Browse Topic: Parts and Components

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Component Dynamics of a Motorcycle Brake Caliper: Analysis and Experimental Validation of Seal-Groove Mechanics and Controlled Rollback Design.2026-01-0823To be published on 09/14/2026
Pad - Rotor separation is critical to effective braking performance, pedal feel and NVH. In floating brake calipers, this separation is primarily governed by the seal and groove mechanics. Current studies primarily focus on the mechanics through empirical methods on single seal-groove systems for car calipers. However, a significant literature gap exists for motorcycle seal grooves and any system that utilizes a two seal-groove system with a primary pressure seal and a secondary dust seal. Since 75% of automobiles registered in India are motorcycles and Anti-lock braking becoming mandatory from 2026, designing a caliper with precise seal-groove mechanics becomes critical. This study proposes a theoretical framework by modeling the seals as a shear-beam and predicting the rollback using stick-slip hysteresis and resistive forces of the piston. Experimental validation was performed on three production motorcycle calipers, with the measured rollback and the piston push following the
Vaitheeswaran, Gyaneshwar, N, Manoj, M, Mahesh, Yogesh, Deepak, Rai, Ashutosh
Influence of Scrub Radius on Steering Dynamics, Bearing Durability and Wheel-End Packaging in Heavy Commercial Vehicles2026-01-0831To be published on 09/14/2026
Front axle geometry is a critical determinant of vehicle performance in heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs), directly influencing steering feel, component life, and maintenance costs. This paper investigates the effects of increasing scrub radius—defined as the lateral distance between the tire contact patch center and the steering axis intersection with the ground—on steering dynamics, durability, and packaging. A larger kingpin offset generating a positive scrub radius improves steering leverage and reduces steering torque, particularly beneficial for power-assisted steering systems. However, its broader implications for wheel-end design require detailed evaluation. High-fidelity multi-body dynamics models, validated through instrumented vehicle testing, were employed to quantify these effects under diverse scenarios, including low-speed maneuvering, high-speed lane changes, and severe braking. Results indicate that a controlled increase in scrub radius (10–20 mm) reduces steering
Pandiyan, Mahendran, Saxena, Saurabh
Further Investigation of Brake Squeal: Effect of (Inboard/Outboard) Pads Property Differential2026-01-0799To be published on 09/14/2026
It was reported earlier that the wear differential between the inboard pad and the outboard pad leads to brake squeal generation. The (I/O) pads wear differential can occur due to hardware issues such as brake pad drag and/or two different wear rates of the (I/O) pads, which is caused by two different properties of the pads although the pad formula may be the same. The current investigation focuses on the pad property issues. It is found that pad compressibility differential and pad hardness differential are closely related to brake squeal generation. The property differentials are caused by pad porosity variations. The implications of hardness differential on friction/vibration will be discussed.
Liu, Richard, Wu, Shane, Wu, Godot, Li, Aihong, Zou, Tianlang
Influence of Caliper Piston Wall Thickness and Hard Anodizing on Thermal Transfer and Seal Rollback Stability in Hydraulic Disc Brakes2026-01-0822To be published on 09/14/2026
Thermal stability and sealing reliability are critical performance parameters in hydraulic disc brake systems, especially under high-energy braking conditions where elevated temperatures directly influence brake fluid behavior and elastomer seal durability. Lightweight design trends increasingly encourage reduction in caliper piston wall thickness to optimize mass and response characteristics; however, such modifications alter the thermal conduction path and transient heat distribution within the piston–seal interface. This study investigates the combined effect of 50% reduction in aluminum caliper piston wall thickness and increase in hard anodizing thickness from 20 µm to 50 µm on heat transfer characteristics and piston seal rollback consistency. A comparative analytical and experimental approach is adopted to evaluate thermal resistance changes due to variation in anodic oxide layer thickness and piston geometry. One-dimensional thermal modeling is correlated with controlled
Badade, Ashish Laxman
Design considerations for optimizing the wheel bearing outer ring bolt‑mounting pattern for reduced drag2026-01-0830To be published on 09/14/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) place unique and demanding requirements on wheel bearing systems due to their increased vehicle mass, higher torque output, and the need for improved energy efficiency to maximize driving range. These factors elevate the loads transmitted through the bearing‐to‐knuckle joint, often necessitating higher clamp loads to maintain joint integrity. However, increased clamp loads can amplify wheel bearing outer ring distortion, leading to higher rotational drag and reduced bearing durability. Managing and minimizing outer ring distortion is therefore critical for EV wheel bearing design, as well as for high‑performance vehicles that experience extreme lateral loads at the hub‑to‑knuckle interface. This paper investigates key design considerations for optimizing the wheel bearing outer ring and its mounting interface to minimize distortion under elevated clamp loads. A comprehensive CAE‑based Design of Experiments (DOE) is conducted to evaluate the influence of various
Mandhadi, Chaitanya Reddy, Lee, Seungpyo, Bovee, Benjamin, Callaghan, Kevin
A Study on the Development of Brake Moan for CTBA Vehicles Using Simulation2026-01-0814To be published on 09/14/2026
Not only are customers' expectations for the development of various products, but also the demand for emotional quality improvement of the products is steadily increasing. Brake NVH, which is generated during vehicle braking, has a lot of influence on the emotional aspects of customers. There are several brake NVH such as judder, squeal, and moan. First, judder is phenomena of handle, brake pedal vibration and noise that occur during braking at the high-speed. The quality of judder has been improved a lot by applying judder detection and compensation logic in internal combustion engines and the heat load on the disc is reduced by regenerative braking in electric vehicles. So the judder problem hardly occurs these days. A squeal is a noise generated during braking at a low speed. The squeal is solved by tuning and shape change of a friction material in the high frequency band and by making the robust systems design such as caliper and disc in the low frequency band. Moan noise is low
KIM, SUNGHO, Kim, Jeongkyu, HWANG, JAEKEUN, Kang, Donghoon
Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Variable Space Parallel Mechanism2026-99-1638To be published on 07/24/2026
To obtain additional space for industrial sorting and assembly line labeling operations, this study conducts an analysis of the four-bar mechanism. Based on this analysis and combination, the redundant parallel mechanism is introduced. That is, on the basis of the traditional parallel mechanism with central rotation, the objective of expanding the working space is achieved. The degree of freedom of the screw theory and the disparities between the working space of this mechanism and that of the traditional mechanism are analyzed. Finally, through application analysis, it is demonstrated that the working space of this mechanism is variable and that the mechanism can adapt to diverse workplaces.
Li, Wenqian, Zhang, Xiaojie
Evaluation of Structural Service Performance of Low-temperature Modified Asphalt Pavement based on Peavy-Duty traffic Engineering2026-99-1645To be published on 07/24/2026
Relying on the reconstruction project, the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement significantly reduces the construction temperature of the asphalt mixture by 40 °C compared with the traditional asphalt pavement, and improves the road performance of the material. By comparing the two mixture rolling schemes, the compaction effect of scheme 2 is better. For AC-13 mixture, the flexural tensile strength of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 0.67 MPa higher than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and compared with SBS modified asphalt mixture, the final rut depth of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 2.68 mm shallower than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and the total deformation rate is 43.8% lower than that of the latter. The post-construction quality evaluation shows that the stability of the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement test section under the bearing capacity and high-temperature-water coupling is better than that of the conventional road
Liu, Chuanfeng, Xu, Ke, Shi, Zheng, Hao, Jidong, Zhao, Liandi, Xianwei, Wang
Advanced Predictive Modeling of Pipeline Settlement in Rectangular Pipe Jacking Tunneling using Hybrid Deep Learning Techniques: A PSO-LSTM-Self Attention Approach2026-99-1648To be published on 07/24/2026
Nowadays, as computer technology makes quick progress, innovative algorithms like deep learning are getting used more and more in underground engineering and lots of other fields. When working on rectangular pipe jacking tunnel projects, accurately predicting the magnitude of pipeline settlement is really key to keeping the work moving smoothly. But traditional ground settlement prediction methods mainly rely on empirical formulas and numerical simulation software. When applied to tunnels with complex geometries, though, these methods usually don’t work as well as needed. To fix this problem, our study came up with a new model called PSO-LSTM-Self-Attention Mechanism (shortened to PSO-LSTM-SAM), specifically designed to predict pipeline settlement caused by rectangular pipe jacking work. This model takes the data collected from construction monitoring and uses that as the input for time series modeling work. That allows for in-depth analysis of real-time settlement data, and as a
Chen, Yi, Weng, Xiaoxuan, Zhang, Hong, Li, Yongsuo, Hu, Da
Analysis and Experimental Research on The Impact of the BangBang Valve Switch on the Flow Rate of the Storage and Supply System2026-99-1615To be published on 07/24/2026
This article focuses on a wide range of high-precision storage and supply systems. Under the rated flow rate of 2.928 mg / s of the proportional flow controller, the instantaneous flow fluctuation range of the BangBang valve reaches 2.963 mg / s, exceeding the control accuracy requirement of 1% for the proportional flow controller. By establishing mathematical models of the BangBang valve, proportional valve, and proportional flow controller for simulation analysis, the trend of the simulation results is consistent with the experimental results. Furthermore, considering the spatial layout and weight of the storage and supply system, this paper proposes a method to improve the accuracy of flow output by adding 180 mL of air capacity between the proportional valve and the proportional flow controller. Ultimately, the maximum flow fluctuation of the proportional flow controller at the moment of the BangBang valve opening and closing is 2.941 mg / s, which meets the control accuracy of the
Li, Zhong, Yan, Zelong, Huang, Tiankun
Research on the Damage Behavior of the Aluminum Alloy Nozzle Closure in Solid Rocket Motor during the Bursting Process2026-99-1612To be published on 07/24/2026
When the aluminum alloy closure of the solid rocket motor nozzle is opened, tearing occurs at the root of the adhesive surface, which belongs to damage failure under a complex stress state. To help in the prediction and control of blasting pressure and nozzle closure failure morphology, this work designed and manufactured various shapes of 1060 aluminum alloy test specimens, performed damage tests, and calibrated the damage constitutive model parameters. The results gathered were utilized to create a finite element model of the nozzle aluminum alloy closure, and the blasting procedure was calculated. We conducted air pressure explosive tests on closures to confirm the finite element results. The numerical predictions and experimental results are very consistent, and the closure breaks along the adhesive surface. The constitutive characteristics obtained during material testing accurately characterize the closure’s damage process, providing a theoretical framework for the design and
Jia, Kai, Li, Weinan
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning Framework for Enhanced Prediction of Ground Settlement during Rectangular Pipe Jacking2026-99-1647To be published on 07/24/2026
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Hu, Shiwei, Hu, Rong, Zhang, Hong, Chen, Yi, Hu, Da
Lubrication Design and Experimental Verification of Long-Lifespan Ball Screw for Space Environment2026-99-1635To be published on 07/24/2026
Ball screws, as classic high-precision transmission structures, are widely used in various linear motion mechanisms. To meet the needs of space applications, it is necessary to address issues such as microgravity and long lifespan to enhance the in-orbit lifespan and reliability of ball screws. Traditional oil or grease lubrication methods are often unsuitable for space environments due to microgravity and vacuum evaporation problems. This paper conducts relevant research on lubrication design, friction pair design, and friction and wear verification to solve the lubrication and lifespan issues of long-lifespan ball screws for space applications.
Xie, Wen, Zhao, Jian, Gong, Kang, Hu, Xiaonan, Guo, Menglei, Jiao, Hanyu
Design of A Steerable Pressure Vessel Transfer Device2026-99-1637To be published on 07/24/2026
A rotatable pressure vessel transfer device has been designed to meet the positioning requirements of pressure vessels in old factory buildings with limited lifting space or insufficient crane lifting capacity, as well as small factory buildings with limited overall space. The device consists of a main driving rail car, a cable reel, a control box, and a towed transport car. In order to test the load-bearing capacity, passability, and stability of the transfer device for hill parking, experiments were conducted at the factory. The experimental results show that under full load conditions, the transfer device can park stably on the sloping track without any sliding phenomenon. The curved track passes smoothly without any jamming or derailment, meeting the design requirements.
Chen, Jinshan, Sun, Ye, Zhu, Jialei, Liang, Xiaodong, Wang, Hongfei
Research on Early Warning Mechanisms for Fastener Substitution in Aircraft Production2026-99-1624To be published on 07/24/2026
This research overcomes the serious problem of unregulated fastener substitution in aviation manufacturing, which is due to supply chain disruption, design modification, improved production, and permanent installation of substitute fasteners other than temporary installation substitutes. It can introduce potential risks, including the differences between designed and as-built configurations, and problems with the structural strength of parts. Analysis of a 20XX aircraft model that has been documented with 9 types of fasteners reveals that shortages of 4CE5 and 1CD6 remain constant manufacturing nonconformities and a major element causing long term quality erosion. We have developed an early warning system centered on data with the introduction of the Tolerable Substitution Ratio (TSR) and the non-substitution ratio (NSR). Empirical results show that after implementation, the substituted materials can save as much as 25%, which is approximately $534,000 on domestic sourcing costs and
Feng, Yu
Accurate Control of Refueling Volume for a New Type of Oil Change Device in the Reducer of Tobacco Machinery Equipment2026-99-1618To be published on 07/24/2026
In order to achieve precise control of refueling volume, improve oil change efficiency, reduce oil pollution and waste, a new oil change device for the reducer of the range hood equipment is studied. We design a new oil change device that integrates oil discharge and refueling functions based on the operating characteristics of the reducer in the range hood equipment. Using the rotational speed of the power pump and the flow rate of the oil pipeline as variables, we determine the refueling flow rate using a one-dimensional quadratic formula. Based on direct control theory, we optimize the relative position parameters of each component of the device, establish a control matrix, and achieve precise control. The experimental results show that the new oil change device exhibits good performance during both one-time oil discharge and refueling processes, meeting the precise control standards for refueling volume. The design and application of a new oil change device can effectively improve
He, Pengtao, Wei, Bo, Liang, Zhiyuan, Deng, Weiren, Liang, Wenbin, Xing, Yuquan
Calculation and Test on Ultimate Burst Strength of Tubing2026-99-1605To be published on 07/24/2026
Tubing Ultimate burst strength Full scale test
Cheng, Wenjia, Yang, Hongbin, Ge, Yuan, Zhong, Chongdi, Meng, Lingkun, Ji, Bingyin, Shi, Jiaoqi
Analysis of the Cause of Knocking Noise in a Marine Dual-Power Dual-Branch Transmission Gear System2026-99-1650To be published on 07/24/2026
This study investigates the knocking noise phenomenon in a marine dual-power dual-branch transmission gear system. Vibration mechanisms are analyzed, and potential failure modes are assessed. System vibration data were evaluated using time-domain and frequency-domain methods. Results show that overall vibration levels remained within acceptable limits, with no indication of imminent failure. Physical inspection confirmed that the shaft, gears, bearings, housing, and installation met specifications, with no observed performance degradation or structural damage. By correlating noise occurrence with vessel loading conditions, a strong relationship was identified among gear transmission torque, the power distribution ratio between high-and low-pressure turbines, and the onset of knocking. Specifically, under low-load conditions, uneven power and torque distribution among the four gear branches led to insufficient loading on the low-pressure side. This light-load state induced instability
Gu, Chengzhong, Xu, Hanwei, Luo, Rirong, Ren, Fushan
Load Analysis of Flap and Slat Actuators in Aircraft High-Lift Systems2026-99-1802To be published on 07/17/2026
This study develops an end-to-end load analysis scheme for flap and slat actuators, which comprise the aircraft’s high-lift system, and the analysis results are directly integrated into hardware optimization. Because they shoulder heavy responsibilities during the takeoff and landing phases, whether they can remain rock-solid under complex aerodynamic conditions or even remain unmoved in emergencies is directly related to their overall safety performance. This work process is closely linked and includes three major links. First of all, according to the CCAR-25.301 standard, the load envelope under normal working conditions is sorted out, and the limit cases of abnormal faults are exhausted. Subsequently, ANSYS Workbench pulled silk and peeled off the cocoons to capture the peak stress at the engagement between the output shaft and the gear. In the end, the closed-loop verification of the customized test bench made the theoretical calculations and the hardware-measured data exactly the
Xu, Yuanze
Research on Ground-based Testing of Optimized Engine-Driven Pumps for Civil Aircraft2026-99-1824To be published on 07/17/2026
This study focuses on the ground testing of an optimized engine-driven pump system for civil aircraft. It proposes the test methods for the pressure pulsation at the pump outlet, the stress and vibration of the pipeline, and the cabin noise level on board. These tests are designed to determine whether the function and performance of the optimized engine-driven pump meet the intended improvement objectives. This paper elaborates on the test objectives of the pressure pulsation test, pipeline stress test, pipeline vibration test, and noise test on ground-based testing of civil aircraft. It proposes corresponding testing methodologies, summarizes the technical specification requirements for selecting different types of test sensors, outlines the principles for selecting test points during the testing process, and presents methods for processing the collected test data. By conducting tests on a specific model of civil aircraft and coupling with comparative analysis of test data, it was
Li, Ying, Qi, Xiaoyan
Research on the Protection Design of Flexible Cables for Civil Aircraft2026-99-1828To be published on 07/17/2026
Flexible cables are widely used in aircraft and are essential for ensuring the proper functioning of critical systems and flight safety. The design and validation of these cables represent a foundational technology in enabling the transmission of electrical power and signals throughout the entire aircraft. To achieve their intended service life, appropriate protective measures and experimental verification must be implemented. Drawing on the development experience of flexible cables for a specific domestic aircraft model, this paper proposes a combined protection method designed to extend the service life of flexible cables. Experimental analysis demonstrates the practicality and reference value of this approach.
Shi, Liqing, Hu, Huanghua, Ge, Zengwen
Study on Cleaning Requirements and Verification Methods for Oxygen Equipment of a Certain Type of Civil Aircraft2026-99-1803To be published on 07/17/2026
Pollution in the oxygen system of civil aircraft may lead to fire accidents, and maintaining the cleanliness of oxygen equipment is the most effective measure to reduce the risk of fire. This paper introduces the cleanliness requirements, cleaning methods, and procedures of oxygen equipment, and combines the cleanliness level requirements of oxygen equipment for a certain type of civil aircraft. By detecting the total weight of Non-Volatile Residue and the size and quantity of particles on the surface of the parts, it verifies whether the specific cleaning process can meet the cleanliness level required by the design. In addition, the possible sources of pollutants are analyzed based on the first unqualified verification results, and targeted improvement directions for the process are provided. After re-performing the cleanliness verification test, the results passed successfully, indicating that the process improvement is effective and has passed the airworthiness certification of the
Huang, Jingqi
Multi-Frame Centroid Extraction Method for Optical Navigation During the Approach Phase of Small Body2026-99-1851To be published on 07/17/2026
Autonomous optical navigation is one of the important navigation methods for the small bodies approach phase. To improve optical navigation performance during the approach phase to a small body, this paper presents a method for extracting the target centroid from sequential optical images. The process begins with fitting a minimum enclosing ellipse to the detected contours in each frame to obtain an initial estimate of the centroid. Building upon this, edge corner points across adjacent images are matched using normalized cross-correlation, and their displacement is tracked using optical flow techniques. The observed pixel trajectories are analyzed, and a predictive model of pixel motion is formulated based on the geometric relationship between the detector and the small body. By combining the directly extracted centroids with the predicted motion of key pixels, a fusion strategy is developed to improve the reliability of the centroid estimation. Finally, numerical simulation results
Liu, Jing, Zhu, Shengying
Adaptive Class-Incremental Learning Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Rolling Bearings2026-99-05967/10/2026
As a key component of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the stable operation of motor bearings is of vital importance to the stability of UAVs. In view of the incomplete data set in the actual diagnosis process, samples not encountered during model training are highly likely to appear. This paper proposes an Adaptive Class-Incremental Learning(ACIL) intelligent fault diagnosis method. This method construct a ResNet framework embedded with Coordinate Attention as the base architecture for class-incremental learning. Furthermore, the Information Preservation Example Selection(IPES) method is utilized to alleviate catastrophic forgetting and update the model from the previous phase using knowledge distillation under coordinate attention. The effectiveness of this method is verified through experiments on the bearing test dataset. The results show that, both average incremental accuracy and average incremental forgetting rate achieve state-of-the-art performance, which means that the
Song, Ziyang, Lu, Jiantao, Wu, Wei, Li, Shunming
Study on Mechanical Performances and Fatigue Life of the Compensation Ropes in High-Speed Railway Contact Network2026-99-05157/10/2026
The compensation rope is a special steel wire rope used as a driving component in the ratchet device. The compensation rope will endure severe random cycling loading during service time, which will lead to fatigue failures and catastrophic disasters. Experimental studies are hard to mimic the practical working conditions and time consuming, therefore, this study establishes a finite element model of the compensation rope and simulates the stress distribution under axial tensile and bending loads. Fatigue life is analysed based on both stress and strain fatigue theories under alternating tensile and bending loads. The results indicate that under axial tensile loads, the stress in the outermost wires of the core strands of the compensation rope is the largest, with the minimum fatigue life. As the stress ratio of the alternating tensile load increases, the fatigue life also improves due to smaller stress amplitudes. Under the conditions of bending loads, the outermost wires of the
Du, Fei, Cong, Jiajia, Bian, Haoxiang, Zhu, Junchen, Zhao, Aiguo
A Comparative Study of Pin Connection Methods in Aircraft Structural Assemblies2026-99-05697/10/2026
In the aerospace industry, pins are crucial for fastening multiple connected structural parts, ensuring a flush connection that does not protrude from the assembly’s surface. These pins are installed through various methods to meet stringent mechanical and anti-loosening requirements, essential for aircraft structural integrity. Typical pin installation techniques include clearance fit with punch point installation, small interference fit with punch point installation, large interference fit with punch point installation, and interference fit without punch point installation. This study examines the connection reliability and manufacturability of different pin assembly processes, focusing on load testing under operational conditions. Results indicate that a small interference fit (0-0.01mm) combined with punch point installation provides high connection reliability and ease of manufacture, with punch point methods notably enhancing loadbearing capability and assembly integrity. In
Hua, Shengyan
A Novel Rotating Component Comprehensive Diagnostic Network Based on Stacked Auto Encoders and Sparse Filter Combined with Generative Adversarial Network2026-99-05347/10/2026
Nowadays, the majority of intelligent fault diagnosis approaches are still centered on individual faulty components, while only a limited number of models are capable of performing integrated diagnosis for rotating systems that consist of shafts, bearings, and gears. Under variable-speed operating conditions, the large scale of vibration data further complicates the process of effective feature extraction. To improve these challenges, this study develops a comprehensive diagnostic framework for rotating components, termed WGAN-SAFC. The proposed architecture integrates a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) with a hybrid structure of stacked autoencoders and sparse filtering (SAFC). SAFC integrates the feature-learning capability of SAE and the sparsity-driven representation of SF, while incorporating adversarial data generation to address sample imbalance and enhance fault diagnosis performance. Experimental verification on collected vibration datasets demonstrates that
Li, Shunming, Feng, Mengqi
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock, 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476G (Current)7/8/2026
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Fittings, Tube, Fluid Systems, Separable, Beam Seal, 3000/4000 psi, General Specification For (Supplement 1)AS85421SUP1A (Current)7/7/2026
This supplement forms a part of SAE Aerospace Specification AS85421. It shall be used to identify fitting standards citing this procurement specification.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Aircraft Engine–Specific Thrust and Visibility from 2D and Circular Nozzle Exits2026-01-60037/7/2026
In modern warfare, military control of the airspace determines aircraft survivability against the most widespread missile threats. The aero-engine exhaust system is an important source of infrared (IR) signatures from the rear aspect, particularly in the 2–3 μm and 3–5 μm IR bands. Two-dimensional (2D; non-axisymmetric) nozzle exits with high aspect ratio (AR > 5) are widely used in stealth aircraft engines due to their low IR signature, ease in thrust vectoring, and high maneuverability and agility. This analytical study compares the specific thrust (for choked and unchoked flow regimes) and the visible planar areas of a 2D nozzle exit with different ARs with those of a circular nozzle, as seen from the direct rear view. The nozzle’s isentropic efficiency (ηis,noz) is obtained in terms of the total pressure ratio, and the effect of AR on ηis,noz is examined for 1 ≤ AR ≤ 15. It is found that ηis,noz decreases with increasing AR, but this decrease is more rapid in unchoked flow than in
Baranwal, Nidhi
UMV Peoplemover: Towards a Modular Fully Automated Vehicle Research Platform2026-01-07847/1/2026
The UMV Peoplemover 2+2 is part of a modular vehicle family (Urban Modular Vehicle) that includes derivatives for passenger and cargo transport in urban environments. The platform supports automated movers as well as conventionally controlled vehicles with a human driver, ensuring high flexibility across applications. The modular platform enables the extensive use of common parts, allowing the efficient and cost-effective realization of multiple vehicle variants. The increased share of common parts also improves sustainability by reducing derivative-specific parts, material usage, and production complexity. A drivable demonstrator of the UMV Peoplemover 2+2 has already been realized. The vehicle is designed for the automated transport of up to four occupants in a 2+2 vis-à-vis seating arrangement and is targeted at demand-oriented shuttle services. While the drivable demonstrator validated the proof of concept, it lacked the core Level 4 hardware and software stack for automated
Pohl, Eric, Schmid, Fabian, Münster, Marco, Siefkes, Tjark, Stuebler, Tillmann, Mohammed, Shawan
Identifying and Mitigating Resonance Effects in HV Powernets: A Comprehensive Investigation into Current Ripple Effects in HV Power Nets2026-01-07427/1/2026
HV Power nets of electric vehicles consist of various HV components such as batteries, inverters, auxiliaries and cables. During in-vehicle testing, multiple failures of an auxiliary inverter were observed, caused by resonance issues within the component filter. Initial investigations revealed that these resonances, absent during manufacturer testbench evaluations, were influenced by the vehicle power net and its impedance characteristics. To better understand the underlying causes and identify preventative measures, extensive simulations were performed. The results demonstrate a diminishing influence of the power net capacitance when significantly larger than the component capacitance. Also, they highlight the critical impact of cable inductance on the component resonance frequency when comparable to the component’s inductance. A simplified electrical equivalent circuit was used to derive an equation predicting the resonance frequency as a function of the component’s capacitance
Schmiel, Fabian, Aurand, Tobias, Koehnlechner, Benjamin, Zimmer, Markus
Design and Prototyping of a Winding Reconfiguration System for Electric Traction Applications2026-01-07307/1/2026
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) place high demands on electric drives across a wide operating range: high efficiency in customer-related driving scenarios and maximum performance in dynamic driving modes. A promising solution to this challenge is the dynamic reconfiguration of the electric machine winding configuration between series and parallel mode, enabling optimal electromagnetic properties of the drive for different operating points. This paper presents the design and prototyping of an electronic winding reconfiguration system for high-performance traction applications. The hardware prototype has been designed and built, but has not yet been tested, which is why the results are based on simulations. Unlike mechanical winding reconfiguration concepts, which have long transition times and cannot switch under load, the proposed system enables fast and safe load transitions between the winding configurations. The study describes the topology and hardware of the switching unit
Oestreicher, Raphael, Schneider, Jörg, von Ohlen, David, Fuchs, Patrick, Kulzer, André Casal
Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control2026-01-07367/1/2026
This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization. Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations, and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent
Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner
A Transition Curve-Based Design Method for the Recirculation Channel in Internal Recirculating Ball Screws15-19-03-00117/1/2026
Internal recirculating ball screws are widely used as linear motion components in automotive active safety systems, owing to their simple structure and compact size. The recirculation (or deflection) channel is a key feature that distinguishes this type from other ball screw designs. The objective of this article is to investigate this key feature that has been rarely addressed in existing research on internal ball screw. The conventional design method for the recirculation channel involves sweeping the cross-section along the center curve. The center curve is typically defined by various classical equations. These equations are applied in different application scenarios. In automotive braking systems, high loads and strict size constraints place critical demands on both the recirculation channel and its center curve. As a representative best-practice example, the machined channel in the screw is typically employed in this application. This article compares several classical center
Xia, Xinan, Xia, Yanzhe, Zhao, Tina
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IB-994_VOLUME17/1/2026
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener
Couplings, Hose, Reattachable Screw-OnAS38404A (Current)6/30/2026
This document establishes the requirements for screw-on type reattachable couplings for use in low temperature hose assemblies.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
COUPLING, MALE, 6 INCH AIR DUCTAS7365/5A (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
BAND, MALE COUPLING, 6 INCH AIR DUCTAS7365/9A (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
PORT OR FITTING END, INTERNAL STRAIGHT THREAD, DESIGN STANDARDAS5202B (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
COUPLING, FEMALE, 6 INCH AIR DUCTAS7365/4A (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
BAND, MALE COUPLING, 12 INCH AIR DUCTAS7365/7A (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
BAND, FEMALE COUPLING, 6 INCH AIR DUCTAS7365/8A (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, MALEAS38386/1B (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Duct Assembly, Ground, Conditioned Air, Insulated, FlexibleAS38386A (Current)6/23/2026
This document covers insulated, flexible air duct assemblies for portable ground support air conditioners and heaters.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, FEMALEAS38386/2B (Current)6/23/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Additive Manufacturing Certified for Aerospace135736/22/2026
When aircrafts are lighter, they use less fuel and are easier to maintain. That's why major airline manufacturers are increasingly using titanium and carbon in their construction. Norsk Titanium is the only high deposition rate additive manufacturing company that is FAA-approved and OEM-qualified for structural titanium parts--and their wire-based manufacturing process reduces material waste by up to 50%. Listen in as we sit down with Philip Riegler, Product Quality Manager, to explore how additive manufacturing is transforming aerospace production, from lightweight titanium structural components to large-format printed parts for commercial and defense aircraft. From serial production programs with Airbus and Boeing to future applications in aerospace, defense, and space, this conversation dives into the realities of certifying 3D-printed flight hardware, scaling additive manufacturing globally, and why titanium supply chain pressures are pushing the industry toward a new era of
Patterson, Lori
Dynamic Characterisation and Modelling of Electrical Cables under Representative Load Conditions2026-01-06766/20/2026
Electric high voltage (HV) cables are commonly used in automotive applications and very prominently in electrified vehicles. These cables are potential flanking transmission paths for structure-borne sound in a broad frequency range and must therefore be included in the NVH design process. Electrical high voltage cables exhibit non-linear mechanical characteristics, when exposed to significant bending the internal geometry of the cable will change and a curvature dependent bending stiffness will result. The electrical cables envisaged in the current publication feature a helically wound stranded aluminium wire core. This conductive core is covered by, in sequence, a silicone rubber insulation, a braided aluminium wire shield with aluminium foil to minimize electromagnetic interference and a silicone rubber outer sheath. An extensive measurement campaign was carried out to dynamically characterize cable specimen of different lengths and cross sections in terms of multi-degree of freedom
Nijman, Eugene, Buchegger, Blasius, Böhler, Elmar, Zeller, Bernhard, Rejlek, Jan, Faksa, Lukáš, Lukavsky, David
High-Frequency Mount Characterization: A Comparison of Methodologies2026-01-06936/20/2026
The rapid electrification of the automotive industry introduces new challenges in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). In particular, in a virtual prototyping phase of the e-vehicles development, the rubber mounts are often one of the key elements to be considered when analysing the structure borne noise contributions. Having an accurate experimental characterization of the mount dynamic stiffness curves is therefore very relevant. However, conventional mount characterization methods are often pushed to their limits, partly due to the use of stiffer bushings, and partly because the frequency range of interest is extended toward higher frequencies. When using inverse substructuring, the dynamic stiffness curves can be obtained from frequency response function measurements. The required test setup consists of excitations and responses, located on each side of the mount via dedicated fixtures. The measured frequency response functions are reduced into 6 degrees of freedom representation
Bianciardi, Fabio, Forrier, Bart, Minervini, Domenico, Barbieri, Marco, Janssens, Karl
Influence of Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Techniques on High-Frequency Sideband Vibrations in IPMSM Drives for EVs2026-01-06956/20/2026
Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) induces common-mode voltage (CMV) in three-phase voltage-source inverters, producing steep voltage edges that can lead to high leakage currents. In electric drive applications, these currents accelerate motor bearing degradation and may cause winding insulation failure. Active-zero-state PWM (AZSPWM) and near-state PWM (NSPWM) have been proposed as alternative modulation strategies to mitigate CMV and reduce drive degradation. This paper investigates the noise, vibration, and harshness performance of AZSPWM and NSPWM in comparison with conventional SVPWM. The proposed CMV reduction schemes are evaluated in terms of both CMV mitigation and their impact on high-frequency sideband vibration harmonics. Experimental results demonstrate that the CMV reduction strategies are highly effective in lowering CMV levels relative to SVPWM; however, this benefit is accompanied by an increase in vibration levels, which may adversely affect the mechanical
Khamis, Mahmoud Aly, Tatar, Andrei Alexandru, Repecho, Victor, Doria-Cerezo, Arnau
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