bearing (FE-8) tests compared to a traditional extreme pressure axle fluid (API GL-4). Surface analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements of the component surfaces

Hopper, Elizabeth R., Williams, Megan S., Gahagan, Michael

Variable Speed Limit Control Based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient under Mixed Traffic Environment

12-09-01-0004

05/06/2025

The existing variable speed limit (VSL) control strategies rely on variable message signs, leading to slow response times and sensitivity to driver compliance. These methods struggle to adapt to environments where both connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and manual vehicles coexist. This article proposes a VSL control strategy using the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to optimize travel time, reduce collision risks, and minimize energy consumption. The algorithm leverages real-time traffic data and prior speed limits to generate new control actions. A reward function is designed within a DDPG-based actor-critic framework to determine optimal speed limits. The proposed strategy was tested in two scenarios and compared against no-control, rule-based control, and DDQN-based control methods. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy outperforms existing approaches in terms of improving TTS (total time spent), enhancing the throughput efficiency

Ding, Xibin, Zhang, Zhaolei, Liu, Zhizhen, Tang, Feng

Flow-Induced Noise Prediction and Validation of a Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle’s HVAC System Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

2025-01-0057

05/05/2025

Within automobiles, the HVAC is a critical system to regulate the occupants’ thermal comfort. However, at its high operating speeds, it can contribute significantly to the overall sound levels perceived by the cabin occupants, impacting their experience. This is especially true in the case of electric vehicles due to their overall quieter operation. This work has the intention to validate HVAC noise predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, CFD simulations provide detailed flow field insights which are essential to identify and rank the main noise sources, and it ultimately allows a better understanding of the physical mechanisms of noise generation on similar systems. These insights are very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with physical testing and are key to designing a quiet and efficient HVAC system. Sound levels were measured experimentally at eight different locations inside of a Class-8 Nikola TRE hydrogen fuel cell electric semi

Ihi, Rafael, Fougere, Nicolas, Passador, Stephen, Woo, Sangbeom, Kim, James, Desouky, Mohamed

Research on NVH Performance of Pulse Heating System of One Vehicle

2025-01-0078

05/05/2025

When the ambient temperature is too low, the performance of the lithium-ion battery will deteriorate, and the car will have the problems of difficult charging, fast power consumption, and even difficult to start, so the battery needs to be heated before use to provide a comfortable working environment for the lithium-ion. The high-frequency pulse heating system can quickly and evenly raise the temperature of the battery, but there is noise during operation, which affects the NVH performance of the vehicle itself, and its noise comfort needs to be further optimized. Firstly, the high-frequency pulse heating system is discussed in detail, and the parameters affecting the NVH performance are explored. Secondly, NVH tests and subjective and objective evaluations were carried out based on different system parameters, relevant data were collected to establish a model, the influence degree of each parameter was demonstrated, and the best parameter combination was determined. Finally, the

Yun, Zhao, Shouhui, Huang, Hu, Zhongxun, Hui, Hui, Zhou, Changshui, Teng, Charlie

Global Vehicle Vibration Enhancement Using Circular Force Technology

2025-01-0015

05/05/2025

In addition to providing safety advantages, sound and vibration are being utilized to enhance the driver experience in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). There's growing interest and investment in using both interior and exterior sounds for pedestrian safety, driver awareness, and unique brand recognition. Several automakers are also using audio to simulate virtual gear shifting of automatic and manual transmissions in BEVs. According to several automotive industry articles and market research, the audio enhancements alone, without the vibration that drivers are accustomed to when operating combustion engine vehicles, are not sufficient to meet the engagement, excitement, and emotion that driving enthusiasts expect. In this paper, we introduce the use of new automotive, high-force, compact, light-weight circular force generators for providing the vibration element that is lacking in BEVs. The technology was developed originally for vibration reduction/control in aerospace applications

Norris, Mark A., Orzechowski, Jeffrey, Sanderson, Brad, Swanson, Douglas, Vantimmeren, Andrew

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