Browse Topic: Parts and Components

Items (34,863)
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This test method outlines the recommended procedure for performing radial limit load and ultimate load tests on low-speed airframe and high-speed helicopter rotor head bearings.
ACBG Plain Bearing Committee
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
During the operation, a spring in the built-in safety valve of a dangerous goods tanker. A comprehensive failure analysis of the material was conducted through macroscopic and microscopic inspections, metallographic analysis, energy spectrum analysis (EDS), and hardness tests. The failure mode of the broken spring was brittle fracture. The fracture morphology was like that of ice sugar, and the chemical composition of the spring steel met the specified requirements. The main cause of fracture failure is the mechanical damage to the inner surface during the spring manufacturing process, which leads to stress concentration in the damaged area and ultimately results in fracture. In addition, manufacturers should strengthen and standardize the production process to prevent mechanical damage and select high-purity spring steel to improve the durability of the springs.
Yang, LijunLi, QingshanXiong, MingmingLiu, MingmingWu, JunyaoYu, LangZhang, ZeweiXie, Xumeng
Transient gas-liquid two-phase flow in aero-engine fuel pipelines was examined using numerical simulations, focusing on the influence of flow rate on phase change behavior. Under low-flow conditions, phase change occurred repeatedly near the pipe wall, where vapor layers formed and collapsed in an intermittent manner. These processes introduced noticeable unsteadiness in the local mass flow and pressure fields. When the flow rate was increased, vapor generation was largely confined to a narrow region adjacent to the wall, and the overall flow exhibited a more stable character. The results suggest that flow-rate-dependent phase change plays an important role in determining the stability of fuel transport and should be considered in the fire safety assessment of aircraft fuel systems.
Wu, BinXin, BoZeng, TaiSu, Zhengliang
Quayside container cranes (QCCs), essential for cargo handling in seaport operations, are particularly vulnerable to damage under strong wind conditions. This study investigates the wind-induced dynamic behavior of QCCs equipped with active anti-wind systems, focusing on the mechanisms that govern cable stress and sliding instability. A five-degree-of-freedom mathematical model is established, incorporating nonlinear cable stiffness, restricted sliding through a Kelvin-Voigt collision model, and a combined Stribeck-Coulomb friction model for the wheel-rail interface. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the influence of three key factors, the anti-wind cable diameter, the sliding displacement of the QCC wheel, and the wheel-rail friction coefficient, on cable stress responses. The results show that increasing the cable diameter and friction coefficient significantly reduces peak cable stress, whereas greater sliding displacement increases stress accumulation and structural vulnerability. Sensitivity analysis reveals that cable diameter has the most dominant effect on cable stress, followed by sliding displacement and friction coefficient. This work might provide theoretical foundations for the design and optimisation of wind-resistant QCC structures, as well as for the development of more reliable anti-wind protection systems in extreme conditions.
Xiang, LeiJi, HuanyuLiu, ZhiweiWang, ZiyouXu, Xinyue
Aiming at the problem of shaft alignment disturbed by the centroid distribution of the raft in the ship propulsion system, the quantitative influence of centroid offset on bearing load distribution and axis deformation is revealed. Based on the theory of an elastically supported continuous beam, the finite element model of the raft-shaft coupling system is established. By adjusting the position of the raft counterweight mass point (longitudinal offset range ±0.5 m) to simulate the centroid change, the static solution algorithm is used to analyze the key parameters, such as bearing load and axis alignment accuracy, under multiple groups of centroid offset conditions. It is concluded that when the centroid of the raft moves to the propeller end, the load of the 1# and 2# bearing near the propeller end increases, and the load of the 3# and 6# bearing near the thrust plate end decreases. The lateral offset of the center of mass increases, the axial offset at the stern bearing increases, the maximum deflection of the shafting increases, and the deformation of the raft structure increases. The centroid distribution of the raft is a disturbance source of the shafting alignment state, and its offset will reconstruct the bearing load distribution and cause the axis deformation. It is recommended to control the lateral offset of the center of mass at the design stage and reserve the dynamic compensation margin for the shafting alignment.
Yin, HongJin, YongWang, JunTian, Jiabing
Airplane pipe assembly is an important part of the aircraft manufacturing process. There are some limitations, such as poor adaptability and a long manufacturing cycle, in conventional clamps used for clamping pipes. To avoid these limitations, this paper developed a pipe clamping system with the capability of adapting pipes with different shapes and diameters. The least squares method was used to build a coordinate system for the pipe and pipe clamp system. The kinematical model of the pipe clamp system was analyzed. A method of finding the inverse solution of mechanical kinematical parameters was proposed, and was utilized to drive a mechanism performing a positioning function. The experiment, detailed in this paper, authenticated that the positioning precision of the pipe clamp system satisfies the requirements of airplane manufacture.
Xu, JunZhao, XiWang, Wei
This paper focuses on the critical issue of lubrication performance in journal bearing manufacturing, employing numerical simulation techniques to investigate how manufacturing errors from processing accuracy impact lubrication behaviors. As core components in mechanical systems—especially diesel engine crankshaft bearings operating under complex conditions—journal bearings’ lubrication performance directly determines equipment stability, energy efficiency, and service life. Manufacturing deviations-induced poor lubrication can cause increased friction, severe wear, or even failures, underscoring the research’s practical value. The study constructs a refined numerical model based on the Navier-Stokes equations within the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework, ensuring it reliably depicts fluid flow in bearing clearances. It then systematically analyzes the lubrication responses of diesel engine crankshaft bearings under diverse operational scenarios, varying key manufacturing-related parameters: roundness degrees and clearance dimensions, which mimic real production discrepancies like tool wear or machining vibration. Additionally, the research explores shaft center trajectory variations under two extreme operating conditions, as shaft movement reflects the lubrication film’s loadbearing and stability capacities. Surface roundness and clearance are identified as pivotal to journal bearing performance: they significantly alter oil film thickness distribution—critical for avoiding metal contact—and determine the maximum fluid pressure within bearings, a key load-bearing indicator. Moreover, the amplitude and phase angle of roundness fluctuations (often overlooked) exert substantial impacts on lubrication stability and load-bearing properties, offering insights for optimizing manufacturing processes to mitigate such adverse effects: -Journal bearings. -hydrodynamic lubrication. -Form error.
Liu, JunLiu, Deliang
ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Corrosion-wear damage behavior affects the bearing life and reliability seriously in a corrosive environment. The accurate evaluation of the tribocorrosion behavior of 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel samples is critical for the application and protection of bearings. The present work seeks to establish the relationship between laboratory salt spray accelerated experiments and the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steel samples in real outdoor marine atmosphere exposure, and investigate the tribological behavior in the corrosion-wear process under artificial seawater. Results show that salt spray corrosion tests can well simulate the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steels in marine atmospheric exposure. The tribocorrosion performance of 8Cr4Mo4V steels under artificial seawater conditions is affected by the temperature effect of the corrosive liquid and the working conditions. Increased normal load and reduced rotational speed can improve the anti-friction performance. This work offers the possibility and reference of precise control of corrosion-wear-coupled damage failures for bearings.
Zhao, ChaoYing, LixiaNie, ChongyangZhu, TianlinSun, Dong
As a high-precision transmission core component, the RV reducer’s performance depends on the time-varying stiffness of its core components. Building a time-varying stiffness model is essential for studying its dynamic characteristics. This paper addresses the lack of key factors in existing dynamic studies by creating a multi-factor coupled dynamic model. It analyzes the time-varying stiffness of the crankshaft bearing, involute gear, and cycloid gear-pin gear. The study also focuses on building a dynamic analysis model for the crankshaft bearing. By measuring changes in oil film thickness and initial assembly clearance caused by temperature rise, it explains how combined clearance affects bearing performance. To verify the model, a domestic RV reducer is modeled and assembled in SolidWorks. The simplified model is imported into ADAMS for simulation. Under set load and speed conditions, dynamic parameters like angular velocity and acceleration of core components are obtained. This provides a more scientific analysis method and data support for understanding the dynamic characteristics and improving the transmission performance of RV reducers.
Xuan, LiangTeng, ShaoweiHuang, RuizheWan, ZefuShao, MengqiYu, ZhishenWang, Ziyue
During well testing and killing operations, tubing couplings with a larger diameter than the tubing body significantly increase the flow friction in the casing-tubing annulus, alter the rheological behavior of the kill fluid, thereby affecting operational accuracy and even leading to operational failure in severe cases. Most existing relevant studies focus on the impact of changes in flow area on flow, but ignore the effect of the coupling’s own structural configuration. Moreover, the research conclusions lack verification by downhole measured data, and there is an urgent need to further improve the analysis accuracy. Taking an ultra-deep well in the Xinjiang Oilfield as the engineering background, this paper conducts targeted research: first, a physical model of the flow field in the casing-tubing annulus passing through the tubing coupling is established, and a method for judging and determining the rheological properties of the kill fluid based on the fitting of the physical model and key parameters is proposed; on this basis, a numerical model including the coupling’s structural configuration is established and solved, and the friction calculation equation for the casing-tubing annulus passing through the tubing coupling is obtained through nonlinear fitting; finally, the calculation results of this equation are compared and verified with the measured data and numerical simulation results. The research results show that: under six working conditions, the flow characteristics of the kill fluid all conform to the characteristics of Bingham fluid, which is also consistent with the general flow regime of kill fluid flow; comparing the numerical analysis results of the target well in the Xinjiang Oilfield with the calculation results of the fitting equation, the maximum error, minimum error, and average error of friction analysis under the six working conditions are 14.46%, 0.39%, and 6.15% respectively; the total friction of the casing-tubing annulus in the entire well section calculated based on the theoretical equation is 12.085 MPa, and the relative error compared with the field measured 13 MPa is 7.57%, which meets the engineering accuracy requirements. The equation proposed in this study provides a universal equation for predicting the pressure drop of non-uniform flow in the wellbore, and also has an important reference value for predicting the wellbore pressure in drilling and oil-gas production operations.
Song, ZhitongJiang, WuMi, HongxueCao, YinpingDou, Yihua
The study was conducted to investigate the differences in ride comfort analysis between treating the unsprung mass as a whole and modeling it separately. A classical two-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model and a three-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass were established, with their state-space descriptions determined. The fundamental vibration response quantities of both models were identified, and time-domain simulations under random road excitation were performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate that the two modeling approaches exhibit minimal differences in ride comfort analysis for the sprung mass, but there are certain differences for the unsprung mass. Additionally, for the three-degrees-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass, the axle-to-wheel mass ratio was introduced to analyze the changes in the fundamental vibration response quantities when the unsprung mass increases by a fixed value and is distributed differently between the axle and the wheel. The results show that variations in the axle-to-wheel mass ratio have no significant impact on the vibration characteristics of the sprung mass. Reducing the mass ratio, i.e., transferring part of the unsprung mass to the wheel, can somewhat reduce the vertical acceleration of the unsprung mass, but it will slightly increase the relative dynamic load on the wheel. Finally, the other two models were simplified by combining the two masses connected by the bearings.
Jie, LiWei, DengChengyu, Li
Conventional measurement instruments such as scales, thermocouples, and laser-based technologies present challenges when used on lengthy and winding underground pipelines. These methods are often not feasible because of physical constraints, the challenge of light traveling in curves, and the need for large, energy-intensive sensors. Ultrasonic and microwave techniques both face challenges in making long-distance measurements because of rapid signal weakening and high energy requirements, which make them impractical for small pipes. This study introduces an original technique for Time-of-Flight (ToF) estimation using the Discrete Logarithmic Frequency (DLF) method to address these limitations. By analyzing the time–frequency correlations of signals transmitted through channels, the proposed technique enhances the precision and dependability of ToF measurements. By employing the DLF method, we are able to effectively gather and assess the signal’s performance as conduit lengths vary.
Chinni, Venkata Sai SandeepBalasubramanian, PrabakaranMamat, RizalmanYasin, Mohd
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the standard installation procedures and torque values for the AS short flareless hydraulic tube fittings in sizes -20 and -24, and parts listed in this standard, made from 6A1-4V Titanium, 15-5 PH CRES, and 7075 Aluminum Alloy.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes methods for testing airframe plain bearings. The purpose of ARP5448 and its associated slash sheets is to document test methods commonly used to evaluate airframe bearings. These test methods may be referenced in specifications, part standards, purchase orders, etc., when the test is deemed appropriate to the intended use of the bearing by the end user of the bearing. These test methods are not intended to encompass every conceivable requirement for an airframe bearing. The end user of the bearing must exercise engineering judgment to determine the most appropriate standard and/or nonstandard tests for the application.
ACBG Plain Bearing Committee
3D printing could change how we build parts for jet engines and power plants, but the process leaves microscopic holes that cause the materials to shatter. Published in International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, Professor Fangyong Niu’s team in Dalian University of Technology have fixed the problem by doing something unconventional: They added a microwave.
The suspended converter valve constitutes the fundamental equipment essential for the functioning of direct current power transmission infrastructure. The electrical equipment has been severely damaged in historical seismic events, underscoring the earthquake resistance of thyristor valve is critical for maintaining secure and consistent performance of energy delivery systems. Current seismic research focuses on ±800 kV converter valves, while studies on ±600 kV converter valves are lacking. Due to significant differences in the length of suspended insulators between ±600 kV and ±800 kV converter valves, their seismic responses differ considerably. A three-dimensional finite element model encompassing both the ±600 kV suspended converter valve and its supporting valve hall structure was developed to accurately capture their dynamic interactions under seismic excitation. The modal analysis is conducted, and the natural frequencies and mode shapes of converter valve and valve hall system are obtained. The seismic analysis results indicate that under 1 g seismic excitation, the calculated maximum seismic displacement of the suspended valve tower is 421 mm, exceeding the engineering design limit of 400 mm. The calculated minimum stress safety factor for the converter valve suspended insulators is 1.46, failing to meet the specified requirement of no less than 2. Both the swing amplitude of the converter valve and the stress on the suspended insulators exceed design limits. It not only poses a mechanical safety risk to the converter valve, but the excessive seismic displacement can also lead to seismic coupling effects between the converter valve and critical equipment. Therefore, further research on damping measures is required for the seismic vulnerabilities of ±600 kV suspended converter valves.
Lin, SenZhu, ZhubingLu, ZhichengSun, Yuhan
Under cyclic ultra-high-pressure impact loads, structures often experience local fractures due to insufficient initial fatigue life (low-cycle fatigue). This article focused on a certain ultra-high-pressure support structure and established a dynamic model based on load transfer characteristics to simulate the transient stress-strain response under impact loads. On this basis, a low-cycle fatigue life evaluation method was used to predict the fatigue life of the structure about 362 times, which was significantly different from the required indicators for structural fatigue life. In response to the problem of high loadbearing capacity on the structural support surface and significant stress concentration at the root, the structural load-bearing method has been optimized. Calculation analysis showed that after optimization, the structural stress was greatly improved, the bearing capacity of the support surface was reduced by 25 %, and the fatigue life of the structure was increased from 362 times to 4208 times, an increase of about 10 times. The optimized structure has been verified through 2000 tests without any fracture, meeting the requirements for the service life of the structure.
Wang, ShumanNing, BianfangMa, AminZhang, Fanfan
The space cable-rod deployable articulated mast is a type of space-deployable structure with high storage efficiency. As a critical component, the pretension in the cables directly affects the stiffness and dynamic characteristics of the mast. However, research on the modeling of cable assemblies remains limited, and the relationship between cable tensions and the natural frequencies of the system has not been reported, leaving a lack of design and manufacturing guidelines for such assemblies. In this study, a dynamic model of the X-configuration cable–strut assembly consisting of a central locking device and four cables was developed, and its applicability was investigated. Guided by the characteristics of the actual structure, the assembly was simplified into a central mass–spring system, and the governing equations of motion were derived using the Newton–Euler formulation. A finite element (FEM) model based on spring elements is constructed to validate the proposed formulations. In addition, another FEM model employing beam elements is developed, and modal analyses are conducted to compare with theoretical predictions, thereby assessing the applicability of the model. The results demonstrate that the equivalent spring model can accurately capture the first, fourth, and fifth natural frequencies of the system, while its prediction of in-plane frequencies is limited due to the neglect of cable bending effects. Based on the characteristics of the three out-plane modes, explicit relationships between natural frequencies and cable tensions are derived. This work provides new insights into the simplified modeling of cable assemblies and offers valuable references for further refinement and practical applications.
Zhang, ShichengWang, YufengZhang, XiaochengSun, ChaoHe, HuadongWu, Zhiqiang
This paper examines the temperature distribution during pipe cutting and the impact of the heat-affected zone on the mechanical microstructure and properties of steel pipes. Utilizing testing equipment such as K-type thermocouples, a MESTL-WELD thermocouple spot welding machine, and a DC5516H 16-channel temperature data logger, temperature tests were conducted on Φ 1016 × 17.5 mm X70M spiral seam submerged arc welded steel pipes and Φ 1016 × 21 mm X70M straight-seam submerged arc welded steel pipes. The results indicate that the maximum test temperatures during cutting were 953.8 °C and 1216.6 °C, respectively, with the duration of temperatures exceeding 400 °C at each test point not exceeding 30 seconds. By fitting the relationship curve between the peak temperatures of each test point and the cutting distance using the ExpDec3 model, it was found that the cutting distance corresponding to a temperature of 580 °C was 12 mm. Furthermore, mechanical microstructure and property tests were performed on the pipe body at different positions of the HAZ. Except for an anomaly in the yield strength of the rod-shaped tensile specimens of the Φ 1016 × 21 mm X70M welded pipe body, no other abnormalities were detected. Macroscopic metallographic examination revealed that the axial length of the HAZ at the end of the cut pipe did not exceed 7 mm. Microhardness testing showed significant fluctuations in the microhardness of the pipe body at the end of the cut pipe, while the microhardness of the pipe body beyond 10 mm from the end gradually returned to normal.
Xu, YanBai, QiangFeng, ZhenjunChang, YonggangLi, LiangPeng, Shibi
The distribution of contact stress in roller bearings has a significant impact on operational performance and safety. Firstly, we established a bearing clearance change model that combines interference fit and thermal expansion effects. Then, we studied the clearance changes of key parameters’ influence under different operating conditions. Using Hertz contact theory, we analyze the nonlinear coupling relationship between clearance changes, load distribution, and contact stress. Through MATLAB analytical calculations, load and stress distribution contour maps were obtained under typical operating conditions, which provided theoretical support for bearing optimization design and reliability analysis. The result depicts that an increase in interference fit and temperature difference leads to clearance decrease, triggering a redistribution of contact stress. As clearance decreases, the maximum contact stress exhibits a nonlinear growth trend. To further enhance engineering practicality, this paper uses the MATLAB platform to develop a visualization of digital image processing software. The software enables interactive analysis throughout the entire process of clearance input, stress calculation, and graphical display.
Pang, YiqingCai, HongbinRen, Siyang
This paper studies the protective performance of polyurea-coated steel pipes and aramid fiber-wound steel pipes under the multi-physical field load of internal explosion by combining experiments with numerical simulation. The experimental results show that applying aramid fiber winding has a limited effect on improving the anti-explosion performance of steel pipes, while polyurea-coated steel pipes exhibit better anti-explosion performance under the coupled load of shock waves and fragments. Simulation analysis reveals the protective mechanism of composite structures in terms of energy absorption and stress distribution, providing a theoretical basis for the optimal design of blast-resistant vessels.
Tian, XiangpengWang, TaoBian, XiaobingHuang, Guangyan
With the development of controlled nuclear fusion technology, the tokamak device, as the most promising magnetic confinement fusion reactor for advanced engineering applications, requires remote maintenance of its internal components, which has become a key factor affecting both operational efficiency and safety. As a critical component directly exposed to high-temperature plasma, the divertor target plate needs to be periodically replaced and carefully maintained to ensure stable and reliable reactor operation. However, this region is subject to extreme conditions, including high temperature, high vacuum, and intense radiation, making conventional manual maintenance infeasible. This necessitates the development of intelligent and automated teleoperation systems. To address the automated assembly and disassembly requirements of divertor target plates, this study designs an integrated target plate actuator comprising key functional units: a positioning module, a screwing module, a quick-change module, and a passive compliance structure. The actuator achieves rapid and precise alignment with target plate holes, accommodates bolts of different specifications, and exhibits excellent impact resistance. Furthermore, stiffness and mechanical analyses, supported by finite element simulations, verify the actuator’s safety and reliability under high loads and impact forces. To further enhance operational performance, a segmented disassembly and assembly control strategy based on reinforcement learning is proposed, enabling the actuator to adaptively handle torque variations and ensure precise and stable bolt operations. The results demonstrate that the proposed actuator and control strategy significantly improve the accuracy, stability, and efficiency of target plate operations under complex working conditions, providing a reliable solution for automated divertor maintenance in tokamak devices.
Zang, XizheYu, XingzuCao, Zhangbin
Compared to traditional reactors, lead-bismuth eutectic reactors (LBE) have higher neutron economy and stability. As a device for driving the coolant, the electromagnetic pump features non-contact operation, simplifying the sealing apparatus and achieving complete sealing inside the pump. It meets the requirements of miniaturization and modularity, while offering excellent flow regulation performance. Its input parameters determine the output performance in both performance analysis and structural design of lead-bismuth electromagnetic pumps . This article focuses on a small-scale annular linear induction electromagnetic pump (ALIP) as the simulation object and establishes an electromagnetic pump model. Based on Maxwell’s equations and N-S equations, and with the background of three-dimensional multiphysics coupling of electromagnetic field, flow field and heat transfer field, the coupling mechanism between the flow velocity of LBE and the Lorentz force was studied in detail. From the perspective of electromagnetic-flow coupling, the influence of different coil turns, input currents, and excitation frequencies on the Magnetic flux density and pressure of electromagnetic pumps was analyzed. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the output characteristics of ALIP under various input parameters is performed, and the research results provide a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of lead-bismuth ALIP.
Peng, ChunyuXiao, Changzhi
To address the inaccuracy of existing models in describing the stiffness distribution along the axial direction of bump foils, this study first establishes a simulation model applicable to bump foils based on Ansys Workbench. Specifically, by applying axial variable load at a node that matches the distribution of actual operating conditions, the deformation and stiffness characteristics of the bump foil are investigated. The research results show that, compared with the classic Heshmat model, the bump foil stiffness is not uniformly distributed in the axial direction; instead, it exhibits a trend of being higher in the middle and lower at both ends. Notably, when the nominal stiffness values are similar, the axial end displacement obtained from the Ansys simulation differs significantly from the result calculated by the Heshmat model, with the deviation reaching up to 17.7% of the peak displacement from the latter. Furthermore, this study also systematically analyzes the influence of the laws of the bump foil’s curvature radius, length, and friction coefficient on its stiffness.
Wu, YixuanShi, YimingZhu, JianjunLiu, Jiajie
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