Browse Topic: Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Spatial Noise Acquisition at the Driver's Position in an Electric Vehicle with Increased Accuracy2026-01-0723To be published on 06/20/2026
In vehicles with electrified powertrains, high-frequency tonal noise components have become increasingly prominent and can be perceived as particularly annoying by the driver. While recent advancements in international standardization—such as ECMA-74 and ECMA-418—have led to powerful new algorithms for tonal noise visualization and analysis, like our Tonality-Heatmaps, the measurement side still lacks sensor setups that adequately reflect the spatial sensitivity of noise, especially for tonal components. This challenge is amplified in enclosed vehicle cabins, where room modes create local minima and maxima that become increasingly dense at higher frequencies. As a result, even small head movements can lead to noticeable differences in perceived tonal noise. Current measurement approaches do not sufficiently account for this spatial variability. This contribution addresses the absence of tailored solutions for the driver’s position by introducing an improved microphone arrangement that
Schecker, Daniel, Rittenschober, Thomas
Development of a Convolutional Autoencoder-Based Unsupervised Classification and Visualization Model for Extracting Feature Frequency in C-EPS Fault Diagnosis2026-01-0717To be published on 06/20/2026
In the automotive industry, deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks, autoencoders, and transformers have been actively studied to improve defect detection rates in End-of-Line (EOL) processes. However, applying these approaches to the field of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) faces several practical challenges. ① Difficulty in securing sufficient training data and risk of overfitting due to longer evaluation times compared to other data types. ② Label imbalance caused by the relatively small amount of defective data. ③ Reduced labeling accuracy due to human error. ④ Decreased model robustness under domain shifts such as jig variations, evaluation environments, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the occurrence of new abnormal noises. ⑤ Constraints in application due to compatibility issues with existing evaluation equipment. To address these issues, this study proposes an unsupervised learning-based method for classifying operating noise data of Column-type
Park, Jun-Seo, Jo, Hyeon-Choel, Cho, In-Je, Seo, Jae-Yong, Yoo, Seong-Sik
Experimental Validation of Frame-Dependent Gyroscopic Frequency Splitting in a Freely Rotating Tire Using Wireless MEMS Accelerometers and Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer2026-01-0700To be published on 06/20/2026
Gyroscopic effects split circumferential traveling-wave resonances of rotating structures into forward and backward branches. This work first analyzes the splitting in the co-rotating (Lagrangian) frame to provide physical intuition for the evolution of the two branches with spin speed. A transformation to the inertial (Eulerian) frame is then derived, showing that the observed frequencies are shifted by a kinematic Doppler-like term that acts with opposite sign on the forward and backward waves, leading to different Campbell-diagram slopes depending on the observation frame. The resulting framework is validated experimentally on a freely rotating, unloaded tire using two complementary sensing modalities: wireless on-tire accelerometers (co-rotating view) and a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (inertial view). A frequency-domain SVD-based identification (FDD/ODS-SVD) is used to extract poles and deformation patterns over a range of spin speeds, enabling Campbell diagrams in both
del Fresno Zarza, Javier, Naets, Frank
Field-Based Evaluation of Physiological Fatigue Reduction in Fuel Cell Refuse Collection Vehicle Using Heart Rate Variability2026-01-0690To be published on 06/20/2026
This study compared the physiological fatigue of drivers and accompanying workers operating diesel-powered (DI) and fuel cell-powered (FC) garbage compactor trucks under real-world working conditions. Reducing driver fatigue is critical for ensuring occupational safety and maintaining work efficiency, as fatigue in waste collection tasks is influenced by multiple factors such as vibration, noise, and vehicle operation characteristics. In this study, heart rate sensors and smartwatches were used to continuously monitor physiological responses during identical driving routes. Fatigue was evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV) indices—specifically, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and Lorenz plot (LP) area—calculated from RRI data. The results indicated that the RMSSD of drivers in FC trucks was approximately 60% higher and their LP area about 50% larger than those in diesel trucks. For accompanying workers, RMSSD was around 20% higher and LP area approximately
Utsumi, Atsuko, Yakoh PhD, Takahiro
Vibro-Acoustic simulation for vehicle audio design2026-01-0670To be published on 06/20/2026
Acoustic user interfaces and audio experiences are among the leading comfort factors in new vehicle interior designs. OEMs are more and more focusing on loudspeaker design and positioning, to provide the most immersive experience to the customers. The industrial target is to be able to predict the performance of an audio system in early design phases. This paper presents a methodology to model source-receiver transfer functions in a full-scale vehicle cabin and investigates the installation effect of the speakers in a real car door. A hybrid methodology is developed to be able to model the loudspeaker in different environment.
Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio, Mordillat, Philippe
Context-Dependent Assessment of Driving Dynamics and User Perception in Automated Driving2026-01-0757To be published on 06/01/2026
Automated driving systems are increasingly operating in complex urban environments, where driving behavior is shaped not only by technical requirements but also by how users perceive the vehicle’s motion. While many studies evaluate automated driving performance in isolated maneuvers or specific traffic situations, little empirical evidence exists on whether similar driving dynamics are perceived consistently across different urban contexts. This work investigates whether comparable motion patterns, such as acceleration profiles or steering behavior, are evaluated similarly or differently when occurring in roundabouts and intersections using data from real-world driving studies. The empirical basis consists of two user studies. In the first study, 24 participants experienced automated driving in roundabout scenarios in public traffic. In the second study, 20 participants experienced automated driving through intersections on a test track under defined boundary conditions. In both
Panzer, Anna, Strenge, Emma, Iatropoulos, Jannes, Henze, Roman
Passive Thermal Management of Battery Disconnect Units for Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of Phase Change Material Heat Transfer Configurations2026-01-0759To be published on 06/01/2026
Reducing charging time remains a critical challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Limited charging infrastructure availability, combined with the long duration required for battery recharging, significantly affects user acceptance. As a result, fast-charging technologies are increasingly being introduced in both newly designed EV platforms and existing vehicles through retrofitting solutions. Despite their benefits, fast-charging systems impose substantial thermal loads on vehicle components, charging stations, and associated power electronics. Excessive heat generation can compromise performance, reliability, and safety, making effective thermal management a key design concern. Within the high-voltage architecture, the Battery Disconnect Unit (BDU) plays a vital role by monitoring and controlling the connection of the battery to the powertrain and charging system. Traditionally, BDUs are designed for conventional charging power levels; however, higher
Salameh, Georges, Goumy, Guillaume, Frecinaux, Anthony, Ratajczack lng, Christelle, Palluel PhD, Marlène, Noiseau lng, Pascal, LARDEUX, Sébastien
Methodological framework for the derivation of objective criteria for ride comfort assessment2026-01-0765To be published on 06/01/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has faced increasing pressure to accelerate development cycles and reduce associated costs, while simultaneously meeting rising standards of ride comfort driven by the ongoing integration of autonomous driving functionalities. Consequently, it has become essential to ensure that ride comfort attains a high degree of maturity at the very early stages of the automotive development process. This necessitates the establishment of objective criteria that enable the reliable estimation of subjective ride comfort, utilizing simulation-based assessment methods. This study introduces a methodological framework designed to systematically translate the manufacturer specific subjective perception and assessment of ride comfort into objective descriptions using a dynamic driving simulator. The framework is conceived as a generic approach, enabling the comprehensive application to a wide spectrum of subjective ride comfort phenomena, while being specifically
Stroesser, Simon, Zwosta, Tobias, Angrick, Christian, Neubeck, Jens, Wagner, Andreas
Automating DO-178C Verification & Security Compliance in DevSecOps CI/CD Pipelines for Safety Critical Avionics Software2026-26-0717To be published on 06/01/2026
This paper presents an automated framework for security compliance and quality assurance in DevSecOps CI/CD pipelines, specifically designed for safety-critical avionics software. The framework integrates regulatory compliance checks, security validation, and robust verification directly into the software development lifecycle, supporting continuous integration and delivery for aerospace applications. Automated processes such as code compilation, coding standards compliance, Cyclomatic Complexity Measurement, Sources Line of Code and CRC validation on target hardware are seamlessly orchestrated to maintain consistency and reliability. The system generates comprehensive compliance reports, highlights coding standard violations and security issues, and notifies relevant stakeholders to facilitate timely resolution and corrective actions. As new code is checked in, the framework automatically initiates all verification and compliance tasks, ensuring that every software update is
Bhagwat, Shashank Ravi, Changappa, Naveen Kumar, Nath, Sunny
Integrating Human Factors and Predictive Modeling for Enhanced Aviation Safety: A Data-Driven Approach to Risk Mitigation and System Design2026-26-0795To be published on 06/01/2026
The evolution of the aviation industry from manual control to highly automated and autonomous systems has brought human factors to the forefront of safety, design, and operational efficiency. This paper presents an integrated analysis combining machine learning techniques with statistical modeling to assess the impact of human-system interaction on aviation incident outcomes. The first phase of this research involved a longitudinal dataset covering aircraft design evolution, training programs, and incident records. Using classification algorithms, including XGBoost, the study achieved an accuracy of 81.82% in predicting incident likelihood. Performance metrics such as F1-scores (0.85 for “Incident” and 0.78 for “No Incident”) highlighted the model’s robustness in identifying risk patterns associated with human factors and system complexity. In the second phase, 50 plus detailed aviation incident reports were analyzed using logistic regression, t-tests, and Cook’s Distance to identify
Valiyaparambil, Praveen
AI-Led Sustainability Strategy: Driving Product Value from Birth to Disposal2026-26-0781To be published on 06/01/2026
Product development in Aerospace, Oil & Gas, Turbomachinery and Aviation sectors are associated with complex engineering challenges and long lead time to materialize products. More so in Aerospace and Aviation sectors, unlike other sectors, they are highly cost intensive, consuming few millions of dollars for introducing minor modifications to billions of dollars for a major modifications along with regulatory constrains. In addition, the product development cycle is spread over years ranging from a couple of years for minor modification to nearly a decade or more for major modifications. The profitability of the product is derived through its Safety, Reliability and Availability in operation. The product is maintained in service until it sustains value in its operation and is discarded if the value deteriorates and the cost of upkeep exceeds the product value. Product Value in the present context is not the price tag but encompasses intangible elements like brand value, reputation etc
Srinivasan, Karthik, G.V.V., Ravi Kumar, Vaderahobli, Devaraja Holla, Bhate, Ujwal, Veluri, Sastry
Estimating Driver Field of View in Active Safety Systems2026-01-0775To be published on 06/01/2026
Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) are an important component of active safety systems, continuously evaluating the driver’s state and issuing real-time warnings. As defined by the SAE Levels of Automation, driving tasks are increasingly transferred from the driver to the vehicle at Level 2, however, the driver remains fully responsible for monitoring the driving environment. Current implementations, such as Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning (DDAW), assess driver alertness, while Advanced Driver Distraction Warning (ADDW) ensures that the driver maintains visual focus. Nevertheless, these systems do not identify the specific objects or regions the driver is observing. This limitation motivates the presented research question: can an in-car monitoring system be integrated with external environment perception sensors to infer the driver’s Field of View (FoV)? This paper presents a system consisting of a driver-facing camera and a front-view camera. Facial features, including gaze
Ji, Dejie, Lausch, Hendryk, Flormann, Maximilian, Henze, Roman
UMV Peoplemover: Towards a modular fully automated vehicle research platform2026-01-0784To be published on 06/01/2026
The UMV Peoplemover 2+2 is part of a modular vehicle family (Urban Modular Vehicle) that includes derivatives for passenger and cargo transport in urban environments. The platform supports automated movers as well as conventionally controlled vehicles with a human driver, ensuring high flexibility across applications. The modular platform enables the extensive use of common parts, allowing the efficient and cost-effective realization of multiple vehicle variants. The increased share of common parts also improves sustainability by reducing derivative-specific parts, material usage, and production complexity. A drivable demonstrator of the UMV Peoplemover 2+2 has already been realized. The vehicle is designed for the automated transport of up to four occupants in a 2+2 vis-à-vis seating arrangement and is targeted at demand-oriented shuttle services. While the drivable demonstrator validated the proof of concept, it lacked the core Level 4 hardware and software stack for automated
Pohl, Eric, Schmid, Fabian, Münster, Marco
Mind the Gap: Quantifying Behavioral Fidelity in CARLA using Naturalistic Drone Data2026-01-0771To be published on 06/01/2026
The rapid advancement of autonomous driving systems, particularly SAE Levels 3 and 4, requires rigorous validation strategies to ensure safety during handover and fallback procedures. Although virtual environments provide the necessary scalability, the simulation-reality gap poses a significant risk to the reliability of human-in-the-loop (HITL) assessments. This paper presents a comprehensive, empirical investigation into the transferability of human driving behavior from the Car-Learning-to-Act (CARLA) simulation environment to real-world traffic situations. Using the exiD dataset, which comprises high-precision, drone-recorded, naturalistic trajectories from German highways, we systematically reconstructed distinct traffic scenarios. These scenarios included lane changes, cut-in maneuvers, and curve navigation. Twenty-five participants navigated these scenarios in a driving simulator. The study employed a robust, multidimensional analytical framework to compare the simulated
Rebling, Patrick, Alphan, Metehan, Nenninger, Philipp
Autonomous Aircraft Docking: A Vision-Based Approach to Aircraft Parking Systems2026-26-0786To be published on 06/01/2026
Automated aircraft parking systems represent a significant advancement in airport ground operations by enabling precise, autonomous docking of aircraft at gates. These systems aim to reduce turnaround time, minimize human error, and optimize apron space utilization through intelligent control and sensor-guided alignment. By integrating technologies such as real-time object detection, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic path planning, aircraft can be maneuvered safely and efficiently into parking positions without manual intervention. Key challenges include precise steering control during final alignment, maintaining wingtip clearance, and adapting to variable environmental conditions such as low visibility due to rain, fog, or poor lighting. Unlike systems that rely solely on fixed guided paths, the proposed approach dynamically adapts to apron congestion and environmental variability, ensuring consistent performance across diverse conditions. This flexibility enhances operational
Penugonda, Navya Sunaina, Ediga, Venkatadiwakar Goud
Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control2026-01-0736To be published on 06/01/2026
This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent
Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner
Augmented Reality and Multimodal Interfaces for Astronaut Training and In-Orbit Operations2026-26-0796To be published on 06/01/2026
Augmented Reality (AR) and multimodal human–machine interfaces (HMI)—combining visual overlays, voice, gesture, eye-tracking, and biometric sensing—are now maturing into flight-relevant technologies capable of transforming astronaut training and in-orbit operations. These interfaces reduce task time, lower error rates, and mitigate cognitive load, thereby strengthening both crew autonomy and mission safety. For India, the timing is critical: Gaganyaan human spaceflight program is approaching decisive crewed missions in the late 2020s, and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is targeted for the 2030s. AR/MMI can be positioned not as an accessory but as a core enabling system for training throughput, real-time crew support, and resilient station operations. This paper provides (i) an overview of India’s current scenario, including Gaganyaan astronaut training ecosystems, IIT Madras collaborations on AR/VR, and Vyommitra humanoid readiness; (ii) synthesis of global case studies—NASA
Yadav, Anoop Singh
Adaptive HVAC Strategies for Enhanced Cabin Thermal Comfort, Air Quality and Energy Efficiency2026-26-0791To be published on 06/01/2026
Passenger comfort within vehicle and aerospace cabins relies on finely tuned management of temperature, air quality, and energy use. This paper proposes an integrated HVAC framework that combines zonal climate control, intelligent airflow distribution, and real-time sensor data to maintain thermal balance across different cabin zones. Leveraging predictive thermal load modeling and machine learning, the system anticipates environmental changes—such as sudden shifts in external temperature or passenger load—and proactively adjusts heating and cooling outputs. Simultaneously, air quality is enhanced through a multistage filtration system, active air purification technologies, and dynamic CO₂ concentration monitoring. Comfort assessment integrates PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) indices to adapt environmental conditions based on passenger feedback and physiological needs. Simulations and early-stage prototypes improve energy savings and improve
Mudavath, Lehitha Sai, Patil, Ashish, Saha, Sudipta
Non-Intrusive Fatigue Detection and Alerting for Pilots2026-26-0793To be published on 06/01/2026
Pilot fatigue represents a critical concern in aviation safety, as it can significantly impair cognitive functions, decision-making abilities, and reaction times. In addition to decreasing performance, chronic fatigue has negative long-term health effects. Possible causes of fatigue include sleep loss, extended time awake, circadian phase irregularities and workload. Conventionally, the risk due to fatigue in aerospace is reduced by limiting pilot's flying hours and controlled rest requirements. Despite regulations on flying hours and optimal rostering, fatigue cannot be prevented completely. Hence, there is need to detect pilot fatigue in real time, annunciate in cockpit and transmit the information to airliners post-flight for appropriate fatigue risk management. There is ongoing research to detect pilot fatigue using devices that can capture Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Though these devices have high fidelity, they are intrusive and can limit pilot
Nyamagoudar, Vinayak, P R, Namratha, Ramachandran, Venkataramani
A GenAI-Based Approach for Real-Time Multilingual In-Flight Communication Systems.2026-26-0784To be published on 06/01/2026
In today’s global aviation industry, passenger experience is strongly influenced by effective communication. In-flight announcements, often limited to English and a single local language, can create confusion and stress for international travelers who may not be fluent in either. This communication gap not only impacts passenger comfort but also poses potential risks in conveying time-sensitive or safety-critical information. Recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly in speech recognition, neural machine translation, and naturalistic text-to-speech, provide a pathway to overcome these challenges. This paper explores the concept of real-time multilingual in-flight announcements, delivered in each passenger’s preferred language through connected headphones or personal devices. The proposed system architecture integrates speech-to-text conversion, language translation, and speech synthesis with aircraft infotainment platforms. Potential applications range
Mishra, Ashwini, Kature, Kartik, Patil, Ashish
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Why Curing Motion Sickness Is Key to AV Success135675/7/2026
Did you know that motion sickness affects 1 in 3 people? As AVs gain traction and drivers become passengers, it may be the biggest barrier to the future of autonomous mobility. With a focus on addressing the root cause of motion sickness, Motion Sync offers breakthrough solution: a haptic pre-activation system that helps passengers anticipate vehicle movement with a personalized in-cabin experience that could redefine comfort and productivity. Listen in as we sit down with Dr. Daniel Sousa Schulman, CEO and Founder of Motion Sync, to unpack the science behind motion sickness and why it's a critical issue for EVs, robotaxis, and self-driving cars. You'll learn why passengers get sick, why drivers don't, and how EVs can actually make symptoms worse. As a topic critical to the success of autonomous vehicles, it's a conversation you don't want to miss. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take
Patterson, Lori
The Effect of Initial Foot Position on THOR-50M and THOR-05F Lower Leg Response in a Realistic Vehicle Buck09-14-01-00085/4/2026
This study aims to explore and evaluate the effect of various foot positions on the kinematic and kinetic response of the lower extremity during frontal crashes using a realistic vehicle interior. Frontal impact sled tests were performed with the Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint, 50th-percentile Male (THOR-50M) and Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint, 5th-percentile Female (THOR-05F) anthropometric test device (ATD) in the driver’s seat of a midsize SUV testing buck (with realistic interior components including an instrument panel with steering wheel and steering wheel airbag, seat, three-point seat belt with pretensioner and force-limiter, accelerator pedal, brake pedal, knee airbag, and seat belt retractor pretensioner). Six sled tests were performed in two principal directions of force (PDOF) [three each in frontal (0°) and oblique (−20°) configurations]. The right foot was positioned on the accelerator pedal, fully on the brake, and half on the brake. A single test was
Noss, Junior, Donlon, John-Paul, Morris, Anna, Samier, Germain, Park, Joseph, Forman, Jason
Modification and Validation of a Finite Element Model of a Pedestrian Dummy09-14-01-00125/4/2026
Aims of the research This study aims to modify the lower body (the pelvis, thigh, and leg) of the mid-sized male pedestrian dummy FE model by considering the latest version of the physical dummy and to evaluate both the accuracy by comparing test results of the past studies and the biofidelity specified in SAE J2782 in both component and full-scale validations. Methods 1 Component validation The validation of the modified pelvis model was performed in dynamic lateral compression simulations. The sacrum and the pubis force-deflection responses of the iliac or the acetabulum impact were measured. The modified thigh and leg models were evaluated in a dynamic 3-point lateral bending simulation, measuring the force-deflection responses. The results from the simulations were compared with test results and the biofidelity requirements. 2 Full-scale validation The whole-body model was updated by incorporating these modified component models. The model of the generic buck developed for the
Asanuma, Hiroyuki, Gunji, Yasuaki, Mori, Fumie, Nagashima, Akiko
Characterization of Front Row Occupants Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes Compared to ATDs and the U.S. Population09-14-01-00275/4/2026
Currently, adult anthropomorphic test devices used in regulatory and consumer information crash testing in the United States are targeted to represent a small female (5th percentile) and an average male (50th percentile). The anthropometry determined previously might not represent the current population, or as investigated in the current study, those that are at least moderately injured during a motor vehicle crash. The objective of this study was to use field data to determine if the current frontal anthropomorphic test devices are representative. Data from the National Automotive Sampling System–Crashworthiness Data System (2010-2015) and Crash Investigation Sampling System (2017–2023) were queried for sex, age, size, and injury information for front seat occupants in frontal crashes. Additional datasets used were from the National Trauma Data Bank and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to field data, the most frequently injured female and male is approximately
McNeil, Elizabeth, Atwood, Jonathan, Rudd, Rodney, Craig, Matthew
Rear-Impact Crash Injury Patterns and Predictors: Insights from Contemporary CISS and CIREN Field Data09-14-01-00295/4/2026
The objective of this study was to investigate occupant injury patterns and predictors in rear-impact crashes using recent US field data. Cases were queried from the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS, 2017–2023) and the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN, 2017–2024), yielding 1923 front-row outboard occupants from 1533 crashes. Crash documentation and vehicle photographs were manually reviewed to classify seatback deformation magnitude and secondary impact severity. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations between occupant, vehicle, and crash characteristics and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 2 and AIS ≥ 3 injury outcomes across body regions. Sensitivity analyses included CISS-only, weighted, single-event, and interaction models. Thoracic injuries were further subdivided into skeletal and cardiopulmonary categories. Findings reflect associations within the pooled CISS + CIREN analytic sample rather than nationally representative injury
Lockerby, Jack, Rudd, Rodney
Interactions of Rear-Facing Child Restraints in Frontal Crash Tests09-14-01-00105/4/2026
The aims of this study were to investigate the kinematics of child anthropomorphic test devices in a large sample of rear-facing child restraint system installations and the effects of anti-rebound features and load legs on the kinematics of rear-facing child anthropomorphic test devices. The test matrix included a general sample of 70 rear-facing child restraint system installations to observe trends in frontal crash tests; 14 full-scale crash tests with paired comparisons to investigate the effect of anti-rebound features; and five paired comparisons of rear-facing child restraint systems installed with and without a load leg. The paired t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences in kinematic responses. In the general sample, 84% of anthropomorphic test devices in infant seats with the base in outboard seats interacted with the first-row seat. In 52% of tests, the anthropomorphic test device head directly contacted the front seatback. Head accelerations
Tylko, Suzanne, Tang, Kathy
Geometric Variabilities and Their Effects on Impact Responses in Midsize Male and Female Occupants09-14-01-00255/4/2026
The objective of this study is to use parametric human body models (HBMs) to understand how geometric variability among individuals who have the same sex, stature, and body weight may affect the impact responses and injury outcomes, using midsize male and midsize female populations as representative cases. Methods were developed to quantify skeletal and external body surface variations using principal component analysis, regression, and residual error analysis. Based on this analysis, nine midsize male and nine midsize female geometric models were created, focusing on ribcage and pelvis variations, which account for most of the observed variability. These geometries were then applied to morph the simplified Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC) midsize male model, producing 18 distinct HBMs. Each morphed HBM was subjected to nine impact scenarios, resulting in a total of 162 simulations to assess the effects of geometric variability. Substantial geometric variation was observed in
Hu, Jingwen, Lin, Yang-Shen, Boyle, Kyle, Khandare, Sujata, Bonifas, Anne, Reed, Matthew P., Hasija, Vikas
Driver Understanding of Yellow Indication Laws and Preferences for Configuration of In-Vehicle Alerts for Dilemma Zones09-14-01-00065/4/2026
Drivers frequently encounter Type II dilemma zones at signalized intersections, where the decision to stop or proceed during the onset of a yellow indication can be ambiguous. Decision-making relies on drivers’ expectations of the yellow change interval duration and behavioral factors. While boundaries of these zones are well studied, less is known about how familiar drivers are with their local yellow indication laws, which vary from state to state, and whether their typical reactions to yellow indications align with the laws. Existing interventions like signal timing adjustments, improved vehicle detection, and advance warning signs reduce the number of drivers caught in dilemma zones but may not reach distracted drivers. In-vehicle alerts tailored to dilemma zone scenarios are a potential solution not yet implemented widely in North America. This study addresses how drivers may interpret these alerts. A web-based survey of 640 licensed drivers in Michigan and Washington (ages 18–85
Anderson, Erika, Jashami, Hisham, Ahmed, Ananna, Hurwitz, David
Effects of Vehicle Speed, Category, and Front-End Design on Full-Body Injury Risks of a Midsized Male Pedestrian09-14-01-00175/4/2026
This study investigated how vehicle front-end geometry, impact speed, and vehicle category influence injury risk to a midsize male pedestrian. Eighty-one generic vehicle (GV) models representing sedans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), pickup trucks, and minivans sold in the United States were developed by morphing three base models using an automated pipeline. Front-end parameters that were varied included ground clearance (GC), bumper height (BH), hood leading-edge (HLE) height, hood length (HL), bumper lead angle (BLA), hood angle (HA), and windshield angle (WSA). Each vehicle impacted the Global Human Body Models Consortium 50th percentile male simplified pedestrian (GHBMC M50-PS) model at 30, 40, and 50 kph, totaling 243 simulations. Boundary conditions followed the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) pedestrian test protocol. Thirty-five injury metrics were extracted across the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. Linear mixed-effects regression
Poveda, Luis, Miller, Logan E., Edwards, Colin C., Pollock, Madeline, Armstrong, William M., Hsu, Fang-Chi, Gayzik, Scott F., Weaver, Ashley A., Stitzel, Joel D., Devane, Karan S.
Injury and Kinematics of Obese PMHS in Frontal Impacts with Reclined Seating09-14-01-00035/4/2026
Objective: This study investigated injury outcomes and body kinematics in obese occupants exposed to frontal impacts while seated in reclined postures. With increasing interest in non-traditional seating configurations and a growing population of obese vehicle occupants, the objective was to evaluate how seat stiffness and restraint features influence injury patterns and whole-body excursions. Methods: Nine obese post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS; mean age: 64 years, stature: 1.70 m, body mass: 102 kg, BMI: 35 kg/m2) were tested under frontal impact conditions simulating a delta-V of 50 kph. All specimens were seated on a spring-controlled seat with a 45° reclined seatback and restrained by a three-point belt system with pretensioner and load limiter. Three configurations were evaluated: (1) stiffer seat, (2) softer seat, and (3) stiffer seat with a knee bolster 100 mm from the knees. Each subject underwent one test. Whole-body kinematics were captured using a VICON motion analysis
Somasundaram, Karthik, Yoganandan, Narayan, Pintar, Frank
Visual–Language Model–Driven Annotation and Analysis of Maneuver Data for Enhanced Vehicle Safety09-14-01-00325/4/2026
Vehicle maneuver data are essential for perception and planning in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS). While high-quality annotations improve machine-learning performance, existing maneuver datasets remain fragmented, labor-intensive to annotate, and inconsistent in semantic richness. Challenges persist in scalability, interpretability, and contextual labeling. This article establishes a structured framework for maneuver data analysis by combining a systematic review of existing resources with the development of a new multimodal dataset. First, we conduct a systematic review of publicly available datasets such as HDD, KITTI, BDD-X, D2CAV, Brain4Cars, DrivingDojo, and the Driving Behavior Database. We further evaluate the data modality and sensor configurations including event data recorders, onboard logging systems, and smartphone sensing. We then propose the Matt3r Data Collection System with modern metadata management, which integrates video
Bai, Ling, Yuan, Chongyu, Osman, Islam, Lin, Zirui, Mirab, Ghazal, Saheb, Amir, Parnian, Neda, Shapiro, Evgeny, Shehata, Mohamed S., Liu, Zheng
Are Drivers More Distracted with Level 2 Automated Technologies? A Naturalistic Driving Study Analysis of Frequency, Duration, and Proportion of Time Drivers Engage in Secondary Tasks09-14-01-00285/4/2026
This project was designed to better understand how the activation of SAE International Level 2 (L2) system features affect the duration of secondary task engagement. Four naturalistic driving datasets were used: one that included drivers without L2 experience, two that included drivers with L2 experienced, and one that included drivers of L0 vehicles. Dependent variables that were assessed include frequency of secondary tasks, duration of secondary task, and proportion of time that drivers engaged in cell phone tasks when L2 systems were active compared to when L2 systems were available but inactive. Results suggest that both the frequency and proportion of time drivers engaged in secondary tasks were significantly higher when L2 systems were active compared to when systems were available but inactive. Drivers without L2 experience took longer to perform tasks involving the center stack/instrument panel compared to experienced L2 drivers. These results suggest that drivers demonstrate
Klauer, Sheila, Dunn, Naomi, Anderson, Gabrial T., Barnes, Ellen, Han, Shu, Fincannon, Thomas, Weaver, Starla
Comparative Analysis of Thoracic Injury and Causative Factors across Sexes in Serious Frontal Motor Vehicle Collisions in the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network Database09-14-01-00315/4/2026
This study investigated sex-specific differences in thoracic injury prevalence, causation, and rib fracture patterns among seriously injured occupants in frontal motor vehicle collisions. Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) data from 2005 to 2022 included 793 front-seat occupants aged 16 years and older with Abbreviated Injury Scale 2+ thorax injury, representing 1802 thoracic injuries. Injuries were grouped as rib fracture, sternum fracture, hemo/pneumothorax, lung injury, heart injury, and other. A weighted scoring system captured contributions of involved physical components to each injury. Logistic and linear regression with generalized estimating equations assessed sex associations with injury presence and causation. Two models were estimated: a comprehensively adjusted model including demographic, crash, vehicle, restraint, and airbag deployment, and a simplified model adjusting for age, body mass index, delta-V, and occupant role. Among occupants with AIS 2
Armstrong, William, Devane, Karan, Hsu, Fang-Chi, Heilmann, Nina, Sink, Joel, Miller, Anna N., Kiani, Bahram, Martin, R. Shayn, Stitzel, Joel D., Weaver, Ashley
An Investigation of Drowsy Lane Departures from Driving Simulator Studies09-14-01-00145/4/2026
NHTSA is conducting research to evaluate the current state-of-the-art technology for lane departure warning (LDW) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) technology. NHTSA is undertaking research to understand the nature of real-world lane departures and recovery behaviors. While some information about lane departures can be learned from crash datasets, the purpose of this work was to mine simulator datasets for lane departures, analyze them in greater detail than is possible from crash reports or naturalistic studies, and link their characteristics to driver drowsiness. The objective of the study was to determine whether there are differences in lane departure characteristics as a function of driver drowsiness. This research used a novel approach by combining data from six different driving simulator studies on driver drowsiness. The dataset included a sample of 380 drivers. Study drives occurred during overnight hours after periods of sleep deprivation, with participants being awake for at
Schwarz, Chris, Gaspar, John, Shull, Emily, Venegas, Michael
Understanding and Modeling Effectiveness of Predictive Risk Notifications for Early Assistance for Safe Driving: A Public Road Testing Study09-14-01-00265/4/2026
While an enlarged lead time from risk notifications to collisions is widely acknowledged to facilitate safe driving, it remains challenging to effectively notify drivers of invisible risks and non-apparent risks coming from uncertain behaviors on the part of road users. The current study examined whether verbal notifications are able to assist early awareness of predictive risks. We also attempted to identify human and environmental factors that could possibly improve the effectiveness of predictive risk information. Twenty-eight licensed drivers participated in a public road test conducted in two different urban areas on 3 days. They drove predefined courses on which potential risk locations were identified prior to the test, using a sport utility vehicle equipped with an automatic verbal notification system triggered based on the distance to the potential risk locations. After passing through the locations each time, the participants were instructed to verbally evaluate the shift in
Maruyama, Masaki, Koyama, Keiichiro, Ezaki, Toru, Sakamoto, Junichi, Sawada, Yuta, Matsuoka, Takahiro
Frontal Crash Classification and Occupant Outcomes from 2017 to 2023 US Field Cases09-14-01-00245/4/2026
This study provides an updated characterization of real-world frontal crash types—considering overlap and obliquity—based on their overall frequency and associated injury outcomes. The results of this study will support an evaluation of how well NHTSA’s frontal oblique crash test condition addresses the current population of serious frontal crashes, as compared to frontal test modes in existing crashworthiness programs. U.S. field crash data from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed to classify frontal crashes by coded damage characteristics. Oblique frontal crashes were defined as those with principal direction of force between 10°–40° and 320°–350°. Non-ejected belted first and second row occupants in model year 2000 and newer passenger vehicles absent a rollover event were included. Occupants were stratified by sex, age, and body mass index, and injury outcomes based on moderate, serious, and fatal thresholds were analyzed across crash configurations. Among the belted first row occupants
Rudd, Rodney W.
Assessing the Influence of Reclined Vehicle Seatback Configurations with and without a Belt-Positioning Booster on Child Posture via Pressure Mapping09-14-01-00045/4/2026
Objective: This study sought to implement pressure mapping methodology to assess variation in children’s center of force positions in reclined vehicle scenarios. Methods: Thirty-four children between 4 and 12 y (8.1 ± 2.0 y) were statically evaluated on a vehicle seat across two seating conditions (with and without a backless booster) and three seatback recline conditions (25°, 45°, and 60°). Center of force was recorded using pressure sensors attached to the seating surface. Average center of force fore/aft positions were calculated and transformed into the vehicle coordinate system using 3D coordinate measurements. Descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA were used to assess variation in center of force position across seating and recline conditions, with subject included as a random effect. Results: Center of force fore/aft position varied (p < 0.05) with recline condition, seating condition, and the recline/seating condition interaction term. On the booster, the average
Baker, Gretchen H., Connell, Rosalie R., Graci, Valentina, Mansfield, Julie A.
Increasing the Competency and Confidence of Older Drivers in the Use of Advanced Vehicle Technologies: The MOVETech Randomized Controlled Trial09-14-01-00135/4/2026
Programs that teach older drivers how to confidently and competently use advanced vehicle technologies (AVTs) are limited. The MOVETech study evaluated a training program specifically designed to teach older drivers how to use these technologies. Participants (n = 119) were randomized to the intervention (training program) or control group (brochure). The intervention involved an in-person classroom education session on the use and benefits of AVTs, and an on-road driving session where participants drove along a pre-defined route in a dual-controlled vehicle with instruction on AVT use by a driving instructor. All participants completed in-person and telephone assessments at baseline and 3 months. Driving performance and on-road AVT competence assessments were the primary outcomes. Self-reported driving confidence, competence, and confidence in use of AVT, crashes, citations, and count of vehicle damage were the secondary outcomes. Program fidelity was also evaluated using a checklist
Nguyen, Helen, Ren, Kerrie, Coxon, Kristy, Neville, Nick, O’Donnell, Joan, Cheal, Beth, Brown, Julie, Keay, Lisa
Neck and Spinal Responses in the Reclined Large Omnidirectional Child Anthropomorphic Test Device with and without a Booster Seat during Far-Side Lateral Oblique Impacts09-14-01-00115/4/2026
Objective The objective of this study was to examine the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) neck and spine responses in reclined seating configurations with and without a backless belt-positioning booster (BPB) in far-side lateral oblique impacts. Methods The LODC was seated on a production passenger seat with an integrated seatbelt and tested in nine lateral oblique impact (80° from frontal) sled tests (31.3 km/h). A condition with a nominal seatback angle (~25°) with a backless BPB and two conditions with reclined seatback angles (~45° and ~60°) with and without a BPB were compared. Each condition was repeated, except for the 60° without BPB. Peak upper neck tension force and lateral moment, T1, T6, and T12 lateral rotation, lumbar axial and lateral shear forces, and lumbar axial moment (Mz) were extracted. Results With noBPB, upper neck tension (45° noBPB: 2.0 ± 0.1 kN; 60° noBPB: 1.8 kN) and lateral moment (45° noBPB: 31.7 ± 2.3 Nm; 60° noBPB: 29.2
Graci, Valentina, Humm, John, Hauschild, Hans
Advanced Tool for Traffic Crash Analysis: An AI-Driven Multi-Agent Approach to Pre-Crash Reconstruction09-14-01-00335/4/2026
Traffic collision reconstruction traditionally relies on human expertise and, when performed properly, can be incredibly accurate. However, attempting to perform pre-crash reconstruction, i.e., reconstructing the driver and vehicle behaviors that preceded the actual crash, poses significantly more challenges. This study develops a multi-agent artificial intelligence (AI) framework that reconstructs pre-crash scenarios and infers vehicle behaviors from fragmented collision data. We present a two-phase collaborative framework combining reconstruction and reasoning phases. The system processes 277 rear-end lead vehicle deceleration (LVD) collisions from the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS; 2017–2022), integrating textual crash reports, structured tabular data, and visual scene diagrams. Phase I generates natural language crash reconstructions from multimodal inputs. Phase II performs in-depth crash reasoning by combining these reconstructions with the temporal event data
Xu, Gerui, Chen, Boyou, Guo, Huizhong, LeBlanc, Dave, Kusari, Arpan, Yarbasi, Efe, Ahmed, Ananna, Sun, Zhaonan, Bao, Shan
Characterization of Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking Acceleration in Modern Light Vehicles: Potential Implications for Occupant Safety09-14-01-00075/4/2026
The objective of this study was to characterize and compare pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) pulses in modern light vehicles to understand the loading environment that vehicle occupants are being exposed to during PAEB maneuvers. PAEB tests (n = 8008) conducted using 2018–2023 vehicle model years were analyzed. Pulse, vehicle, and impact characteristics (e.g., jerk, peak acceleration, pedestrian scenario, etc.) were derived from each PAEB test. Two k-means clustering analyses were used to group PAEB pulses with and without target collisions based on their similarity between characteristics. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed on the PAEB pulse characteristics to examine differences between clusters (p < 0.05). Two non-collision clusters (NC1 and NC2) were identified for PAEB pulses without collisions: NC1 had a statistically significant lower jerk (0.8 ± 0.4 g/s) and peak acceleration (1.0 ± 0.1 g) compared to NC2 (1.6 ± 0.8 g/s and 0.9 ± 0.1 g
Witmer, Maitland, Kidd, David, Graci, Valentina
Optimizing Ride Comfort and Stability in In-Wheel Motor Drive Electric Vehicles: A Correlated Semi-Active Suspension System with Kalman Filter and Spring-Type Analysis10-10-04-00304/24/2026
This research provides a unique contribution to the field of in-wheel motor drive (IWMD) electric vehicles (EVs) by addressing the challenges associated with the use of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for traction. These motors, integrated into the unsprung masses, increase the wheels’ rotational inertia, reducing ride smoothness on uneven roads. To mitigate this issue, we present an optimal Kalman filter for a magnetorheological (MR) control suspension system that correlates road inputs between the front and rear wheels. This filter significantly improves the estimation accuracy of state variables by incorporating the motor’s vertical motion, along with potential enhancements from wheelbase preview. To determine the most suitable coil spring types for use with MR dampers, we used the WDW-600 computer-controlled electronic universal testing machine to evaluate three coil spring types: constant-pitch (model A), variable-pitch (model B), and conical (model C). To assess the
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Jabeen, Syeda Darakhshan, El-Zomor, Haytham M., Tolba, Mohamed, Elamy, Mamdouh I.
Hierarchical Control Strategy Evaluation and Migration for a Four-Degree-of-Freedom Quarter Commercial Vehicle02-19-03-00144/9/2026
In order to improve the comfort performance in commercial vehicles, this study proposes a hierarchical control strategy that integrates the evaluation and migration of control algorithms. First, a quarter-vehicle model with four-degree-of-freedom (4-DOF) is constructed, incorporating the dynamics of the wheel, frame, driver’s cab, and seat. The key modal characteristics of the model are then verified through amplitude–frequency analysis, confirming their consistency with the typical vibration patterns observed in actual commercial vehicles, which provides the foundation for subsequent control strategy evaluation and migration. Then, based on a standard two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) suspension model, a weighted comprehensive evaluation function is developed to account for comfort, structural safety, handling stability, and both time- and frequency-domain performance indicators. Using this evaluation function, various control algorithms—including Skyhook control (SH), acceleration-based
Pan, Ting, Pang, Jianzhong, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Jiuxiang, Kang, Gong, Zhang, Yunqing
Impact of User-Adjustable Vehicle-Dynamics Tuning on Vehicle Durability2026-01-01944/7/2026
Software-defined vehicles offer customers a greater degree of customization of vehicle controls and driving experience. One such feature is user-adjustable tuning of vehicle ride and handling, where customers can vary ride height, damper stiffness, front-rear torque balance, and other aspects of vehicle dynamics. While promising a great customer experience, such a feature can expose the vehicle to a wider range of structural loads than those in the nominal design condition, particularly when such tuning is extended to cover spirited “sport” mode driving, off-road driving, etc. In this paper we present a novel methodology combining Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) data and real-world telemetry data to estimate the impact of user-adjustable vehicle-dynamics tuning on structural durability. In doing so, the method combines the physics of damage accumulation (from RLDA data) with user behavior (from telemetry data) to present an accurate assessment of the impact on durability, moving
Demiri, Albion, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, White, Dylan, Khapane, Prashant, Borton, Zackery
Study of Automatic Emergency Braking Effects on Human and Surrogate Passengers2026-01-05564/7/2026
The influence of modern Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) on the head and neck behavior of the occupants in a vehicle continues to be an active area of research. Occupant kinematics and kinetics were evaluated using a vehicle equipped with a pedestrian AEB system. The vehicle was tested in several different scenarios with speeds between 15 and 45 mph. Two instrumented 50th-percentile male Hybrid-III Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATD) were positioned in certain seats of the vehicle, while minimally instrumented human volunteers occupied the remaining seats. Displacement transducers and video analysis were utilized to capture the kinematics of each occupant. The findings of this study indicate that in AEB-only events with belted-occupants, the test vehicle did not result in any occupant motion that would have placed the occupants out-of-position (OOP) had an impact occurred immediately following the AEB event. This means that when evaluating real-world AEB events, it may not be necessary
Bartholomew, Meredith, Dahiya, Akshay, Russell, Caleb, Morr, Douglas, Castro, Elaine, Nguyen, An
Collision Avoidance Effectiveness of an Automated Driving System Using a Human Driver Behavior Reference Model in Reconstructed Fatal Collisions2026-01-05204/7/2026
Avoiding and mitigating any potential collision is dependent on (1) road user ability to avoid entering into a conflict (conflict avoidance effect) and (2) road user response should a conflict be entered (collision avoidance effect). This study examined the collision avoidance effect of the Waymo Driver, a currently deployed SAE level 4 automated driving system (ADS), using a human behavior reference model, designed to be representative of a human driver that is non-impaired, with eyes on the conflict (NIEON). Reliable performance benchmarking methodologies for assessing ADS performance are an essential component of determining system readiness. This consistently performing, always-attentive driver does not exist in the human population. Counterfactual simulations were run on responder collision scenarios based on reconstructions from a 10-year period of human fatal crashes from the Operational Design Domain of the Waymo ADS in Chandler, Arizona. Of 16 simulated conflicts entered, 12
Scanlon, John M., Kusano, Kristofer D., Engstrom, Johan, Victor, Trent
Driver Response Times to Turn-In-Path Events from Real World Responses in SHRP-2 Data2026-01-05454/7/2026
This study analyzed driver behavior in Turn-In-Path (TIP) scenarios using the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) naturalistic driving dataset. A total of 167 real-world incidents, including both crashes and near-crashes, were examined to evaluate human driver perception-response times (PRT) and avoidance behaviors when an intruding vehicle (the principal other vehicle, or POV) turns into the path of a straight-moving subject vehicle (SV). The combined analysis includes TIP events involving POVs turning from intersecting roads to either cross or merge into the SV’s lane and continues in the direction of the SV. Each event was reviewed to identify the driver behavior in an emergency response event, with measurements taken from video and telematics data. Response time was measured across two different starting points. Key variables included time to conflict, POV behavior, SV driver engagement in secondary tasks, and environmental factors such as lighting and roadway
Dinakar, Swaroop, Muttart, Jeffrey, Maloney, Timothy, Adhikari, Bikram
Quasi-Static Head Restraint Pull-Tests to Assess Retention Performance: Maximum Load and Damage Characteristic2026-01-05644/7/2026
Head restraint requirements and designs have evolved to minimize the delay in head support and reduce differential loading in the neck. As a result, head restraints have become bigger and more angled forward, sitting, closer to the occupant’s head. Head restraints separation from seatbacks are sometimes observed in the field. Are head restraint detachments resulting from occupant comfort issues prior to the crash, occupant loading during the crash or were they removed by emergency personnel for extrication? Understanding the retention strength of head restraints and the type of evidence left behind by a forced removal may help researchers resolve the question of how a head restraint may be found post-crash separated from the seat. Quasistatic pull tests were conducted to measure vertical retention capabilities, compare vertical adjustment and release mechanisms, and document deformation and damage. Eighteen different front seat head restraint designs were evaluated. The model years
Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Davidson, Russell
Acoustic Improvements to a Passenger Service Unit Panel with Core Filler and Facesheet Patches using Topology Optimization2026-01-05114/7/2026
Passenger comfort is becoming the forefront of luxury private jets where noise needs to be kept to a minimum. One source of structure-borne noise is the vibration of the Passenger Service Unit (PSU) panel. These vibrations originate from the outer skin, excited by turbulent boundary layer, and are transmitted through the fuselage frame to the PSU panel. This panel resides overhead of passenger seating, it is composed of a corrugated honeycomb core sandwiched between thin face-sheets. This paper presents a systematic approach to improve the vibro-acoustic performance of a honeycomb core sandwich structure by employing core filler and facesheet patches. Topology Optimization (TO) is used to determine the optimal layouts of these design modifications. The vibro-acoustic performance of the PSU panel with facesheet patches and core filler is evaluated using a frequency response analysis in the commercial finite element solver OptiStruct. The effectiveness of vibration reduction will be
Russo, Connor, Whetstone, Isobel, Patel, Anuj, Wotten, Erik, Kim, Il Yong
Use Inertial Sliding of Reclined Seat to Enhance Occupant Retention under Rear-End Crash2026-01-05634/7/2026
Autonomous vehicles may attract more passengers to recline their seat for comfort. However, under severe rear-end crashes and large reclining angle, the backward inertia could completely throw occupant out of seat. Even if the occupant body can be restrained by seatbelt, the occupant’s head could slide out of the head restraint area. Any of these situations may cause severe injuries. To address this safety concern, we developed a sliding seat system designed to enhance occupant retention. Activated by impact inertia of rear-end collision, the system allows the seat sliding backward along its track in a controlled manner, and the sliding stroke is accompanied by a restraint force and absorbs some amount of kinetic energy during the sliding. Thus, occupant retention can be enhanced, and injury risks of head and neck can be reduced. To demonstrate this concept, we built a MADYMO model and conducted a parametric analysis. The model includes a 50th percentile human model, a vehicle seat
Dai, Rui, Zhou, Qing, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan
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