Browse Topic: Design Engineering and Styling

Items (46,968)
Corrosion critically damages structural strength and affects the structural safety, so there is an urgent need for a method that can accurately model and predict corrosion. Digital twin technology offers new methodologies for corrosion research. This study develops a digital twin-enabled virtual-reality mapping model for simulating aluminum alloy pitting corrosion. The model accounts for the effect of temperature on corrosion and establishes temporal correlations between field conditions and simulations through damage factor (DF) analysis coupled with detailed fatigue rating (DFR) methodology. Experimental validation using 7A04 aluminum specimens confirms the model’s reliability, with maturity analysis demonstrating its applicability in aircraft corrosion research. Through numerical simulation methods, this study simulates the evolutionary law of pitting corrosion development, reflecting the level of structural pitting corrosion damage. This investigation establishes a fundamental theoretical framework for condition monitoring and lifetime prediction of aircraft components affected by pitting corrosion.
Lv, ShengliLiu, ChenglongSun, Jingjue
When the aluminum alloy closure of the solid rocket motor nozzle is opened, tearing occurs at the root of the adhesive surface, which belongs to damage failure under a complex stress state. To help in the prediction and control of blasting pressure and nozzle closure failure morphology, this work designed and manufactured various shapes of 1060 aluminum alloy test specimens, performed damage tests, and calibrated the damage constitutive model parameters. The results gathered were utilized to create a finite element model of the nozzle aluminum alloy closure, and the blasting procedure was calculated. We conducted air pressure explosive tests on closures to confirm the finite element results. The numerical predictions and experimental results are very consistent, and the closure breaks along the adhesive surface. The constitutive characteristics obtained during material testing accurately characterize the closure’s damage process, providing a theoretical framework for the design and verification of aluminum alloy closures.
Jia, KaiLi, Weinan
The canard configuration has been widely adopted in short-range missiles. However, its main drawbacks include difficulties in roll control and a limited angle-of-attack (AoA) range. Compared to conventional canard missiles, the addition of a pair of control surfaces (referred to as “aileron”) behind the canard control surfaces achieves decoupling between the roll channel and pitch-yaw channel. To investigate the influence of ailerons on the aerodynamic characteristics of canard configuration missiles, numerical simulations were conducted for two typical flow conditions: subsonic (Mach 0.5) and supersonic (Mach2.0). The results show that the introduction of ailerons increases the normal force of missiles, causes the center of pressure to shift forward, and reduces the static stability of missiles, thus enhancing their maneuverability. When the ailerons control the roll channel, the effectiveness of the rolling moment remains consistent over the entire AoA range without adverse effects. However, when the canards control the pitch channel, the interference caused by the deflection of the canards on the ailerons leads to increased lift and generates additional nose-up pitching moments, which reduces the pitching moment effectiveness of the missile.
Zhang, ZilunXu, JiashengMei, Zhiwei
Due to the constraints of manufacturing costs and cycles, it is difficult to simulate the full-scale operating conditions of aircraft electrical power systems. Usually, scaled-down low-power systems are used for prototype development and experimental research. This paper puts forward a systematic framework for developing scaled physical models of aircraft electrical power systems by using similarity theory. In this paper, according to the general design principles of DC-DC converters, a 10-kW low-power DC-DC converter and a 250-kW high-power DC-DC converter are designed. Mathematical models for both systems are developed, and a time-domain performance index analysis is carried out using the per-unit dynamic equivalence principle. A metric conversion model is established and equivalently mapped to a high-power DC-DC converter simulation model. The waveform consistency between the converted model and the aforementioned 250-kW high-power model is verified, which shows the validity of the proposed conversion method.
Ma, HuanAi, FengmingBi, WenyanPei, XiaoningLiu, Liangliang
In order to ensure that the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuses can successfully complete their combat tasks with high quality, it is necessary to optimize the design of their structure and conduct simulation verification of their performance. Through optimization design, this paper determined that the distance between the antenna plate and the wind cap of the proximity detonation module of the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuse is 6.2mm, and the thickness of the wind cap top is 12.9mm; it also determined that in the coaxial line feeding mode, a circular patch is used as the antenna shape, with the lowest return loss (reaching -38.5244 dB), which is conducive to the emission of electromagnetic wave energy; by introducing the methods and processes of intensity simulation analysis and aerodynamic thermal simulation analysis, as well as the methods of performance verification, this paper provides reference and guidance for the simulation analysis of similar systems.
Liu, LiwenSun, ZhangyiNing, QuanliCai, Canwei
With the advancement of the aviation industry, aircraft safety is a priority as closed cavities are susceptible to water infiltration during flight, which can lead to short circuits and operational problems. The current standard manual inspection is inefficient. Our paper describes an industrial vision inspection method that combines an enhanced channel attention mechanism with YOLOV9. 3,000 images generated by aircraft water penetration are replicated in a simulated environment, expanded to 6,000 by data enhancement techniques such as rotation and flipping, and then accurately annotated with targets for model training and validation. Feature extraction was improved on the standard YOLOV9 framework by adapting its weighting strategy to improve the SELayer channel attention mechanism to emphasize specific features of water infiltration. Experiments show a 4.7% improvement in accuracy on our dataset, with a single-frame inference time of 23 ms, which meets real-time requirements. This method provides a reliable automated solution for aircraft maintenance.
Ye, KaiyuanMiao, JunWang, JianqiaoHuang, YuLu, Panna
Because of the increasing requirement for frequent international traveling, developing a new generation of supersonic transport is critical for commercial aviation. The typical features of supersonic transport are a large swept-back wing and thin airfoil, potentially causing excessive tip deflection and triggering aeroelastic divergence. Hence, conducting evaluation, analysis, and optimization of the structures of an SST is essential. This study applied the finite element method to investigate the wing and fuselage structures under aerodynamic loads during cruise for a next-generation supersonic transport aircraft. Deformations and stress contributions were analyzed, showing the feasibility of the structure design and the stress concentration zones requiring reinforcement in the detailed design. Structural optimizations were also conducted, yielding significant weight reduction.
Ding, MenglongXu, ZhaoyangWang, YongqiangMeng, LiTan, JiaxinXuan, JintingBie, DaweiShao, Lintao
This paper introduces the electroplastic effect into the sheet metal incremental forming process, using 2A12 aluminum alloy as the research material. An orthogonal experiment was designed, and the results were analyzed using range analysis and matrix analysis methods. The influence of electric current, frequency, and traditional incremental forming parameters on the forming accuracy of 2A12 aluminum alloy sheets was investigated. The results show that the introduction of pulse current can improve the forming accuracy of 2A12 aluminum alloy sheet. And within a certain range, as the electric current increases, the geometry accuracy of the part is significantly improved. Based on two accuracy indicators—average springback amount and springback angle, a comprehensive analysis determined that the optimal forming parameters are electric current 375 A, feed rate 600 mm/min, step size 0.6 mm, tool diameter 12 mm, and current frequency 400 Hz.
Pan, FeiZhao, QuanguangHuang, XuFang, Jinxiu
The mechanical behavior of a certain solid propellant is not only obviously related to time, temperature, and load loading history, but also is a viscoelastic plastic material under certain conditions. Based on the principle of creep deformation superposition, the strain of the solid propellant material is decomposed into a viscoelastic part and a viscoplastic part, and the nonlinearity of the viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model is manifested by the introduction of nonlinear coefficients. According to the characteristics of the viscoelastic-plastic model of the solid propellant material, the relevant tests were designed. The viscoplastic parameters were determined by using the creep recovery test data of multiple cycles until the failure of the propellant material sample. The viscoelastic parameters of the solid propellant material were obtained by using the data from recovery tests performed under different stress conditions.
Zhang, JianbinSui, JiulingYao, BaotaiCheng, DongLi, Yiming
Tubing Ultimate burst strength Full scale test
Cheng, WenjiaYang, HongbinGe, YuanZhong, ChongdiMeng, LingkunJi, BingyinShi, Jiaoqi
This study investigates the knocking noise phenomenon in a marine dual-power dual-branch transmission gear system. Vibration mechanisms are analyzed, and potential failure modes are assessed. System vibration data were evaluated using time-domain and frequency-domain methods. Results show that overall vibration levels remained within acceptable limits, with no indication of imminent failure. Physical inspection confirmed that the shaft, gears, bearings, housing, and installation met specifications, with no observed performance degradation or structural damage. By correlating noise occurrence with vessel loading conditions, a strong relationship was identified among gear transmission torque, the power distribution ratio between high-and low-pressure turbines, and the onset of knocking. Specifically, under low-load conditions, uneven power and torque distribution among the four gear branches led to insufficient loading on the low-pressure side. This light-load state induced instability in the low-pressure gears, resulting in periodic tooth disengagement or back-side tooth contact, which is established as the root cause of the knocking noise.
Gu, ChengzhongXu, HanweiLuo, RirongRen, Fushan
To address the detection and monitoring needs of fatigue damage in ferromagnetic materials, this paper proposes a nondestructive testing method based on the evolution of magnetic hysteresis characteristics. By constructing a hysteresis loop measurement system, the variation patterns of coercivity (Hc) in Q235 steel specimens under cyclic loading were investigated, revealing three-phase characteristics of fatigue damage: the initial linear growth phase (N ≤ 8,000), the rapid rise phase (8,000 < N ≤ 12,000), and the stable oscillation phase (N > 12,000). Experimental results demonstrate that the relationship between coercivity and damage degree (D) can effectively characterize the processes of crack initiation, propagation, and instability, with significant inflection points observed at D = 0.6 and D = 0.8. The quantitative model based on coercivity provides a novel method for early warning and condition assessment of fatigue damage, offering advantages such as non-contact operation and high sensitivity. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical support for the health monitoring of engineering structures.
Chen, LiDing, Keqin
Adjustable-angle dental implants are favored by many patients due to the advantages they provide, such as high chewing force, aesthetics, comfort, and no harm to the adjacent teeth. This paper proposes a finite element modeling method for adjustable-angle dental implants by changing the material used for manufacturing the implants and predicting the life span of the dental implants with the help of Pro/E and ANSYS Workbench software, which provides biomechanical data reference for the selection of new implant parameters for industrial production and clinical use. The results show that the structural life of the implant is almost 764 years for pure titanium, 821 years for Ti6Al4v, and 1,274 years for βTi. From the analysis of the safety factor diagrams of the structures, it can be obtained that the smallest safety factor of the entire implant system occurs in the part where the abutment and the connection are in contact with each other during loading. In contrast, the smaller safety factors occurred in the abutment bumps, the ear stacks of the two grooves of the connector, and in the area of contact between the connector and the implant.
Gu, WeiCheng, SiyuanLiao, Jifei
To obtain additional space for industrial sorting and assembly line labeling operations, this study conducts an analysis of the four-bar mechanism. Based on this analysis and combination, the redundant parallel mechanism is introduced. That is, on the basis of the traditional parallel mechanism with central rotation, the objective of expanding the working space is achieved. The degree of freedom of the screw theory and the disparities between the working space of this mechanism and that of the traditional mechanism are analyzed. Finally, through application analysis, it is demonstrated that the working space of this mechanism is variable and that the mechanism can adapt to diverse workplaces.
Li, WenqianZhang, Xiaojie
In order to meet the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies, a typical chassis structure lightweight method based on sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the subframe of a certain model is established, and the impact strength and static strength of the subframe structure are analyzed by the finite element method. Secondly, the sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was carried out for the 12 main sheet thicknesses in the finite element model. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the plate thickness of the components that is conducive to lightweight and has little impact on the 13 strength conditions of the subframe was selected as the design variable. The size optimization was carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the subframe and the constraint that the maximum Von Mises stress of the unit, where each material is located, did not exceed the yield strength of the material. The optimization results show that the performance of the subframe under 13 strength conditions meets the requirements of the index, and the weight of the subframe is reduced by 1.37 kg / 9.6%.
Jing, MinJia, ZhilongZhang, HualeiLiu, MinjieGan, XinhuaGao, Jinyu
This study aims to solve the trajectory optimization problem of multi degree of freedom micro air vehicle (MAV) with the aim of improving its flight performance through technological innovation. A multi degree of freedom trajectory optimization (MDFTO) method with sideslip angle and angle of attack as the core control variables was proposed for multiple complex constraints in combat environment, such as terminal accuracy and overload limitation. This method can more accurately characterize and adapt the strong nonlinear, dynamic coupling and time varying characteristics of the MAV in high-speed maneuvering flight. In order to solve this MDFTO problem with multiple constraints and strong nonlinear characteristics efficiently, the hp adaptive pseudospectral method is used in this study, and is verified by simulations based on the GPOPS-II optimization platform. The algorithm has the advantages of highly accurate discrete state and control variables, efficient processing of path and terminal constraints, and adaptive adjustment of the distribution point density. GPOPS-II is able to efficiently adapt to the MDFTO method. The simulation results show that the GPOPS-II can accurately capture the MAV’s dynamic response. Its adaptive node adjustment mechanism effectively balances computational efficiency with solution accuracy, especially during flight phases where state changes drastically, ensuring the reliability of results. The MDFTO method successfully achieves the optimal solution, and the generated trajectory strictly follows the laws of vehicle dynamics and kinematics. This method provides an effective and engineering feasible technical approach for the trajectory optimization of the MAV under complex constraints, and has important theoretical and practical value for improving its strike accuracy, maneuverability and comprehensive combat effectiveness.
An, ZhichaoMing, ChaoWen, Guangbao
In order to meet the demand for missile miniaturization and simplify the system complexity, this paper designs a guidance control integration method according to sliding mode control based on the longitudinal plane motion model, which is combined with the theory of sliding mode control. The design realizes tracing of attack angle to line-of-sight angle through sliding mode control of the outer loop, and the tracking of the control volume rudder deflection angle to the virtual control volume angle of attack through the sliding mode control of the inner loop. The stability of the guidance law is also verified by the Lyapunov function. The simulation results show that the guidance law can hit the target successfully, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the design method.
Bai, JiajunMing, ChaoAn, ZhichaoNiu, ZhaoqiWen, Guangbao
As oil and gas exploitation advances into deep seas, risers linking offshore platforms and subsea extraction systems endure long-term complex marine loads. Fatigue damage from Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) has become a key factor limiting the safe operation of deep-sea engineering structures. To address this issue, a bionic adaptive rotating fairing, which is adjustable to ocean current directions, was designed. Its main components include buoyancy blocks, a fairing with spiral guide rails on the inner wall, and clamps, which work together to reduce VIV by regulating flow patterns. Numerical simulations of concave and convex fairings showed that under subcritical flow, shifting from a concave to convex cross-section gradually enhances the fairing’s drag and lift reduction effects on risers, with a steady improvement trend. Further comparisons were made between 0.25D convex fairings, 0.35D convex fairings, and bare risers, focusing on drag/lift reduction, vortex shedding frequency, and Strouhal number. Both convex fairings exhibited similar VIV suppression performance to the bare riser, but differed significantly in the percentage reduction of vortex shedding frequency and Strouhal number. Thus, the 0.25D convex fairing was identified as the optimal configuration for VIV suppression among the concave-convex fairings studied.
Zhang, XuSong, GuangmingWang, BaozhongZhao, JinpengChen, Qianshuo
Nowadays, as computer technology makes quick progress, innovative algorithms like deep learning are getting used more and more in underground engineering and lots of other fields. When working on rectangular pipe jacking tunnel projects, accurately predicting the magnitude of pipeline settlement is really key to keeping the work moving smoothly. But traditional ground settlement prediction methods mainly rely on empirical formulas and numerical simulation software. When applied to tunnels with complex geometries, though, these methods usually don’t work as well as needed. To fix this problem, our study came up with a new model called PSO-LSTM-Self-Attention Mechanism (shortened to PSO-LSTM-SAM), specifically designed to predict pipeline settlement caused by rectangular pipe jacking work. This model takes the data collected from construction monitoring and uses that as the input for time series modeling work. That allows for in-depth analysis of real-time settlement data, and as a result, it can make more precise predictions of long-term pipeline settlement. To verify the effectiveness of the PSO-LSTM-SAM algorithm, the researchers compared its prediction results with those from a conventional LSTM network, an LSTM-SAM network, and a PSO-SVR network. They also checked the model’s performance by looking at pipeline settlement predictions from different monitoring points, using data from the Changsha Railway Transit Line 6 project. The results show that the PSO-LSTM model, with the self-attention mechanism added in, greatly boosts how accurate tunnel settlement predictions are, and the model fits the data better, too. This proves that the PSO-LSTM-SAM model works well: by using the strengths of deep learning, it offers a new way to predict pipeline settlement when building rectangular pipe jacking tunnels.
Chen, YiWeng, XiaoxuanZhang, HongLi, YongsuoHu, Da
Spacecraft with chemical propellant engines, especially spacecraft for exploring extraterrestrial objects, need to carry out plume tests on the ground in order to determine the influence of engine plumes on spacecraft. An important purpose of the plume test is to accurately measure the pressure field in key parts of the spacecraft. In this paper, according to the pressure measurement requirements of the spacecraft plume test, the design of a pressure measurement system is carried out, which mainly includes a pressure measurement sensor, a pressure difference measurement sensor, a pipeline, a cable, a measuring instrument, a data acquisition instrument, upper measurement software, and so on. The designed pressure measurement system was successfully applied to the plume impact test of Chang'e VII, which provided important technical support for the development of the spacecraft.
Wu, YueGuo, QinliangWu, DongliangLiu, XiaoningTao, DongxingLin, BoyingXie, ZhengWei, XiNiu, Tong
This research overcomes the serious problem of unregulated fastener substitution in aviation manufacturing, which is due to supply chain disruption, design modification, improved production, and permanent installation of substitute fasteners other than temporary installation substitutes. It can introduce potential risks, including the differences between designed and as-built configurations, and problems with the structural strength of parts. Analysis of a 20XX aircraft model that has been documented with 9 types of fasteners reveals that shortages of 4CE5 and 1CD6 remain constant manufacturing nonconformities and a major element causing long term quality erosion. We have developed an early warning system centered on data with the introduction of the Tolerable Substitution Ratio (TSR) and the non-substitution ratio (NSR). Empirical results show that after implementation, the substituted materials can save as much as 25%, which is approximately $534,000 on domestic sourcing costs and permanently revised drawing costs. We should consider both users’ specifications and the production facility’s actual capabilities when designing the degree of substitution tolerances; substitution deviating from the original specification would not be tolerated. For an extended cycle longer than one year, phase adaptive tolerance adjustments are critical for achieving the acceptable quality limit (AQL). Real-time alignment of the key trigger point in the process stream with supply chain analytics takes away the historical trade-off between operational efficiency and the quality of the final deliverable. The result of this process is that there were more than 1,600 fewer ad-hoc deployments but higher levels of system stability, even as the processes had become more unstable. The payoff in terms of verified protocols for mitigating risk was much greater.
Feng, Yu
The adjustment process for multi-link retractable hatches has long relied on personal experience, making it difficult to achieve precise and quantitative length adjustments. This limitation has consistently constrained the efficiency of the adjustment process. This paper aims to analyze the risks and shortcomings in the existing flush adjustment process, simplify the flush adjustment process into a mathematical model, and calculate the required adjustment amount of the actuator length. By simplifying the flush adjustment process and steps, the risk associated with the adjustment process can be reduced, and the efficiency of door step difference adjustment can be improved.
Deng, QinwenShen, YingdongWang, ZhihaiLi, YixiaoWei, XingxuGao, Haosen
With the development of battery technology and wireless power transmission technology, their applications in the aviation field have broad prospects. Alignment control is the key to achieving wireless power transmission in the air. This paper first establishes a mathematical model for the proposed wireless power transmission device, decomposes and simplifies it to obtain a controlled object model that is more suitable for the algorithm in this paper. Aiming at the accuracy of alignment control in the task, a fused dynamic inverse algorithm with feedforward optimization was designed step by step and verified through simulation. In the simulation, typical application scenarios were designed in combination with the requirements of wireless power transmission technology. The results show that compared with the general dynamic inversion algorithm and differential feedback-fused dynamic inverse algorithm, better alignment control effects have been achieved, and this algorithm can achieve alignment within the expected error range, further verifying its effectiveness and having certain application prospects.
Tan, XudongHei, WenjingLei, Yidi
In order to achieve precise control of refueling volume, improve oil change efficiency, reduce oil pollution and waste, a new oil change device for the reducer of the range hood equipment is studied. We design a new oil change device that integrates oil discharge and refueling functions based on the operating characteristics of the reducer in the range hood equipment. Using the rotational speed of the power pump and the flow rate of the oil pipeline as variables, we determine the refueling flow rate using a one-dimensional quadratic formula. Based on direct control theory, we optimize the relative position parameters of each component of the device, establish a control matrix, and achieve precise control. The experimental results show that the new oil change device exhibits good performance during both one-time oil discharge and refueling processes, meeting the precise control standards for refueling volume. The design and application of a new oil change device can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of oil change in the reducer of the range hood equipment, and have practical application value.
He, PengtaoWei, BoLiang, ZhiyuanDeng, WeirenLiang, WenbinXing, Yuquan
At present, the aircraft arresting system in our country is the fixed water turbine type. This kind of equipment cannot achieve the arrestment of multiple aircraft types, and the arresting distance cannot be adjusted. According to these problems of the aircraft arresting system in our country, the eddy current retarding device is added, based on the water turbine braking device of the aircraft arresting system. It derives the differential equation for an aircraft arresting system with a water turbine brake and eddy current retarder using mathematical modeling. Four types of aircraft parameters are selected, and MATLAB is used as a simulation tool to verify the reliability of the arresting system after installing the eddy current retarder. This research can improve the arresting support ability and make the arresting device meet the arresting requirements of different types of aircraft.
Wei, YanFeng, ChunchunWang, JianwuLi, BinghongYang, Yang
A car seat is one of the most critical components of passive safety. On the basis of the safety of car seats, this paper focuses on optimizing the design of the seat frame and achieving a lightweight design under various dynamic and static loading conditions. The optimization results are verified through physical experiments, which demonstrate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed design method. These experiments also provide research ideas for the optimization design of the seat structure and a certain reference value for the engineering application of the seat.
Shao, YoulinNi, WeiyuChen, Daojiong
The filter seat of diesel engine fuel filters is a key load-bearing component in the engine fuel system. Its structural integrity directly affects the reliability and safety of fuel delivery. In actual operation, the filter seat is subjected to random vibration loads generated by engine operation and vehicle dynamics, which may cause fatigue failure over time, even when static stresses are below the yield strength. This study employs finite element modeling (FEM) to investigate the structural strength and fatigue life of the diesel engine filter seat under random vibration conditions. The CAD model is simplified and meshed to reflect the main load paths, and boundary conditions, including bolt preload, gravity, and measured vibration PSD spectra are applied. Modal and harmonic response analyses are performed using Abaqus, and the Tovo-Benasciutti frequency-domain method is used in fe-safe to predict fatigue life. The results identify the most fatigue-sensitive areas and reveal that the minimum fatigue life is 10^3.067 cycles under realistic conditions, with the most critical regions located near the bolt connection. The simulation methodology and results provide a reliable basis for structural optimization and life prediction of similar components under random vibration environments.
Gu, KexuanZhu, YiXie, LiangWang, Wei
The Mellin non-uniformly distributed moving blade method was adopted to conduct CFD numerical analysis and sample experimental tests on the axial-flow turbines before and after optimization using the uniformly distributed and non-uniformly distributed design methods, respectively. In the original design, five blades were evenly distributed in the 360° circumferential direction, and the non-uniformly distributed angles were 46°, 102°, 46°, 83°, and 83°. CFD numerical analysis shows that due to the low rotational speed of the turbine and the absence of a sealing structure at the blade tip, factors such as tip noise leakage and backflow have little impact, and the flow field pulsation is mainly caused by the blades themselves. The non-uniformly distributed design can significantly enhance the work-doing capacity of the blades. At 90% of the blade height, the torque can be increased by up to 60%, but at the same time, the axial force on the blades also increases accordingly. Near 80% - 90% of the blade height, the axial force increases by 33%. The flow rate performance of the non-uniformly distributed design is slightly inferior to that of the uniformly distributed design, but the overall noise is better than that of the uniformly distributed design, with maximum optimization of 0.48 dB (A); the maximum values of the first three orders of discrete noise are significantly improved, with a maximum improvement of 0.75 dB (A), and the discrete noise orders of the non-uniformly distributed turbine can avoid blade - related factors and disperse the energy to nearby orders.
Wu, AipingMa, TianliWang, ShimingDing, Chengling
The extreme cold environment has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of welded hollow ball nodes, which are crucial components in large-span steel structures. In this paper, based on the comprehensive test data of drum-shaped welded hollow sphere nodes from Beijing Daxing International Airport, a sophisticated finite element model incorporating welding residual stress is established. Through detailed static loading analysis and systematic hysteresis performance studies, the research thoroughly explores the influence mechanisms of low temperature on node bearing capacity, deformation capability, and energy dissipation performance. The investigation reveals that while the bearing capacity of the nodes increases significantly in low-temperature environments, both their plastic deformation capacity and energy consumption performance are notably reduced. These findings provide valuable theoretical references for the design and optimization of large-span mesh frame structures in cold regions, enabling engineers to better account for temperature effects in structural calculations and safety assessments. The results have important implications for improving the reliability and durability of steel structures in extreme cold environments.
Luo, YanzhiJin, Changming
This article focuses on a wide range of high-precision storage and supply systems. Under the rated flow rate of 2.928 mg / s of the proportional flow controller, the instantaneous flow fluctuation range of the BangBang valve reaches 2.963 mg / s, exceeding the control accuracy requirement of 1% for the proportional flow controller. By establishing mathematical models of the BangBang valve, proportional valve, and proportional flow controller for simulation analysis, the trend of the simulation results is consistent with the experimental results. Furthermore, considering the spatial layout and weight of the storage and supply system, this paper proposes a method to improve the accuracy of flow output by adding 180 mL of air capacity between the proportional valve and the proportional flow controller. Ultimately, the maximum flow fluctuation of the proportional flow controller at the moment of the BangBang valve opening and closing is 2.941 mg / s, which meets the control accuracy of the proportional flow controller. Moreover, the error between the output flow rate of the proportional flow controller and the rated working flow rate is minor after increasing the air capacity.
Li, ZhongYan, ZelongHuang, Tiankun
Accurate prediction of ground settlement induced by rectangular pipe jacking, a prevalent trenchless technology in urban infrastructure development, remains a significant challenge. This study addresses this by developing and evaluating a robust machine learning (ML) framework. Leveraging 104 sets of field monitoring data from the Liuye Avenue West Extension rectangular pipe jacking project in Hunan, China, key construction parameters including jacking force, advance rate, and grouting pressure were utilized as inputs to predict ground settlement. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was integrated for automated hyperparameter tuning of six distinct ML models: standalone Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Random Forest (RF), and their respective PSO-optimized counterparts. Comprehensive performance evaluation using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R^2) revealed that the PSO-LSSVM hybrid model achieved superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Specifically, on the test dataset, the PSO-LSSVM model yielded an MSE of 0.367, MAE of 0.424, and an R^2 of 0.941. These findings demonstrate that the proposed PSO-enhanced LSSVM model significantly outperforms baseline models, offering a highly effective and reliable tool for predicting ground deformation in similar complex pipe jacking projects.
Hu, ShiweiHu, RongZhang, HongChen, YiHu, Da
The impact of a titanium nitride (TiN) coating by the cathodic arc deposition (CAD) technique on a 316L stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate is examined in this experimental work. The X-ray diffraction study showed that TiN made the osbornite phase grow in the coated specimen. The SS 316L sample had a hardness of 217.66 HV, and the samples with CAD coatings were five times harder than the uncoated disc. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under dry and wet conditions at loading conditions of 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N with the counterpart of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Wear resistance improved significantly, with the wear rate decreasing markedly after coating compared to the uncoated sample. The wear morphology of the wear on the contact surfaces was identified by SEM analysis of the images. The biocompatibility of the ceramic-coated SS 316L sample with the normal cell line was proved by a cell viability test. The demand for SS 316L and the use of CAD coatings to reduce friction and wear in bio-implant applications were the main topics of the current study.
Gopi, R.Devaraju, A.Sivasamy, P.Raju, M.
In this study, an efficient method for concurrent thermomechanical performance and weight optimization under modal constraints is proposed to address the coupled design challenges of thermomechanical characteristics (thermal capacity, thermal deformation, and modal) and structural weight in straight-ribbed brake discs. Based on high-fidelity computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations of brake disc thermomechanical behavior, a neural network (NN)-based surrogate model and a ResNet-guided geometric feature recognition (RGFG) model for automatic modality recognition were developed, and integrated with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) framework for optimal solution exploration. When applied to a passenger vehicle brake disc case study, the surrogate model of NN demonstrates remarkable accuracy: it shows more than 95% agreement with the CAE results in thermal capacity prediction, the prediction accuracy of thermal deformation exceeds 90% compared to CAE results and 83.4% compared to test result, thereby validating the method’s effectiveness. Compared with conventional CAE approaches, the surrogate model of NN achieves a subsecond prediction speed, significantly reducing computational costs. The surrogate model of RGFG achieves a test accuracy exceeding 95%. Furthermore, the proposed optimization framework offers valuable insights for the inverse design of brake discs.
Han, SimiaoJiang, DaxinHan, ChaoWang, JindaSui, Qinghai
With the increasing demand for multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cooperative operations, the design of guidance laws with time and angle synchronization constraints has become a critical technology to enhance strike precision. This paper focuses on a UAV-launched multi-missile cooperative attack scenario, proposing a composite guidance law that integrates the advantages of existing optimal time/angle control guidance laws. By introducing a time error feedback term and an angle constraint term, combined with an adaptive disturbance observer to compensate for aerodynamic errors and target maneuvers, the proposed guidance law ensures a terminal miss distance of less than 0.5 m while achieving a time error ≤0.6 s and an incidence angle deviation ≤2° among multiple missiles. Simulation and test results both demonstrate that the four-missile cooperative attack achieves time dispersion within 1s, satisfying engineering practicality and anti-interference requirements.
Xie, LijunWang, DeshuangYang, XiaodongZhang, TingtingLi, Yang
The rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has imposed increasingly demanding requirements on aerodynamic force testing. Ground vehicle-mounted testing provides a safe, relatively accurate, and cost-effective experimental method for testing UAV aerodynamic forces. This paper focuses on a ducted fan as the research object and presents a ground vehicle-mounted testing system designed to investigate its aerodynamic characteristics. The testing process includes building a testing platform, ground static testing, vehicle-mounted testing, and systematic data analysis. Comparative results between experimental tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations demonstrate that the vehicle-mounted testing method can accurately provide the aerodynamic force of the ducted fan, with errors in aerodynamic force and moment measurements being less than 5%. This approach could provide important technical support for the design and optimization of ducted UAVs.
Mao, SenZhao, ChuangxinWu, ShuangFeng, YupengZhang, YanwuChen, Lin
This paper, for the first time, applies the Divine Religions Algorithm (DRA) to three-dimensional UAV path planning. Targeting the complex terrain of urban-mountain mixed environments, we propose a novel method that incorporates multiple enhancements, including A* initialization, single-point disturbance mutation, and adaptive weighting. First, the A* algorithm is employed to generate high-quality initial paths, serving as the skeleton of the population. Innovative mechanisms such as terrain-adaptive disturbances and dynamic weight adjustment are integrated to achieve both efficiency and robustness in path optimization. Comparative experiments with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Crowned Porcupine Optimization (CPO) show that the improved DRA algorithm exhibits significant advantages in terms of path length, safety margin, average altitude variation, average turning angle, and overall cost function. It consistently obtains superior paths and achieves faster convergence. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides an efficient, adaptive, and practical intelligent optimization tool for UAV path planning in urban-mountain mixed or similarly complex environments, offering promising prospects for engineering applications.
Fang, LianyuYi, Wenjun
Multi-UAV cooperative localization can utilize information fusion between nodes to improve localization accuracy and performance on the target. Distributed state fusion estimation methods have been heavily studied in recent years, but the final estimates in the research results do not converge towards the global optimum. This paper aims to make the state estimates of each individual in the UAV formation for the target converge and converge to reliable values. In this paper, we study a multi-UAV cooperative tracking method based on adaptive weighted fusion, which first evaluates the importance of each node in the UAV formation and the reliability of the local filtering estimation results, and then assigns the weights according to the reliability of the UAV’s local state estimation of the target in the whole at the current moment. Finally, this paper verifies through simulation experiments that the method can not only accomplish the state tracking of the target, but also that the state estimates of each node in the network converge to more accurate state estimates.
Xia, ShengjiWang, ChangqingLiu, FaleiJia, ZhaoxuanZhao, Quanpu
The numerical simulation of the transformation process of multiple droplets into liquid films is a complex problem involving multiphase flow, interface dynamics, and heat and mass transfer. It usually requires the combination of fluid mechanics, interface science, and numerical calculation methods. Based on the smooth particle fluid dynamics method, this paper establishes a multiphase fluid-solid coupling interaction model among droplets, surrounding air and solid walls, and studies the dynamic change process of multiple raindrops dispersed in different grooves. The results show that when the contact Angle is small, the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact. The multiple raindrops evolve in their respective grooves and eventually form multiple raindrops that approach the steady-state contact Angle. The second situation is that the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact, the raindrops start to fuse, and multiple raindrops form a larger one. At this point, the contact point of the gas-solid-liquid phase disappears, that is, the "regulating force" of the contact Angle is 0. This paper provides important numerical simulation references for flight safety, aerodynamic performance and anti-icing/de-icing technologies during the flight of aviation aircraft.
Huo, YeChen, YonghengSun, Cunxiang
The climb gradient along the takeoff trajectory at each point during takeoff reflects the aircraft’s ability to clear obstacles and reach a safe altitude, ensuring the safety of civil flights. Airworthiness regulations specify certain requirements for the single-engine-out climb gradient. Given that the data used in conventional calculation methods are significantly influenced by the flight status during the process, this paper explores two new climb performance calculation methods based on the existing ones. A set of data was calculated, and the resulting errors were all no more than 10%, indicating that both new calculation methods are effective and reliable. Therefore, they provide a certain reference value for the climb gradient calculation of transport category aircraft.
Jiang, TianjunLiu, Tao
The structural stiffness of a manned lunar vehicle is a core indicator ensuring its stable operation in the complex lunar environment. The vehicle’s body structure must meet multiple requirements, including high stiffness, lightweight design, and adaptability to lunar surface conditions. Since lunar gravity is only 1/6 of Earth’s and the terrain is rugged and dusty, the body structure must employ a high-stiffness design to withstand driving impacts and resist deformation, thereby preventing mechanical failures or safety hazards for crew members caused by excessive structural distortion. However, excessive structural stiffness would result in an overweight vehicle body, conflicting with the spacecraft’s lightweight requirements. Thus, the structural stiffness index should be optimized to a lower value while ensuring safe operation during lunar surface driving without compromising performance. This paper calculates and determines the structural bending and torsional stiffness indicators for the manned lunar vehicle’s body through simplified model calculation and the FEA method.
Shen, ZhenghuiWu, YingjiaYang, JianfengWang, WeijunZhang, ChongfengHan, Liangliang
Test results of the composite helicopter horizontal central-wing under symmetric and unsymmetric loads showed that the strain value of the lower skin would turn from negative to positive, showing a nonlinear behavior. FEM results of the linear and nonlinear analytical approach showed a great difference. The strain value of the lower skin remains negative and decreases linearly when using a linear FEM analysis. The strain value of the lower skin would turn from negative to positive when a nonlinear FEM analysis is applied, and this result agrees well with the test results. Besides, the results of the FEM buckling analysis showed that the buckling load of the lower skin is considerably higher than the value at which the skin would show a nonlinear behavior. Therefore, the specific behavior is a result of the nonlinear property of the structure, not buckling.
Wang, ZheZhang, TiesongLi, MengjiaChen, PuhuiHuang, ZhiwenWang, Binwen
Folding wing mechanisms are widely applied in aircraft structural design. This design reduces the size of the aircraft, making it easier to store and transport. Whether the foldable wing can successfully deploy determines the completion of the flight mission. Therefore, it is crucial to study the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the mechanism during the deployment process. The deployment of the folding wing typically occurs within milliseconds. The flow field imposes aerodynamic loads on the mechanism, causing it to move, while the large deformation motion of the mechanism, in turn, affects the aerodynamic loads from the flow field. This is a typical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) process. Traditional CFD methods for solving the deployment process in a decoupled manner often result in large errors and cumbersome procedures. To investigate the aerodynamic loads and deformation of the folding wing mechanism during deployment, the ALE algorithm in LS-DYNA was selected to directly solve the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the mechanism in unsteady flow fields, guiding the design of foldable wing mechanisms.
Wei, TingTong, ZongkaiLi, Naitian
Civil aircraft, as typical complex product systems, exhibit characteristics such as a high concentration of high-tech technologies, strong interdisciplinarity, a high level of system integration, long development cycles, substantial project investments, and complex management. During the R&D process of civil aircraft projects, there are often high risks in performance, cost, and schedule. Delays in the schedule can lead to losses in project manpower and material resources, as well as project failure. A mature objective criteria system for maturity assessment provides a reference basis for determining whether the project has reached its optimal state at a specific stage, thereby reducing project management risks and increasing the probability of project success. This research will adopt a research approach combining theoretical studies with practical case analysis. First, it will conduct extensive and in-depth investigations into various maturity models and their applications across the entire product lifecycle within relevant fields. A requirement maturity model and requirement maturity KPI (Key Performance Indicator) indicators will be established to clarify the maturity status of requirements at different development stages, enabling judgment of whether the project is ready to proceed to the next development phase. Concurrently, by developing a KPI statistical system platform integrating application servers and data processing tools, a scientific and quantitative inspection mechanism will be implemented to visualize project development progress, status, and risk data. This will provide actionable insights for project decision-making and achieve effective project management and control.
Wang, YiHuang, JunkaiZhang, Xinyu
Flexible cables are widely used in aircraft and are essential for ensuring the proper functioning of critical systems and flight safety. The design and validation of these cables represent a foundational technology in enabling the transmission of electrical power and signals throughout the entire aircraft. To achieve their intended service life, appropriate protective measures and experimental verification must be implemented. Drawing on the development experience of flexible cables for a specific domestic aircraft model, this paper proposes a combined protection method designed to extend the service life of flexible cables. Experimental analysis demonstrates the practicality and reference value of this approach.
Shi, LiqingHu, HuanghuaGe, Zengwen
To ensure the successful implementation of the separation, evacuation, and return processes of manned spacecraft after long-term docking at the space station, regular on-orbit health assessments must be conducted. Based on this requirement, a technical method for evaluation through autonomous on-orbit testing is proposed. First, the docking status and characteristics of the manned spacecraft’s systems, such as information management, crew environmental control, thermal control, power management, docking function, attitude, and orbit control function, are described. Then, the functional requirements for the separation, evacuation, and return of the manned spacecraft, such as the relative measurement, the relay communication, TT&C and data transmission, image and voice, instrument display and alarm, and the attitude measurement, are analyzed. Subsequently, the on-orbit testing system, test items, test procedures, and test methods for health assessment are detailed. It also provides the design of TT&C support, the design of energy support, and the main principle explanation for autonomous on-orbit testing of the system.
Cheng, WeiNan, HongtaoTian, YeZhao, Zheng
To reduce the drag and intense heating faced by the hypersonic vehicle during flight, a novel spike–dual-disk–channel configuration is proposed, featuring a slotted channel at the head and exhaust at the second aerodisk. Numerical simulations were conducted using Fluent at 30 km and 5 Ma in free-flow. The new configuration's comprehensive aerodynamic performance were evaluated and compared to those of the single-disk and dual-disk configurations. The simulation results indicate that the new configuration exhibits superior comprehensive aerodynamic performance compared to the single-disk configuration. In contrast to the dual-disk configuration, the new configuration slightly compromises drag reduction (by approximately 1%), but achieves significantly better thermal protection (by approximately 10%).
Luo, ShenxingFang, ShuzhouYe, Chen
This study analyzed the evacuation process of aircraft cabin personnel, with a focus on the impact of emergency exit configuration on evacuation efficiency. The research results indicated that the number and location of emergency exits are key factors determining evacuation time. In the case of only one exit, the evacuation time was significantly longer than that of multiple exit configurations. Utilizing three exits could reduce the evacuation time to 76 seconds. Additionally, the age and gender distribution of passengers, as well as priority rules, also had a significant impact on the evacuation process. The study further demonstrated that the activation of emergency exits and rear cabin doors could significantly enhance evacuation efficiency, while the opening of the front cabin door had a relatively smaller effect.
Wang, KaiWu, BinLi, GuolinYue, ChaoyuZeng, TaiSu, Zhengliang
The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model, and the ideal visual performance was observed at 400 lx illuminance and 8000 K CCT. The results clearly illustrate the significant impact of display parameters on operational performance in remote tower systems and provide both practical data and a theoretical basis for the human factors design and fatigue reduction research on RTSs.
Zhong, LinfengHu, RuohuiLuo, PeilinZuo, QinghaiZhong, QingweiAi, Yi
This study presents a full-envelope attitude-stabilisation and trajectory-tracking strategy for morphing flying-wing UAVs operating in highly nonlinear and strongly coupled conditions. The approach integrates fuzzy C-means (FCM) envelope partitioning with L1 adaptive control. Small-disturbance linear models are first generated at multiple altitude–Mach trim points; the FCM algorithm then performs unsupervised clustering in the state space, yielding representative subintervals that capture local flight-dynamic characteristics. The optimal cluster number and fuzziness exponent are selected using the partition coefficient, partition index, partition entropy, and Xie–Beni indices. For each sub-interval, an LQR baseline controller is designed and augmented by an L1 adaptive compensator, where a low-pass filter decouples adaptation from robustness to guarantee specified transient-performance bounds under matched/unmatched uncertainties, actuator saturation, and external disturbances. A feed-forward pre-filter realises online decoupling of the multi-input multi-output channels, thereby enhancing adaptability to variable sweep angles and large aerodynamic variations. Simulations covering low-speed/small-sweep and high-speed/large-sweep scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method sustains robust stability across the clustered envelope, outperforming conventional control schemes and confirming its engineering applicability.
Tang, LonghaoSun, XiaoxuLiu, Changlin
The multi-objective optimization algorithm framework for lightweight bus chassis architecture selects new sample points by utilizing the optimal solution obtained during the iterative process, and then reshapes the dynamic Kriging surrogate model, ultimately achieving the implementation of multi-objective optimization for lightweight bus chassis architecture. Its core lies in whether the NM-MOPSO algorithm can accurately converge to the global optimal solution of the model. This determines the accuracy of the sampling area and the effectiveness of the new sample points. If the algorithm converges inaccurately, it will result in poor performance of the model in the optimal solution region, thereby affecting the accuracy of the solution. Therefore, the precise convergence of NM-MOPSO algorithm is crucial for the success of multi-objective optimization algorithm for lightweight bus chassis architecture.
Han, YangqiHu, JingChen, YajuanHu, Guangxue
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