Browse Topic: Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Spatial Sight Distance Value for Curved Tunnel of Mountainous Highway Based on Driving Behaviour2026-99-15539/11/2026
In order to conduct more in-depth research on the driving sight distance of curved tunnels in mountainous highways, a systematic theoretical calculation model of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels based on three-dimensional characteristics is established, and the spatial sight distance value of curved tunnels in mountainous highways is recommended in combination with the changes of driving behaviour under different spatial sight distances. Firstly, the concept of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels is proposed, the theoretical calculation model of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels is established, and the model is verified by a multi-scale neural network; Secondly, five UC-win/road simulation models of curved tunnel with different spatial sight distances are established, and the simulation experiments are carried out in combination with mp160 multi-channel physiological recorder and SMI etgtm eye tracker; Finally, the mathematical statistics method and SPSS software are used to analyse the operation behaviour, psychological behaviour and eye movement behaviour of drivers in curved tunnels with different spatial sight distances, and to verify the different effects of the critical value of spatial sight distance on driving behaviour in the theoretical calculation. Furthermore, by taking the spatial sight distance as the independent variable, the regression model is established with the average speed, trajectory offset, heart rate change rate, and pupil diameter change rate as the dependent variables. Based on the driver’s behaviour threshold, the recommended spatial sight distance of a curved tunnel is proposed. The results show that the recommended range of spatial sight distance of the curved tunnel of mountainous highway with a design speed of 80 km/h is 125 m to 140 m, the limit value is 110 m, and the appropriate value is 155 m. There is a critical value between two-dimensional sight distance and spatial sight distance, which has a significant impact on the change of driving behaviour in a curved tunnel.
Tang, Xie, Zheng, LiWen, Lin, GuoJin, Gao, YanYang, Lan, FuAn
Safety Analysis of Collision Avoidance for Semi-Autonomous Navigation Ship Based on STPA-CREAM2026-99-15549/11/2026
With the continuous improvement of ship intelligence, more intelligent onboard navigation equipment and intelligent navigation systems are used to assist in improving navigation efficiency. This study takes semi-autonomous navigation ships as research objects and adopts System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to model the complex interaction relationships of semi-autonomous navigation encounter scenarios and identify and analyze potential risks. To address the deficiency of STPA in human factors analysis capability, the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) is introduced to analyze human factors in semi-autonomous navigation. Finally, based on the results of the STPA-CREAM analysis, recommendations are provided to improve the safety of semi-autonomous navigation.
Zhang, Xiaojie
Numerical Simulation Study on the Influence of Explosive Shape on the Dynamic Response of Tracked Vehicles2026-99-11039/11/2026
This study utilizes finite element analysis and a multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation to systematically investigate the dynamic responses of tracked armored vehicles under underbody blast loading from cylindrical, spherical, and cubic charges. Numerical results indicate that, given equivalent charge masses and detonation distances, the shape of the explosive geometry significantly affects shock wave propagation characteristics and the subsequent structural response behavior. Compared to the other two charge configurations, the cylindrical charge exhibits superior shock propagation velocity and a more rapid dynamic response time in the vertical direction. Consequently, the cylindrical charge induces a maximum elastic displacement of 114.9 mm in the underbody structure—surpassing the cubic and spherical charges by factors of 1.16 and 1.18, respectively—while significantly intensifying near-field overpressure.
Tang, Jing, Fu, Tiaoqi, Liu, Yong, Feng, Yu, Sun, Xiaowang
Structural Design and Stability Research of a Two-DOF Transformable Wheel for Enhanced Obstacle-Crossing Performance on Complex Terrain2026-99-11309/11/2026
Under the constraints of conventional chassis layouts, traditional wheeled vehicles struggle to maintain stable obstacle-crossing performance on complex terrain. This study aims to enhance both the obstacle-crossing capability and stability of such vehicles. First, a transformable wheel capable of varying its effective radius and actively adjusting the wheel–ground contact configuration is designed, and its degrees of freedom are analyzed using screw theory. Next, based on screw theory and Lie group theory, position-level and velocity-level kinematic models of the transformable wheel are established, and system-level performance indices—including workspace, singular configurations, and force-transmission characteristics—are formulated. Finally, taking these performance indices as optimization objectives, a constrained optimization model of the mechanism’s geometric parameters is constructed, from which an optimal dimension set for the transformable wheel is obtained. The results show that the optimized transformable wheel has significantly improved minimum singularity and dexterity. The designed transformable wheel can achieve changes in wheel radius and wheel rim inclination angle, improving the vehicle's passability in complex terrain.
Lu, Shichuang, Wang, Tie
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Speed Limits at Median Opening Sections of Expressway Reconstruction and Extension2026-99-15599/11/2026
In expressway reconstruction and extension projects, median opening sections are safety bottlenecks and high-congestion areas. Decision-making for their speed limit schemes must balance multiple conflicting objectives, such as safety, efficiency, economy, and driver psychology, which traditional single-objective methods cannot adequately address. This study proposes a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). First, three speed limit schemes were designed based on standards and investigations. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation hierarchy including six main criteria and 21 sub-criteria was constructed. Finally, expert questionnaires were used to acquire the weights and score the schemes. The results show that “Safety” is the dominant criterion with the highest weight, reaching 54.3%. Scheme 3 (the 80→70 km/h scheme) achieved the highest comprehensive score, as it realized the best balance across dimensions such as efficiency, economy, and driver acceptance. Sensitivity analysis verified the robustness of this ranking result. The FAHP framework proposed in this study provides a scientific and robust tool for speed limit decision-making in complex work zones.
Zhao, Wenzheng, Ran, Jin, Zhan, Shiyang, Kadir, Ahmetjan, Doheter, Jiangenle, Ma, Jiarui
Research on an Evaluation Method and Application of Autonomous Vehicles in Traffic Flow Environment2026-99-15629/11/2026
Traffic flow environment testing is indispensable in the research and evaluation process of intelligent vehicles. However, the current vehicle evaluation systems mostly focus on simple dynamic scenarios and lack a comprehensive assessment of vehicle performance in complex traffic flow environments. In view of this, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional comprehensive performance evaluation system for vehicles in traffic flow environments. Firstly, based on the randomness and dynamics of traffic flow, four core evaluation dimensions covering safety, comfort, efficiency, and economy are constructed. In terms of security, the collision time and Predicted Safety Metrics are adopted. This enables the dual quantification of immediate collision risks and dynamic obstacle avoidance capabilities. The comfort evaluation focuses on the impact of vibration frequency on the human body and constructs a graded quantitative index. Efficiency and economy evaluation models are built through time cost and energy consumption cost. The verification is carried out under different traffic flow scenarios, and the final results demonstrate the consistency between the evaluation method of this paper and the expert evaluation method, thereby verifying the rationality of the evaluation system presented in this paper.
Wang, Guangyu, Song, Shiping, Zhang, Cheng, Qu, Ge, Yu, Xiaojun
Impact of Transient Driving Characteristics on Bench-to-Road Emission Consistency of Light-Duty Vehicles2026-99-15739/11/2026
The thalweg at the outlet of the Yuxikou Waterway transitions from right to left, forming a 90-degree bend. It then merges with the Xihua Waterway after passing Xiliang Mountain, creating a main-branch confluence water area. Taking a typical main-branch confluence water area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as the research object, this paper reflects the current navigation status and existing problems of ships in the area through the analysis of ship traffic flow. It classifies the risk levels of passing ships, proposes suggestions for route reform and optimization, and uses a model to verify the probability of collision accidents in the area after the implementation of the round-island navigation method, providing a reference for the navigation safety of passing ships.
Qiao, Jiajun, Jin, Zhenhua, Huang, Qi, Li, Guohui, Zhang, Xinguo
Evaluation Method for Driving Safety on Highway Successive Curves2026-99-15689/11/2026
To evaluate the driving safety performance of continuous curves, this study developed a safety assessment model using a human-computer interaction simulation platform. First, three indicators are selected, including the driver’s heart rate variability, the rate of change in steering wheel angle, and trajectory lateral deviation, which together form a driving safety evaluation indicator system. Secondly, through significance testing and range analysis. Through analysis, four key curve-related elements are identified as having a notable influence on the overall evaluation indicators. A global optimization algorithm using multivariate nonlinear regression is then applied to establish the driving safety model. Finally, taking a dual four-lane highway in Sichuan province as an example, the safety of the successive curve in the project is evaluated. Empirical results show that when the intermediate straight line section H ≤ 4.23, driving is hazardous; 4.23 < H ≤ 4.46, driving is relatively hazardous; 4.46 < H ≤ 4.78, driving is relatively safe; H > 4.78, driving is safe. For oval-shaped curve segments, when H ≤ 4.53, driving is hazardous; 4.53 < H ≤ 5.32, driving is relatively hazardous; 5.32 < H ≤ 5.86, driving is relatively safe; H > 5.86, driving is safe. Through this method, the driving safety of successive curves can be effectively evaluated, particularly with a focus on driver comfort and safety. This provides valuable references for assessing driving risks associated with different combinations of curve elements.
Huang, Yongheng, Zhang, Ruizheng, Sun, Chao, Zeng, Xinjie, Zheng, Liwen
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Human-Factor Reliability in Metro Dispatching System Based on Structural Equation Model2026-99-15919/11/2026
As system automation advances, the impact of human factors on human-machine system reliability becomes increasingly prominent. Given that the metro train dispatch system is central to metro operations, analyzing its human reliability aspects is crucial. Although human factor reliability analysis techniques have matured in fields like nuclear power and aviation, research on human-factor reliability analysis for metro train dispatch systems remains in its infancy. Based on this, the study proposes a method for identifying factors influencing human-factor reliability in metro train dispatch systems using exploratory factor analysis, grounded in survey data on such factors. Second, based on the identified factors, a structural equation model was constructed to identify the importance of human reliability factors in metro train dispatch systems. Through goodness-of-fit evaluation, the causal relationships among these factors were ultimately determined. The study indicates that individual, organizational, equipment, and environmental factors are the primary influences on human reliability in metro train dispatch systems, with 20 observable sub-factors under these main categories. The structural equation model results indicate that the relative importance of the four primary factors on human-factor reliability in the metro train dispatch system is: organizational factors > personal factors > equipment factors > environmental factors. This suggests organizational factors exert a relatively greater influence on human-factor reliability. This research provides a basis for enhancing the safety level and management decision-making of metro train dispatch systems.
Li, Xin, Wang, Liang, Tang, Shuo, Yao, Zhenxing
Emotional Impacts of Manual and Assisted Driving Modes under Varying Time Pressures: A Scenario-based Simulation Study2026-99-15089/11/2026
Emotion as a critical psychological variable in driving behavior has been extensively confirmed to exert a profound influence on traffic safety. With the advancement of autonomous driving technologies, the application value of emotion regulation mechanisms in intelligent transportation systems is gaining importance, given their proven impact on reducing unsafe driving tendencies and improving human-machine interaction quality. However, systematic research on the mechanisms underlying emotional variation across different driving modes remains relatively scarce. This study developed a questionnaire based on the Chinese version of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), incorporating 19 traffic scenarios and corresponding video stimuli, to examine the impact of manual and assisted driving on driving anger under varying levels of time pressure. In addition, the moderating effects of individual factors such as age and education were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were applied to 113 valid responses to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework involving driving mode, time pressure, and demographic variables. The results indicate that under high time pressure, assisted driving systems significantly reduce drivers' anger levels in typical delay-related scenarios compared with manual driving. Age is identified as a key moderating factor influencing emotional responses. This research provides theoretical support for the development of emotion-aware driving intervention systems and offers empirical evidence for the formulation of future strategies for driving emotion regulation.
Zhang, Tingjia, Li, Ruiheng, Zhu, Tong
A Three-Dimensional Safety Domain Method for LNG Vessels in Ports Based on Human Factors and Speed Characteristics2026-99-15239/11/2026
To accurately assess the navigation safety status of LNG vessels in port waters and balance safety control with waterway capacity efficiency, this study constructs a 3D dynamic safety domain model for port LNG vessels, integrating human–ship–environment multi-factors. The model introduces the Weibull function to quantify the impact of drivers’ knowledge, skills, and physiological-psychological states on safety boundaries, combines a ship motion mathematical model to establish a 2D safety domain boundary equation, and incorporates hull subsidence to build a vertical dimension, forming a complete 3D model. Longitudinally, the safety distance is calculated using the car-following braking theory, while laterally, boundaries are determined by controlling the ratio of inter-vessel interference force to navigation resistance. Through static scenario analysis and dynamic simulation verification, results show that the safety domain scale is dominated by ship speed and environmental conditions, and its shape tends to shrink as the driver’s state improves, making it more suitable for actual port scenarios than traditional models. Verified with a specific LNG hub port as a case, the safety distance calculated by the model is significantly reduced compared with current specifications, while the delay impact rate and average delay time on other vessels are decreased. The research results establish a quantifiable framework for dynamic safety assessment, providing maritime administrations and on-board pilots with a scientifically-grounded tool to determine real-time safe navigation boundaries in complex port environments, balancing safety control with operational efficiency.
Wang, Yangang, Jia, Changsheng, Zhu, Jinshan
Analysis of Traffic Characteristics and Research on Variable Speed Limit Control Method in the Confluence Area of Expressway under Ice and Snow Conditions2026-99-15359/11/2026
This study investigates the traffic characteristics and delays within expressway merging areas during ice and snow conditions. Using VISSIM-based simulations, the effects of such conditions on merging zones are thoroughly examined. Regression models are developed to describe the relationships between ramp delay, mainline travel time delay, mainline traffic flow, average ramp delay, and mainline traffic volume. Findings reveal that across all environmental scenarios, ramp vehicle delay increases with rising mainline traffic, with this effect being markedly more pronounced under ice and snow. Specifically, when mainline traffic remains below 2800 veh/h, ramp delay increases gradually, but beyond this threshold, the delay escalates rapidly. Building on these results, a variable speed limit control method leveraging the Q-learning algorithm is proposed. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights for expressway design and traffic management strategies.
Liu, Yan, Luo, Ruiqi
Effect Evaluation of Emergency Barrier-free Blocking Methods in Highway Tunnels Based on Visual/Driving Behavior2026-99-15319/11/2026
To address the lack of safe and effective on-site vehicle blocking and control methods in the event of fires or other emergencies in extra-long tunnels — which can significantly reduce traffic safety risks and prevent secondary accidents — this study proposes a novel barrier-free light–smoke curtain interception method. The method integrates conventional traffic safety warning facilities (gantry-mounted variable message signs and audio–visual alarms) with two light–smoke curtain interception images to form a composite early-warning and interception system. Driving simulation experiments were conducted to comprehensively evaluate its warning effectiveness, interception performance, and operational safety in comparison with methods employing only traditional warning facilities or light curtain images. Furthermore, field drills were performed to validate its real-world applicability and interception effectiveness under both daytime and nighttime conditions. The main findings are as follows: 1) The fixation ratio and interception success rate associated with the proposed method were significantly higher than those of the other two methods, demonstrating enhanced visual attention and superior warning and interception performance. 2) The maximum deceleration observed with the proposed method was lower than that of the light curtain–only method and did not trigger emergency braking, thereby indicating high operational stability and driver comfort. 3) In field drills, after activation of the interception equipment, only one and two vehicles entered the tunnel under daytime and nighttime conditions, respectively, and full control of on-site vehicles was achieved within two minutes without any traffic accidents, verifying the system’s rapid response and effective safety assurance.
Shi, Mingjun, Li, Shicao, Wang, Haohuan, He, Qifei, Che, Zhengzhang, Li, Yanbo
Ultrasonic Guided Wave Thickness Measurement of Cortical Bone with Soft Tissue2026-99-12209/4/2026
Early diagnosis of osteoporosis is crucial for preventing fractures and improving the quality of life of patients. In clinical practice, the mainstream diagnostic methods, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), are limited by high equipment costs and ionizing radiation, resulting in a low coverage rate of large-scale early screening. Only less than one-third of brittle fracture patients have received a DXA assessment. To address this issue, this study proposes an innovative diagnostic method based on ultrasonic guided wave technology. This technology is cost-effective and portable, and it overcomes the limitations of X-ray detection in terms of its unsuitability for large-scale early diagnosis. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of water are similar to those of soft tissue, so this method utilizes water coupling to simulate the environment of soft tissue around the bone and combines the transverse isotropy of cortical bone, which is an important characteristic that most existing models ignore, to analyze the propagation of guided waves in anisotropic cortical bone. Through the processing of ultrasonic signals using two-dimensional short-time Fourier transform (2D-STFT), the local thickness of cortical bone can be inverted. By establishing a fluid-coupled orthotropic anisotropic plate model, deriving the dispersion equation, solving the theoretical method for the dispersion curve, using the bovine long plate to construct a water-coupled detection platform, and obtaining experimental data to invert the thickness of the bone plate, the local thickness of the bone plate was obtained, proving that this method can effectively reconstruct the thickness changes of anisotropic and variable cross-section cortical bone under simulated soft tissue conditions, with an average relative error of 13%. This lays the foundation for subsequent in vivo experiments and provides a reliable solution for large-scale early osteoporosis screening.
Nong, Kexin, Li, Bing
Optimal Design of Kinematic Characteristics for Rear Single-Trailing-Arm Suspension Based on NSGA-II2026-99-12499/4/2026
Owing to its structural features, the single-trailing-arm suspension tends to exhibit excessive wheelbase variation and caster angle variation during wheel travel. To address this issue, this study proposes an optimization method for the hard point parameters of the non-steering rear single-trailing-arm suspension. Firstly, a mathematical model and a dynamic model of the single-trailing-arm suspension are established separately. The validity of the mathematical model is verified by comparing simulation results, and the model is revised using a correction coefficient. Sensitivity analysis of the suspension hard points is performed via ADAMS/Insight to screen out key design variables. Finally, the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed for optimization, followed by simulation validation. The results demonstrate that this method effectively enhances the kinematic characteristics of the suspension, providing theoretical support for the optimization of hard point layout.
Wang, Zhidong, Xu, Zhenyu, Wang, Jianhua, Gao, Junfeng
Design and Validation of a 7-DoF Robotic Arm Featuring Hybrid Pneumatic-Electric Actuation2026-99-12229/4/2026
To enable more natural motion mapping between the human arm and a robotic counterpart while reducing control complexity, this paper presents a novel seven-degree-of-freedom (7-DoF) bionic robotic arm with hybrid pneumatic–electric actuation in an antagonistic configuration inspired by the skeletal structure and muscular actuation of the human upper limb. The design combines the high power density and intrinsic compliance of pneumatic artificial muscles with the precision and stability of electric motors, improving motion adaptability and payload-to-weight performance. Kinematic feasibility and motion smoothness for human-like waving are validated via forward kinematics and redundancy-resolved inverse kinematics, together with trajectory simulations. To quantitatively evaluate dexterity and operational range, Monte Carlo sampling is used to generate reachable postures across the workspace, producing a wrist activity map that characterizes attainable orientations and maneuverability. A prototype testbed is built to verify physical performance. Joint-angle tracking experiments for the wrist and elbow, as well as whole-arm coordinated-motion tests, demonstrate accurate trajectory tracking, smooth transitions, and stable motion. These results confirm the mechanical soundness and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid antagonistic actuation scheme. This work provides a practical basis for advanced control development and offers insights into hybrid actuation design for bionic robotic systems.
Dai, Yuanquan, Guo, Zhiqin, Zi, Mingkang, He, Zhaoyang, Song, Yongwei, Xie, Yinhui, Li, Jun
Application of Textile Materials in the Design of Safety Protection Products2026-99-04168/28/2026
The research focuses on textile material utilization for safety protection product design to meet rising public safety needs and expanding dangerous operational environments. The research begins by identifying essential performance criteria for safety textiles because these materials serve as core carriers due to their excellent plasticity and functional capabilities and comfort properties. The research examines leading protective materials through a comparative analysis which shows their individual benefits and weaknesses. The study implements an experimental method to evaluate a new aramid fabric composite against flame-resistant cotton fabric through standardized tests which assess protective capabilities and comfort levels and product longevity. The experimental results show that the composite aramid fabric surpasses flame-retardant cotton in all tested parameters including flame resistance and tear strength and durability while providing better thermal comfort. The study establishes a solid quantitative basis for selecting and enhancing textile materials in safety protection product development which enables the industry to create sustainable high-performance protective solutions with multiple functions.
Huang, Jiaqi, Li, He, Peng, Tianxiao
Influence of Restraint System Angles on Impact Response and Protection of Child Occupants in Vertical Crash Conditions2026-99-04138/28/2026
Focusing on the protection needs of child occupants in the scenario of aircraft vertical crashes, a finite element calculation model based on the cabin structure of a certain type of small electric aircraft was established. The child seat restraint system was coupled with the THUMS 3YO human body model, and the vertical 15 g condition meeting the requirements of Article 23.562 of CCAR-23-R3 was simulated. The influence law of the safety belt restraint angles (formed by different safety belt routing positions) on the dynamic response and injury indicators of child occupants was explored. To verify the rationality of the simulation results, a physical impact experiment was conducted using a Hybrid III 3YO child dummy and the same type of child seat, with key indicators (e.g., head acceleration, lumbar load) measured and compared with simulation data. The analysis results show that the effect of the safety belt restraint angle on the overall protective performance is less pronounced under vertical conditions, but a clear trend is observed: when the angle is in the range of 76°~84°, the head acceleration is relatively low and the brain tissue injury indicators are in the optimal state, which can effectively reduce the risk of head and neck injuries; when the restraint angle increases to 92°, the lumbar axial load and lung strain increase significantly, indicating a detrimental effect. The results of this study clarify the differences in the protective performance of child seats under different restraint angles, and provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the layout of safety belt anchors of aircraft seats and the optimal design of child seats.
Wang, Yafeng, Guo, Pan, Li, Weiliang, Shi, Xiaopeng
Evaluation of the Isolation Efficiency of Quasi–Zero Stiffness Structure in Improving Seat Comfort of Different Commercial Vehicles02-20-01-00038/26/2026
Different commercial vehicles, such as the sunflower harvester, tracked vehicle, and vibratory roller, operate across off-road and on-road environments, often encountering rough and poorly maintained surface conditions. Thus, their comfort and working efficiency are very low. To solve this problem, a quasi–zero stiffness structure (QZSS) is investigated and added to traditional seat suspensions in the sunflower harvester, tracked vehicle, and vibratory roller to improve their comfort and working efficiency. From their established dynamic models, the isolating efficiencies and stabilities of QZSS are then analyzed in detail under different conditions of speed and seat mass. Reducing the root-mean-square values of the seat acceleration (aw) and displacement (zw) is used to evaluate the results. The research shows that the comfort of the sunflower harvester and vibratory roller is very poor compared with the tracked vehicle under the same simulation conditions. By adding QZSS to their seat suspension system, the values of {aw and zw} in the sunflower harvester, tracked vehicle, and vibratory roller are strongly reduced by {67.9% and 38.8%}, {54.7% and 23.9%}, and {65.4% and 34.3%} in comparison without QZSS. Therefore, the comfort of the three vehicle models is greatly improved in comparison without QZSS. Besides, QZSS improves the vibratory roller’s comfort better than the tracked vehicle, while QZSS improves the sunflower harvester’s comfort to be the best. These study results further strengthen the isolation efficiency of QZSS on different commercial vehicles. This contributes to providing more applicability of QZSS in real vehicle conditions.
Nguyen, Vanliem, Zhang, Li, Liu, Yaxi
AVSC Best Practice for ADS Remote Assistance Training and Human FactorsAVSC-I-07-20268/25/2026
AVSC Best Practice for ADS Remote Assistance Training and Human Factors is intended to support the development of processes regarding automated driving system-dedicated vehicle (ADS-DV) remote assistant training, qualification, assessment, and performance-related human factors. It provides information to standardize communication about remote assistance (RA) programs to stakeholders to increase public trust in the operation of ADS-DVs by providing guidance on training for remote assistants.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Mechatronic Transfer Wheelchair Based on SLAM, A*/DWA Algorithms, and Finite Element Safety Assurance2026-99-03418/14/2026
With the acceleration of population aging, the number of disabled older people is increasing, and the demand for home care is also rising. In the case of a narrow space and no gap between the bed and the ground, the transfer of patients between the wheelchair and the bed has become a challenge. Current solutions suffer from bulky designs, require caregiver assistance, and pose potential safety risks. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes an intelligent transfer wheelchair with voice interaction and autonomous navigation function. The wheelchair innovatively adopts a cantilever transfer device, which can enable safe and stable transfer without requiring bed-floor clearance, and has the dual functions of a wheelchair and a transfer device, effectively saving family space. The stability of the structure is verified by finite element analysis. Under the action of a 500 N load, the maximum stress and maximum displacement are within the safety limit of the material. The wheelchair is also equipped with an advanced human-computer interaction system with voice interaction and autonomous navigation functions. Users can control the operation of the wheelchair through voice. The navigation module of SLAM and the hybrid A*/Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) path planner realizes the high-precision docking of the wheelchair and the bed. The results show that the design can realize the safe transfer of disabled people between wheelchair and bed, and provide a solution for home intelligent nursing.
Wang, Shunli, Peng, Li, Zhao, Liang
Design of a Digital Twin for Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station and Virtual Commissioning with It2026-99-03478/14/2026
In this research, the design of a digital twin system for a Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station (RAWTS) and virtual commissioning with it were detailed, aiming for debugging high-repeatability, high-precision robotic motions. The system employs a structured three-layer digital twin framework, Physical, Digital, and Information Fusion layers, interconnected via an OPC UA communication architecture to enable real-time virtual-physical data synchronization. The 6-axis industrial robot’s kinematic model is established using the D-H parameter method, and the translational end-effector’s kinematic relationships are configured with defined OPEN/CLOSE poses. A behavior-driven digital twin model is constructed within NX MCD, incorporating lightweight-processed 3D geometry from SolidWorks. Virtual commissioning involves PLC and robot program integration, OPC UA-based signal mapping, and kinematic path planning with reachability validation to avoid singularities and collisions. Key joint angles at critical path points are optimized, and virtual-physical integration debugging is performed, resulting in first-attempt success in physical operation. The study demonstrates that the NX MCD-based digital twin approach effectively validates control logic, optimizes robot trajectories, reduces on-site debugging time, and enhances operational precision and safety, offering a practical reference for digital twin applications in robotic systems.
Zang, Yuping, Wang, Ye, Fu, Hudai, Li, Weiwei, Jiang, Zhiyu, Wang, Dayu
Pelvis Lap Belt Engagement of Small-Sized Females in Frontal Impacts Using Seat-Integrated Restraints and Vehicle Seats for Alternative Seating Positions2026-22-00088/14/2026
Non-traditional vehicle seating postures challenge traditional occupant protection paradigms that promote pelvis lap belt engagement. Seat-integrated restraints may promote pelvis lap belt engagement in alternative seating postures but have not been evaluated with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) in vehicle seats. The goal of this research was to perform three 38.8 g, 56 km/h frontal impact sled tests with small-sized female PMHS in a crash environment with a vehicle seat designed for alternative seating positions. PMHS pelvis kinematics, lap belt engagement, and submarining response were compared to that of the Hybrid III 5th female (HIII-5F) in the same environment. The seat was in the rearmost seat track position, reclined 40° from vertical, and incorporated a leg rest, which elevated the feet off the floor. A seat cushion airbag (SCAB), large passenger airbag (PAB), shoulder belt pretensioner (SB P/T), and seat-integrated belt (BIS) were incorporated into the testing environment. The SCAB restricted initial downward translation of the pelvis and induced 7.7°–11.8°of initial pelvis rearward rotation. Lap belt loading of the abdominal soft tissue occurred in each test via three distinct interactions: (1) initial pelvis lap belt engagement followed by pelvis fracture and subsequent submarining; (2) lack of initial pelvis engagement and direct abdominal loading; (3) initial pelvis lap belt engagement followed by submarining. In a matched test environment, the HIII-5F did not submarine nor reproduce the entire lap belt pelvis interactions observed by the PMHS. Future research must develop better tools for predicting lap belt engagement in alternative seating positions.
Newman, Rachel, Shin, Jeesoo, Sochor, Sara, Morgan, Neal R., Gepner, Bronislaw D., Kerrigan, Jason R., Kim, Yongtae, Kim, Sung Rae
Relevant vehicle front-end components for pedestrian laboratory testing to address real-world pedestrian injuries when struck by passenger vehicles with high hood heights2026-22-00098/14/2026
In the United States, pedestrian deaths account for 18% of roadway fatalities and have increased 78% since their lowest point in 2009. U.S. consumers are increasingly purchasing larger vehicles that are responsible for a disproportionate number of pedestrian injuries. This study examined a dataset of pedestrians struck by passenger vehicles in Michigan from 2015 to 2024 to identify the unique characteristics of the tallest vehicles, large SUVs and pickups, which are contributing to increased injury. Vehicle height was categorized as the hood leading edge (HLE) height compared with the estimated pedestrian hip and waist heights from anthropometric measures. Maximum abbreviated injury scale and injury sources by body region were tabulated for three vehicle height categories. Typical kinematic patterns were observed for each relative height category and the corresponding injury frequency and impact locations. For vehicles with high hood heights, head and torso injuries were commonly from the front of the vehicle —the grille, headlights, and HLE. In contrast, head injuries sustained when pedestrians were struck by medium-height and short vehicles were primarily from the vehicle hood and windshields. Even among the tallest vehicles where the bumper was much higher than the pedestrian’s knee, leg injuries from the vehicle bumper and valance were frequent, suggesting that evaluating these vehicle components is also necessary to address lower extremity injuries. This study identified the unique pedestrian impact locations associated with the tallest vehicles, which can help guide vehicle designers when considering impact attenuation strategies to reduce injury in crashes with pedestrians.
Mueller, Becky, Jermakian, Jessica
Mechanical Structure Design and Dynamics Simulation of an Exoskeleton Leg Rehabilitation Robot2026-99-09028/7/2026
In response to the challenges of training and rehabilitation for patients with leg dysfunction, this research focuses on two core requirements: “bionic adaptation” and “safety assistance”. It introduces a novel exoskeleton leg rehabilitation robot designed to support diverse rehabilitation exercises for individuals with leg disabilities during therapy. The robot system consists of a lumbar support structure, thigh mechanical components, calf mechanical components, leg fixation straps, and foot mechanical structures, and achieves multi degree of freedom motion simulation through three main joints: hip joint, knee joint, and ankle joint. Each mechanical leg has three independent degrees of freedom, which can effectively simulate the natural movements of the human lower limb, such as flexion, extension, abduction, etc., during the gait cycle, thus meeting the functional needs of patients for different movement modes during rehabilitation training. On the basis of structural design, this study further utilizes multi-body dynamics simulation software ADAMS to conduct kinematic and dynamic analysis of the exoskeleton robot. By simulating the joint torque of the exoskeleton legs under ideal working conditions, the rationality and smoothness of the mechanism design are verified. The simulation results not only reflect the performance of the robot in typical rehabilitation actions, but also provide a theoretical basis and data support for the selection and parameter matching of key execution components (such as servo motors, reducers, etc.), laying an important foundation for the physical development and control strategy optimization of the robot system.
Mu, Xiaoqi, Ma, Chao, Li, Weijie, Pu, Shuai, Liu, Jiaqi, Wang, Ruiyin, Zhang, Xiaodong
Analysis of the Impact on Ride Comfort from Splitting the Unsprung Mass in Vehicle Modeling2026-01-50578/6/2026
The study was conducted to investigate the differences in ride comfort analysis between treating the unsprung mass as a whole and modeling it separately. A classical two-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model and a three-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass were established, with their state-space descriptions determined. The fundamental vibration response quantities of both models were identified, and time-domain simulations under random road excitation were performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate that the two modeling approaches exhibit minimal differences in ride comfort analysis for the sprung mass, but there are certain differences for the unsprung mass. Additionally, for the three-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass, the axle-to-wheel mass ratio was introduced to analyze the changes in the fundamental vibration response quantities when the unsprung mass increases by a fixed value and is distributed differently between the axle and the wheel. The results show that variations in the axle-to-wheel mass ratio have no significant impact on the vibration characteristics of the sprung mass. Reducing the mass ratio, i.e., transferring part of the unsprung mass to the wheel, can somewhat reduce the vertical acceleration of the unsprung mass, but it will slightly increase the relative dynamic load on the wheel. Finally, the other two models were simplified by combining the two masses connected by the bearings.
Jie, Li, Wei, Deng, Chengyu, Li
A Driver Behavior Detection Method Based on Improved YOLOv11 and an Attention Mechanism2026-01-50468/6/2026
Driver’s distraction and fatigue are among the major contributing factors of traffic accidents. This study presents a methodology to identify driver’s distraction using a refined You Only Look Once (YOLO) model, denoted as YOLOv11.To address the inconsistent performance of earlier versions of YOLO, especially with regard to lack of systematic evaluations, this study proposes an improved YOLOv11 model. A mixed local channel attention (MLCA) module is further introduced to enhance small object feature extractions considering the use of Wise-Intersection over Union (IoU) v3 loss function to improve localization accuracy and training stability. Experiments demonstrated that this model outperforms competing models across all metrics, achieving 99.13% mAP at 0.5 and 82.54% mAP at 0.5:0.95, while also achieving minimal bounding box loss. The proposed model demonstrated higher accuracy and robustness, making it suitable for real-world driver monitoring system (DMS) deployments.
Ma, Bao, Taghavifar, Hamid, Fu, Zhijun, Karangwa, Jules, Rakheja, Subhash
Spider-Man-Inspired Technology Comes to FruitionTBMG-555408/1/2026
Every kid who has read a comic book or watched a Spider-Man movie has tried to imagine what it would be like to shoot a web from their wrist, fly over streets, and pin down villains. Researchers at Tufts University took those imaginary scenes seriously and created the first web-slinging technology in which a fluid material can shoot from a needle, immediately solidify as a string, and adhere to and lift objects.
An Integrated Instrument for Endodontic Access Cavity Preparation and Root Canal Preparation with Full Pneumatic Drive2026-99-01187/31/2026
During root canal treatment, dentists must use endodontic access cavity preparation dental handpieces and root canal preparation handpieces separately for endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation. To reduce the use of surgical tools, an integrated instrument for endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation was designed. Driven by an air impeller and equipped with a quick tool disassembly unit, the instrument realizes forward or reverse rotation of the end tool via an STM32-controlled electromagnetic directional valve. The flow characteristics of the air impeller system were analyzed using ANSYS CFX, and the results showed that the impeller output torque met the design requirements. To minimize torque fluctuations during rotation, a double-layer offset impeller structure with an offset angle of 14° was designed based on the flow characteristics of the impeller system. The instrument was applied in simulated endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation experiments. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using this integrated instrument for both endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation.
Chen, Guoliang, Xu, Kunlang
Comparative Analysis of CDTire Model and FTire Model in Vehicle Comfort and Durability Simulation2026-99-01097/31/2026
This paper studies the applicability of the CDTire tire model in vehicle comfort and durability simulations by comparing it with the FTire tire model. Based on a physical 250/50 R19 tire, the corresponding CDTire and FTire models are developed and integrated into a multibody dynamics model of an SUV. After simulations of two handling comfort conditions and one durability condition using the CDTire and FTire models, it is found that, when FTire is used as the base case, CDTire produces a smaller relative error in vehicle comfort simulation, with a maximum of +5.6%. In the durability simulation, the relative error is larger, but the maximum value remains within ±10% at + 9.7%. Therefore, it can be concluded that CDTire is one tire model with acceptable simulation accuracy for vehicle comfort and durability.
Gao, Fengling, Wu, Wenwen, Geng, Hao
Parameter Identification for the Dynamics Model of a Robotic Grasping Process Based on SFOA2026-99-01237/31/2026
To precisely simulate the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a robotic arm grasping cylindrical objects from storage units, this study establishes a dynamic model of the robotic grasping process incorporating Coulomb and viscous friction models to characterize frictional properties. Furthermore, to effectively identify unknown parameters in the dynamic model, a parameter identification method based on the Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) is proposed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the displacement responses from the dynamic model and the experimentally acquired displacement data serves as the optimization objective. Multiple sets of experimental data are utilized to identify the unknown parameters of the dynamic model. The results demonstrate that when the identified parameters are applied to the dynamic model, the goodness-of-fit between the model’s response displacement data and the experimental displacement data exceeds 0.999. This validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for identifying unknown parameters in dynamic models.
Shen, Shaofeng, Yang, Liu, Wang, Zihan, Han, Qunyi
Design and Research of Robotic Arm for Belt Conveyor Roller Replacement2026-99-01877/31/2026
To address the high failure rate of rollers in coal mine belt conveyors, the inefficiency of manual replacement, and the operational disruptions caused by maintenance shutdowns, this study proposes a robotic arm system capable of replacing rollers without halting conveyor operations. The research focuses on the kinematic performance and path planning strategy of the robotic arm. A kinematic model is established using the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters, and the workspace distribution is analyzed via the Monte Carlo method. The results show that the horizontal reach exceeds 2020 mm and the vertical reach extends up to 2000 mm, which fully satisfies the spatial requirements for roller replacement across the entire conveyor system. In the path planning phase, an obstacle expansion model is constructed, and an improved Informed RRT* algorithm is implemented to generate collision-free trajectories, ensuring effective obstacle avoidance. To improve trajectory smoothness, path pruning and cubic B-spline interpolation are applied to refine the initial paths. For trajectory planning in joint space, quintic polynomial interpolation is employed, with boundary conditions set to ensure zero velocity and zero acceleration at both the start and end points, thereby guaranteeing smooth and stable motion of the robotic arm. Simulation results indicate that joint angles, angular velocities, and angular accelerations vary smoothly throughout the roller grasping process, without abrupt changes, and converge to zero at the beginning and end of the trajectory. End-effector trajectory tracking error analysis reveals positioning errors within 0.8 mm for side rollers and 3 mm for central rollers, well within acceptable engineering accuracy thresholds. This work provides a theoretical foundation and a practical implementation framework for advancing automation and intelligent operation in roller replacement tasks within coal mine belt conveyor systems.
Pu, Congyuan, Qian, Ke
Research and Development of Wheelchair Assisted Intelligent Boarding and Landing Device for Barrier-Free Bus Based on TRIZ Theory2026-99-01477/31/2026
With the intensifying global trend of population aging, enhancing public-transport accessibility for seniors and people with disabilities has become critical. Current wheelchair-assist boarding devices on low-floor buses suffer from cumbersome operation, excessive space occupation, poor adaptation to varying curb heights, and an inability to modulate power output dynamically, all of which compromise travel convenience. This study applies TRIZ theory to solve these problems. Functional analysis, causal-chain analysis, and the nine-screen method were used to identify key issues: excessive space use, insufficient dynamic power adjustment, poor curb-height adaptability, and the lack of self-service capability. TRIZ tools— including the contradiction matrix, substance-field models, and the Ideal Final Result (IFR)—generated conceptual solutions such as a foldable ramp, an adaptive tilting mechanism, an intelligent power-assist system, and an automatic extension device. The resulting integrated unit employs a planetary-gear train combined with a four-bar linkage for compact folding, a servo motor with torque-limiting springs for adaptive height adjustment, torque sensors for real-time power modulation, and a scissor-type telescoping mechanism for automatic stowage. Experimental validation through 50 trials showed that the device completes extension/folding in 7 s, achieves angle adjustment within 3.5 s, covers a pitch range of 0°–43°, and attains a 100 % extension success rate. These features significantly increase automation, adaptability, and user independence, thereby improving the quality of accessible bus services.
Zhu, Zongchuang, Hu, Zhiyong, Liu, Zeshuo, Liu, Yijia, Zhang, Ziqian
The Design of an Adaptive Multi-Material Fully Automated Grinding and Polishing Machine2026-99-01277/31/2026
With the increasing demand for material microimaging analysis, there is a growing need for advanced precision grinding and polishing equipment, especially for metals, ceramics, and composites. Existing automated systems struggle with handling complex material challenges. This paper presents a fully automated adaptive grinding and polishing machine based on an STM32 microcontroller that handles multi-material samples. The system includes modules for sample access, cleaning, pad replacement, human-computer interaction, and equipment communication. The STM32 microcontroller executes grinding and polishing tasks based on instructions from the host computer while dynamically adjusting PID control parameters using an improved weighted average optimization algorithm. This approach enhances control accuracy, stability, and overall surface treatment quality compared to traditional PID control methods.
Zhang, Longqing, Kong, Xiangyu, Zhao, Xiuyang, Li, Xingbei
Influencing Factors Indicator System of Crew Performance in Multi-Vehicle Cooperation Based on DEMATEL-TAISM Method2026-99-08527/30/2026
As multi-vehicle cooperation becomes an increasingly important operational mode for armored vehicles, the performance of cooperative crews plays a crucial role in accomplishing coordinated missions and enhancing the functionality of the human–machine system. In this study, the influencing factors of crew performance in multi-vehicle cooperation of armored vehicles were initially extracted through a literature review. The Delphi method was then employed to collect expert opinions and perform a preliminary simplification of the indicator system, followed by an optimization of the system using exploratory factor analysis. The final indicator system consisted of 11 indicators, and the DEMATEL–TAISM method was further employed to analyze the interaction relationships among the identified key influencing factors. In terms of the interrelationships among influencing factors, the fundamental determinants of armored vehicle crew performance include individual capability and experience, operational characteristics, shared screen and auditory design, display–control interface and cabin layout, and intelligent and automated design. The findings suggest that improving crew capability and experience through training, optimizing the interface, cabin, and auditory design, and promoting intelligent and automated system design can significantly enhance armored vehicle crew performance.
Wang, Rulan, Chen, Xingjiang, Zhou, Yue, Xie, Fang, Wanyan, Xiaoru, Liu, Shuang
Topology Optimization of a Single-Actuator Pure Rotational Platform2026-99-08287/30/2026
Conventional dual-actuator rotational platforms exhibit actuation redundancy that compromises motion precision and increases structural complexity. This paper presents a topology optimization methodology for single-actuator pure rotational platforms to overcome these limitations. A SIMP material interpolation model integrates multi-objective functions, maximizing output rotation angle while minimizing rotational center parasitic displacement under volume fraction constraints. The Optimality Criteria (OC) algorithm was used to solve the optimization problem, with Heaviside density filtering eliminating numerical instabilities. The resulting platform achieves exceptional rotational capability (Rθ = 2.29) while maintaining ultra-low relative parasitic displacements (x: 4.96×10^–5, y: 2.20×10^–5). Parametric studies quantify the influence of volume fractions and stiffness coefficients on performance. The finite element method was employed to analyze the rotation angles and parasitic displacements of both the topology optimization platform and a traditional pure rotation platform. The comparative FEA results demonstrate the superior performance of our topology-optimized design, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Wang, Qiliang, Zhang, Runsheng, Zhang, Shaowen
Comparison of Female and Male Post Mortem Human Subject Kinematic Responses and Injuries in Rear-Facing Seat Configurations in High-Speed Frontal Impacts2026-22-00077/28/2026
This study investigates female post-mortem human subject (PMHS) responses and injuries, comparing them to previously published data from male PMHS tested at a change in velocity (delta-V) of 56 kph in high-speed rear-facing frontal- impact (HSRFFI) scenarios. Twelve small female PMHS were subjected to the same HSRFFI pulse. The subjects were positioned in reinforced production seats, identical to those from the previous male PMHS studies, and set to recline angles of either 25 or 45 degrees. Instrumentation was used to measure kinematics of the head, spine, pelvis, and ribs. Whole-body kinematics were recorded using motion capture. Female PMHS consistently showed lower head restraint, seatback, and lap belt loads compared to males across all test conditions (Bio Rank System [BRS] scores >1.0), with BRS scores for head restraint forces as high as 4.0. While head and T1 kinematics were consistent with males in all-belt-to-seat (ABTS) conditions (BRS < 1.0), significant differences were found in other body regions (BRS>1.0). Female PMHS had larger head forward rotation and smaller pelvis Z-axis displacement (less ramping) than males in the fixed D-ring (FDR) conditions, leading to major discrepancies (BRS>2.0). In addition, female chest deflection was smaller in one FDR condition (BRS=1.98), and tibia acceleration onset was earlier. Female PMHS sustained severe to critical rib fractures (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS]3-5) similar to males. However, five females in the FDR conditions and one in the ABTS condition sustained sacral fractures, an injury not seen in males. Females also had a higher frequency of lower extremity fractures (7 of 12) and vertebral body fractures (7 of 12) compared to males. These findings suggest that existing male PMHS data may not adequately predict responses and injury risks for female PMHS, emphasizing the need for female-specific biomechanical data to enhance safety tools and models in HSRFFI scenarios.
Kang, Yun-Seok, Baker, Gretchen H., Ramachandra, Rakshit, Marcallini, Angelo, Kwon, Hyunjung, Foster, Craig D., Moorhouse, Kevin, Agnew, Amanda M., Bolte, John H.
Structural Fatigue Life Prediction and Safety Performance Evaluation of Adjustable-Angle Dental Implants2026-99-16547/24/2026
Adjustable-angle dental implants are favored by many patients due to the advantages they provide, such as high chewing force, aesthetics, comfort, and no harm to the adjacent teeth. This paper proposes a finite element modeling method for adjustable-angle dental implants by changing the material used for manufacturing the implants and predicting the life span of the dental implants with the help of Pro/E and ANSYS Workbench software, which provides biomechanical data reference for the selection of new implant parameters for industrial production and clinical use. The results show that the structural life of the implant is almost 764 years for pure titanium, 821 years for Ti6Al4v, and 1,274 years for βTi. From the analysis of the safety factor diagrams of the structures, it can be obtained that the smallest safety factor of the entire implant system occurs in the part where the abutment and the connection are in contact with each other during loading. In contrast, the smaller safety factors occurred in the abutment bumps, the ear stacks of the two grooves of the connector, and in the area of contact between the connector and the implant.
Gu, Wei, Cheng, Siyuan, Liao, Jifei
Research on a Real-Time Pilot-Induced Oscillation Detector Based on a Convolutional Neural Network2026-99-16137/24/2026
This study aimed to develop a real-time Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO) detector by utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and applying it to flight test monitoring. For data training, a database of PIO samples is established. CNN has the advantage of lower complexity and automatic feature learning; it is chosen to develop the PIO detector. The results showed that the accuracy of the trained model has reached 93.71%, where the recall rate reaches 94.74%. To better assist the monitoring team, a simple software is designed based on the trained model for PIO detection, and it has been applied in flight test monitoring. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the CNN Algorithm can be utilized in PIO discrimination and improve the monitoring capacity for flight testing.
Han, Yiwen, Liu, Chaoqiang
Remote Steering Control SystemsJ2588_202607 (Current)7/23/2026
This SAE Information Report establishes a uniform procedure for assuring the manufactured quality, installed utility, and performance of automotive remote steering controls other than those provided by the vehicle manufacturer (OEM). These products are intended to provide driving capability to persons with physical disabilities. The adaptive modifications seek to compensate for lost or reduced function in the extremities of the driver with a disability. Remote steering controls are designed to provide a steering input device alternative to the OEM steering wheel that either reduces the required input force, changes the required range of motion or changes the location of the steering control, or any combination of the above. These controls supplement by power, other than by the driver’s own muscular efforts, the force output of the driver with a disability. Because this is an Information Report, the numerical values for performance measurements presented in this report and in the accompanying Test Procedure, while based upon the best knowledge available at the time, have not been validated by a testing of the Test Procedure.
Adaptive Devices Standards Committee
Surface Engineering Approach to Enhance the Tribological Performance of Titanium Nitride–Coated Stainless Steel against Ti6Al4V under Wet Condition2026-01-50607/22/2026
The impact of a titanium nitride (TiN) coating by the cathodic arc deposition (CAD) technique on a 316L stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate is examined in this experimental work. The X-ray diffraction study showed that TiN made the osbornite phase grow in the coated specimen. The SS 316L sample had a hardness of 217.66 HV, and the samples with CAD coatings were five times harder than the uncoated disc. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under dry and wet conditions at loading conditions of 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N with the counterpart of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Wear resistance improved significantly, with the wear rate decreasing markedly after coating compared to the uncoated sample. The wear morphology of the wear on the contact surfaces was identified by SEM analysis of the images. The biocompatibility of the ceramic-coated SS 316L sample with the normal cell line was proved by a cell viability test. The demand for SS 316L and the use of CAD coatings to reduce friction and wear in bio-implant applications were the main topics of the current study.
Gopi, R., Devaraju, A., Sivasamy, P., Raju, M.
Automated Driving Fallback Test Driver Skill CertificationJ3300/3_202607 (Current)7/20/2026
This document is intended to establish a procedure to certify AD fallback test driver skill levels as an endorsement to SAE J3300 foundational level certification. The SAE J3300/3 endorsement can be used by the individual driver to qualify their skills as a test driver of vehicles with automated driving features. The SAE J3300/3 endorsement levels may also be used by test facilities or other organizations when seeking test or professional drivers with these skills. This document provides directions for obtaining the endorsement, including associated AD fallback test driving skill examination requirements, through SAE J3300-certified Examiners (refer to SAE J3300 for definition). Endorsement registration and associated records are administered through Probitas Authentication®. Probitas Authentication® is the current Independent Program Administrator for the SAE J3300 series. This document is a supplement to SAE J3300, providing information specific to the AD fallback test driver skill endorsement and clarifying the application of the rules set forth in SAE J3300 to the AD fallback test driver endorsement. While the references, definitions, rules, and guidelines presented in SAE J3300 Sections 1 through 5 apply to the AD fallback test driver endorsement, they are not repeated in this document.
Driving Skills Standards Committee
Evaluation of Civil Aircraft Options Based on Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process2026-99-18087/17/2026
Product options are an important means for civil aircraft manufacturers to meet market demand, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness. How to achieve a customized configuration of civil aircraft options is the focus of attention for aircraft manufacturers. In order to reduce manufacturing costs and cover more target markets, it is necessary to pay attention to the customized detail design of aircraft products in the early stages of design. At present, academic research on product selection is relatively limited and lacks quantitative evaluation methods. This article selects four elements to form an evaluation indicator system, namely comfort, competitiveness, cost investment, and maintainability; establishes a civil aircraft option evaluation model based on grey correlation analysis, quantifies the degree of correlation between product options and customer needs, and uses the analytic hierarchy process to reflect the weight differences of evaluation indicators. Taking the option list of a wide-body aircraft as an example, the model was used to evaluate and rank the options, verifying the rationality of the model and providing a reference for aircraft manufacturers to make provisions in advance.
Lu, Meihua
Optimization of the Light Environment for the Remote Control Tower Humancomputer Interaction Interface Based on Ergonomics2026-99-18477/17/2026
The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model, and the ideal visual performance was observed at 400 lx illuminance and 8000 K CCT. The results clearly illustrate the significant impact of display parameters on operational performance in remote tower systems and provide both practical data and a theoretical basis for the human factors design and fatigue reduction research on RTSs.
Zhong, Linfeng, Hu, Ruohui, Luo, Peilin, Zuo, Qinghai, Zhong, Qingwei, Ai, Yi
Research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fault Detection Method Based on 1DCNN-BiLSTM2026-99-18667/17/2026
In recent years, drone technology has seen widespread application in both civilian and military fields. By 2025, China will introduce supportive policies from multiple dimensions, including industrial development, technological innovation, and application promotion, to significantly increase the number of UAVs in use and their frequency. However, drones are prone to malfunctions due to factors such as bad weather and electromagnetic interference, which may result in serious consequences, including property damage and casualties. Therefore, improving the accuracy of fault detection and the response time of drones is of great significance. Although current research has made progress, there are still deficiencies: First, most of them rely on a single or limited data source, resulting in incomplete information and vulnerability to interference, which leads to low detection accuracy and reliability; Second, traditional methods are mostly based on fixed thresholds or simple rules, lacking real-time dynamic monitoring and adaptive analysis capabilities, making it difficult to issue timely warnings of potential faults. To this end, this study proposes a multi-scale time series prediction model based on multimodal and multi-branch, integrating multimodal data, constructing a dual-branch architecture, and combining deep learning and attention mechanisms to enhance the anomaly detection effect of unmanned aerial vehicles. A dual-branch anomaly detection model based on 1DCNN-BiLSTM and continuous wavelet transform is proposed, including a trajectory prediction difference branch and a full time series data branch. In the dual-branch output stage, the attention gating mechanism is utilized to fuse features and improve the detection performance. The experimental results show that this model performs excellently in both normal trajectory prediction and anomaly detection, providing an effective solution for drone anomaly detection.
Pu, Zhenglin, Zhang, Lin
Experimental Analysis of Human Head Dynamic Response and Injury under High-G Landing Shock2026-99-18617/17/2026
This study looks at how the human head reacts and gets injured during high-G landing impacts in spacecraft return capsules. We used a vertical drop tower system for the experiments. A standard crash test dummy, called the Hybrid III 50th, was used to imitate how astronauts sit during landing. We applied two common safety standards—the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and the 3 ms cumulative acceleration rule—to measure head response under high-G impacts. The results show several things. First, head acceleration increases linearly as seat acceleration increases. Second, the peak total acceleration of the head is much higher than the seat acceleration. In particular, acceleration in the X and Z directions is much stronger than in the Y direction. Third, when seat acceleration went over 47.71 g, HIC exceeded the safe limit of 700, and the 3 ms head acceleration also passed the 80 g limit. This suggests that 40 g should be considered a safe upper limit for seat acceleration. This work provides experimental support for improving landing systems to protect astronauts’ heads during high-G impacts.
An, Hao, Wang, Yafeng, Guo, Yazhou
Dynamic Characteristics Study of the Deployment Process of Aircraft Folding Wing2026-99-18607/17/2026
Folding wing mechanisms are widely applied in aircraft structural design. This design reduces the size of the aircraft, making it easier to store and transport. Whether the foldable wing can successfully deploy determines the completion of the flight mission. Therefore, it is crucial to study the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the mechanism during the deployment process. The deployment of the folding wing typically occurs within milliseconds. The flow field imposes aerodynamic loads on the mechanism, causing it to move, while the large deformation motion of the mechanism, in turn, affects the aerodynamic loads from the flow field. This is a typical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) process. Traditional CFD methods for solving the deployment process in a decoupled manner often result in large errors and cumbersome procedures. To investigate the aerodynamic loads and deformation of the folding wing mechanism during deployment, the ALE algorithm in LS-DYNA was selected to directly solve the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the mechanism in unsteady flow fields, guiding the design of foldable wing mechanisms.
Wei, Ting, Tong, Zongkai, Li, Naitian
ERRATUM: Ergonomic Assessment of Glove-Box Design in Passenger Vehicles for the Indian Scenario15-19-02-0009.17/15/2026
ERRATUM
Jujjavarapu, Sreeram, Rajakumaran, Sriram, Kota, Srinivas, Kotkunde, Nitin, Jasti, Naga Vamsi Krishna
R134a and R1234yf Refrigerant Charge Determination Test MethodJ3023_202607 (Current)7/13/2026
The purpose of this document is to establish guidelines for determining the critical R134a and R1234yf refrigerant charge for off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and agricultural tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390. It will develop a minimum to maximum refrigerant charge range in which the HVAC system can maintain proper operation. Operating conditions and characteristics of the equipment will influence the optimum charge. Since these conditions and characteristics vary greatly from one application to another, careful consideration should be taken to determine the optimum R134a and R1234yf refrigerant charge for the HVAC system.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
On Disturbance-Aware Minimum-Time Trajectory Planning: Evidence from Tests on a Dynamic Driving Simulator10-10-03-00267/13/2026
This work aims to investigate how disturbance-aware, robustness-embedding reference trajectories translate into actual driving performance when executed by professional drivers in a dynamic driving simulator. The study compares three planned reference trajectories against a free-driving baseline (NO-REF) to assess the trade-offs between lap time (LT) performance and steering effort: NOM, the nominal time-optimal trajectory; TLC, a track-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening margins to the track edges; and FLC, a friction-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening against axle/tire saturation. All reference trajectories share the same minimum LT objective with a small steering-smoothness regularizer, and are evaluated with two professional drivers driving a high-performance car on a virtual track. The reference trajectories stem from a disturbance-aware minimum-LT framework recently proposed by some of the authors, where worst-case disturbance growth is propagated over a finite horizon and used to tighten tire-friction and track-limit constraints, preserving performance while delivering probabilistic safety margins. LT and steering energy (SE) are evaluated as indicators of driving performance and steering effort, respectively, while RMS values of lateral deviation, speed error, and drift angle are used to characterize driving style. The results reveal a Pareto-like trade-off between LT and SE: NOM achieves the shortest LT, but with the highest SE, TLC minimizes SE at the expense of longer LT, while FLC lies near the efficient frontier, markedly reducing SE relative to NOM with only a minor LT increase. Removing reference trajectories (NO-REF) leads to both higher SE and longer LT, confirming that trajectory guidance improves pace and control efficiency. Overall, the findings highlight reference-based and disturbance-aware planning, particularly the FLC variant, as effective tools for training and for achieving fast yet stable trajectories.
Masoni, Matteo, Palermo, Vincenzo, Gabiccini, Marco, Gulisano, Martino, Previati, Giorgio, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Comolli, Francesco, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Guiggiani, Massimo
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