Browse Topic: Fuels and Energy Sources

Items (36,983)

Designing and Controlling a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Propelling a Turboprop Aircraft

2025-01-0151To be published on 04/25/2025

In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfill the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system

De Donato, Angelo, Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Musto, Carmine

Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Aero Electric Engine System

2025-01-0146To be published on 04/25/2025

The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting wires have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this

Oyori, Hitoshi, Sakurai, Sho, Kusase, Shin, Yoshida, Yukihiro, Yoshinaga, Seiichiro, Nose, Hiroyuki, Amemiya, Naoyuki

Emissions and Operating Costs of Fully Electric and Hybrid-Electric for eVTOL Aircraft and the Impact of Alternative Fuels

2025-01-0149To be published on 04/25/2025

As electric aviation technologies continue to advance, the importance of understanding the benefits and drawbacks associated with power sources for electric aircraft increases. The research presented herein analyzes the emissions and operating costs of a “lift + cruise” type urban air mobility aircraft with different power sources including fully battery-electric and hybrid-electric using VerdeGo Aero’s VH-3-185 hybrid powerplant. Multiple fuels will be examined for the hybrid-electric configuration, including multiple sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production pathways and power-to-liquid (PtL) e-SAF. The conclusions presented will show that SAF can reduce emissions by up to 87% compared to those due to the production of electric power required to recharge the fully electric aircraft. Emissions and operating costs associated with battery production are considered, including the required time of operation of a battery electric aircraft to offset the emissions due to production of its

Moeller, Piper, Roiati, Riccardo, Grantham, Dalton, Steinfeldt, Brock, Rice, Tyler

Model-Based Design and Energy Management of an Aeronautical Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

2025-01-0150To be published on 04/25/2025

The growing demand for air transport requires efficient and sustainable power systems to meet the pressing need for decarbonizing the sector. A hybrid unit, consisting of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and a lithium-ion battery, is a suitable option due to the benefits of reduced gravimetric and volumetric impacts, along with the flexibility of energy management strategies. This work addresses, using a model-based approach, the issue of integrating these electrochemical devices into the aircraft’s electrical architecture, considering both design and energy management aspects. Two scenarios are explored to match the DC bus line voltage requirements. In the first, the fuel cell system nominal power is kept constant, while the number of DC/DC converters operating in parallel is assessed by constructing bi-dimensional maps derived from literature. These maps relate the converter’s maximum deliverable power to the input and desired output voltage. The second scenario introduces

Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Napolitano, Ciro

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480To be published on 04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

Energy consumption optimization of commercial electric bus in Indian city driving condition using two speed transmission

2025-01-8504To be published on 04/01/2025

ABSTRACT Currently automobile industries are shifting towards electric powertrains from conventional internal combustion engines. With increase in use of electric vehicle, more focus is to increase the driving range of vehicle. As of now, most of the OEMs are using single speed transmission in their electric buses. Single speed transmission is effective in road having less traffic condition but during heavy traffic condition (like Mumbai city application), performance of motor gets deteriorated. In heavy traffic condition (city application), operating points of motor goes into less efficiency regions which results in high energy consumption. It will also affect the regeneration. In this study, focus is on commercial vehicle like electric buses. If there is a need to increase driving range, energy consumption must be optimized. Thus, higher energy consumption in heavy traffic condition can be managed by using multiple gear ratio. With use of optimum gear ratio, motor operating points

Saurabh, Saurabh, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay

A Comparative Analysis of Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles for Aggressive Driving Styles and Fuel Economy Test Cycles

2025-01-8605To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient and sustainable transportation in urban environments depends on understanding driving behaviors, and their implications. This study explores into the distinction between aggressive and non-aggressive driving patterns, leveraging an on-road driving dataset provided by an automotive company. By contrasting this data with established Fuel Economy cycles from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and employing curve-fitting techniques, the research not only reveals driving patterns but also predicts potential behaviors in unfamiliar scenarios. Results show significantly different acceleration profile patterns between different driving behaviors which has serious impact in fuel economy and environmental wellness. The findings highlights the environmental impact of driving behaviors, paving the way for environmentally responsible policy recommendations and sustainable driving practices.

Padmanaban, Gandhimathi, Feng, Fred, Dai, Edward, Saini, Ankit, Hu, Guopeng, Zhao, Yanan

Analysis of the design space for battery and fuel cell powered electric trucks

2025-01-8600To be published on 04/01/2025

A diverse set of solutions will likely be needed to decarbonize the commercial truck sector in US. Battery powered vehicles definitely has a predominant role in this, but there are several areas where fuel cell trucks are more advantageous for the consumer. This study examines several prominent medium and heavy duty applications, designed for different driving range requirements to identify the design space where battery and fuel cell trucks are attractive. The impact of purchase price, fuel cost, vehicle usage are also considered in this analysis. Since future costs cannot be accurately predicted, this study includes parametric sweeps with certain high and low values to examine the uncertainty of the observations. This work examines the top 10 truck classes based on vehicle population, fuel usage and driving distances. It also considers some of the bus applications such as coach, transit and school buses. The vehicle usage information taken from VIUS as well as inputs from the 21CTP

Vijayagopal, Ram, Birky, Alicia

A MIL/SIL Testing Approach for Predictive Energy Management Algorithms

2025-01-8583To be published on 04/01/2025

Energy management strategy is essential for HEV’s to achieve an optimum of energy consumption. With predictive energy management, taking future vehicle speed predicted from ADAS map information, in-vehicle navigation traffic flow status information, and current speed into account, one could anticipate a considerable improvement in energy-saving. The major validating approach widely adopted for energy management algorithms nowadays is real-world vehicle testing, of which the economic and time costs are relatively high. Moreover, with advanced algorithms featuring AI coming into light, putting forward higher requirement in the richness of test cases, the drawback in coverage of vehicle testing is revealed. This paper proposed a MIL/SIL testing approach for predictive energy management algorithms, providing an alternative to, and overcome the limitations of, vehicle testing. In the testing setup, random traffic would be generated by MATLAB based on real-time traffic condition queried from

Yan, Yue, Ma, Xiudan

Evaluation of Different Powertrain Topologies for a Premium Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8531To be published on 04/01/2025

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles combine the benefits of both battery electric and internal combustion engine drivetrains. There are multiple possibilities for hybrid configurations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, two newly developed traction electric machines were employed alongside a gasoline engine in various hybrid configurations. These configurations, ranging from P1 to P4 and their combinations, were evaluated in terms of vehicle performance, energy consumption, and emissions. The impact of battery capacity was also examined. With a larger battery providing higher discharge power, the electric acceleration time significantly decreases from around 8.6 seconds to approximately 5.2 seconds as the battery capacity increases from 20 kWh to 40 kWh in configurations featuring two traction electric machines. In hybrid mode, the reduction in acceleration time is less pronounced, with a decrease of around 0.7 seconds compared to the configuration with a 20

Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Tokat, Alexandra, Kristoffersson, Annika, Olsson, Jan-Ola

Comprehensive gear shift schedule of heavy-duty commercial electric trucks based on dual axle driving

2025-01-8510To be published on 04/01/2025

A heavy-duty commercial electric truck is equipped with dual axles, with the middle axle driven by an electric motor and a three-speed transmission and the rear axle driven by an electric motor and a two-speed transmission. To consider the dynamics and economic performance of the whole vehicle, as well as the gear distribution characteristics in the vehicle operation, a comprehensive shifting law based on the cross-particle swarm algorithm is proposed. By establishing the longitudinal dynamics model of the truck, the optimal power shift schedule and the optimal economic shift schedule of each of the two transmissions are studied. Under the standard test conditions, an optimal gear control strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm considering the shift interval is proposed, and the shift schedule for the standard conditions is derived through the hierarchical clustering method. Furthermore, with 100 km acceleration time and specific energy consumption as the objectives, a

Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

Optimization method of phase change energy storage device for electric vehicle batteries based on numerical simulation

2025-01-8603To be published on 04/01/2025

Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. This approach aligns with the objective of promoting low-carbon environmental protection and presents an opportunity to enhance the operational performance and energy utilization efficiency of electric vehicle batteries in low-temperature conditions. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat

Zhang, Haonan, Sun, Mingzhe, Zheng, Haoyun, Zhang, Tianming

Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications

2025-01-8008To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper aims to model and simulate a design specification for a fuel cell electric powertrain tailored for Extreme H motorsport applications. A comprehensive numerical model of the powertrain was constructed using GT-Suite, integrating the 2025 Extreme H regulations, which include specifications for the fuel cell stack, electric motors, hydrogen storage, and battery systems. A detailed drive cycle representing the real-world driving patterns of Extreme E vehicles was developed, utilising kinematic parameters derived from literature and real-world data. The performance of the Extreme H powertrain was benchmarked against the Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle to validate the simulation accuracy under the same racing conditions. The proposed design delivers a maximum power output of 400 kW, with 75 kW supplied by the fuel cell and 325 kW by the battery, ensuring optimal performance within the constraints set by the Extreme H 2025 regulations. Additionally, the design maintains an optimal

Moreno Medina, Javier, Samuel, Stephen

Modelling and Simulation of a Formula 1 Power Unit for 2026 and Predicting Formaldehyde Levels

2025-01-8004To be published on 04/01/2025

The transition to fully sustainable fuels, like ethanol, for Formula 1 power units in 2026 introduces challenges related to engine performance and emissions. The lower energy content of these fuels can have a negative impact on power output, while the increased levels of formaldehyde produced during combustion pose an environmental concern. This study aims to evaluate engine performance while meeting the FIA’s 2026 regulations using numerical simulations and to develop a method for estimating formaldehyde emissions produced during combustion. An F1 power unit model was developed in GT-Suite, incorporating all relevant regulations for 2026. The model was validated against literature data for combustion characteristics, such as laminar and turbulent flame speeds, and friction losses. Additionally, compliance with operational limits, such as energy flow restrictions, was confirmed. Suitable elementary and global reaction mechanisms for formation and destruction of formaldehyde were

Fuss, Nadine, Samuel, Stephen

Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective

2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025

This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging

Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae

The development and real-time application of DP-based optimized A-ECMS algorithm for multi-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles

2025-01-8589To be published on 04/01/2025

The hybrid electric drive system shows its great potential in the energy sustainability of the automotive industry. This paper investigates the improved adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) for a multi-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle. First, a basic ECMS algorithm for the series-parallel vehicle is established, which considers the instantaneous optimal torque matching in the electric, serial hybrid, and engine driving modes. Then, Genetic Algorithms (GA) are used for offline global optimization of the equivalent factor and penalty function exponent. Under the condition that the future traffic information scenario is known, it is desired to realize the global optimal planning based on the combination of dynamic programming (DP) and ECMS. Therefore, the SOC, engine speed, and torque results calculated by the DP strategy are used as benchmarks to develop the improved SOC-AECMS and S-AECMS strategies, which better incorporate the advantages of the

Zhu, Jingyu, Han, Mengwei, Liu, Chongfan, Yang, Chenfan, Nishida, Keiya

A Novel Hybrid Approach for Segmenting Driver Based on their Driving Style

2025-01-8205To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers present a diverse landscape with their distinct personalities, preferences, and driving habits influenced by many factors. While drivers exhibit a wide range of behaviors, identifiable patterns in driving styles enable the classification of drivers into discrete segments. Discrete segmentation provides a practical and effective way to categorize and address the differences in driving style. The segmentation approach offers many benefits, including simplification, measurement, proven methodology, customization, and safety. Numerous studies have investigated driving style classification using real-world vehicle data. These studies employed various methods to identify and categorize distinct driving patterns, including naturalist differences in driving and field operational tests. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach for segmenting driver behavior based on their driving patterns. We leverage vehicle acceleration data to create granular driver segments by combining event

Chavan, Shakti Pradeep, Chinnam, Ratna Babu

Powertrain components aging model selection for energy efficient vehicles: selection strategy and challenges.

2025-01-8541To be published on 04/01/2025

The long-term performance of powertrain components in energy-efficient vehicles, particularly in Class 8 heavy-duty applications, is crucial for sustaining energy efficiency. However, these components degrade over time, leading to reduced performance and highlighting the need for appropriate aging models to estimate the impact of aging. This study aims to identify and select appropriate aging models for two critical powertrain components: battery and electric machine. Through a comprehensive literature review, the primary aging processes, key influencing factors, and available aging models for these components are identified. A selection matrix is established, considering model complexity, accuracy, and the volume of data required to maintain the desired precision for the powertrain component models. Based on the selection matrix, an appropriate model is chosen for the vehicle’s battery. This model was selected for its ability to effectively capture the aging process and estimate

Rownak, Md Ragib, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer, Fahim, Muhammad Qaisar, Anwar, Hamza, Li, Hui, Le, Dat, Nelson, Matthew

Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector

2025-01-8539To be published on 04/01/2025

Medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles and off-road equipment make one of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the MD, HD, and off-road equipment categories has significantly expanded in recent years. Along with that, a growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. With this rapid growth of electric vehicles in the market, reliable operation and performance data on electric MD and HD vehicles/equipment is needed to provide insights on usage and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from a

Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, Makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Thomas, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, Alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela

On the potentially misleading evaluation of CO2 emissions for hybrid-electric vehicles

2025-01-8537To be published on 04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Optimal Hybrid Drive Configuration for Synthesized ICE

2025-01-8534To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the emission in individual traffic electrification and hybridization is needed. The emission reduction depends on the degree of electrification and the specific drive system design and optimized components. This applies especially for hybrids with the highest amount of components, consisting of internal combustion engine, transmissions, electric motors and batteries. With the integration of the EM in the transmission for dedicated hybrid transmissions, the amount possible solutions and variants lies in the billions. Hence for the development of new drive architectures computer aided drive synthesis are needed. In a DFG funded project we developed a drive synthesis, including an ICE synthesis as well as transmission synthesis. The syntheses are controlled via an artificial intelligence based control algorithm including engineering knowledge. In this paper we are focusing on the impact the ICE concept has on the drive system dimensioning, the fuel economy, performance

Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit, Wolgast, Carsten, Eilts, Peter

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532To be published on 04/01/2025

The ever-growing push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has been challenging vehicle manufacturers globally. In the USA, multi-pollutant emissions standards finalized recently by EPA, for model years 2027 and later aim to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032. The NMOG+ and NOx are also required to be reduced by 60 – 76% by 2032 from 2026 levels. Europe is also aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study investigates the benefits and challenges of various hybrid architectures suitable for a pickup truck application

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Lattice based Localized Energy Absorber for Improved Vulnerable Road User Performance for a Vehicle

2025-01-8723To be published on 04/01/2025

A passenger vehicle hood is designed to meet Vulnerable Road User (VRU) regulatory requirements and Consumer metric targets. Generally, hood inner design and its reinforcements, along with deformable space available under the hood are the main enablers to meet the Head Impact performance targets. However, cross functional balancing requirements like hood stiffness and packaging space constraints can lead to higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC) scores, particularly when secondary impacts are present. In such cases, a localized energy absorber is utilized to absorb the impact energy to reduce HIC within the target value. The current localized energy absorber solutions include the usage of flexible metal brackets, plastic absorbers etc. which has limited energy absorbing capacity and tuning capability. This paper focuses on usage of a novel 3D printed energy absorbers, based on various kind of lattice structures. These absorbers are either sandwiched between hood inner and the outer or are

Kinila, Vivekananda, Agarwal, Varun, V S, Rajamanickam, Tripathy, Biswajit, Gupta, Vishal

Verification of the Impact of Coefficient of Drag Variation due to Natural Wind on Fuel Consumption based on Actual Driving Data

2025-01-8778To be published on 04/01/2025

It is often assumed that the actual fuel economy on public roads is affected by natural wind and that this could be contributing to discrepancy between catalog fuel economy and actual fuel economy, owing to the increased yaw angle and drag coefficient (CD). However, the impact of yaw characteristics alone on fuel economy during actual driving has not been verified or proven as it is difficult to obtain actual driving data under uniform conditions. For this reason, shape optimization is normally performed at zero-yaw through the aerodynamic development phases. In this paper, two vehicles with different yaw sensitivity characteristics are driven simultaneously, and fuel economy measurements are performed simultaneously with ambient airflow, environment, and vehicle conditions, and the results where the conditions of the two vehicles match are extracted to clarify the impact of the differences of yaw characteristics on fuel economy. The obtained results matched the values predicted by

Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt, masumitsu, Yasutaka, Inoue, Taisuke

Exploring Compatibility Limits for Lubricating Greases Formulations.

2025-01-8469To be published on 04/01/2025

Grease compatibility is thought to be an important consideration for both grease manufacturers and end-users. When switching from one grease to another, the supplier is typically asked if the two greases are compatible. Two incompatible greases could be detrimental to the equipment and even cause failure in extreme cases. However, provided due care is taken, switching from one grease to another is quite possible. Grease incompatibility is a multicomplex issue that can occur due to interactions between the thickeners, the base oils or the additives. Almost 70% of the global grease demand is based on lithium thickener chemistry. Due to the increasing debate on the gradual decrease on lithium greases reliance, the interchangeability between other types of thickeners is becoming more and more relevant. The aim of this study is to investigate the compatibility of various commercially available grease formulations that could replace lithium-based greases – namely aluminum complex, polyurea

Dodos, George S., Kaframani, Nora

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine

2025-01-8424To be published on 04/01/2025

Nowadays Hydrogen (H2) fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be considered a promising solution for high performance applications since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, H2-ICE can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline engines. Compared to gasoline, Hydrogen combustion, in stoichiometric conditions, shows a higher flame speed, a lower ignition energy and a lower quenching distance. Mainly for these reasons H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (Knock and Pre-Ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the high flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach experimental and numerical in order to assess the benefits and the disadvantages of each method. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived

Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo

Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Abnormal Combustion of Pre-Chamber Natural Gas Engine at High Load

2025-01-8426To be published on 04/01/2025

In cogeneration system, the pre-chamber natural gas engine adopts combustion technologies such as ultra-highly supercharged lean burn and Miller cycle to increase the theoretical efficiency by increasing the specific heat ratio and the mechanical efficiency by improving the specific power. In recent years, the use of hydrogen fuel has been attracting attention in order to achieve carbon neutrality, and it is required to operate existing high-efficiency natural gas engines by appropriately mixing hydrogen. For this purpose, it is important to have a natural gas and hydrogen co-combustion technology that allows combustion at any mixture ratio without major modifications. The authors mixed hydrogen into the fuel of an ultra-highly supercharged lean burn pre-chamber natural gas engine (Bore size: 200mm) that has already achieved high efficiency, and performed combustion experiments at a brake mean effective pressure of 2 MPa or more. The engine load and hydrogen mixture ratio were used as

Morikawa, Koji, Kimura, Shin, Sakai, Shunya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo

Spray Characterization in a Constant Volume Chamber of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles-Diesel Blends

2025-01-8455To be published on 04/01/2025

Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticle are considered a promising fuel additive to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve fuel economy. This study investigates the spray characteristics of diesel fuel blended with aluminum oxide nanoparticles in a constant volume chamber. The blends were prepared by dispersing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in diesel at varying concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg of aluminum oxide nanoparticles into 1 L of pure diesel, respectively) using a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonication to ensure stable suspensions. Spray characterization was conducted in a high-pressure and high-temperature constant volume chamber, simulating actual engine conditions. The ambient temperatures for this experiment were set from 800 to 1200 K, and the oxygen concentrations were set from 21% to 13%. The study focused on key spray parameters such as spray penetration length, spray angle, and spray area, analyzed using high-speed imaging and laser diffraction techniques

Ji, Huangchang, Zhao, Zhiyu

The numerical study of methane flame characteristics in the ammonia/air environment at sub-atmospheric pressure

2025-01-8450To be published on 04/01/2025

The low emission of carbon and minimum level of soot formation in combustion engines and turbines strategy is adopted by many countries to counteract global warming and climate change. The combustion and emission characteristics of methane coflow flame were studied at low pressure and air polluted by ammonia conditions. The results showed that a significant decline in carbon formation was observed when ammonia was boosted, 5-10%. The impact of sub-atmospheric pressure, 90-70 KPa, on COx development was higher than that of NH3 addition, 0-5%, thanks to the lower formation of hydroxymethylium, formaldehyde, and aldehyde radical. The sub-atmospheric pressure had more impact on the reduction of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide, and ammonia impact was greater on the increment of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide. The maximum reduction and increment in the profile of nitric oxide were observed ~ 42.1% at 5% NH3 and 182% at 80 KPa. The acetylene species was more affected by sub

Hina, Anam, Akram, M Zuhaib, Shafa, Amna, Akram, M Waqar

Comparative investigation on the performance of a heavy-duty spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol and natural gas.

2025-01-8433To be published on 04/01/2025

Since the obvious difficulties in realizing a lightweight long-range full electric powertrain, Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are still the most suitable solution for heavy-duty mobility. In a fossil fuel free scenario, bio-ethanol is one of the most interesting alternative fuels. Its high-octane number, high latent heat of vaporization and high laminar flame speed guarantee high performance with reduced pollutant emissions compared to other Spark Ignition (SI) engine fuels. However, ethanol evaporation and corrosivity represent quite serious challenges. This work aims at investigating the actual performance of a heavy-duty turbocharged SI ICE fueled with ethanol at full load and different engine speeds. A 1-D numerical model that includes fuel evaporation sub-models was developed in order to evaluate the engine performance, ensuring ethanol evaporation in each operating condition. The 1-D numerical model was validated through an experimental campaign carried out with the above

Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa

Effects of Intake and Exhaust Continuously Variable Valve Duration (CVVD) on Fuel Consumption and Emission Characteristics in Engine and Vehicle Tests

2025-01-8437To be published on 04/01/2025

An experimental study was conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with both intake and exhaust continuously variable valve duration (CVVD). Thanks to CVVD, valve closing and opening timings are decoupled, therefore, four valve timings (opening and closing timings of intake as well as exhaust sides) can be optimized under entire engine conditions in terms of minimum brake specific fuel consumption and particle number (PN) emission. Consequently, λ = 1 operation under all engine conditions was achieved without compromise of both fuel economy and performance. Furthermore, to reduce raw emissions and shorten light-off time of catalyst under catalyst heating condition, valve and injection strategies were tested. As a result, it was found that certain level of negative valve overlap duration was beneficial to secure combustion stability, and early exhaust valve opening timing increased exhaust gas temperature for catalyst heating. Therefore, both shorted light-off time and raw engine

Jung, Jinyoung, Han, Sangyeon, Park, Sangjae, Kwon, Ki Young, Son, Yousang, Kim, Back-Sik, Kim, Youngnam

Effects of lubricant oil loss on efficiencies and carbon emissions in Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engines

2025-01-8436To be published on 04/01/2025

The trend of internal combustion engines is reducing or eliminating carbon emissions and improve the overall efficiency. The Argon Power Cycle (APC) hydrogen-fueled engine, specifically, can improve the thermal efficiency by using Argon as the working substance. At the same time, due to the utilization of hydrogen and pure oxygen, the combustion of the fuel in APC hydrogen-fueled engines produces zero carbon or NOx. However, during engine operation, lubricate oil consumption can still generate CO2 and becomes the only source for emission. Furthermore, the accumulation of CO2 under closed cycle can impede the condensation recovery of Argon and reduce the efficiency. In this study, a computational model was used to analyze the piston ring dynamics and surrounding gas flow in an APC hydrogen-fueled engine at a net indicated thermal efficiency of 62.4% (gross indicated thermal efficiency of 58.6%), and to investigate the effect of lubricate oil loss on the efficiency and carbon emissions

Wang, Chenxu, Li, Mo, SU, Xiang, Deng, Jun, Tian, Tian

Numerical Investigation of Gas Diffusion Layer Properties in PEMFC

2025-01-8314To be published on 04/01/2025

This study presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of the characteristics of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Fuel cells are devices that generate electricity by reacting hydrogen with oxygen. Hydrogen supplied from a high-pressure tank reacts with oxygen within the fuel cell stack, generating electricity that drives a motor. Given the diverse design requirements for fuel cells, including applications in commercial vehicles and stationary systems, efficient material design through numerical models and simulations is indispensable. The GDL, composed of carbon fibers and resin, functions as a cushion under cell compression and facilitates the transport of electrons, heat, gas, and water. Its microstructure significantly influences these properties, making precise design crucial. In this study, we automated the material exploration by varying parameters such as the diameter and quantity of carbon fibers, as well as the amount and

Ota, Yuki, Dobashi, Toshiyuki, Nomura, Kumiko, Hattori, Takuya, Maekawa, Ryosuke

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8502To be published on 04/01/2025

As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23)and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Blends Oxidation by Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

2025-01-8500To be published on 04/01/2025

Soy-based mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids is the most common biodiesel fuel used in the United States. Other renewable fuels such as renewable diesel (RDE) is also popular, especially in the state of California. All the renewable and alternative fuels are being evaluated for their performance and performance transparency with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) to be used a substitute to ULSD. Previous research with biodiesel, showed an elevated lightoff temperature on diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and worse DOC efficacy in oxidizing fuel blends with fuel blends with more than 20% biodiesel. A similar study was conducted with RDE to gage the performance of the fuel blends of B100 and RDE. The same DOC used in past study was used to evaluate fuel blends of 100% RDE to 40% RDE (B60R40) in decrements of 10%. The performance of the DOC was evaluated on steady-state performance cycle and transient lightoff curve. Similar to the results in past study, the performance of the DOC is

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve

Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE

2025-01-8498To be published on 04/01/2025

With the tightening of emission regulations, electrically heated catalytic converters (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the challenges of cold start and RDE emission reduction. This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (DOC+SDPF+SRR-ASC) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 ℃ when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The CO emission value of diesel vehicles is 67.5 mg/km, the THC emission value is 49.8 mg/km, the NMHC emission value is 42.5 mg/km, and the NOx emission value is 28.7 mg/km, which is far below the limit requirements of CHINA VI B. Among them, the average urea injection rate increased by 1.1 mg/s, and the overall NOx conversion efficiency increased

Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou, Diming

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483To be published on 04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7, China 7, and EPA Tier 4 regulations are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions extensively. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. The conventional 0D/1D GPF models can be effective for basic pressure drop and filtration efficiency prediction, but have their limitations. Previous studies have proven that 3D CFD model can provide more comprehensive data on soot distribution in and on top of GPF wall substrate. This paper continues utilizing 3D CFD to investigate the effects of washcoating and ash accumulation on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of GPFs during the soot loading process

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon neutral Fuels

2025-01-8470To be published on 04/01/2025

Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. As part of our efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, we have developed low friction bearings that contribute to reduced fuel consumption, and high load capacity bearings for increased engine output and longer service life. Meanwhile, Countries around the world are also considering engines that use carbon-neutral (CN) fuels, such as hydrogen and e-fuel, as part of their efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. It was reported that CN fuels differ significantly from gasoline and diesel in the chemical composition of gases produced after combustion. In particular, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines generate more water during combustion than gasoline engines, and nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) have also been observed under some combustion conditions. Dissolution of these substances in engine oil is expected to create a corrosive environment

Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi

Morphologies and structures of liquid fragments derived from the near-field zone of a twin-orifice swirl atomizer.

2025-01-8461To be published on 04/01/2025

Aviation gas turbine engines typically utilize twin-orifice swirl atomizers to achieve a fine spray, widen the spray cone angle, and shorten spray penetration. However, using twin-orifice atomizers complicates the spray structure, and knowledge of the spray, especially in the near-field nozzle zone, remains limited. This study experimentally investigates the morphologies and structure of liquid fragments in the near-field nozzle of a twin-orifice atomizer. A high-speed backlit experimental system was developed to examine the liquid fragment morphologies and structures. The fragments are classified into spherical droplets, ligaments, and other irregular structural fragments. Results show that with increasing the pressure in the near field of the nozzle, the proportion of nearly round fragments decreases with increasing pressure. In contrast, the proportion of ligament-like fragments tends to increase. Besides, the particle size distribution did not change significantly within the 10 to

Pham Vu, Nam, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan, Nguyen, Kien Trung

Design and Optimization Strategies for Multi-Gear Power Split Hybrid Systems Based on Topological Tree Graphs

2025-01-8379To be published on 04/01/2025

Energy-efficient configuration schemes are critical to the fuel economy and performance of hybrid vehicles. Single planetary gear (PG) configurations are highly integrated, simple and reliable, but have limited fuel saving potential. To overcome these problems, a new multi-gear power split (PS) powertrain has been proposed due to its high efficiency and excellent overall performance. Only one PG and one synchronizer are required. In order to systematically explore all possible designs of multi-gear PS hybrid designs, this paper proposes a topological tree graph method: 1) inspired by the "D" matrix automatic modeling method, a new configuration tree matrix is proposed, which is used to complete the isomorphism determination, mode feature classification, and dynamics modeling; a design synthesis method for the multi-gear PS configuration is investigated; 2) a new near-optimal energy management strategy, the Improved Rapid-DP (IR-DP), is proposed for the fast computation of the near

Zou, Yunge, Zhang, Yuxin, Yang, Yalian

Experimental investigation between pre-ignition, knocking, vibration and performance in an internal combustion engine

2025-01-8380To be published on 04/01/2025

Otto cycle internal combustion engines have undergone technological developments that can be fueled by various types of fuels in different mixture proportions. To achieve this, a detailed study of the main factors that influence the engine combustion process is necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of varying the ignition advance on the performance parameters and vibration level of the engine operated with regular gasoline, podium gasoline, ethanol and a mixture of ethanol with regular gasoline. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions, varying rotation and ignition advance by 5, 10 and 20% in relation to the original ignition advance and correlating the levels of pre-ignition, knock, engine vibration levels with engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by the type of fuel used, engine performance parameters and the presence of

Santana, Claudio

Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation

2025-01-8252To be published on 04/01/2025

Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers

Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio

Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-lubricant

2025-01-8312To be published on 04/01/2025

Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and

Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant K.

Real-world emissions in a high-altitude city: A comparison between LPG and gasoline- fueled cars

2025-01-8494To be published on 04/01/2025

To study the real driving emissions characteristics of light-duty vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline in the high-altitude city, experimental investigations were performed on two LPG taxis and three gasoline passenger cars in Lhasa using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results reveal that the emission factors of CO2, CO, NOx, and HC of LPG taxis are (159.19±11.81), (18.38±9.73), (1.53±0.46), and (1.27±0.99) g/km, and those of gasoline cars are (223.51±23.1), (1.51±0.68), (0.27±0.16), and (0.06±0.04) g/km, respectively. The emissions show strong relationships with driving modes, which are considerably affected by driving behaviors. Furthermore, as vehicle speeds increase, the emission factors of both LPG taxis and gasoline cars decrease. The emission rates of both types of vehicles are low and change slightly at vehicle specific power (VSP) of 0 kW/t or below; after that, these rates slowly increase initially, and then increase rapidly with

Lyu, Meng, Xu, Yan, Huang, Meihong, Wang, Yunjing

Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis

2025-01-8417To be published on 04/01/2025

Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the

Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer

2025-01-8411To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.83 L and a compression ratio of 16.5: 1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 6.5% lower fuel consumption (in

Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian

Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions

2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming

Development of the Tour Split-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8394To be published on 04/01/2025

The Tour engine is a novel split-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) that divides the four-stroke Otto cycle of a conventional ICE between two separate cylinders, an intake and compression cylinder and a second expansion and exhaust cylinder, interconnected by an innovative charge transfer mechanism. The engine working fluid, air and fuel, is inducted into the engine and compressed by a dedicated compression cylinder, transferred with minimal pressure loss via an input port to a specifically designed combined spool shuttle transfer mechanism and combustion chamber. It is then ignited and then transferred from the combustion chamber via an exit port to a separate expansion cylinder where it is expanded and exhausted from the engine. The primary advantage of the Tour engine is that it provides the engineering freedom to independently design, control and optimize the compression, combustion, and expansion processes within a slider-crank piston engine. By decoupling the compression

Tour, Oded, Cho, Kukwon, Hofman, Yehoram, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Morris, Daniel, Wahl, Michael, Bhanage, Pratik, Sivan, Ehud, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo

The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China

2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long

Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin

Knock Assessment in Wankel Rotary Engine Adopting Low Octane Rating Fuels

2025-01-8452To be published on 04/01/2025

Series hybrid vehicles, equipped with internal combustion range extenders, are a promising solution for carbon-free transportation. In this application, zero net carbon emissions can be achieved only using renewable fuels. Fischer-Tropsch-derived e-gasolines allow for high energy density and safe fuels. However, Fischer-Tropsch fuels must undergo several processing stages to reach current engine-grade octane ratings, negatively affecting the synthesis's profitability and energy efficiency. Gasoline engine technologies capable of operating with low-octane fuels could allow the adoption of unprocessed Fischer-Tropsch gasoline. The rotary Wankel engine design suits range extenders thanks to its high power-to-size ratio. In this study, the knocking tendency of homogenous charge spark-ignition rotary Wankel engines is numerically assessed through Chemkin-Pro spark-ignition engine zonal model for knock assessment. Rotary Wankel engines are modeled by providing the corresponding time

Brunialti, Sirio, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James, Sarathy, Mani

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