Browse Topic: Parts and Components

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Wheel bearings play a critical role in providing smooth rotation when vehicles move in straight line and turning motions. Automotive electrification continues to accelerate, emphasizing specific market demands such as lightweighting, lower torque, and quietness. In addition to the above requirements, reduced development timing for automotive programs is required. Recently, the number of bearing manufacturers that utilize Model-Based Development (MBD) have been increasing in order to reduce development time. NTN has developed an integrated calculation automated system which is called Axle Bearing Integrated Calculation System (ABICS) that automates each step of the design processes for third generation hub bearings. After ABICS was released, man-hours per development project were reduced by 80 percent compared to previously used design flows in which each step of the design processes had been performed by a human. In order to further reduce development timing, even more focus has been
Kitada, TatsuyaBarrett, RobMatsubuchi, HirokiSuma, Hiroto
Electric vehicles (EVs) require improved drag performance from wheel bearings to achieve a longer range. EVs are heavier and have higher torque output compared to internal combustion-powered vehicles. Due to the increased weight and torque of EVs, there will be higher loads at the bearing-to-knuckle joint. These increased loads may necessitate higher clamp loads to maintain joint integrity. However, higher clamp loads can lead to distortion or reduced roundness of the wheel bearing outer ring. Such distortion permanently increases drag and reduces bearing life. Therefore, after vehicle corner assembly with higher clamp loads, it is critical to minimize outer ring distortion during the initial assembly and throughout the bearing's lifespan. This paper will cover the design considerations for the wheel bearing outer ring to minimize distortion, utilizing Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis for various designs. A Design of Experiments (DOE) will be conducted to understand the
Mandhadi, Chaitanya ReddyCallaghan, KevinSutherlin, RobertLee, SeungpyoLee, YeonsikBovee, Benjamin
Bearings are essential mechanical components that support external loads and facilitate rotational motion. With the increasing demand for high-performance applications in industries such as semiconductors, aerospace, and robotics, the need for accurate and robust performance evaluation has intensified. Traditionally, bearing performance has been assessed using static or quasi-static theoretical approaches. However, these methods are limited in their ability to capture time-dependent behaviors, which are critical in real-world applications. In this study, a rigid body dynamics analysis was proposed to evaluate the time-dependent behavior of bearings. The methodology was first applied to a deep groove ball bearing, and the results were compared with those obtained from bearing theory to validate the approach. Subsequently, the method was extended to an automotive wheel bearing, and the time-dependent contact angles and ball loads were analyzed under axial and radial loading conditions
Lee, Seungpyo
Electro-mechanical braking (EMB) system has emerged as a potential candidate that serves the brake-by-wire technology. Several mechanisms are used to transmit the clamp force, where each has efficiency losses due to static friction and viscous damping. Compensating these losses is essential for accurate responses such that meeting the performance goal and improving the stopping distance of the EMB. Mathematical and empirical models are used to estimate these losses so that clamp force is accurately estimated and controlled. However, none of these models are capable of addressing the part-to-part variation or predicting the impact of other noise factors on these losses such as operating temperature and degradation. The purpose of this work is to online estimate the EMB coulomb friction by introducing an external torque command over a period of time while observing the system’s response. This approach continuously measures the coulomb friction while the system is in normal operation
Aljoaba, SharifRamakrishnan, RajaDobbs, Jeremy
This study investigated a novel nozzle orifice design to improve thermal efficiency. The offset orifice nozzle has holes drilled offset of less than 0.5 mm from the radial center of the nozzle. Engine performance test and in-cylinder combustion observation were carried out by means of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experimental results demonstrated that the offset orifice nozzle achieved significant improvements in both heat loss and thermal efficiency, regardless of the compression ratio and operating load conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been revealed yet. Therefore, investigation into the mechanisms behind heat loss reduction and thermal efficiency improvements with the offset orifice geometry is the purpose for establishing design guidelines for optimization. It was revealed by the combustion visualization that the flame tip length of the offset orifice nozzle was shortened with significantly wider flame cone angle from very close to the orifice exit even
Mukayama, TomoyukiUchida, Noboru
The interaction of electric, electronic (E/E) and mechanical components defines the quality of a BEV’s powertrain. Component selection, their integration and calibration aim at meeting legal requirements for EMC and safety as well as competitive targets for efficiency, NVH and driving comfort. These tasks in particular need attention on electromagnetic events on the DC bus, the high-power electronics of inverters, the e-motors, and the drive shaft. Each component within this environment is defined by its electromechanical features with variabilities selected from a large set of operating parameters. Consequently, a complete powertrain and its controllers give rise to endless combinations for powertrain operation. How to understand and avoid risk laden and ineffective parameter options, how to find powertrain control parameters for safe, efficient and comfortable operation? And how to find solutions within competitive development timeframes? Particular issues include high voltage risks
Winklhofer, ErnstBerglez, ManuelKiss, GergelyPlatzer, Thomas
Hydrogen direct injection is a promising strategy for enabling high-efficiency, low-emission powertrains. However, challenges related to mixture stratification and jet modeling persist, particularly under engine representative conditions. This study numerically investigates a simplified injector model, focusing on the downstream hydrogen jet behavior from of a hydrogen low-pressure direct-injection jet-forming cap under both constant-volume chamber (CVC) and engine conditions. The primary objective is to evaluate numerical methodologies and explore model simplification strategies that remain computationally feasible while preserving physical fidelity—particularly relevant for early-stage hydrogen injector development. Experimental data serve as validation benchmarks across operating regimes. In the CVC platform, large eddy simulations (LES) provide turbulence-resolving insights that inform the refinement of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. RANS simulations are then
Menaca, RafaelLiu, XinleiSilva, MickaelWu, HaoBen Houidi, MoezMohan, BalajiCenker, EmreAlRamadan, AbdullahSyed, IlteshamPei, YuanjiangRoberts, WilliamIm, Hong G.
Medical tubing is an essential component of countless healthcare applications, from intravenous (IV) and oxygen lines to catheters and diagnostic equipment. These tubes, often made of clear flexible polymers, must be produced to exacting standards: free of contaminants, strong under pressure, and biocompatible. However, the joining process to connect these tubes can introduce significant manufacturing challenges.
The increased functionality of today’s medical devices is astounding. Optical devices, for example, analyze chemicals, toxins, and biologic specimens. Semiconductor devices sense, analyze, and communicate. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices utilize inertial methods to detect motion, direct light, and move components over short distances. Radiofrequency (RF) devices communicate wirelessly to other devices directly and remotely over the Internet. Handheld acoustic devices scan the body and build a virtual 3D model that shows conditions in the body. The innovation currently happening in the medical device industry is staggering, limited only by imagination and finding technical methods to implement the vision.
September is unofficially known in the industry as a key forecasting month. It's when several suppliers lock in their revenue forecasts for the next year. As we approach 2026, there are still several balls in the air with respect to the trajectory of the light vehicle market. Looming U.S. tariffs, negative economic and geo-political shifts, and the impact of changes to U.S. vehicle emission legislation have all brought with them a cloud of uncertainty that hovers over the industry. An industry that requires greater planning clarity, not less. Let's start with the tariffs. As of this writing, the major vehicle and parts importers outside of North America have agreed to 15% U.S. tariffs for vehicles and parts. In the case of Japan and the European Union, this is 12.5 percentage points higher than 2024 levels. In the case of South Korea, it's 15 points more, as there was a free trade agreement in force. While these framework agreements drive some level of certainty, the final details
Researchers at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory are using advanced manufacturing techniques to revitalize the domestic production of very large metal parts that weigh at least 10,000 pounds each and are necessary for a variety of industries, including clean energy.
As fast as modern electronics have become, they could be much faster if their operations were based on light, rather than electricity. Fiber optic cables already transport information at the speed of light, but to do computations on that information without translating it back to electric signals will require a host of new optical components.
Efficient propulsion technologies that utilize alternative fuels are becoming increasingly critical to achieve high efficiency at the vehicle scale while fulfilling global regulations in terms of emissions and criteria pollutants. In this scenario, hydrogen (H2) represents an important and appealing part of the solution due to its molecular composition and unique physical and chemical properties. With reference to internal combustion engines, much research is needed to overcome technical challenges that make H2 use not yet viable at the industrial scale. This work focuses on the computational modeling of some of the fundamental aspects of H2’s physical behavior, which can be useful to the development of high-pressure H2 injection systems. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are discussed with the goal of understanding the near- and far-nozzle behavior of H2 using single- and multi-hole nozzles. This study presents the validation of the computational framework against literature
Torelli, RobertoPark, Ji-WoongPei, Yuanjiang
The transportation and mobility industry trend toward electrification is rapidly evolving and in this specific scenario, wind noise aeroacoustics becomes one of the major concerns for OEMs, as new propulsion systems are notably quieter than traditional ones. There is, however, very limited references available in the literature regarding validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations applied to the prediction of aeroacoustics contribution to the noise generated by large commercial trucks. Thus, in this work, high-fidelity CFD simulations are performed using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which uses very large eddy simulation (VLES) turbulence model and compared to on-road physical tests of a heavy-duty truck to validate the approach. Furthermore, the effect of realistic wind conditions is also analyzed. Two different truck configurations are considered: one with side mirror (Case A) and the other without (Case B) side mirrors. The main focus of this work is to assess the
Guleria, AbhishekNovacek, JustinIhi, RafaelFougere, NicolasDasarathan, Devaraj
This SAE Information Report is provided as an advisory guide and is not intended to be made a procurement requirement. Individual application discretion is recommended. The content has been presented as accurately as possible, but responsibility for its application lies with the user. The document covers a number of the variables in the torque-tension relationship: friction, materials, temperature, humidity, fastener and mating part finishes, surfaces, and the kind of tightening tools or equipment used. With an understanding of the variables to be considered, several methods to determine and tighten fasteners using the torque-tension relationship are identified. This guide is limited in application to fasteners with ISO-metric or UN series threads. Other thread types, such as self-tapping or thread forming, may apply to some aspects of this standard but are not specifically covered. The procedures described in this document are based on general factors for the determination of the
Fasteners Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice defines a clearance line for establishing dimensional compatibility between drum brakes and wheels with 19.5-inch, 22.5-inch, and 24.5-inch diameter rims. Wheels designed for use with drum brakes may not be suitable for disc brake applications. The lines provided establish the maximum envelope for brakes, including all clearances, and minimum envelope for complete wheels to allow for interchangeability. This document addresses the dimensional characteristics only and makes no reference to the performance, operational dynamic deflections, or heat dissipation of the system. Valve clearances have not been included in the fitment lines. Bent valves may be required to clear brake drums. Disc brake applications may require additional running clearances beyond those provided by the minimum contour lines. Mounting systems as noted are referenced in SAE J694.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
This ARP provides definitions and background information regarding the physical performance and testing of DDVs. This ARP also provides extensive guidance for the preparation of procurement specifications and functional testing.
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
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