Browse Topic: Safety

Items (19,782)
This document is reissued for application to helicopters.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
This study presents the development and validation of a numerical model for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV), with a focus on analyzing battery degradation under various driving scenarios and modes. The proposed model integrates a comprehensive vehicle dynamics framework with a detailed battery model to evaluate the impact of different driving conditions on battery performance and longevity. The vehicle model captures the hybrid powertrain's behavior, including energy management strategies, while the battery model incorporates electrochemical dynamics to predict degradation mechanisms such as capacity fade and resistance increase. Two primary driving scenarios are examined: urban driving, characterized by frequent stops, accelerations, and transitions between aggressive and relaxed driving styles, and long-distance highway driving, where cruising speeds and driving patterns vary. The urban scenario emphasizes the effects of stop-and-go traffic and
Martinez, SantiagoMerola, SimonaIrimescu, AdrianBibiloni Ipata, Sebastian
The growing emphasis on road safety and environmental sustainability has spurred the development of technologies to enhance vehicle efficiency. Accurate vehicle mass knowledge is crucial for all vehicles, to optimize advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and CCAM (Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility) systems, as well as to improve both safety and energy consumption. Moreover, the continuous need to report precisely on the greenhouse emissions for good transports is becoming a key point to certificate the impact of transportation systems on the environment. Mass influences longitudinal dynamics, affecting parameters such as rolling resistance and inertia, which in turn are critical to adaptive control strategies. Moreover, the knowledge of vehicle mass represents a key challenge and a fundamental aspect for fleet managers of heavy-duty vehicles. Typically, this information is not readily available unless obtained through high-cost weighing systems or estimated
Vicinanza, MatteoAdinolfi, Ennio AndreaPianese, Cesare
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus ArmandoLecompte, MatthieuRedondo-Iglesias, EduardoPelissier, SergeAbada, Sara
The increased functionality of today’s medical devices is astounding. Optical devices, for example, analyze chemicals, toxins, and biologic specimens. Semiconductor devices sense, analyze, and communicate. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices utilize inertial methods to detect motion, direct light, and move components over short distances. Radiofrequency (RF) devices communicate wirelessly to other devices directly and remotely over the Internet. Handheld acoustic devices scan the body and build a virtual 3D model that shows conditions in the body. The innovation currently happening in the medical device industry is staggering, limited only by imagination and finding technical methods to implement the vision.
This document describes a process that may be used to perform the ongoing safety assessment for (1) GAR aircraft and components (hereafter, “aircraft”), and (2) commercial operators of GAR aircraft. The process described herein is intended to support an overall safety management program. It is associated with showing compliance with regulations and also establishing and meeting internal company safety standards. The process described herein identifies a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess continuing airworthiness. Ongoing safety management is an activity dedicated to assuring that risk is identified and properly eliminated or controlled. The safety management process includes both safety assessment and economic decision-making. While economic decision-making (factors related to scheduling, parts, and cost) is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the ongoing safety assessment process. This ongoing safety assessment process
S-18C Ongoing Safety Assessment Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice provides DA metrics used to quantify the DDT performance of ADS-operated vehicles.3 Here, the primary focus is on the safety-related DDT performance and includes definitions, taxonomy, characteristics, and usage (along with alternatives) for each metric. DDT performance is a subset of overall operational performance of ADS-operated vehicles. Thus, assessments of DDT Fallback [1], cybersecurity, maintenance, interactions with passengers, etc., while important and could have an indirect impact on the DDT, are out of scope for this document. Note that the DA metrics do not specify the actions and/or maneuvers to be executed by the (ADS-operated) subject vehicle (SV). While this document presents a set of individual DA metrics, it is important to note that it is out of the scope of this document to describe how these metrics should be applied in practice. This is because the overall context of the scenario or deployment must be considered during DA metrics
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee
Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and
Wishart, Jeffrey
The return to Earth is a rough ride for astronauts, from the violent turbulence of atmospheric entry to a jarring landing. Hitting the ground in a Soyuz capsule is the equivalent of driving a car backward into a brick wall at 20 mph, and it’s resulting in more head and neck injuries than NASA computer models predicted. To collect more data, NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston commissioned a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop a wearable data recorder for astronaut spacesuits. One result, created by Diversified Technical Systems Inc. (DTS), is a miniature commercial device that now collects and transmits data for any application from airplane test flights to tracking high-value shipments.
Despite all the technological evolution in navigation, waters just off coastal shores around the globe have remained a black box. That is, until researchers from The University of Texas at Austin and Oregon State University developed a new technology that uses satellites in space to map out these tricky areas.
While electric powertrains are driving 48V adoption, OEMs are realizing that xEV and ICE vehicles can benefit from a shift away from 12-volt architectures. In every corner of the automotive power engineering world, there are discussions and debates over the merits of 48V power networks vs. legacy 12V power networks. The dialogue started over 20 years ago, but now the tone is more serious. It's not a case of everything old is new again, but the result of a growing appetite for more electrical power in vehicles. Today's vehicles - and the coming generations - require more power for their ADAS and other safety systems, infotainment systems and overall passenger comfort systems. To satisfy the growing demand for low-voltage power, it is necessary to boost the capacity of the low-voltage power network by two or three times that of the late 20th century. Delivering power is more efficient at a higher voltage, and today, 48V is the consensus voltage for that higher level.
Green, Greg
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a programmable steering wheel called the Tri-Rotor, which allows an astronaut the ability to easily operate a vehicle on the surface of a planet or moon despite the limited dexterity of their spacesuit. This technology was originally conceived for the operation of a lunar terrain vehicle (LTV) to improve upon previous Apollo-era hand controllers. In re-evaluating the kinematics of the spacesuit, such as the rotatable wrist joint and the constant volume shoulder joint, engineers developed an enhanced and programmable hand controller that became the Tri-Rotor.
The electric conversion of a large passenger vehicle was investigated, in which the internal combustion engine and associated components were replaced by electric powertrain components. As this will have an influence on the rollover safety performance of the vehicle, compliance to the requirements of UN ECE Regulation No.66 was assessed. The vehicle geometry was captured through physical inspection. The unladen kerb mass of the vehicle was experimentally determined as 10660 kg. This mass excludes the mass of occupants as the vehicle is not fitted with occupant restraints. The location of the center of gravity was estimated using a representative CAD model. The center of gravity is located at a distance of 3580 mm behind the front axle and at a height of 1195 mm above the ground. An implicit nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was conducted to quantify the energy absorption capability of a rollover hoop. This value was calculated as 5.65 kJ for a single rollover hoop and 67.80 kJ for
Raats, Daniel JamesVenter, GerhardBredell, Johann
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, high-power charging technology has become an effective way to meet the fast-charging needs of electric vehicles. Temperature control of charging cables is crucial for the safety and efficiency of charging. This article aims to develop finite element method (FEM)-ML to predict the temperature field of the charging cable. First, the initial ambient temperature and maximum current were set as the main influencing factors, and a dataset including various charging parameters and cable temperature fields was built by FEM based on a two-factor, four-level orthogonal design. Then, surrogate models based on the Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm, multilayer perceptron (MLP) model, and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model were established to predict the temperature field distribution of high-power charging cables. The results indicated that the XGB model had better prediction performance than the MLP model, with average values of MSE, RMSE
Li, XilinZhan, ZhenfeiFan, FuhaoFu, YunyouShen, YunlongPu, LiangxiZhou, QiTang, Weiqin
The scope of this document is to provide the design specifications/requirements/guidelines for concrete curb surrogates that represent actual concrete curbs to the in-vehicle sensors and can be used for performance assessment of such in-vehicle sensing systems in real-world test scenarios/conditions. Therefore, this document only includes the recommended concrete curb surrogate characteristics for automotive cameras, LiDARs, and/or radars. This document is focused only on the concrete curb and not on the asphalt curb, which is not common.
Active Safety and Driver Support Systems Standards Committee
This document is a tool for the certifying authority, flight deck crew station designers, instrument suppliers, lighting suppliers, and component suppliers. It is an aid to understanding and meeting relevant regulatory requirements, particularly those relating to pilot compartment view (refer to 14 CFR § 25.773[a][2]) and instrument lights (refer to 14 CFR § 25.1381[a][2]) for glare arising from visible electromagnetic radiation.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
This document establishes the minimum curriculum requirements for training, practical assessments, and certifying composite structure repair personnel and metalbond repair personnel. It establishes criteria for the certification of personnel requiring appropriate knowledge of the technical principles underlying the composite structural repairs and/or metalbond they perform. Persons certified under this document may be eligible for licensing/certification/qualification by an appropriate authority, in addition to this industry-accepted technician certification. Teaching levels have been assigned to the curriculum to define the knowledge, skills, and abilities graduates will need to make repairs to composite or metalbond structure. Minimum hours of instruction have been provided to ensure adequate coverage of all subject matter, including lecture and laboratory. These minimums may be exceeded and may include an increase in the total number of training hours and/or increase in the teaching
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) that absorb energy during vehicle rollovers play a crucial role in providing integrated passive safety for operators restrained by seat belts. These protective structures, integrated into the vehicle frame, are designed to absorb high-impact energy and deform in a controlled manner without intruding into the occupant’s safe zone. This research focuses on the detailed analytical design procedure and performance evaluation criteria of the two-post open ROPS used on motor graders against lateral loads. An experimental test on a standard tubular square hollow section (SHS) column subjected to lateral load has demonstrated a significant correlation between the post-yield behavior of plastic hinge development and energy absorption, compared with results from various formulations adopted in finite element analysis (FEA). To reduce design iteration time and the cost of physical destructive testing, the complete equipment experimental setup is virtually
J., Avinash
The mobility industry is rapidly advancing towards more autonomous modes of transportation with the adoption of sophisticated self-driving technologies. However, a critical challenge, being the lack of standardized norms for defining, measuring, and ensuring vehicle visibility across various dynamic traffic environments, remains. This lack of awareness of visibility is hindering the development of new regulations for vehicle visibility and the controlled transition to a fully-integrated autonomous future. While current efforts focus on improving sensing technologies like computer vision, LiDAR systems, and sensor fusion development, two key issues remain unresolved: 1 The absence of a representative and realistic three-dimensional color visibility model for measuring and comparing the visibility of complex shapes with large but varying color coated three-dimensional surface areas. 2 The need for enhanced visibility solutions that improve visibility and vehicle detectability for all
Mijnen, Paul W.Moerenburg, Joost H.
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting quasi-static cab roof strength tests for heavy-truck applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test procedures that will standardize the procedure for heavy trucks. Descriptions of the test setup, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and test fixtures are included.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
Current regulations (e.g., Title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, or 14 CFR) define design requirements for oxygen system provisions for protection of crewmembers and passengers following emergency events such as in-flight decompression. This aerospace information report (AIR) addresses the operational oxygen system requirements for a decompression incident that may occur at any point during a long-range flight, with an emphasis for a decompression at the equal time point (ETP). This AIR identifies fuel and oxygen management contingencies and presents possible solutions for the efficient, safe, and optimum fuel/oxygen flight continuation. Oxygen management is a critical concern for all aircraft, ranging from single-engine types operating above 10000 feet to complex, high-performance aircraft equipped with supplemental oxygen systems. Proper planning ensures compliance with regulations and supports pilot and passenger safety at higher altitudes. This document
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
We present DISRUPT, a research project to develop a cooperative traffic perception and prediction system based on networked infrastructure and vehicle sensors. Decentralized tracking and prediction algorithms are used to estimate the dynamic state of road users and predict their state in the near future. Compared to centralized approaches, which currently dominate traffic perception, decentralized algorithms offer advantages such as greater flexibility, robustness and scalability. Mobile sensor boxes are used as infrastructure sensors and the locally calculated state estimates are communicated in such a way that they can augment local estimates from other sensor boxes and/or vehicles. In addition, the information is transferred to a cloud that collects the local estimates and provides traffic visualization functionalities. The prediction module then calculates the future dynamic state based on neurocognitive behavior models and a measure of a road user's risk of being involved in
Beutenmüller, FrankBrostek, LukasDoberstein, ChristianHan, LongfeiKefferpütz, KlausObstbaum, MartinPawlowski, AntoniaRössert, ChristianSas-Brunschier, LucasSchön, ThiloSichermann, Jörg
Experimental testing in automotive development sometimes relies on ad hoc approaches like ‘One Factor at a Time’, particularly in time- and resource-limited situations. While widely used, these approaches are limited in their ability to systematically capture parameter interactions and system complexities, which poses significant challenges in safety-critical applications like high-voltage battery systems. This study systematically investigates the factors influencing thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells using a statistical full-factorial experimental design. Key parameters, including state of charge, cell capacity and heating trigger power, have been analyzed under controlled conditions with an autoclave setup, enabling precise measurement of thermal and mechanical responses. The use of automotive-grade lithium-ion cells ensures relevance for next-generation applications. By employing factorial regression and statistical analysis, the study identifies critical temperatures
Ceylan, DenizKulzer, André CasalWinterholler, NinaWeinmann, JohannesSchiek, Werner
Control-oriented models for vehicle systems are necessary to develop motion planning and path tracking controllers for active safety system development. While being mathematically elegant and simple enough for control design, such models must represent real-world phenomena associated with the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic behavior. Specifically, articulated vehicles suffer from peculiarities like rearward amplification and offtracking in their kinematic behavior that are not found in single-unit passenger vehicles. In this paper, an iterative kinematic modeling algorithm for articulated truck-trailer vehicles with an arbitrary number of vehicle units having an arbitrary number of axles on each vehicle unit is evaluated using driver input data collected from an experimental passenger vehicle on eight real-world scenarios. The experimental vehicle is considered as the tractor vehicle unit for a simulation study in which multiple trailers of various geometries are considered. The yaw
Singh, YuvrajGiuliani, Pio MicheleJayakumar, AdithyaJaved, Nur UddinTan, ShengzheRizzoni, Giorgio
Usually, scenarios for testing of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are generated utilizing certain scenario and road specification languages such as ASAM OpenSCENARIO and OpenDRIVE. Directly adopting these low-level languages limits the rate in which new scenarios are generated for virtual testing. Natural language (NL) would allow a much broader group of people and artificial intelligences to generate scenarios, increasing test coverage and safety. Instead of trying a direct translation from NL into OpenX, the existing intermediate domain specific language (DSL) stiEF is used. This not only facilitates testing and debugging but also generation, as its grammar can be used as a constraint for a large language model (LLM), which is then able to translate NL into stiEF. A parser is applied in an agentic way that interacts with the LLM until a syntactically correct file is generated, an optional second agent is then used to do basic semantic verification. Finally, the translation
Vargas Rivero, Jose RobertoBock, FlorianMenken, Stefan
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 19782