Browse Topic: Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Influence of varying shoulder profiles in pin-less tool on friction stir welding of thin plates2026-28-0028To be published on 02/01/2026
This study explores the thermal and mechanical characteristics of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) using pin-less tools with varied shoulder geometries to weld 2 mm dissimilar plates. FSW is a solid-state joining technique known for minimizing weld defects and enhancing joint integrity, particularly in the applications requiring high precision and low thermal distortion. Using simulation-based analysis via ANSYS, three custom-designed tool profiles are considered (i.e) spiral, concentric, and diamond tip, were evaluated. The rotational speeds considered are 500, 1000, and 3000 rpm at a constant traverse speed of 90 mm/min. The 3D models of the FSW tool with required shoulder profiles and thin plates are developed using Solid works. The tool and plates are characterized using tungsten carbide and aluminium-magnesium for workpieces. The simulations focused on key field variables including, temperature distribution, residual stress, and deformation on the welded plates. Results indicated that
Nelson, N Rino
Development of Multiple level Auto Mode for Climate control in electric vehicles2026-28-0008To be published on 02/01/2026
Electric vehicles, or EVs, are significantly transforming the automotive industry as a cleaner and more environmentally friendly which finds an alternative solution for the vehicles propelled using internal combustion engines. As EV utilize the energy directly from the battery which causes customer or a user to be in panic state as charging infra is not developed well in most of the countries, thus improving vehicle efficiency and driving range requires optimizing energy consumption from battery of EVs. Apart from traction motor load for driving, major supplemental loads in electric car are climate control system, sometimes referred to as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning). HVAC systems can consume a lot of battery power, especially during severe temperatures, which can drastically reduce the vehicle's range. Range anxiety continues to be an important barrier to the general adoption of EVs, the intelligent climate management systems which helps to reduce HVAC power usage
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, SV, Master Eniyan, M, Nisshok, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Guturu, Sravankumar
Ergonomically Enhanced Loop Frame Bicycle Featuring a Modular Carrier-Cum-Stand System2026-28-0003To be published on 02/01/2026
This project introduces an ergonomically enhanced loop frame bicycle integrated with a modular carrier-cum-stand system, designed to improve accessibility, comfort, and practicality for everyday users. Bicycles remain a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and health-conscious mode of transportation, widely adopted by students, delivery personnel, commuters, and fitness enthusiasts in both rural and urban settings. The loop frame design simplifies mounting and dismounting, particularly benefiting elderly users and women by promoting greater accessibility and comfort. The key innovation is the multi-functional rear carrier, which incorporates foldable arms that serve as a stable stand when deployed. This eliminates the need for a traditional side stand, thereby reducing both weight and cost while enhancing stability during parking. For design and simulation, CATIA V5 was utilized for 3D modelling of the frame and carrier mechanism, UG NX (Siemens NX) enabled detailed part modelling and
S, Naveenkumar
Intelligent Driver Behavior Analytics for Enhanced Road Safety2026-28-0054To be published on 02/01/2026
The present work on Intelligent Driver Behavior Analytics System that monitors and analyzes road users to ensure road safety and regulatory compliance, the system developed by using machine learning algorithms with the help of Raspberry Pi micro controller. It is said that most road accidents are caused by driver incompetency, yet, dangerous driving behavior is hard to detect on the road; this system monitors dangerous driving and other related behaviors that cause road accidents as well as contribute to noise pollution. It also alerts vehicle pauses on high-risk areas like road edges and also compares the routes planned to routes traveled on the GPS to alert any route slippage. Drivers, fleet managers and fleet operators get real-time feedback, and they are encouraged to take corrective action immediately. The system is expandable and is applicable to transportation agencies, public safety organizations and individuals who own vehicles and need to hone road safety and performance
Prasad, Gvl
Microcontroller-based modular mirror for Heavy and Mid commercial vehicles2026-26-0018To be published on 01/16/2026
Existing ICE Mid and Heavy commercial vehicles in the Indian and international market are recording a large number of mishaps due to blind spots and non accessibility of the driver to the opposite side mirror in real-time driving. Non-driver side rear view mirror adjustment creates the need for the driver to get down and adjust the mirror manually/ get support from the co-passenger. The paper proposes a solution for a Microcontroller-based compact mirror adjustment system, which will run with minimal economy and highest efficiency. This will assist drivers in aesthetically and safely monitoring of mirror to check on specific blind spots in day conditions. Mirror will be actuated via a Modular control panel, a Dashboard with audio input or button-operated system based on vehicle type and customer need, along with a quick response mechanism to operate the mirror. This will reduce the prone accidents due to non-visibility by approximately 30%, ensuring enhanced road safety and driver
Jambagi, Vaibhavi Vyankatesh, Gangvekar, Onkar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
New generation Natural Rubber-Based Bump Stopper with Improved NVH Characteristics2026-26-0292To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive suspension systems, components like bump stoppers and jounce bumpers play critical roles in controlling suspension travel and enhancing ride comfort. Material selection for these components is driven by functional demands and performance criteria. Traditionally, Natural rubber (NR) has traditionally been favoured for bump stopper applications due to its excellent vibration absorption, tear resistance, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability. However, in more demanding environments, it has been largely replaced by microcellular polyurethane (PU) elastomers, which offer superior durability, environmental resistance, and enhanced noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. PU's high compressibility, low lateral expansion, and low compression set make it the material of choice across automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors. Other materials like thermoplastic elastomers (TPE/TPU) and EPDM rubber are also used, offering advantages such as recyclability, ease of
Murugesan, Annarajan, Hingalaje, Abhijeet, Perumal, Mathavan, Pawar, Rohit
Design and Validation of a Collapsible Brake Pedal System for Lower-Leg Protection in Frontal Impacts2026-26-0500To be published on 01/16/2026
Indian Passenger car accident data indicates that approximately 44% of crashes are frontal impacts. Among the injuries sustained in these crashes, lower leg injuries are notably critical, contributing to nearly 25% of driver occupant injuries. To evaluate such injuries, the Bharat New Car Assessment Program (BNCAP) includes lower leg injury metrics as part of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB64) test. While the overall injury performance is assessed at the vehicle level, BNCAP also monitors vehicle interior intrusions—particularly pedal intrusions—as key contributors to lower limb injury severity. A major challenge in frontal crashes is the intrusion of the vehicle's front-end structure into the occupant compartment. Rigid components, particularly the brake pedal assembly, can be displaced rearward during a crash, significantly increasing the risk of lower leg injuries. Therefore, minimizing pedal intrusions into the driver footwell is critical to enhancing lower leg
Shetti, Rahul R., Kudale, Shailesh, Naik, Nagaraj, Bisen, Badal, Kotak, Vijay, Dudhewar, Swapnil, Bhagat, Amit, Durgaprasad, HNV
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-0130To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra G., Kirve, Jyoti, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Virtual Validation of ADAS Algorithms Using Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation2026-26-0050To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. A comprehensive review of current research trends reveals key areas of focus such as realism of simulated experiences through improved vehicle dynamics models and advanced sensory feedback. The integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies help to create more immersive and informative simulations to improve the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DIL simulation platforms. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on
Sharma, Chinmaya, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-0316To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at driver touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, Noise Source Identification (NSI) is carried out to identify and rank airborne and structure borne noise sources at tractor level through elimination method followed by engine level testing in hemi anechoic chamber to identify the major noise radiating components by using noise and vibration measurement, sound intensity mapping tools. The outcome of NSI has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be highest
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh, Yadav, Prasad S, Bankar, Harshal
Early prediction of relaxation voltage & detection of state of battery for functional safety2026-26-0166To be published on 01/16/2026
During parking condition of vehicle, state of the battery is uncertain as it goes through the relaxation process. In such scenarios the battery voltage may exceed the functional safety limits. If we cross the functional safety limits it is hazardous to the driver as well as the occupant. In this case relaxed voltage plays a crucial role in identifying the safe state of the battery. To estimate the relaxed cell voltage there are methods such as RC filter time constat modeling and relaxation voltage error method. The problem with these solutions is the waiting time and accuracy to determine the relaxation voltage. In this manuscript a solution is proposed which ensures the above problem gets reduced. To achieve the reduction of relaxation voltage estimation time, a python sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (PySindy) is used which identifies and fits an equation model based on observing the battery characteristics at different SOC and temperatures. The implementation is done and
Pandey, Priyanshu, Nilajkar, Ankur, Panda, Abinash
Crowdsourcing Indian traffic scenarios for ADAS development and testing2026-26-0046To be published on 01/16/2026
In the Indian context, introduction of ADAS can play a positive role in improving road safety by assisting the driver and preventing unsafe driver behaviour. Technologies like Automated Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keep System, Adaptive Cruise Control, Driver Drowsiness Detection, Driver Alcohol detection etc., if deployed safely and used in a safe manner can help prevent many of the current road deaths in India. Safe deployment and safe use of such ADAS technologies require the systems to operate without failure within their operational design domains (ODD) and not surprise the drivers with sudden or unpredictable failures, to help develop their trust in the technology. As a result, identifying test scenarios remain a key step in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This remains a challenge due to the large test space especially for the Indian context due to the unpredictable traffic behaviour and occasional road infrastructure. In this paper, we introduce a
Serry, Hamid, Dodoiu, Tudor, Alakkad, Fadi, Zhang, Xizhe, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Study of real time impact on automotive cabin Air Quality due to the ambient air pollution in the severely polluted city2026-26-0531To be published on 01/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
Development of a Fuel Injector Driver for Accelerated Testing2026-26-0564To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design of a cost-effective fuel injector driver designed for accelerated testing of injectors. The driver simulates injection patterns across a wide range of vehicle operating conditions and can be programmed with injection maps for different engines, test cycles based on drawing specifications, pre-defined engine running profiles, and manual control, where the user defines PWM frequency and duty cycle. It also enables remote operation through a Wi Fi access point. An injector driver-based test setup was developed to study wear and evaluate leakage tendency in an injector design. To simulate extended field usage in a short timeframe, an accelerated operating cycle was derived using telematics data. Injector samples were tested with periodic leak rate measurements. Conducting such tests at vehicle level or on engine test bench would involve significant time and cost. This setup is an effective tool for rapid comparative analysis across supplier design, enabling
Bhatt, Pancham, Agrawal, Adheesh, Kuchhal, Abhinav
Addressing Safety Belt Discomfort Among Female Driving Population Through Data Collection and Simulation2026-26-0016To be published on 01/16/2026
The rate of female drivers in India is increasing alongside the rapid growth of the Indian automotive industry. A driving comfort survey conducted among female drivers revealed that many experiences dis-comfort when wearing Safety belts-whether while driving or as front-seat passengers. This discomfort is primarily due to a phenomenon referred to as "neck cutting." The root cause of neck cutting is likely related to vehicle design, which is traditionally based on Anthropometric Test Devices (ATD's) representing the 5th, 50th & 95th percentile (%tile) of the global population. However, a literature review indicated that the anthropometric dimensions of the Indian populations are generally smaller than those of the global for the respective candidate. This highlighted the need to collect region-specific anthropometric data for India. To validate the neck-cutting issue, various female candidates were asked to sit in the Driver's seat for physical measurements trials. Accordingly
Kulkarni, Nachiket A, Chitodkar, Vivek V, Eknath Chopade, Santosh, Mahajan, Rahul, Yamgar, Babasaheb S
Ocular-Behavioral Metrics for Driver State Classification for Indian Driving Contexts: KSS-Based Evaluation, Conformance and implementation challenges2026-26-0668To be published on 01/16/2026
With the increasing integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in Indian automotive markets, robust Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) have become critical for road safety. This study focuses on the development and validation of a Driver Distraction and Attention Warning System (DDAWS), tailored to the unique challenges of Indian driving conditions. The DDAWS module, a core component of DMS, leverages a driver-facing high-resolution camera to continuously evaluate driver behaviour. The system architecture is bifurcated into two primary subsystems: the Driver Attention Monitoring module and the Drowsiness Detection module. DMS primarily is divided into two parts, first being the Driver Attention monitoring system, which ensures the driver maintain a proper focus on the road by not being distracted either by the inner and the external environment of the vehicle. This is generally achieved using the head pose monitoring of the driver, post processing which results in an
Verma, Harshal, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Driver-in-the-Loop Optimization of Tire-Vehicle Dynamics using Virtual Tire Development approach through Physical Tire Models2026-26-0099To be published on 01/16/2026
This study provides a virtual development process using VI-Grade Driving Simulator and Adams simulation integrating CD tire models to modify all-terrain tire performance for an altered and new proposed version of an existing production vehicle. The proposed alteration introduces ride height changes, weight distribution changes, and centre of gravity changes from existing vehicle design. The proposed new vehicle variant also introduces tire change from highway terrain type to all-terrain type as it was intended to deliver some off-roading capabilities, thereby vehicle dynamics and kinematics recalibration & tuning required. The conventional development cycles through physical prototypes are time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, this solution combines high-fidelity tire simulation, driver-in-the-loop (DIL) simulation, and multi-body dynamics analysis to reduce development time and prototype cycles. The proposed method begins with baseline correlation, augmenting Adams vehicle
Shrivastava, Apoorv, Asthana, Shivam
Reverse Engineering of CAN (Controller Area network) of an Electric vehicle2026-26-0150To be published on 01/16/2026
The communication between different vehicle electronic controller units (ECU) for various applications (I.e. To propel the vehicle or for In-vehicle Infotainment) CAN (Controller Area Network) is most frequently used for In-Vehicle communication. Given the proprietary nature and lack of standardization in CAN (Controller Area Network) configurations, which are often not disclosed by manufacturers, the process of CAN reverse engineering becomes highly complex and cumbersome. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly accessible data on electric vehicles, coupled with the rapid technological advancements in this domain, has resulted in the absence of a standardized and automated methodology for reverse engineering the Controller Area Network (CAN). This process is further complicated by the diverse CAN configurations implemented by various Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), which are often not disclosed to the public. In this paper the manual approach is taken for reverse engineering
KUMAR, ROHIT, Sahu, Hemant, Penta, Amar, Bhatt, Purvish
Optimizing Collision Warnings: A Shift from Time to Collide to Time to Brake2026-26-0047To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive safety systems, Time to Collide (TTC) is traditionally used to trigger warnings in auto-emergency braking systems. However, TTC can lead to premature or inaccurate warnings as it is calculated based on the relative speed and distance between the ego and an obstacle. TTC does not consider the vehicle's braking dynamics, such as brake prefill lag which varies across different vehicles, maximum deceleration, and the effectiveness of braking systems and assumes constant speed which may not always be realistic. We propose Time to Brake (TTB) as a more effective parameter for driver warnings. TTB directly relates to the action a driver needs to take—braking. It provides a clear indication of when braking should begin to avoid a collision, whereas TTC only tells us about the possibility of a collision. To calculate TTB we utilize the brake profile, which incorporates both deceleration and system jerk for improved accuracy. The proposed warning time is the sum of variable brake
Singh, Ashutosh Prakash, Kumawat, Himanshu, Gupta, Sara
Method and System of Detecting Obstacle Around Vehicle Door2026-26-0026To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern vehicles are equipped with numerous safety systems focused primarily on active and passive crash protection, but less attention is given to low-speed or stationary scenarios: particularly when occupants exits the vehicle. One common and often underestimated risk occurs when the vehicle door is opened without awareness of nearby obstacles such as walls, poles, or other vehicles. This paper introduces a novel, intelligent solution aimed at enhancing safety during driver egress. The proposed system leverages the existing ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror) cameras to monitor and measure the surface area adjacent to the vehicle. When the vehicle is parked and the engine is turned off, the system becomes active. As the driver initiates the exit, the system scans for obstructions near the door. If an obstacle is detected within a predefined danger zone, it projects a warning symbol on the Instrument cluster via the puddle lamp and triggers an audible chime to alert the occupant. This dual
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
An Innovative Crash Sensing System Architecture for Robust functionality of Safety restraints in different Challenging Real World Accident scenarios2026-26-0017To be published on 01/16/2026
Title: An Innovative Crash Sensing System Architecture for Robust functionality of Safety restraints in different Challenging Real World Accident scenarios. Authors: Sunil Kovalam, Harihara Sudhan, Praveen Bansode and Sanjay Gaddamwar Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd Abstract: In the emerging markets especially like India and other similar countries, growing traffic density on the roads leading to different kind of accident types including head on collision, rear end collision, side impact collision and accidents involving with pedestrians or cyclists or two wheelers etc. These accidents could be due to over-speeding, distracted driving and inadequate road infrastructure. Providing necessary safety restraints system (Airbags and Seat belts) and its robust functionality in different real world accident scenarios will be a challenging to vehicle manufactures. It is a high time to redefine the traditional crash sensing architecture strategies with logical approach based on the thorough study of
KOVALAM, SUNIL KUMAR
Occupant Kinematics and injuries during high speed side impacts: An analysis of ARAI data 2016-20242026-26-0027To be published on 01/16/2026
The objective of the present study was to examine trends in occupant kinematics and injuries during side impact tests carried out on vehicle models over the period of time . Head, shoulder, torso, spine, and pelvis kinematic responses are analyzed for driver dummy in high speed side impacts for vehicle model years, MY2016-2024. Automotive Research Association of India side impact crash data is examined. The test procedure involved a 50.0 km/h moving deformable barrier (MDB) impacting the sides of stationary vehicles. Instrumented 50th-percentile male EURO SID-2 dummy was positioned in the driver seat. Occupant kinematics data, including head accelerations, Head Injury Criterion (HIC15), Torso deflections at thorax and abdominal ribs, spine accelerations at T12, and pelvis accelerations were evaluated and compared. The “peak” and “time to- peak” responses were compared across different vehicle model years. The effect of delta-V, vehicle MY, on occupant kinematics was examined. For
Mishra, Satish, Borse, Tanmay, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahajan, Rahul
Study of Drive Trace Indices and their correlation with CO2 in Chassis Dynamometer testing2026-26-0517To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of CAFÉ norms in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ascertain that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter in different stages in upcoming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are various factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in test cycle such as MIDC/WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects can be significant contributors to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are standardized metrics that can be used to evaluate the driving variations. The aim of
ER, Shivram, Rawat, Vijaypal, Khandelwal, Vineet, Kumar, Arun, Malhotra, Jitendra
Smart Stability: Dual-Mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake Strategy in Electric Tractors Using Motor Torque and Electro-Hydraulic Actuation2026-26-0205To be published on 01/16/2026
Operating tractors on Sloped Terrains presents safety challenges, especially during shuttle operations, loader use, or start-stop maneuvers at slopes. Unlike Diesel Counterparts, feedback from the prime mover (Motor) is minimal and silence often masks terrain feedback. Driver response tends to vary, leading to rollback & challenges to safety demanding skill & expertise for safe operation. Based on field observations across Mahindra tractor platforms, we identified start-stop maneuver task to be offloaded from the operator to improve control and consistency and take skill element out of picture. This paper outlines the approach derived based on dual-mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake system, developed using traction motor torque control and SAHR-based hydraulic braking via proportional valves. The VCU works at the heart of this system to dynamically choose between electric and hydraulic modes based on vehicle state, ignition, and motor conditions. Parking brake automation logic has been
M, Rojer, T, Ganesan, P, Velusamy, Natarajan, Saravanan, V, MATHANKUMAR, tripathi, Shankar, narni, Kiran, Haldorai, Rajan, devakumar, Kiran
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-0634To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Chikhale, Shraddha, Sing, Sandip, Hivarkar, Umesh, Mardhekar, Amogh
Refinement of Road Induced Steering Wheel Vibration in Electric Vehicle2026-26-0337To be published on 01/16/2026
Nowadays, customers expect excellent cabin insulation and superior ride comfort in electric vehicle. OEMs focuses on fine tuning the suspension system in electric vehicle to isolate the road shocks which finally offers superior ride quality. This paper focuses on the enhancing the ride comfort by reducing the steering wheel vibration which mainly originates due to road inputs. Higher steering wheel vibrations are perceived on the test vehicle when driven on rough road at the speed of 50 kmph. To determine the predominant force transfer path, Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis (MTPA) is performed on the front and rear suspension. Based on the finding from MTPA, various recommendations are explored and the effect of each modification is discussed. Apart from this, Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis is carried out on the entire steering system to identify the deflection shape at the operating condition. Based on ODS findings, recommendations like dynamic stiffness
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Selvam, Ebinezer, Raghavendran, Prasath
A Scientific approach to identify the source of intermittent steering rattle noise and implementing the design solutions2026-26-0346To be published on 01/16/2026
Body-on-frame vehicles are well-regarded for their durability and off-road capabilities, but their structural design often makes them more vulnerable to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. Vibrations originating from uneven roads are transmitted through the suspension and steering assemblies, sometimes resulting in rattles or other disturbances. These vibrations can be amplified by the inherent flexibility in the body-to-frame mounting system. In such vehicles, the steering system plays a critical role in driver comfort and is highly sensitive to vibrational inputs from the road surface, especially on coarse or uneven terrain. Occasionally, these inputs result in subtle rattle noises that are perceptible only to the driver and may not be detected under controlled testing environments. This poses a challenge for engineers trying to isolate and resolve such intermittent NVH phenomena. Identifying the source requires a combination of real-world driving evaluations, structural
Ramesh Chand, Karan Kumar, Gopinathan, Haridoss, Kabdal, Amit
GEOMETRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CURTAIN AIRBAG COVERAGE IN INDIAN PASSENGER VEHICLES2026-26-0021To be published on 01/16/2026
Worldwide accident statistics for passenger vehicles indicate that the number of pole side impacts usually constitute a small percentage of total accident numbers. However, the rate of fatalities in narrow object side impacts is usually the highest due to direct exposure of head with the pole/narrow objects. Curtain airbags are the most effective protective systems to prevent severe/fatal head injuries in side collisions with narrow objects such as poles or trees. One of the important parameter of curtain airbags is the inflated zone of the airbag, which decides the possibility of head exposure for occupants with different anthropometries with narrow objects. To address this issue, EuroNCAP first introduced the concept of Head Protection Device Assessment (HPDA) in 2015, which in addition to the performance requirements in dynamic test, assesses the deployed curtain airbag for its area coverage and inflated zones for various anthropometries over occupant rows. With introduction of
Jaju, Divyan, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahajan, Rahul
Investigating Pelvic Locking and Torso Kinematics using Human Body Models in Frontal Impact Scenarios2026-26-0002To be published on 01/16/2026
Occupant Safety systems are usually developed using anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), such as the Hybrid III, THOR-50M, ES-2, and WorldSID. However, in compliance with NCAP and regulatory guidelines, these ATDs are designed for specific crash scenarios, typically frontal and side impacts involving upright occupants. As vehicles evolve (e.g., autonomous layouts, diverse occupant populations), ATDs are proving increasingly inadequate for capturing real-world injury mechanisms. This has led to the adoption of computational Human Body Models (HBMs), such as the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), which offer superior anatomical fidelity, variable anthropometry, active muscle behaviour modelling, and improved postural flexibility. HBMs can predict internal injuries that ATDs cannot, making them valuable tools for future vehicle safety development. This study uses a sled CAE simulation environment to analyze the kinematics of the HBMs
Raj, Pavan, Rao, Guruprakash, Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, Nehe, Vaibhav, Chavan, Avinash
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Development of an Software Algorithm Based Semi-automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-0535To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level testing is one of the crucial part of the calibration development. In this, chassis dynamometer is used to collect the vehicle level data. Different engine and vehicle level parameters are logged at various speed and load points covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition is a repetitive activity and covers over 30-40% of the total testing duration. This phase includes base calibration verification, transient development, and emissions-related calibrations, all of which follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and inefficiencies. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified, mapped into detailed steps. The algorithm introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
Crash Pulse Characterization for the Passenger Vehicle Fleet in India.2026-26-0029To be published on 01/16/2026
A crash pulse is the signature of the deceleration experienced by a vehicle and its occupants during a crash. The deceleration-time plot or crash pulse provides key insights into occupant kinematics, occupant restraints, occupant loading and efficiency of the structure in crash energy dissipation. Analysing crash pulse characteristics like shape, slope, maximum deceleration, and duration helps in understanding the impact of the crash on occupant safety and vehicle crashworthiness. This paper represents the crash pulse characterization study done for the vehicles tested at ARAI as per the ODB64 test protocol. Firstly, the classification and characterization of the crash pulses is done on the basis of the unladen masses of the vehicles. The same are further analysed for suitability of mathematical waveform models such as Equivalent Square Wave (ESW), Equivalent Triangular Wave (ETW), Equivalent Sine Wave (ESW), Equivalent Haversine Wave (EHSW) as well as EDTW (Equivalent dual trapezia
Mishra, Satish, Kulkarni, Dileep, Borse, Tanmay, Mahindrakar, Rahula Ashok, Mahajan, Rahul, Jaju, Divyan
Machine learning model to predict Chest Injury during Thorax Impact on Human Body Models2026-26-0665To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, virtual models have been handy in predicting potential injury risk to occupants in vehicle crashes. Virtual models offer detailing of occupant anthropometry and closest possible bio-fidelity over existing test devices. This study focuses on the assessment of chest deflections in frontal thorax impacts using virtual human body models of a few anthropometries and transforming the assessment of injuries of broader range of anthropometries (population). The study utilizes machine learning models to enable injury assessment across a broader range of body types. The study has taken a standard test scenario (Kroell load case) having frontal blunt thoracic impact. The load case is replicated in LS-DYNA and finite element human body models (HBMC) of 05th Female and 50th Male are used. The simulation setup replicates the boundary conditions as per literature, the responses necessary to measure chest deflection were validated & recorded. The outputs from the simulations and data
Sridhar, Raam, Arya, Bibhu, Divakar, Prajwal, R, Udhaya Kumar, Bhutki, Prasad, Kumar PhD, Devendra, Kurkuri, Mahendra, Mohan PhD, Pradeep
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-0085To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Configurable and Standardized Test Case Generation using VBA Script2026-26-0557To be published on 01/16/2026
Test Cases plays a vital and very important role in Software and System testing to verify the functionality as per requirements and meets the customer expectations. The traditional approach of test case generation in the testing field is predominantly manual, time consuming, and prone to human error but less expensive. Each tester tends to have their own approach to creating test cases, which may not cover experience-based test scenarios leading to inconsistencies, and lack of standardization. This lack of uniformity can cause testing deficiencies and make it difficult to ensure comprehensive test coverage. The objective is to develop an automation framework to generate standardized, configurable, modular, reusable and human error free test cases as per user defined inputs based on system requirement specifications. The framework proposed in this paper is known as the Automated Test Case Generator tool. This framework is designed using Visual Basic Applications (VBA) Scripts, in which
Pallavi, Yerragudi, Umarji, Shruti, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Anilkumar, Sandhya
Q-Series Child Dummy FE model development and validation for child occupant safety assessment in Automotive crashes2026-26-0390To be published on 01/16/2026
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Government of India has established BHARAT NCAP to provide a fair, meaningful, and objective assessment of the crash safety performance of cars. This program evaluates vehicles across three key areas, including Child Occupant Protection (COP). A critical component of the COP assessment involves dynamic testing using Q-series child dummies representing a 1½-year-old (Q1.5) and a 3-year-old child (Q3). As per the BHARAT NCAP protocol these dummies are placed in the second-row outboard seating position within Child Restraint Systems (CRSs) and subjected to two primary dynamic impact tests: Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) conducted at speed of 64 km/hr. and Mobile Deformable Barrier (MDB) Side Impact tests conducted at 50 km/hr. The dynamic assessment of these child dummies is primarily focused on the head, neck, and chest regions to evaluate the effectiveness of the CRSs and overall vehicle safety system in protecting young occupants
Khopekar, Maria, Lakshminarayana, Apoorva, Mohan, Pradeep, Kurkuri, Mahendra
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-0642To be published on 01/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-0321To be published on 01/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-0638To be published on 01/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Proactive AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity for Next-Gen Automotive Infotainment ECU2026-26-0619To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With the rapid advancement of connected vehicle technologies, infotainment Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have become central to user interaction and connectivity within modern vehicles. However, this enhanced functionality has introduced new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the cybersecurity framework of infotainment ECUs. The study introduces AI-powered modules for threat detection and response, presents an integrated architecture, and validates performance through simulation using MATLAB, CANoe, and NS-3. This approach addresses real-time intrusion detection, anomaly analysis, and voice command security. Key benefits include zero-day exploit resistance, scalability, and continuous protection via OTA updates. The paper references real-world automotive cyberattack cases such as Tesla's OTA vulnerability patches, BMW ConnectedDrive exploits, and Jeep Cherokee's Uconnect hack, emphasizing the
More, Shweta, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Kumar, Priyanshu, GHANWAT, HEMANT, Joshi, Vivek
Driving behavior modelling with Graph Attention Networks using spatial data2026-26-0661To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive engineering, understanding driving behavior is crucial for decision on specifications of future system designs. This study introduces an innovative approach to modeling driving behavior using Graph Attention Networks (GATs). By leveraging spatial relationships encoded in H3 indices, we construct a graph-based model that captures dependencies between various vehicle operational parameters and their operational regions using H3 indices. The model utilizes CAN signal features such as speed, fuel efficiency, engine temperature, and categorical identifiers of vehicle type and sub-type. Additionally, regional indices are incorporated to enrich the contextual information. The GAT model processes these heterogeneous features, learning to identify patterns indicative of driving behavior. This approach offers several significant advantages. Firstly, it enhances the accuracy of driving behavior modeling by effectively capturing the complex spatial and operational dependencies
Salunke, Omkar
Safety Locking and alert system for Container trailers with Geo fencing2026-26-0273To be published on 01/16/2026
The Container trailer is used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the
kumaran, Rajasekar
Systemic modelling and simulation approach to estimate Brake response time in a Pneumatic brake systems2026-26-0469To be published on 01/16/2026
Brake response time in truck air brake systems is crucial for ensuring safety and operational efficiency. This paper presents the development of a simulation model designed to meet all necessary regulatory requirements for Brake response time and as an input to the stopping distance calculations. The actual pneumatic circuit, including brake valves, relay valves, brake chambers, and plumbing have been replicated. The focus is on utilizing 1D simulations to predict the compliance of response time during both the pressurizing (brakes applied) and depressurizing (brakes released) phases of the brake system. A mathematical model is developed using a commercially available 1D simulation tool. This model employs a lumped parameter approach for the pneumatic components, with governing equations derived from compressible flow theory and empirical valve flow characteristics. A parametric study is carried out on variables such as plumbing length, system pressure, and valve orifice diameters. The
Kumbar, Praful, Murugesan, Karthik, Shannon, Rick
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tyre Noise Reduction2026-26-0330To be published on 01/16/2026
Minimizing tyre noise is essential for enhancing ride comfort, especially in electric vehicles where the absence of engine noise makes tyre-generated sound more prominent. This work presents the development of a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool to support tyre design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. This tool plays a pivotal role in the tire development process, serving as one of the key evaluation criteria for tread pattern approval before mould fabrication. By enabling engineers to generate balanced, low-noise pitch sequences that align with both acoustic targets and engineering constraints, the tool facilitates faster design iterations and smooth integration with downstream processes. Its successful
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
Analysis of Road Accident Statistics for Females in India and Gaps in Safety Regulations2026-26-0020To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper investigates the current state of road safety for female occupants in India, with a particular focus on road accident statistics and the gaps in safety regulations. According to the Road Accident in India 2022 report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), female occupants constitute 16% of passenger car fatalities. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 525 passenger car accidents involving at least one female occupant from the Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI), this study evaluates the severity and patterns of injuries sustained by female drivers and passengers. The analysis identifies critical shortcomings in existing safety measures, particularly in addressing anatomical disparities and male-centric safety designs. Gender-disaggregated injury trends reveal heightened vulnerabilities for women in crash scenarios, including disproportionate risks to the chest, neck, and pelvis. Current regulatory frameworks rely on crash test dummies developed on
Ayyagari, Chandrashekhar, G, Santhosh Kumar, Rao, Guruprakash
Integrated Evaluation of Pre-Crash Braking and Crash Injury Outcomes Using Human Body Models and ATDs2026-26-0019To be published on 01/16/2026
Traditionally, vehicle occupant safety research has focused on passive safety aspects like crashworthiness and occupant restraint systems. However, with the advent of Active Safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), research has expanded to include occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase. AEB, by inducing occupant movement, often leads to out-of-position (OOP) behavior, compromising available space during the crash phase. Current Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) are limited in simulating occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase, especially in the neck and torso regions. These devices are rigid and unable to replicate human body dynamics during low-acceleration events like AEB. To address this gap, Human Body Models (HBMs) such as THUMS, GHBMC, and SAFER are used to provide more biofidelic simulations. This study begins with physical vehicle trials conducted with human volunteers at various speeds to measure
Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, THANIGAIVEL RAJA, T, Kondala, Hareesh, Sudarshan, B.Sudarshan, Nehe, Vaibhav, Rao, Guruprakash
Adapting ADAS to Indian Driving and User Needs2026-26-0045To be published on 01/16/2026
To enhance ADAS usability, safety, and localization in India, this study aims to identify gaps in ADAS system performance and Indian drivers’ expectations by capturing customer’s voice, underlining the need for context-aware ADAS development tailored to emerging Indian markets. The penetration of ADAS in automotive markets is increasing rapidly. However, their effectiveness and acceptance are significantly influenced by regional driving behavior and infrastructure. This study explores the interaction between naturalistic driver behaviour in India and the operational characteristics of ADAS Level 2 systems (FCW, ACC, LCF and BSD) with focus on cars. Using real-world driving data collected from Indian roads, the research aims to highlight the divergence between ADAS design assumptions often based on structured Western traffic environments and the complex, dynamic nature of Indian traffic, characterized by frequent human negotiation, informal road practices, and different vehicle types
SANKPAL, KRISHNATH NAMDEV, Magar, AKSHAY, KHOT, ANKUSH, KULKARNI, ALOK, Perez, Marc
Development of a High-Fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Model with Rear-Wheel Active Roll Control for Improved Stability2026-26-0093To be published on 01/16/2026
This work introduces a unified vehicle dynamics framework that combines detailed modeling and active control to enhance ride comfort and handling stability. A full 12-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed to simulate dynamic responses across a range of driving conditions. Unlike conventional approaches, this model incorporates both linear and nonlinear tire behavior, enabling more accurate prediction of vehicle motion. To further improve performance, an active roll control mechanism is proposed, utilizing rear-wheel suspension actuators to counteract undesired body roll and yaw instabilities. A novel co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control strategies with high-fidelity multibody dynamics from ADAMS Car. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental data from an instrumented test vehicle. Results show that the integrated control system significantly reduces critical parameters such as roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and
Duraikannu, Dinesh, DUMPALA, GANGI REDDY
Experimental Evaluation of Tyre Vertical Dynamic Stiffness and Damping for Ride Model Applications Using Flat Trac2026-26-0607To be published on 01/16/2026
The damping and vertical dynamic stiffness of a tyre are critical to ride comfort and overall dynamics, particularly for low-frequency excitations in urban and highway driving. Accurate ride models depend on precise tyre parameterization, as tyres are the primary interface between the vehicle and the road, absorbing surface irregularities before the suspension engages. This study investigates an experimental methodology characterizing the vertical dynamic behaviour of pneumatic tyres using a Flat Trac test machine. Contrary to the conventional approaches that depend on intricate shaker rigs or frequency dependence function models, the proposed technique uses a realistic force displacement loop-based technology which is appropriate for ride model applications. Dynamic stiffness is calculated as the peak force divided by peak displacement during vertical sinusoidal excitation. Damping is derived from hysteresis energy loss per cycle. The tests were conducted under various conditions by
Duryodhana, Dasari, Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Rear-Facing Infant Seat Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness Under Front Seatback Loading in Rear-Impact Collisions2026-26-0554To be published on 01/16/2026
Rear-facing infant seats positioned behind front outboard vehicle seats are vulnerable to loading from rearward-yielding front seatbacks during rear-impact collisions in the presence of front occupants. This seatback loading can collapse and deform the infant seat’s plastic shell, increasing the risk of head injuries to the infant occupant. Shell deformation also introduces slack into the five-point harness system, exacerbating head excursions beyond the protective boundaries of the shell and increasing the likelihood of head contact with components such as the carry handle. Current rear-facing infant seat designs typically do not account for loading imposed by the front seatback during rear-impact scenarios, resulting in weak and collapsible shell structures. Furthermore, regulatory compliance tests, such as FMVSS 213, lack provisions for evaluating rear-facing infant seats under realistic rear-impact conditions. The standard test bench does not incorporate simulated vehicle interiors
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
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