Browse Topic: Manufacturing

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In response to the evolving landscape of exhaust gas regulations for small powertrains, reducing NOx emission is increasingly important. This study deeply investigated the feasibility of a NOx storage catalyst (NSC) containing cerium oxide (CeO2) and barium oxide (BaO) for reducing NOx emission. The key functions, NOx storage and reduction performances were evaluated, and deterioration mechanisms were explored through performance evaluations and physical property analyses. The findings revealed a strong correlation between the size of CeO2 crystals and NOx storage performance at low temperature, such as those encountered during city driving conditions. Conversely, at high temperature, such as those during highway driving conditions, NOx storage performance correlated well with sulfur deposition, suggesting that the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4) contributes to the deactivation. This experiment also showed a strong correlation between NOx reduction performance and BaSO4 formation
Nakano, FumiyaKoito, Yusuke
The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to
Hada, YusukeSugita, Hisayuki
To address the pressing issue of electrical fluctuations from renewable energy technologies, an energy storage system (ESS) is proposed. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is gaining significant attention due to its extended lifespan, durability, thermal safety, and independent power capacity, despite its high cost. Key components of the VRFB include a membrane, carbon electrode, bipolar plate, gasket, current collector, electrolyte, and pump. Among these, the carbon electrode and bipolar plate are the most expensive. Reducing capital costs in VRFB systems is crucial for advancing clean energy solutions. Conventional flow field designs like interdigitated flow field (IFF), serpentine flow field (SFF), and parallel flow field (PFF) are used to feed the electrolyte into the VRFB cell, necessitating thicker bipolar plates to avoid cracking during the machining process. This study focuses on optimizing the flow-through (FT) design, which eliminates the need for machining on bipolar
Aiemsathit, PorametSun, PengfeiAlizadeh, MehrzadLaoonual, YossapongCharoen-amornkitt, PatcharawatSuzuki, TakahiroTsushima, Shohji
The power assist system of an electric bicycle uses a magnetostrictive torque sensor to detect the pedal force based on the magnetic properties of the crankshaft, which change according to stress. Fe–Ni alloy plating is used to coat the surface of the crankshaft with a magnetic film to enhance the magnetostrictive effect. However, the sensor performance decreases as the plating solution degrades, which necessitates replacement of the plating solution. In this study, experiments were performed to investigate how to prevent or mitigate degradation of the plating solution to reduce waste. The amounts of carbon and sulfur in the magnetic film were found to increase with degradation of the plating solution. The carbon derived from organic reducing agents and their decomposition products, and the sulfur derived from stress relievers and their decomposition products. A method was developed for reducing the amounts of carbon and sulfur in the magnetic film, which would help maintain the sensor
Ohnishi, Hiromichi
The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the
Yamada, AtsushiEndo, Sakae
Reducing CO2 emissions is now a major focus in India heading towards net zero emissions by 2070. India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world and the transportation sector is the 3rd largest CO2 emitter. In this direction, it is necessary to reduce the carbon footprint from the automobile sector to combat climate change. The adoption of sustainable biofuels such as ethanol will enable us to reduce emissions, as ethanol is carbon neutral fuel. However, vehicle manufacturers are facing challenges in manufacturing flex fuel compatible parts in the vehicle mainly fuel systems. Ethanol has both nonpolar and polar bonds, making it miscible to both gasoline and water, thereby water contamination is inevitable in ethanol blend fuels. In addition, control of ethanol contamination by sulfates and chlorides during ethanol production is challenging. Thus, ethanol blend fuels are considered more corrosive and tendency towards deposit formation than normal gasoline fuels. Design and
Pandi, Dinesh BabuShanmugam, Gomathy PriyaNagarkatti, ArunGopal, ManishAnbalagan, Prathap
In commercially available electric motorcycles, there is a notable shift in the cooling method, moving from air cooling to water cooling, and in the winding method, moving from concentrated winding to distributed winding, as the output increases. This shift occurs around 8 to 10 kW. However, there is a paucity of empirical investigations examining these combinations to ascertain their optimality. In order to verify this trend, a verification model has been constructed which allows for the comparison of the capacity and weight of the motor and cooling system according to the vehicle’s required output and thermal performance. A comparison and verification of the combinations of winding methods (concentrated winding or segment conductor distribution winding) and cooling systems (water-cooled or air-cooled) was conducted using the model that had been constructed. In the motor designed for this study, when the maximum output of the vehicle was 35 kW or less (European A2 license), the total
Otaki, RyotaTsuchiya, TeruyukiSakai, YuYamauchi, TakuyaShimizu, Tsukasa
In recent years, accurate gear processing is required for various products to improve efficient power transmission and small noise and vibration. On the other hand, the accuracy tends to be worse by high speed processing for increasing production efficiency. Therefore, we investigated relationship between gear honing machine vibration and the accuracy. The vibration acceleration of the honing machine was measured at various conditions, and the gear accuracy was measured after processing. As results, the accuracy was observed to be affected by both the original gear accuracy before honing processing and the gear secondary rotational vibration of the machine in operation. Subsequently, we applied transfer path analysis (TPA) to investigate which directional force in operation increased the vibration. As the results, the contribution from the input force at gear processing point along normal direction was the main contributor. Then, vibration transmission characteristics of the machine
Hanioka, HiroakiOgawa, YunosukeYoshida, JunjiOnishi, YoichiKurokawa, Yasuhiro
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for a convoluted polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assembly suitable for use in aerospace fluid systems at temperatures between -65 °F and 400 °F for Class 1 assembly, -65 °F and 275 °F for Class 2 assembly, and at operating pressures per Table 1. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard, shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This specification defines the procedures and requirements for joining metals and alloys using the electron-beam welding process.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Wind tunnel calibration is necessary for repeatable and reproducible data for all industries interested in their output. Quantities such as wind speed, pressure gradients, static operating conditions, ground effects, force and moment measurements, as well as flow uniformity and angularity are all integral in an automotive wind tunnel’s data quality and can be controlled through appropriate calibration, maintenance, and statistical process control programs. The purpose of this technical paper is to (1) provide a basis of commonality for automotive wind tunnel calibration, (2) help customers and operators to determine the calibration standards best suited for their unique automotive wind tunnel and, (3) complement the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics recommended practice R-093-2003(2018) Calibration of Subsonic and Transonic Wind Tunnels as specifically applied to the automotive industry. This document compiles information from various automotive wind tunnel customers
Bringhurst, KatlynnBest, ScottNasr Esfahani, VahidSenft, VictorStevenson, StuartWittmeier, Felix
In this work, a modified Ahmed body with both upsweep and downsweep was used to create a complex wake. The time-averaged streamline topology revealed that the wake was composed primarily of a torus past the vertical base and two pairs of streamwise-oriented vortices on the upper and lower slant edges. Several vortex identification methods including three-dimensional (3D) (Q−, λ2−, Ω−criteria, and Liutex method) and two-dimensional (2D) (Γ1−criterion) methods were compared to determine the effectiveness in identifying complex wake structures. Of the 3D methods analyzed, none produced wholly satisfactory results. The Q− and λ2−criteria were plagued by well noted issues; failing to separate shear from rotation and threshold sensitivity which led to inconsistently identifying the weaker torus. The Ω−criterion addressed all of these concerns, especially identifying the torus consistently. However, the identified torus structure did not reflect the physical structure observed using the
Aultman, MatthewDuan, Lian
Vibration qualification tests are indispensable for vehicle manufacturers and suppliers. Carmakers’ specifications are therefore conceived to challenge the mechanical endurance of car components in the face of numerous in-service detrimental phenomena: In automotive industries, components are commonly qualified by means of a test without failure, the goal being to determine whether it will or not "pass" customer requirements. Validation of newly designed components is obtained via bench test and structural simulation. Simulation has gained traction in recent years because it represents the first step of the design validation process. In particular, FEA simulations are powerful to predict the dynamic behavior of physical testing on prototypes, enable engineers to optimize the design and predict the durability. This paper illustrates how FEA simulations were applied to product validation in the pre-serial phase to optimize manufacturing process. In particular, we will focus on the PCB of
Duraipandi, Arumuga PandianLeon, RenanBonato, MarcoRaja, Antony VinothKumar, LalithNiwa, Takehiro
Opening a tailgate can cause rain that has settled on its surfaces to run off onto the customer or into the rear loadspace, causing annoyance. Relatively small adjustments to tailgate seals and encapsulation can effectively mitigate these effects. However, these failure modes tend to be discovered relatively late in the design process as they, to date, need a representative physical system to test – including ensuring that any materials used on the surface flow paths elicit the same liquid flow behaviours (i.e. contact angles and velocity) as would be seen on the production vehicle surfaces. In this work we describe the development and validation of an early-stage simulation approach using a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics code (PreonLab). This includes its calibration against fundamental experiments to provide models for the flow of water over automotive surfaces and their subsequent application to a tailgate system simulation which includes fully detailed surrounding vehicle geometry
Gaylard, Adrian PhilipWeatherhead, Duncan
A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for both high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller, which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings that includes all appropriate bearing and power transmission system design parameters. During the assembly process, some of the parameters related to the roller positions cannot be controlled. These parameters include the actual position of the first roller compared to the vertical axis, the relative position of the rollers between the bearing rows, and others. This work presents a sensitivity analysis of the effects of those uncontrollable parameters on the analytical model. The sensitivity study determines the percentage change
Gruzwalski, DavidMynderse, James
Many manufacturing techniques and processes have been implemented over the years to improve the formability of sheet metals. Warm forming of sheet metals is one such established method. However, it is more commonly and successfully applied to aluminum grades. The re-evaluation of less-used metal forming technologies, such as warm forming and sheet hydroforming for steel are responses to the challenges posed by competitive processes like large castings and the geometry requirements of new BEV parts. By understanding the effects of elevated temperatures (above or below recrystallization temperatures) on different steel grades and the impact of various heating methodologies, the industry can adapt and optimize these proven techniques for modern applications. This paper is a thorough summary of the effect of elevated temperatures on various grades of steel. Different heating techniques, their cycle times and effects on final forming feasibility are contrasted. The effect of chemistry
Kella, CarolineWormald, Tom
A passenger vehicle hood is designed to meet Vulnerable Road User (VRU) regulatory requirements and consumer metric targets. Generally, hood inner design and its reinforcements, along with deformable space available under the hood are the main enablers to meet the Head Impact performance targets. However, cross functional balancing requirements, such as hood stiffness and packaging space constraints, can lead to higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC15) scores, particularly when secondary impacts are present. In such cases, a localized energy absorber is utilized to absorb the impact energy to reduce HIC within the target value. The current localized energy absorber solutions include the usage of flexible metal brackets, plastic absorbers etc. which have limited energy absorbing capacity and tuning capability. This paper focuses on usage of a novel 3D printed energy absorbers, based on various kinds of lattice structures. These absorbers are either sandwiched between the inner and the outer
Kinila, VivekanandaAgarwal, VarunV S, RajamanickamTripathy, BiswajitGupta, Vishal
In order to comply with the tightening of global regulations on automobile exhaust gas, further improvements to exhaust gas control catalysts and upgrades to on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems must be made. Currently, oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is monitored by front and rear sensors before and after the catalyst, and deterioration is judged by a decrease in OSC, but it is possible that catalyst deterioration may cause the rear sensor to detect gas that has not been sufficiently purified. It is important to observe the activity changes when the catalyst deteriorates in more detail and to gain a deeper understanding of the catalyst mechanism in order to create guidelines for future catalyst development. In this study, we used a μ-TG (micro thermogravimetric balance) to analyze in detail how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metal, detection temperature, and mileage (degree of deterioration) affect the OSC rate in addition to the OSC of the ceria-based
Hamada, ShotaUegaki, ShinyaTanabe, HidetakaNakayama, TomohitoJinjo, ItsukiKurono, SeitaOishi, ShunsukeNarita, KeiichiOnishi, TetsuroYasuda, KazuyaMatsumura, DaijuTanaka, Hirohisa
The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, greenhouse gas and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2Zero
Armengaud, EricRatz, FlorianMuñiz, ÁngelaPoza, JavierGarramiola, FernandoAlmandoz, GaizkaPippuri-Mäkeläinen, JenniClenet, StéphaneMessagie, MaartenD’amore, LeaLavigne Philippot, MaevaRillo, OriolMontesinos, DanielVansompel, HendrikDe Keyser, ArneRomano, ClaudioMontanaro, UmbertoTavernini, DavideGruber, PatrickRan, LiaoyuanAmati, NicolaVagg, ChristopherHerzog, MaticWeinzerl, MartinKeränen, JanneMontonen, Juho
With the development of additive manufacturing technology, the concept of integrated design has been introduced and deeply involved in the research of body design. In this paper, by analyzing the structural characteristics of the electric vehicle body, we designed a body in white with the additive manufacturing process, and analyzed its mechanical properties through finite element method. According to the structural characteristics of the body, the integrated structure was modeled in three dimensions using CATIA. For the mechanical properties of the body, the strength and stiffness of the body structure were simulated and analyzed based on ANSYS Workbench. The results show that for the strength of the body, the maximum stress of the simulation results was compared with the permissible stress, and the maximum stress was calculated to be less than the permissible stress under each working condition. For the body stiffness, the displacement of the body deformation was used to measure, and
Xu, ChengZhang, MingWang, TaoZhang, Tang-yunCao, CanWang, Liangmo
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