Browse Topic: Human Factors and Ergonomics

Items (20,108)

A Fault Prediction Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Based on Adaptive Dynamic Thresholds

2025-01-8117To be published on 04/01/2025

The surge in electric vehicle usage has expanded the number of charging stations, intensifying demands on their operation and maintenance. Public charging stations, often exposed to harsh weather and unpredictable human factors, frequently encounter malfunctions requiring prompt attention. Current methods primarily employ data-driven approaches or rely on empirical expertise to establish warning thresholds for fault prediction. While these approaches are generally effective, the artificially fixed thresholds they employ for fault prediction limit adaptability and fall short in sensitivity to special scenarios, timings, locations, and types of faults, as well as in overall intelligence. This paper presents a novel fault prediction model for charging equipment that utilizes adaptive dynamic thresholds to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reliability. By integrating and quantifying Environmental Influence Factors (EF), Scenario Influence Factors (SF), Fault Severity Factors (FF), and

Wang, Hao, Wang, Ning, Li, Yuan, Tang, Xinyue

Tire wear life prediction using machine learning technique

2025-01-8757To be published on 04/01/2025

As global warming and environmental problems are becoming more serious, tires are required to accomplish balanced performance such as low rolling resistance, wet braking performance, driving stability, and ride comfort, while minimizing wear, noise, and weight. Furthermore, to respond to the rapid changes in the market environment, there is a strong demand for tire performance prediction and testing methods adapted to MBD. In MBD, Magic Formula and Ftire are used in performance design to predict handling and stability and ride comfort. However, predicting tire wear life, which is affected by both vehicle and tire characteristics, is difficult. And practical prediction method for estimating tire wear life has long been awaited. So, we had proposed an experimental-based tire wear life prediction method that using actual measurement tire characteristics and an abrasive wear volume formula. This method achieves accuracy that can be practically used in the early stages of vehicle

ANDO, TAKASHI

Bicycle Pitch-over Reconstruction Analysis

2025-01-8684To be published on 04/01/2025

During a pitch-over event, the forward momentum of the combined bicycle and rider is suddenly impeded at the front tire and front axle causing the rider and bicycle to rotate about the bicycle front structures and also possibly propelling the rider forward. A pitch-over event can result in significant injuries to the rider. This paper presents the examination of the pitch-over of a bicycle by approaching the event using two different methods over what has been published previously. One method uses Newton’s 2nd Law directly and the other method uses the principle of impulse and momentum, the integrated form of Newton’s 2nd Law. The two methods provide useful equations, contributing to current literature on the topic of reconstructing and analyzing bicycle pitch-over incidents. The analysis is supplemented with Madymo simulation models to evaluate the kinematics and kinetics of the bicycle and rider interacting with front wheel obstructions of different heights. The effect of variables

Brach, R. Matthew, Kelley, Mireille, Van Poppel, Jon

European initiatives for User-Centric design of Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8807To be published on 04/01/2025

E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under the

Ratz, Florian, Bäuml, Thomas, Kompara, Tomaž, Kospach, Alexander, Simic, Dragan, Jan, Petra, Möller, Sebastian, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Parades Barros, Esteban, Armengaud, Eric, Amati, Nicola, Sorniotti, Aldo, Lukesch, Walter

Recommendation of Adaptive Safe Speed Limit for different driver Profiles using Deep Learning

2025-01-8106To be published on 04/01/2025

Personalization and driver profiling have emerged as popular topics within the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems domain. Several features, like seat position adjustment and route selection deliver a customized experience for everyone. The systems often profile the driver and their preferences using Machine Learning algorithms to anticipate the needs of the driver. Within this field, personalization of speed limits is not explored to the fullest. Currently, speed limits are the same for all drivers, irrespective of their driving style. Even when the speed limits are designed to address adverse weather conditions, they do not consider the driver’s capabilities. Thus, we propose a novel idea to recommend a safe speed limit based on the driving style and the surrounding environmental conditions. The architecture consists of Long Short-Term Memory based neural networks that capture the driver’s traits based on risks of the environment. The system identifies if a driver is uncomfortable in

Perumal, Rathapriya, Chouhan, Madhvendra, Rangarajan, Rishi

Driver’s Pedal Control for Detecting Pedal Misapplication

2025-01-8675To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers sometimes operate the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal due to driver error, potentially resulting in serious accidents. Acceleration Control for Pedal Error (ACPE) has been developed, a system that detects such errors and controls vehicle acceleration to prevent these incidents. The United Nations is already considering regulations for this technology. If ACPE can detect errors based on the operations of the accelerator pedal at various driving speeds, the system will be even more effective in terms of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the operation characteristics of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal, focusing on the pedal operation characteristics of pedal stroke speed and pedal force speed used as thresholds for the operation of ACPE. We believe that if there is a significant difference in the operations of the accelerator pedal and brake pedals while driving, it can be used as a threshold for judging misstep. In this study, we utilized a

Natsume, Hayato, Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

Study on the Impact of Vehicle Pitch During Braking on Pedestrian Leg Injuries

2025-01-8741To be published on 04/01/2025

With the increasing prevalence of Automatic Emergency Braking Systems (AEB) in vehicles, their performance in actual collision accidents has garnered increasing attention. In the context of Active Emergency Braking (AEB) systems, the pitch angle of a vehicle can significantly alter the nature of collisions with pedestrians. Typically, during such collisions, the pedestrian's legs are the first to come into contact with the vehicle's front structure, leading to a noticeable change in the point of impact. Thus, to investigate the differences in leg injuries to pedestrians under various pitch angles of vehicles when AEB is activated, this study employs the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) pedestrian finite element model, sensors were established at the leg location based on the Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (aPLI), and a corresponding vehicle finite element model was used for simulation, analyzing the dynamic responses of the pedestrian finite element model at different pitch

Hong, Cheng, YE, BIN, Zhan, Zhenfei, Liu, Yu, Wan, Xinming, Hao, Haizhou

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Intelligent Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane Stability Domain Boundaries

2025-01-8802To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to effectively improve the chassis handling stability and driving safety of intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling. Simultaneously, uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IEVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, a fuzzy sliding mode control method based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to enhance the vehicle’s chassis performance during complex driving scenarios. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, accounting for tire non-linearity, was established. Secondly, combing with phase plane theory, the stability domain boundary of vehicle yaw rate and side-slip phase plane based

Liao, Yinsheng, Wang, Zhenfeng, Guo, Fenghuan, Deng, Weili, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhao, Binggen, Zhao, Gaoming

Modeling and Evaluation of FSAE Vehicle Cockpit Ergonomics

2025-01-8610To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper seeks to define an analytical approach to ergonomic design, utilizing RAMSIS software to create a driver model that considers the discomfort, fatigue, and force availability to evaluate cockpit designs that are produced from defined constraint inputs. The multifunctional model is applicable to various settings of vehicle design and is tuned toward proving performance in operation tasks, as well as setting the groundwork for a multi-variable optimization to determine the preferred driver controls positions for effort and fatigue pareto surfaces. Initial research done in the RAMSIS ergonomic software develops a collection of fatigue and joint discomfort data related to individual joint angles. Anthropometric data is compiled to show the proportional limb lengths from an individual’s sex and height percentile. The optimization function works by selecting a range of driver percentiles and creating random vehicle control positions within the bounds established. From this, each

Mayor, J.Rhett, Bezaitis, Megan, Oromi, Negar, Winters, Emily, Repp, Alex

Objective and subjective evaluation of the interaction of automated vehicles and human drivers in take-over scenarios

2025-01-8048To be published on 04/01/2025

The research activity aims at defining specific Operational Design Domains (ODDs) representative of Italian traffic environments. The paper focuses on the human-machine interaction in Automated Driving (AD), with a focus on take-over scenarios. The study, part of the European/Italian project “Interaction of Humans with Level 4 AVs in an Italian Environment - HL4IT”, describes suitable methods to investigate the effect of the Take-Over Request (TOR) on the human driver’s psycho-physiological response. The DriSMI dynamic driving simulator at Politecnico di Milano has been used to analyse three different take-over situations. Participants are required to regain control of the vehicle, after a take-over request, and to navigate through a urban, suburban and highway scenario. The psycho-physiological characterization of the drivers, through psychological questionnaires and physiological measures, allows for analyzing human factors in automated vehicles interactions and for contributing to

Gobbi, Massimiliano, Boscaro, Linda, De Guglielmo, Veronica, Fossati, Andrea, Galbiati, Andrea, Mastinu, Leda, ponti, Marco, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Previati, Giorgio, Sabbioni, Edoardo, Signorini, Maria Gabriella, Somma, Antonella, Subitoni, Luca, Uccello, Lorenzo

Integrated Multimodal System for Real-Time Driver Fatigue Detection and Cognitive Load Assessment

2025-01-8076To be published on 04/01/2025

Paying attention to safety while traveling in a vehicle was essential. One of the greatest barriers to travel safety is driver fatigue. In order to tackle this issue, we designed an all-inclusive hardware and software environment for analyzing driver interaction with highly automated vehicles, providing a special emphasis on detection of driver’s cognitive load and providing appropriate alerts in advance. There are three essential types of measurements included in this system. First, the facial features of the driver are measured through the use of Driver Behavior Measurements (DBM) which are made from RGB and IR cameras that capture the eye aspect ratio (EAR), mouth aspect ratio (MAR), pupil circularity (PUC), and mouth to eye aspect ratio (MOE), Most of these measurements have been shown to work under normal as well as more extreme conditions including low light conditions or use of sunglasses by the drivers. Secondly, Vehicle Dynamics Measurements (VDM) is performed by an Inertial

Jirjees, Abdullah, Rahman, Taufiq, Farhani PhD, Ghazal, Singh, Daniel, Charlebois, Dominique

Comparative Kinematic Performance Testing to SAE J3230 on a Dynamometer and Test Track

2025-01-8792To be published on 04/01/2025

SAE J3230 provides Kinematic Performance Metrics for Powered Standing Scooters. These performance metrics include many tests which require specific conditions including flat pavement with a near zero slope, drivers of specific height and weights, and data acquisition equipment. In order to determine the efficacy of replicating SAE J3230 tests in a laboratory setting, a device called the Micromobility Device Thermo-Electric Dynamometer was used alongside outdoor tests to provide a comparison of scooter performance in these two testing applications. Based on the testing outcomes, it can be determined whether SAE J3230 and similar standards for other micromobility devices can be replicated in a lab-based setting, saving time, operator hazard, and providing more thorough data outputs

Bartholomew, Meredith, Andreatta, Dale, Zagorski, Scott, Heydinger, Gary

A study on affections of Different Skull-brain Interface Modeling Approaches on Intracranial Responses in Finite Element Analysis

2025-01-8733To be published on 04/01/2025

The mechanical behaviors of brain-skull interface are rather complex and difficult to understand, and various simplified connecting or contacting methods are usually used to simulate the interactions between the brain and skull in the current head finite element (FE) models. Considering the modeling approach of the brain-skull interface determines how loads are transmitted from skull to brain and affects on the intracranial brain responses, therefore, it is essential to study the affections of different brain-skull interface modeling approaches on intracranial brain responses and obtain an accurate load transmission mechanism to study brain injuries. In this study, the head FE model which is a part of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Models (AC-HUMs) is used and some modifications were made on the modeling method of the brain-skull interface in this head FE model. First, head FE model with several different brain-skull interface modeling methods including tied contact, shared nodes

Gan, Qiuyu, Junpeng, Xu, Jiang, Binhui, Zhou, Runzhou, Zhang, Liying

Design of A Differential Braking Controller Based on Road Reaction Force Estimation to respond to Steering System Failure in Autonomous Driving Situations

2025-01-8797To be published on 04/01/2025

As the electrification of chassis systems accelerates, the demand for fail-safety strategies is increasing. In the past, the steering system was mechanically connected, so the driver could respond directly to some extent. However, the Steer-By-Wire system is composed of the column and rack bar as electrical signals, so the importance of response strategies for steering system failure is gradually increasing. When a steering system failure occurs, a differential braking control using the difference in braking force between the left and right wheels was studied. Recently, some studies have been conducted to model the wheel reaction force generated during a differential braking. Those studies linearly modeled the reaction force generated at the kingpin axis. Since actual tires and road surfaces are nonlinear and cause large model errors, model-based control methods have limited performance. Also, in previous studies assumed that the driver normally operates the steering wheel in a failure

Kim, Sukwon, Kim, Young Gwang, Kim, SungDo, Moon, Sung Jin

Analysis of occupants' responses in frontal sled tests under a reclined rigid seat environment

2025-01-8734To be published on 04/01/2025

With the increasing adoption of zero-gravity seats in intelligent cockpits, there is growing concern over the safety of occupants in reclined postures during collisions. The newly released anthropomorphic test device (ATD), THOR-AV has modified the neck, spine, and pelvis structures to better match reclined postures. This study aims to investigate the changes in kinematic response and injury criterion for occupants in reclined postures, through high-speed frontal sled tests utilizing the THOR-AV. The tests were conducted using an adjustable rigid seat with zero-gravity characteristic and an integrated three-point seat belt. Six tests were performed across four seat configurations: standard, semi-reclined, fully reclined, and zero-gravity postures. The input acceleration pulse for these tests was derived from the equivalent double trapezoidal waveform of the Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) test. Data from sensors and high-speed video were collected for analysis. The results

Wang, Qiang, LIU, YU, Fei, Jing, Yang, Xiaoting, Wang, Peifeng, Bai, Zhonghao

Research on road-sense simulation algorithm and analysis of its effect on different steering wheels

2025-01-8753To be published on 04/01/2025

With the continuous development of automotive intelligence, cars increasingly want chassis to be more intelligent, electronically controlled, integrated and lightweight. Therefore, the steer-by-wire system, controlled by the line, with high precision and fast response, can provide better flexibility, stability and comfort for the car and can well meet the above requirements, has been widely concerned. As the steer-by-wire system eliminates the mechanical structure, the road sense cannot be directly transmitted to the steering wheel. The road sense obtained according to the vehicle state or combined with the driving environment planning needs to be applied to the steering wheel through the road sense motor to complete the simulation of the road sense so that the driver can feel the feedback similar to driving the traditional steering vehicle. In this way, the driving experience of the driver can be increased. It can also enhance driving safety, so it is very important to study the road

Li, Shang, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo

Research on the Boundary of Pedestrian Leg Impactor Test in Low-Speed Passive and Active Conditions

2025-01-8735To be published on 04/01/2025

With the widespread application of the Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEB) in vehicles, its impact on pedestrian safety has received increasing attention. However, after the intervention of AEB, the kinematic characteristics of pedestrian leg collisions and their corresponding biological injury responses also change. At the same time, in order to accurately evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of vehicles, the current assessment regulations generally use advanced pedestrian protection leg impactors (aPLI) and rigid leg impactors (TRL) to simulate the movement and injury conditions of pedestrian legs. Based on this, in order to explore the collision boundary conditions and changes in injury between vehicles and APLI and TRL leg impactors under the action of AEB, this paper first analyzes the current passive and active assessment conditions. Secondly, the simulation software LS-DYNA is used to build a finite element model of APLI and TRL impactor-vehicle collisions to

YE, BIN, Hong, Cheng, Wan, Xinming, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James, LONG, YONGCHENG, Hao, Haizhou

The Biomechanical Effects of Neck and Back Cushion/Support/Pillow Devices in Low-Speed Rear Impacts

2025-01-8728To be published on 04/01/2025

There are numerous commercially available neck and back support/cushion/pillow devices which are oftentimes attached to seats by vehicle owners. To our knowledge, there has been no published research on the biomechanical effects of these devices in low-speed rear impact exposures. In this study, a series of 54 simulated low-speed rear impact tests were conducted using a validated remote-controlled crash sled system. All tests utilized an instrumented rear impact anthropomorphic test device (BioRID II) restrained using a 3-point seatbelt system in a 2018 Toyota Camry LE driver’s seat. Two delta-V ranges were used for the study: a lower range from 7.2 to 8.0 kph (4.5 to 5.0 mph) and a higher range from 10.5 to 11.3 kph (6.5 to 7.0 mph). Six neck only devices, one combination neck and back device, and three back only devices were assessed. Two tests per delta-V range for each device and each device adjustment position were conducted, in addition to control tests without any devices

Phan, Andrew, Gross, Jamie, Umale, Sagar, Crowley, Shannon, Glasser, Gabriel, Furbish, Christopher

Simulation and Parameter Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System

2025-01-8268To be published on 04/01/2025

Taking a commercial vehicle cab suspension system as the research focus, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model was established. Time-domain vibration acceleration signals were acquired at the connection points between the frame, cab, and suspension. The vibration signals at the frame and suspension connection points were input into the simulation model, where the vibration responses at the cab and suspension connection points were calculated and analyzed using the established cab suspension system model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. The established cab suspension system model was further used to evaluate human vibration comfort within the cab, following national standards for subjective human perception. A piecewise polynomial function was employed to fit the stiffness-damping characteristics of the integrated damper air spring, resulting in the determination of the coefficients for each segment and the coordinates

Hao, Qi, Zhu, Yuntao, Sun, Wen, Sun, Kai, Sun, Zhiyong, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Correlation of Subjective Assessments and Objective Metrics for On-Center Feeling

2025-01-8287To be published on 04/01/2025

Steering feeling plays a critical role in the driving experience and is one of the most significant topics during a new vehicle development process. To reach a consensus for the customers’ satisfaction in both the subjective and objective characteristics in a particular market segment, there have been several studies to investigate the correlations between subjective and objective evaluations of on-center steering feeling. However, it is still not clear how to determine the steering characteristic based on the correlations. In this paper, a series of new correlation between subjective and objective evaluations are built, which focus on steering effort, on-center feel, torque ripple, torque dead band etc. Firstly, we extract a set of objectives metrics from on-center handling test based on ISO 13674-1 2023, which are followed by professional test drivers or tuning experts. Secondly, we list numerical on-center handling tests of vehicles to test and verify the representativeness and

Jin, Ankang, Luo, Kaijie, Yang, Jianyuan, Zheng, Yue

Active Suspension System Optimal Control Strategy Considering Vehicle Ride Comfort and Road Maintenance Capability

2025-01-8277To be published on 04/01/2025

The suspension system could transmit and filter the forces between the body and road surface, which affects vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability. Compared to traditional passive and semi-active suspension, Active Suspension Systems(ASS) could automatically adjust the suspension stiffness, damping force, and body height according to changes in the vehicle's load distribution, travelling speed, and braking action through the addition of a power source such as a linear motor. Although the existing advanced control methods could help to effectively improve the driving quality of vehicles equipped with ASS, the conflict between ride comfort and road maintenance capacity is still a difficult problem to be solved. Therefore, an Active Suspension System optimal control strategy considering vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a quarter ASS model and a road model are respectively developed based on the system dynamics

Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Chaohui, Sun, Jihang, Wang, Shiwei, Ding, Shuwei, Li, Lun, Chen, Zhicheng

Integrated Nonlinear Observer and Prescribed Performance Control for a Four In-wheel Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane and Road Classification

2025-01-8298To be published on 04/01/2025

To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of a four in-wheel motor (IWM)-driven electric vehicles (EVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the IWM-driven EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate state-based control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IWM-driven EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, the paper proposes a novel observer-based prescribed performance control to improve IWM-driven EVs chassis performance under the double lane change steering and various road input. Firstly, a nonlinear nine degree-of-freedom of full-car model is developed to describe vehicle chassis dynamics

Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Binggen

Vibration Mitigation of Semi-active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating Magnetorheological Damper using hybrid control

2025-01-8269To be published on 04/01/2025

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, known for their remarkable dependability and cost-effectiveness, have established themselves as prime semi-active vibration control devices in engineering systems. MR dampers are categorized as adaptive devices because their features may be readily adjusted by applying a regulated voltage signal. Their ability to offer superior performance while mitigating the drawbacks of fully active actuators underscores their practical significance. This research is to investigate some system hybrid controllers using a combination state derivative feedback and a linear-quadratic regulator for use in conjunction with the damper controller of a semi-active suspension of a Quarter vehicle model to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability. The mathematical model of 3 degrees of freedom for semi-active suspension using MR dampers will be derived and simulated using MATLAB and SIMULINK software. In order to quantify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategies

M.faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Essam, Mahmoud A.

A Novel Hybrid Approach for Segmenting Driver Based on their Driving Style

2025-01-8205To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers present a diverse landscape with their distinct personalities, preferences, and driving habits influenced by many factors. While drivers exhibit a wide range of behaviors, identifiable patterns in driving styles enable the classification of drivers into discrete segments. Discrete segmentation provides a practical and effective way to categorize and address the differences in driving style. The segmentation approach offers many benefits, including simplification, measurement, proven methodology, customization, and safety. Numerous studies have investigated driving style classification using real-world vehicle data. These studies employed various methods to identify and categorize distinct driving patterns, including naturalist differences in driving and field operational tests. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach for segmenting driver behavior based on their driving patterns. We leverage vehicle acceleration data to create granular driver segments by combining event

Chavan, Shakti Pradeep, Chinnam, Ratna Babu

A Study of Tire Handling and Ride Performance Map according to Tire Tread Wear State

2025-01-8760To be published on 04/01/2025

The electric vehicle market is expected to grow further within the automotive industry, driven by the increasing computing power of vehicle ECUs and the advancement of SDV(Software Defined Vehicle) systems. The results of these advanced and expanded vehicle technologies will offer customers higher quality and increased productivity in the market. A practical application of this technology is tire wear prediction algorithms. Tire wear prediction algorithms can inform customers of the optimal time to change tires while also allowing chassis control systems and other ADAS systems to adjust to varying tire performance as wear conditions change. This trend is growing, prompting several automakers to invest in developing these advanced technologies to enhance their product quality and safety. Therefore, it is essential to understand how vehicle handling and ride performances can change in response to varying tire wear conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of tire wear algorithms. This

Kim, Changsu

Biofidelity evaluation of AC-HUM pedestrian model based on generic sedan Buck model

2025-01-8743To be published on 04/01/2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Model (AC-HUM) by utilizing a generic sedan Buck model and postmortem human subjects (PMHS) tests. Methods: The boundary conditions of the simulation are derived from the PMHS test with Buck vehicle. The methodology involved the pose adjustment of the upper and lower extremities of AC-HUM, executed through a pre-simulation approach. Subsequently, a 200 milliseconds full-body pedestrian crash simulation was conducted by integrating the Buck vehicle model with the AC-HUM pedestrian model. The trajectories of AC-HUM during the period from initial position to head impact were recorded, including the Head CG, T1, T8 and pelvis. Based on the knee joint, the biofidelity corridors of trajectories in PMHS test were scaled to match the Chinese 50th percentile male to assess the biofidelity of AC-HUM's motion trajectories. Furthermore, the biomechanical responses and injury prediction results of AC-HUM were

Qian, Jiaqi, Wang, Qiang, LIU, YU, Wu, Xiaofan, Huida, Zhang, Bai, Zhonghao

A Comparative Analysis of Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles for Aggressive Driving Styles and Fuel Economy Test Cycles

2025-01-8605To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient and sustainable transportation in urban environments depends on understanding driving behaviors, and their implications. This study explores into the distinction between aggressive and non-aggressive driving patterns, leveraging an on-road driving dataset provided by an automotive company. By contrasting this data with established Fuel Economy cycles from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and employing curve-fitting techniques, the research not only reveals driving patterns but also predicts potential behaviors in unfamiliar scenarios. Results show significantly different acceleration profile patterns between different driving behaviors which has serious impact in fuel economy and environmental wellness. The findings highlights the environmental impact of driving behaviors, paving the way for environmentally responsible policy recommendations and sustainable driving practices

Padmanaban, Gandhimathi, Feng, Fred, Dai, Edward, Saini, Ankit, Hu, Guopeng, Zhao, Yanan

Driving Under the Influence: A Review of Fitness to Drive, Drug-Induced Impairments, and Simulation Testing

2025-01-8666To be published on 04/01/2025

This literature review examines the concept of fitness to drive and how it can be affected by drugs consumption. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology is used to analyse the Literature, exploiting Scopus, Consensus and Elicit databases. Firstly, the paper presents research across mechanical engineering and related fields to establish a comprehensive and multidisciplinary understanding of how fitness to drive is evaluated. This includes a definition of the term and the identification of the protocols used for its assessment. Secondly, the emphasis is on the impact of drug use on driving performance, excluding alcohol and cannabis. Driving simulators represent a valid possibility for analysing such effects in a safe, controlled and replicable environment. They are presented considering their most relevant characteristics and the measurements collected for the driver's state analysis. Key findings reveal a lack of a comprehensive taxonomy for fitness to drive, resulting in

Uccello, Lorenzo, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Elli, Chiara, Novella, Alessio, Nobili, Alessandro, Pasina, Luca

OPTIMAL INVESTIGATION ABOUT CAB OF BSC RACING CAR BASED ON ERGONOMICS

2025-01-8669To be published on 04/01/2025

In the Baja competition, the racing cars need to run under a variety of complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, the road with many broken stones, hump, water puddle and so on，in the endurance race，the driver even has to drive continuously for four hours. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the irrational designs of cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated，and cause the security accidents. Moreover, the lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable manipulation interface, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic designs. In order to solve the unreasonable designs of the cab in ergonomics and improve the safety and comfort of the driver, first of all, establish the overall model of BSC racing car in Catia to obtain a

Liu, Yuzhou, Liu, Silang

Zero circumferential material flow line-based method for reducing stamping simulation cost

2025-01-8224To be published on 04/01/2025

In sheet metal simulation, computation time is significantly influenced by the number of elements used to discretize the sheet blank, which covers the shape of forming tool geometry. Based on particle kinematics, motion of material point is modeled, and the concept of zero circumferential motion material line (ZML) is proposed. The slope ratio of material line (SRML) is proposed to quantify the circumferential deviation for determining the ZML. Based on the SRML, a method is developed to segment sheet blank and apply constraints. The method is demonstrated through forming simulation on a Hishida geometry. The proposed method, with its minimal to no circumferential motion along ZMLs, exhibits high level of accuracy retention while simultaneously impressively reducing computation time (up to 77%). This combination of efficiency and precision makes it a compelling approach for reducing simulation cost

Sheng, ZiQiang, Asimba, Brian, cabral, Kleber

Light weight Haulage Load body for Sustainable Mobility applications

2025-01-8216To be published on 04/01/2025

To develop a Light weight load body structure for Electric haulage vehicle application without affecting strength & durability of the product. Conventional haulage load body given for diesel vehicle application weight is approximately 20% of vehicle Kerb weight. Payload carried by customer does not get affected much. Electric vehicle Kerb weight is comparatively higher than diesel vehicle, due to battery packs & its mounting structures. So the payload carried by customer is getting affected. Hence load body weight must be reduced to 10-15% of Kerb weight. By considering past field failure data, customer loading pattern, durability trials & CAE static structural analysis, light weight load body is designed with optimized sections & HSS material. To delight the customers, Number of Floor cross members & sideboard pillars not reduced which is their first impression before buying any haulage vehicle. Multiple iterations & design failure mode effective analysis was done before finalizing

Lakshminarayanan, Karthik

A Proactive System to Anticipate and Store the Damage Information on a Parked Car using Machine Learning Algorithm

2025-01-8211To be published on 04/01/2025

Vehicle ADAS Systems majorly comprises of two functions: Driving and Parking. The most common form of damage to the vehicle which goes unnoticed with unidentified cause are parking damages. A vehicle once parked at a certain location may get damaged without knowledge of the user. In this work developed a solution that not only pre-warns the driver but also prepares the vehicle beforehand if it suspects a damage may occur. This eliminates the latency between damage and information capture, detects small damages such as scratches, classifies the type of damage and also informs the user beforehand. This is solution is different from our competitors as the existing solutions informs the user about the scratches/damages, but these solutions are expensive, have high response time, and the damage information is captured after the damage has occurred. The solution consists of the following check blocks: Precondition, Sensor Control and Action Module. The Precondition Module observes the

Debnath, Sarnab, PATIL, Prasad, Belur Subramanya, Sheshagiri, Govinda, Shiva Prasad

Optimal usage of engine torque to engage a disconnect device in situations where battery power is not available

2025-01-8578To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper introduces a novel approach to optimize battery power usage and optimal engine torque for wheel end disconnect device engagement under power constrained scenarios for range extended hybrid vehicles. Range extended hybrid architecture provides benefits of BEV architecture and relief the range anxiety that BEV drivers often have. The wheel end disconnect device helps improve the efficiency of the battery power usage when it is disconnected and provides better drivability and performance to fulfill driver demand when it is connected. Under power constraint scenario, the disconnect device engagement could take too long or eventually fail to engage and result in degradation for drivability and vehicle level performance. This novel approach is utilizing engine to either generate more power to spin up the disconnect motor faster under discharge limited case or generate less power to allow the disconnect motor to spin down under charge limited case. The effectiveness of this

Sha, Hangxing, Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Khanal, Shishir, Rock, Joe, Patel, Nadirsh

DESIGN METHODOLODY AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR PELVIC PUSHER ENERGY ABSORPTION PAD

2025-01-8615To be published on 04/01/2025

Pelvic Pusher Energy Absorption Pad in a vehicle saves the occupant from pelvic injuries in the event of a crash, especially side or Pole Crash. This Pelvic Pusher Pad plays a crucial role in absorbing the impact energy from the Body side and minimising the impact to the occupant. Positioning of Pelvic Pusher Pad with respect to Occupant Manikin position and torso angle, stiffening criteria for the energy absorption pad, Maximum Force and Energy Absorption target setting methodology and Evaluation methods through CAE and Part Level Physical Validations are all discussed in detail. Pelvic Pusher Pad are of various types such as EPP moulded, Blow Moulded or Injection Moulded and the criteria differ for each type. For EPP moulded type, Based on the EPP Grade, S-S Graph gets converted to F-S Graph and validated accordingly. F-S Graph for a test vehicle is generated through sled test where the sled is made to impact the pelvis of ES2 Dummy at a constant velocity and the F-S Graph is

S M, Rahul, d, ANANTHA, Kakani, Phani Kumar, Malliboina, Mahendra

Effects of Aging on PVC-based Instrument Panel Skin for Passenger Airbag Deployment Analysis

2025-01-8321To be published on 04/01/2025

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has many applications in automotive industry including electrical harnesses, door handles, seat and head rest covers, and instrument panel (IP) and other interior trim. In IP applications, the PVC skin plays a critical role in passenger airbag deployment (PAB) by tearing along the scored edge of the PAB door and allowing the door to open and the airbag to inflate to protect the occupant. As part of the IP, the PVC skin may be exposed to elevated temperatures and ultraviolet (UV) radiation during the years of the vehicle life cycle which can affect the PVC material properties over time and potentially influence the kinematics of the airbag deployment. Chemical and thermal aging of plasticized PVC materials have been studied in the past, yet no information is found how the aging affects mechanical properties at high rates of loading typical for airbag deployment events. This paper compares mechanical properties of the virgin PVC-based IP skin material

G, Karthigan, Savic, Vesna, Ravichandran, Gowrishankar

Maintenance and Updates in Manufacturing Software Architecture: The Power of Automation Playbooks

2025-01-8332To be published on 04/01/2025

High-efficiency manufacturing relies heavily on an extensive suite of software applications, including those for order handling, quality control, trace management, PLC communication, Andon boards, and scheduling. This reliance is particularly pronounced in facilities operating under tight schedules with stringent production targets and close collaboration with Just-In-Time (JIT) suppliers. Ensuring the continuous operation of these software systems is crucial; any downtime can result in delayed or lost units, potentially leading to significant revenue losses amounting to millions annually. Regular patching and rebooting of servers and applications are essential to maintaining system uptime, as the risk of failure increases with prolonged operation. Therefore, frequent resets and health checks are necessary, but these processes are both complex and time-consuming due to the multitude of servers and narrow scheduling windows involved. The integration of automation into these maintenance

Jan, Jonathan, Preston, Joshua

A Survey of Vehicle Forward Lighting System Mounting Height and Driver Eye Height

2025-01-8662To be published on 04/01/2025

Headlight glare remains a persistent problem to the U.S. driving public. Over the past 30 years, vehicle forward lighting systems have evolved dramatically in terms of styling and lighting technologies used. Importantly, vehicles driven in the U.S. have increased in size during this time as the proportion of pickup trucks and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) has increased relative to passenger sedans and other lower-height vehicles. Accordingly, estimates of typical driver eye height and the height of lighting equipment on vehicles from one or two decades ago are unlikely to represent the characteristics of newer vehicles in the U.S. automotive market. In the present study we surveyed the most popular vehicles sold in the U.S. and carried out evaluations of the heights of lighting systems, as well as typical driver eye heights based on male and female drivers. These data may be of use to those interested in understanding how exposure to vehicle headlighting and other factors have changed

Bullough, John D.

Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Longitudinal and Lateral Performance of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Shared Autonomy on Two-Lane Highways

2025-01-8098To be published on 04/01/2025

Intelligent transportation systems and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are advancing rapidly, though not yet fully widespread. Consequently, traditional human-driven vehicles (HDVs), CAVs, and human-driven connected and automated vehicles (HD-CAVs) will coexist on the roads for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, car-following behaviors in equilibrium and discretionary lane-changing behaviors make up the most common highway operations, which seriously affect traffic stability, efficiency and safety. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the impact of CAV technologies on both longitudinal and lateral performance of heterogeneous traffic flow. This paper extends longitudinal car-following models based on the intelligent driver model and lateral lane-changing models using the quintic polynomial curve to account for different vehicle types, considering human factors and cooperative adaptive cruise control. Then, this paper incorporates CAV penetration rates, shared autonomy

Wang, Tianyi, Guo, Qiyuan, He, Chong, Li, Hao, Xu, Yiming, Wang, Yangyang, Jiao, Junfeng

End to End Large Model Predictive Control of Automated Driving Vehicles

2025-01-8113To be published on 04/01/2025

In the drive burden alleviation of automated turning, false look ahead of speed and curvature cooperation will cause issues of multiple functional boundary operations. In the author’s previous research from SAEWCX2020, the risk feeling model on multiple lanes was proposed. However, the issues of corner operations were not considered. In real world situations of corner cases with multiple functional boundary operations, it is new and important to utilize more accurate dynamic vehicle model based on end to end large model to deal with issues of wheelbase differential dynamics, slip angle dynamics, and yaw rate dynamics. Human drivers sequentially update their predictive view point along the target lane and predict the intent of other traffic participants, and interact with them to decide the target speed. The above challenges on turning scenarios is tackled with the advance methods of predictive lattice trajectory generation using functional safety modes. In this study, the proposed

Yu, Kaijiang

Driver Distraction Recognition Based on the Information Bottleneck Theory and Graph Convolutional Networks

2025-01-8112To be published on 04/01/2025

Driver distraction remains a leading cause of traffic accidents, making its recognition critical for enhancing road safety. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the Information Bottleneck (IB) theory with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to address the challenge of driver distraction recognition. Our approach introduces a 2D pose estimation-based action recognition network that effectively enhances the retention of relevant information within neural networks, compensating for the limited data typically available in real-world driving scenarios. The network is further refined by integrating the CTR-GCN (Channel-wise Topology Refinement Graph Convolutional Network), which models the dynamic spatial-temporal relationships of human skeletal data. This enables precise detection of distraction behaviors, such as using a mobile phone, drinking water, or adjusting in-vehicle controls, even under constrained input conditions. The IB theory is applied to optimize the trade

Zhang, Ji, Bai, Yakun

Real-world emissions in a high-altitude city: A comparison between LPG and gasoline- fueled cars

2025-01-8494To be published on 04/01/2025

To study the real driving emissions characteristics of light-duty vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline in the high-altitude city, experimental investigations were performed on two LPG taxis and three gasoline passenger cars in Lhasa using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results reveal that the emission factors of CO2, CO, NOx, and HC of LPG taxis are (159.19±11.81), (18.38±9.73), (1.53±0.46), and (1.27±0.99) g/km, and those of gasoline cars are (223.51±23.1), (1.51±0.68), (0.27±0.16), and (0.06±0.04) g/km, respectively. The emissions show strong relationships with driving modes, which are considerably affected by driving behaviors. Furthermore, as vehicle speeds increase, the emission factors of both LPG taxis and gasoline cars decrease. The emission rates of both types of vehicles are low and change slightly at vehicle specific power (VSP) of 0 kW/t or below; after that, these rates slowly increase initially, and then increase rapidly with

Lyu, Meng, Xu PhD, Yan, Huang, Meihong, Wang, Yunjing

Workload Estimation for a Military Ground Vehicle Crew using Supervised Machine Learning of FACS Action Unit Intensity Data

2025-01-8340To be published on 04/01/2025

The proliferation of intelligent technologies in the future battlefield necessitates an exploration of crew workload balancing strategies for human-machine integrated formations. Many current techniques to measure cognitive workload, through qualitative surveys or wearable sensors, are too brittle for the harsh, austere operational environments found in military settings. Non-invasive workload estimation techniques, such as those that analyze physiological effects from video feeds of the crew, present a way forward for workload-aware Soldier-machine interfaces that could trigger events – such as task reallocation – if limits on crew or individual workload are exceeded. One such technique that is being explored is the use of facial expression analysis for workload estimation. We present the performance results of regression and classification models developed from supervised machine learning algorithms that predict pNN50, a common heart rate variability metric used as a physiological

Mikulski, Christopher, Riegner, Kayla

Assessing the Visual Demand of driving: Comparing various implementations of the Visual Occlusion Method

2025-01-8670To be published on 04/01/2025

For driving safety studies to be comparable, the driving task demand needs to be quantified. In the visual occlusion method, subjects in a driving simulator repeatedly press a button to see the road for 500 ms intervals (a brief glance). The visual demand is the percentage of time they need to see the road. To help plan subsequent experiments, occlusion was implemented in several ways (C++, Python, and Unreal Engine) on 2 computers, believed to be similar (but they were not). An adaptive algorithm was also examined. It adjusted timing thresholds after each button press to reduce occlusion duration variability. The first question concerned if the implementation affected when the occlusion occurred after a button was pressed. The total response time was always less than 15 ms, too small to matter. The second question concerned the mean occlusion duration (closer to 500 ms is better) and its standard deviation (less is better). The best implementations (mean, SD) for the better computer

Chen, William, Green, Paul

Assessing the Impact of Mirror Technology on Driver Perception and Safety: Traditional vs. Camera-Based Systems

2025-01-8664To be published on 04/01/2025

Camera-based mirror systems (CBMS) are being adopted by commercial fleets based on the potential improvements to operational efficiency through improved aerodynamics, resulting in better fuel economy, improved maneuverability, and the potential improvement for overall safety. Until CBMS are widely adopted it will be expected that drivers will be required to adapt to both conventional glass mirrors and CBMS which could have potential impact on the safety and performance of the driver when moving between vehicles with and without CBMS. To understand the potential impact to driver perception and safety, along with other human factors related to CBMS, laboratory testing was performed to understand the impact of CBMS and conventional glass mirrors. Drivers were subjected to various, nominal driving scenarios using a truck equipped with conventional glass mirrors, CBMS, and both glass mirrors and CBMS, to observe the differences in metrics such as head and eye movement, reaction time, and

Siekmann, Adam, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Sujan, Vivek

Study of Indian Population’s Eye Point to Adapt Indian Vehicle Design to Indian Anthropometry for Accident Risk Mitigation

2025-01-8665To be published on 04/01/2025

India has one of the highest accident rates in the world. Quite a few accidents have been attributed to poor driver visibility. Driver visibility is an important factor that can help mitigate the risk of accidents. The optimal visibility of in-vehicle controls is also essential for improving driver experience. Optimized driver visibility improves driving comfort and gives confidence to the driver, ensuring the safety of drivers and subsequently that of pedestrians. Driver visibility is an important consideration for vehicle occupant packaging and SAE has defined various standards and regulations for the same. These guidelines are defined considering American anthropometry, helping OEMs create global vehicles with uniform checkpoints. However, due to anthropometric differences, a need was felt to capture and analyze Indian-specific eyellipse and eye points. To measure the eye point of the user in a controlled environment, the interiors of a passenger vehicle were simulated using a

P H, Salman, Kalra, Prerita, Rawat, Ashish, Sharma, Deepak, Singh, Ashwinder

Adding and Assessing Vehicle Sound and Steering Feedback: Application to an Unreal Engine Driving Simulator

2025-01-8668To be published on 04/01/2025

To provide an affordable and practical platform for evaluating driving safety, this project developed and assessed 2 enhancements to an Unreal-based driving simulator to improve realism. The current setup uses a 6x6 military truck from the Epic Games store, driving through a pre-designed virtual world. To improve auditory realism, sound cues such as engine RPM, braking, and collision sounds were implemented through Unreal Engine's Blueprint system. Engine sounds were dynamically created by blending 3 distinct RPM-based sound clips, which increased in volume and complexity as vehicle speed rose. For haptic feedback, the road surface beneath each tire was detected, and Unreal Engine Blueprints generated steering wheel feedback signals proportional to road roughness. These modifications were straightforward to implement. They are described in detail so that others can implement them readily. A pilot study was conducted with 3 subjects, each driving a specific route composed of a straight

Duan, Lingbo, Xu, Boyu, Green, Paul

Research on Composite Braking Strategy of Pure Electric Commercial Vehicle on Downhill Low-adhesion Road considering Rainfall Intensity

2025-01-8813To be published on 04/01/2025

As a distributed wire control brake system, the electro-mechanical brake (EMB) may face challenges due to the need to integrate the actuator in the limited space beside the wheel. During extended downhill braking, especially on wet roads with reduced adhesion, the EMB must operate at high intensity. The significant heat generated by friction can lead to thermal deformation of components, such as the lead screw, compromising braking stability.This paper focuses on pure electric light trucks and proposes a parallel composite braking method. This approach uses an eddy current retarder or motor to provide basic braking torque, while the EMB supplies the dynamic portion of the braking torque, thereby alleviating the braking pressure on the EMB. First, a driver model, tire model, motor model and braking models are developed based on the vehicle's longitudinal dynamics. In addition, the impact of various factors, such as rainfall intensity, road slope, ramp length, road type, and vehicle

Liu, Wang, Zhang, Yu, Xiao, Hongbiao, Shen, Leiming

Optimization of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning

2025-01-8116To be published on 04/01/2025

The battery capacity of electric vehicles (EVs) is a critical factor influencing their overall performance. Selecting an appropriate charging strategy based on the EV driver’s travel behaviors can significantly mitigate battery capacity degradation and prolong its lifespan. This study integrated a physics-based battery degradation model with an EV powertrain system energy consumption model to enhance the prediction accuracy for the battery status under real-world driving conditions. In addition, it employed the Q-learning algorithm to provide suggestions on the driver’s charging behaviors, including charging start time, charging duration, and charger types. To create a reasonable reward function in the Q-learning algorithm, this study addressed the issue of car rental costs when the battery capacity is insufficient to support daily mileage. With the algorithm, this study modeled the 3-year use of an EV by an average driver sampled from the New England area in the U.S. The simulation

Wang, Jiayi, Jing, Hao, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Lin, Zhenhong

Avoiding the CRASH: A Vision Language Model Evaluation in Critical Traffic Scenarios

2025-01-8213To be published on 04/01/2025

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have transformed transportation by reducing human error and enhancing traffic efficiency, driven by deep neural network (DNN) models that power image classification and object detection. However, to maintain optimal performance, these models require periodic re-training; failure to do so can result in malfunctions that may lead to accidents. Given this issue, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as LLaVA can effectively correlate visual and textual information while their robustness to variability enables them to generalize across diverse environments, making them highly effective for analyzing vehicle crash situations. To evaluate the decision-making capabilities of these models across common crash scenarios, a set of real-world crash incident videos was collected. By decomposing these videos into frame-by-frame images, we task the VLMs to determine the appropriate driving action at each frame: accelerate, brake, turn left, turn right, or maintain the current

Fernandez, David, MohajerAnsari, Pedram, Salarpour, Amir, Pesé, Mert D.

Road Preview-Based Dual Chamber Active Air Suspension Control

2025-01-8789To be published on 04/01/2025

Adverse weather conditions such as rain and snow, as well as heavy load transportation, can cause varying degrees of damage to road surfaces, and untimely road maintenance often results in potholes. Perception sensors equipped on intelligent vehicles can identify road surface conditions in advance, allowing each wheel's suspension to actively adjust based on the road information. This paper presents an active suspension control strategy based on road preview information, utilizing a newly designed dual-chamber active air suspension system. It addresses the issue of point cloud stratification caused by vehicle body vibrations in onboard LiDAR data. The point cloud is processed through segmentation, filtering, and registration to extract real-time road roughness information, which serves as preview information for the suspension control system. The MPC algorithm is applied to actively adjust the nonlinear stiffness and damping of the suspension's dual-chamber air springs, enhancing

Dong, Fuxin, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi, Liu, Zuyang, Qian, Shuo

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