Browse Topic: Safety

Items (19,944)

Determining Worst-Case Execution Time Bounds for Multi-core Processors

2025-01-0155To be published on 04/25/2025

Demonstrating deadline adherence for real-time tasks is a common requirement in all safety norms, including ISO 26262 and DO-178C. Timing verification has to address two levels: the code level (worst-case execution time) and the scheduling level (worst-case response time). Determining which methodology is suited best depends on the characteristics of the target processor. All contemporary microprocessors try to maximize the instruction-level parallelism by sophisticated performance-enhancing features that make the execution time of a particular instruction dependent on the execution history. On multi-core systems, the execution time additionally is influenced by interference effects on shared resources caused by concurrent activities on the different cores, which are not controlled by the scheduling algorithm. In the avionics domain, the new FAA AC 20-193 / EASA AMC 20-193 guidance documents formalize predictability aspects of multi-core systems and derive adequate measures for timing

Kaestner, Daniel, Huembert, Christian, Gebhard, Gernot, Pister, Markus, Wegener, Simon, Ferdinand, Christian

Enhancing Airworthiness Security: SysML-Based Approach to Modelling Security Scope Definitions

2025-01-0172To be published on 04/25/2025

Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions

Hechelmann, Adrian, Mannchen, Thomas

Do aftermarket and original equipment forward collision warning systems respond the same to vehicles and pedestrians?

2025-01-8677To be published on 04/01/2025

Automatic emergency braking and forward collision warning (FCW) systems are equipped to about 32% of registered vehicles in the U.S (Highway Loss Data Institute, 2024). Retrofitting vehicles with aftermarket devices can accelerate the adoption of FCW, but it is unclear if aftermarket systems perform similarly to original equipment manufacturer (OEM) systems. The performance of four aftermarket windshield-mounted FCW systems was evaluated in various Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rear-end and pedestrian crash avoidance tests and compared with previously tested OEM systems. The presence and timing of FCWs were measured when vehicles approached a stationary passenger car at 20,40,50,60 and 70 km/h, motorcycle and dry van trailer at 50,60, and 70 km/h, adult pedestrian at 40 and 60 km/h, and child pedestrian crossing the road at 20 and 40 km/h. Equivalence testing was used to determine if FCW performance was similar between aftermarket and OEM systems. OEM systems provided a

Kidd, David, Floyd, Philip, Aylor, David

Developing a Safety Management System for the Automated Vehicle Industry

2025-01-8673To be published on 04/01/2025

Safety Management Systems (SMS) have demonstrated value in many safety-critical industries and are now increasingly being developed and deployed in the automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicle (AV) sector. Industries with a longer history of SMS deployment have established SMS standards tailored to their specific industry. Several frameworks for an AV industry SMS have been proposed or are currently under development. However, these frameworks borrow heavily from the aviation industry although the AV and aviation industries differ in many significant ways. In this context, there is an important need to review the approach to develop an SMS that is tailored specifically to the AV industry, building on lessons learned from other safety-sensitive industries. This paper outlines a proposed SMS framework for the AV industry based on robust taxonomy development and validation criteria.

Wichner, David, Wishart, Jeffrey, Sergent, Jason, Swaminathan, Sunder

OPTIMAL INVESTIGATION ABOUT CAB OF BSC RACING CAR BASED ON ERGONOMICS

2025-01-8669To be published on 04/01/2025

In the Baja competition, the racing cars need to run under a variety of complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, the road with many broken stones, hump, water puddle and so on，in the endurance race，the driver even has to drive continuously for four hours. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the irrational designs of cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated，and cause the security accidents. Moreover, the lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable manipulation interface, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic designs. In order to solve the unreasonable designs of the cab in ergonomics and improve the safety and comfort of the driver, first of all, establish the overall model of BSC racing car in Catia to obtain a

Liu, Yuzhou, Liu, Silang

Analysis of the Event Data Recorder vehicle system data of a GM Vehicle Intelligence Platform Airbag Control Module (SDM50)

2025-01-8714To be published on 04/01/2025

The primary function of an Airbag Control Module (ACM), referred to as the Sensing and Diagnostic Module (SDM) by General Motors (GM), is to detect crashes, discriminate crashes, evaluate crash severities, deploy the appropriate restraints, including airbags and pretensioners, and perform system diagnostics. A secondary function of the SDM is to act as an Event Data Recorder (EDR) which records data during the time periods just prior to (pre-crash) and during a crash event. This data consists of restraint and vehicle system data which is collected, processed, and stored in the EDR. Data stored in the EDR is intended to be retrieved after a crash. This data provides operational information on the vehicle’s occupant protection system and other vehicle systems to assess system performance, aid in crash reconstruction, and support improved vehicle safety. A series of vehicle test maneuvers were conducted while injecting a non-deployment crash pulse directly into the SDM to cause the SDM to

Smyth, Brian, Crosby, Charles L, Bickhaus, Ryan, Smith, James, Edmunds, Dustin, Floyd, Donald, Modi, Vipul, Outlaw, RaShawndra D., Wright, Jeff

Examination of the Data Structures of the Bendix Data Recorder

2025-01-8712To be published on 04/01/2025

Bendix® EC-80™ and certain EC-60™ ABS control units contain an event data recorder called the Bendix® Data Recorder (BDR). Raw BDR data is obtained using commercially available software, however, the translation of the raw data into an event report has only been performed by the manufacturer. In this paper, the raw data structures of the commercially available datasets are examined. It is demonstrated that the data follows uniform and repeatable patterns. The raw BDR data is converted into a conventional report and then validated against translation reports performed by the manufacturer. The techniques outlined in this research allow investigators to access and analyze BDR records independently of the manufacturer and in a way previously not possible.

DiSogra, Matthew, Hirsch, Jeffrey, Yeakley, Adam

Analysis and Comparison of Metrics to Assess Submarining Behavior with the Hybrid III 5th Percentile Dummy in the Rear Seat

2025-01-8711To be published on 04/01/2025

Real-world data show that abdominal loading due to a poor pelvis-belt restraint interaction is one of the primary causes of injury in belted rear-seat occupants, highlighting the importance of being able to assess it in crash tests. This study analyzes the phenomenon of submarining using video, time histories, and statistical analysis of data from a Hybrid III 5th female dummy seated in the rear seat of passenger vehicles in moderate overlap frontal crash tests. This study also proposes different metrics that can be used for detecting submarining in full-scale crash tests. The results show that apart from the high-speed videos, when comparing time-series graphs of various metrics, using a combination of iliac and lap belt loads was the most reliable method for detecting submarining. Five metrics from the dynamic sensors (the maximum iliac moment, maximum iliac force drop in 1 ms, time for 80% drop from peak iliac force, maximum pelvis rotation, and lumbar shear force) were all

Jagtap, Sushant R, Jermakian, Jessica S, Edwards, Marcy A

Numerical Modeling of a Sandwich Structure Integrated with Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) for Impact Energy Absorption

2025-01-8745To be published on 04/01/2025

Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) exhibits tunable stiffness under varying loading velocities, making it an ideal candidate for energy absorption in transportation systems subjected to complex loading conditions, such as crash scenarios. Recent research highlights that integrating STF with conventional structures can significantly enhance overall energy absorption performance. In this study, we developed a novel sandwich plate by combining a newly designed bio-inspired 3D periodic structure with STF, aiming to create an advanced energy absorber. A finite element model of this system was developed and validated against experimental data. Using this numerical model, we conducted comprehensive impact simulations to investigate the effects of impact velocity and STF viscosity on key structural responses, including peak and mean stress, as well as energy absorption. The contributions of both the fluid and solid components were analyzed. Our findings indicate that the integrated structure

Zhu, Feng, Deb, Anindya

Biofidelity evaluation of AC-HUM pedestrian model based on generic sedan Buck model

2025-01-8743To be published on 04/01/2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Model (AC-HUM) by utilizing a generic sedan Buck model and postmortem human subjects (PMHS) tests. Methods: The boundary conditions of the simulation are derived from the PMHS test with Buck vehicle. The methodology involved the pose adjustment of the upper and lower extremities of AC-HUM, executed through a pre-simulation approach. Subsequently, a 200 milliseconds full-body pedestrian crash simulation was conducted by integrating the Buck vehicle model with the AC-HUM pedestrian model. The trajectories of AC-HUM during the period from initial position to head impact were recorded, including the Head CG, T1, T8 and pelvis. Based on the knee joint, the biofidelity corridors of trajectories in PMHS test were scaled to match the Chinese 50th percentile male to assess the biofidelity of AC-HUM's motion trajectories. Furthermore, the biomechanical responses and injury prediction results of AC-HUM were

Qian, Jiaqi, Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Wu, Xiaofan, Huida, Zhang, Bai, Zhonghao

Speed Determination Using Audio Analysis of Dash Camera Video from Passenger Vehicle Tires Frequencies for Vehicle Accident Reconstruction

2025-01-8682To be published on 04/01/2025

Prior research has validated a reliable method of determining speed using the audio data and a known wheelbase of a test vehicle captured by dash camera audio. However, it has been found that dash camera audio may record an unknown frequency that varies with the test vehicle’s speed. Investigating the origin of the unknown varying frequency revealed the horn effect phenomena, which has been well known research by the tire industry. Independent research identified a frequency generated by the rotating tires when a certain speed threshold was reached by the test vehicle. The research concluded that the tread pattern of the tire in contact with the roadway surface generated a frequency that varied with vehicle speed. However, research using the audio from a dash camera to determine vehicle speed from that specific varying frequency for forensic purposes has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to outline, test, and confirm the source of the varying frequency as a valid

Vega, Henry V., Ngo, Long Justin, Hatab, Ziad, Cornetto, Anthony, Engleman, Krystina, Hunter, Eric

Bicycle Pitch-over Reconstruction Analysis

2025-01-8684To be published on 04/01/2025

During a pitch-over event, the forward momentum of the combined bicycle and rider is suddenly impeded at the front tire and front axle causing the rider and bicycle to rotate about the bicycle front structures and also possibly propelling the rider forward. A pitch-over event can result in significant injuries to the rider. This paper presents the examination of the pitch-over of a bicycle by approaching the event using two different methods over what has been published previously. One method uses Newton’s 2nd Law directly and the other method uses the principle of impulse and momentum, the integrated form of Newton’s 2nd Law. The two methods provide useful equations, contributing to current literature on the topic of reconstructing and analyzing bicycle pitch-over incidents. The analysis is supplemented with Madymo simulation models to evaluate the kinematics and kinetics of the bicycle and rider interacting with front wheel obstructions of different heights. The effect of variables

Brach, R. Matthew, Kelley, Mireille, Van Poppel, Jon

A Method for Lens Distortion Correction of Algorithmically Altered Images

2025-01-8680To be published on 04/01/2025

Photogrammetry is a commonly used type of analysis in accident reconstruction because it allows the position and orientation of vehicles to be quantified as seen in photographic and video evidence. Lens distortion is an important consideration when analyzing photographs and video through photogrammetry. Failure to account for lens distortion can result in inaccurate spatial measurements, particularly when elements of interest are located toward the edges and corners of images. A variety of methods for removing lens distortion are commonly used in photogrammetric analysis. However, these methods assume that lens distortion is solely the result of curved camera lenses and has not been altered algorithmically by the camera system. Today there are several cameras on the market that algorithmically alter images before saving them. These camera systems use proprietary distortion correction features to visually change photographs and videos before they can be viewed. A video or photograph

Pittman, Kathleen, Mockensturm, Eric, Buckman, Taylor, White, Kirsten

Controllability and Driving Automation

2025-01-8679To be published on 04/01/2025

A key challenge for manufacturers of automotive systems, hardware components and software products with no contribution to driving automation is the stringent requirements imposed on elements while being integrated into vehicles with driving automation. The result is increased development cost and low reusability. For such elements or components with no contribution to driving automation, their functions and failure modes remain unchanged when comparing vehicle integration with and without driving automation. The influence of driving automation is not accounted for in the current approach of classifying risk while conducting a Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA). Functional safety standards for on-road vehicles rely on human intervention as a parameter to classify risk. Since current safety standards for on-road vehicles are not inclusive of driving automation concepts, classification of risk, based on existing definitions of parameters such as controllability, leads to

Shah, Mihir, Ibarra, Ireri

NVH Study of Axial Flux Motor for Electric Propulsion Systems

2025-01-8568To be published on 04/01/2025

The advancement of high-performance electrification for electric vehicle (EV) development is continuously pushing the boundaries of electric motor technology. The axial flux motor (AFM) represents a promising application for high-performance EVs, offering potential advantages including up to twice the torque density and a 50% reduction in weight compared to regular IPM radial flux motors. The distinctive "pancake" configuration and high axial forces inherent to AFMs present notable NVH challenges, yet there is a lack of research exploring NVH analysis and risk assessment. In this paper, a 10-pole and 12-slot AFM motor is designed, prototyped, and tested, demonstrating the capability to deliver 300 Nm of peak torque and 140 kW of peak power. A comprehensive finite-element model is constructed, and the orthotropic stator material properties are evaluated using modal test data. The dominant axial stator modes are identified as the source of resonances in the system responses. A three

He, Song, Jensen, William, Forsyth, Alexander, Chang, Le, Zhang, Peng, Gong, Cheng, Yao, Jian, Zou, Yusheng, Fedida, Vincent, Duan, Chengwu, GSJ, Gautam

Driver Distraction Recognition Based on the Information Bottleneck Theory and Graph Convolutional Networks

2025-01-8112To be published on 04/01/2025

Driver distraction remains a leading cause of traffic accidents, making its recognition critical for enhancing road safety. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the Information Bottleneck (IB) theory with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to address the challenge of driver distraction recognition. Our approach introduces a 2D pose estimation-based action recognition network that effectively enhances the retention of relevant information within neural networks, compensating for the limited data typically available in real-world driving scenarios. The network is further refined by integrating the CTR-GCN (Channel-wise Topology Refinement Graph Convolutional Network), which models the dynamic spatial-temporal relationships of human skeletal data. This enables precise detection of distraction behaviors, such as using a mobile phone, drinking water, or adjusting in-vehicle controls, even under constrained input conditions. The IB theory is applied to optimize the trade

Zhang, Ji, Bai, Yakun

Recommendation of Adaptive Safe Speed Limit for Different Driver Profiles Using Deep Learning

2025-01-8106To be published on 04/01/2025

Personalization and driver profiling have emerged as popular topics within the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems domain. Several features, like seat position adjustment and route selection deliver a customized experience for everyone. The systems often profile the driver and their preferences using Machine Learning algorithms to anticipate the needs of the driver. Within this field, personalization of speed limits is not explored to the fullest. Currently, speed limits are the same for all drivers, irrespective of their driving style. Even when the speed limits are designed to address adverse weather conditions, they do not consider the driver’s capabilities. Thus, we propose a novel idea to recommend a safe speed limit based on the driving style and the surrounding environmental conditions. The architecture consists of Long Short-Term Memory based neural networks that capture the driver’s traits based on risks of the environment. The system identifies if a driver is uncomfortable in

Perumal, Rathapriya, Chouhan, Madhvendra, Rangarajan, Rishi

Freedom from Interference Challenges for Adaptive Autosar Based Platform

2025-01-8074To be published on 04/01/2025

Keyword - Autonomous & Connected Vehicles, Functional Safety, ISO26262, Freedom from Interference, Adaptive Autosar, Operating System, Safety mechanisms, Hypervisor, MPU, MMU, PHM. Adaptive AUTOSAR is extensively utilized in the development of autonomous and connected vehicles, where functional safety is paramount. This framework ensures that critical safety requirements are met, providing a reliable and secure platform for advanced vehicular functionalities. The paper delves into challenges and mechanisms for ensuring Freedom from Interference in Adaptive AUTOSAR-based platform, emphasizing strategies for managing complexities and adhering to ISO 26262 standards. This study focuses on managing Memory, Timing, and Execution challenges within Adaptive AUTOSAR-based Platform. In Classic AUTOSAR, robust safety mechanisms ensure Freedom from Interference (FFI). Memory protection is achieved through Memory Protection Unit configuration and memory partitioning. Timing Protection mechanisms

Jain, Yesha

Compensation Algorithm Development in Platform for Pedestrian ADAS Testing

2025-01-8066To be published on 04/01/2025

Test procedures such as EuroNCAP, NHTSA’s FMVSS 127, and UNECE 152 all require specific pedestrian to vehicle overlaps. These overlap variations allow the vehicle differing amounts of time to respond to the pedestrian’s presence. In this work, a compensation algorithm was developed to be used with the STRIDE robot for Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking tests. The compensation algorithm uses information about the vehicle’s speed and position to determine whether the robot needs to move faster or slower in order to properly overlap the vehicle. Tests of the algorithm include two different methodologies for testing functionality and the use of a robotic test driver to vary the vehicle speed in a consistent manner.

Bartholomew, Meredith, Nguyen, An, Helber, Nicholas, Heydinger, Gary

DESIGN METHODOLODY AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR PELVIC PUSHER ENERGY ABSORPTION PAD

2025-01-8615To be published on 04/01/2025

Pelvic Pusher Energy Absorption Pad in a vehicle saves the occupant from pelvic injuries in the event of a crash, especially side or Pole Crash. This Pelvic Pusher Pad plays a crucial role in absorbing the impact energy from the Body side and minimising the impact to the occupant. Positioning of Pelvic Pusher Pad with respect to Occupant Manikin position and torso angle, stiffening criteria for the energy absorption pad, Maximum Force and Energy Absorption target setting methodology and Evaluation methods through CAE and Part Level Physical Validations are all discussed in detail. Pelvic Pusher Pad are of various types such as EPP moulded, Blow Moulded or Injection Moulded and the criteria differ for each type. For EPP moulded type, Based on the EPP Grade, S-S Graph gets converted to F-S Graph and validated accordingly. F-S Graph for a test vehicle is generated through sled test where the sled is made to impact the pelvis of ES2 Dummy at a constant velocity and the F-S Graph is

S M, Rahul, d, Anantha, Kakani, Phani Kumar, Malliboina, Mahendra

A Proactive System to Anticipate and Store the Damage Information on a Parked Car using Machine Learning Algorithm

2025-01-8211To be published on 04/01/2025

Vehicle ADAS Systems majorly comprises of two functions: Driving and Parking. The most common form of damage to the vehicle which goes unnoticed with unidentified cause are parking damages. A vehicle once parked at a certain location may get damaged without knowledge of the user. In this work developed a solution that not only pre-warns the driver but also prepares the vehicle beforehand if it suspects a damage may occur. This eliminates the latency between damage and information capture, detects small damages such as scratches, classifies the type of damage and also informs the user beforehand. This is solution is different from our competitors as the existing solutions informs the user about the scratches/damages, but these solutions are expensive, have high response time, and the damage information is captured after the damage has occurred. The solution consists of the following check blocks: Precondition, Sensor Control and Action Module. The Precondition Module observes the

Debnath, Sarnab, Patil, Prasad, Belur Subramanya, Sheshagiri, Govinda, Shiva Prasad

Enhanced Secondary Crash Classification through Functional Class-Based Weighting and Hybrid Machine Learning Models

2025-01-8207To be published on 04/01/2025

Road safety and traffic management face significant challenges due to secondary crashes, which frequently cause more traffic, delays, and collisions. The importance of different types of roads is often overlooked by traditional methods for anticipating secondary crashes, which can result in suboptimal predictions and reaction plans. This research provides a novel method that combines a hybrid machine-learning model with a functional class-based weighting strategy to classify secondary crashes. The functional classes of the dataset are classified as interstates, arterial roads, collector roads, and local roads. The dataset also includes comprehensive crash narratives and various road attributes. Each functional class is assigned a weight that reflects its proportional importance in the likelihood of a subsequent crash, based on historical data and road usage patterns. After that, this weighting technique is integrated into a hybrid model architecture that trains a Random Forest model on

Patil, Mayur, Marik PE, Stephanie

Terrain Environment Estimating Method for Off-Road Vehicle Anticipated Driving Area Based on Stereo Vision

2025-01-8279To be published on 04/01/2025

Off-road vehicles are required to traverse a variety of pavement environments, including asphalt roads, dirt roads, sandy terrains, snowy landscapes, rocky paths, brick roads, and gravel roads, over extended periods while maintaining stable motion. Consequently, the precise identification of pavement types, road unevenness, and other environmental information is crucial for intelligent decision-making and planning, as well as for assessing traversability risks in the autonomous driving functions of off-road vehicles. Compared to traditional perception solutions such as LiDAR and monocular cameras, stereo vision offers advantages like a simple structure, wide field of view, and robust spatial perception. However, its accuracy and computational cost in estimating complex off-road terrain environments still require further optimization. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a terrain environment estimating method for off-road vehicle anticipated driving area based on stereo

Zhao, Jian, Zhang, Xutong, Hou, Jie, Chen, Zhigang, Zheng, Wenbo, Gao, Shang, Zhu, Bing, Chen, Zhicheng

The Biomechanical Effects of Neck and Back Cushion / Pillow / Support Devices in Low-Speed Rear Impacts

2025-01-8728To be published on 04/01/2025

There are numerous commercially available neck and back support/cushion/pillow devices which are oftentimes attached to seats by vehicle owners. To our knowledge, there has been no published research on the biomechanical effects of these devices in low-speed rear impact exposures. In this study, a series of 54 simulated low-speed rear impact tests were conducted using a validated remote-controlled crash sled system. All tests utilized an instrumented rear impact anthropomorphic test device (BioRID II) restrained using a 3-point seatbelt system in a 2018 Toyota Camry LE driver’s seat. Two delta-V ranges were used for the study: a lower range from 7.2 to 8.0 kph (4.5 to 5.0 mph) and a higher range from 10.5 to 11.3 kph (6.5 to 7.0 mph). Six neck only devices, one combination neck and back device, and three back only devices were assessed. Two tests per delta-V range for each device and each device adjustment position were conducted, in addition to control tests without any devices

Phan, Andrew, Gross, Jamie, Umale, Sagar, Crowley, Shannon, Glasser, Gabriel, Furbish, Christopher

A Chronology of Research and Events To-Date Significant to Occupant Protection in Rear-End Automobile Impacts

2025-01-8725To be published on 04/01/2025

Theory and principles of occupant protection for automobiles in rear-end collisions have experienced significant evolution over the decades. Performance of the seatback, specifically the stiffness of the structure, during such a collision has been a subject of particular interest and debate among design engineers, accident reconstruction experts, critics, etc. The majority of current seat designs rely on plastic deformation of the seatback structure to protect the occupant from the dynamics of the crash. In attempt to highlight and provide background information for understanding this subject, this work highlights significant events, research, and publications over the past five decades to illustrate how this subject, automobile design, government regulation and public opinion has evolved. It is observed that technology and design for improving rear-impact protection has received less attention than collisions of other principal directions of force. The different types of

Warner, Wyatt

Lattice based Localized Energy Absorber for Improved Vulnerable Road User Performance for a Vehicle

2025-01-8723To be published on 04/01/2025

A passenger vehicle hood is designed to meet Vulnerable Road User (VRU) regulatory requirements and Consumer metric targets. Generally, hood inner design and its reinforcements, along with deformable space available under the hood are the main enablers to meet the Head Impact performance targets. However, cross functional balancing requirements like hood stiffness and packaging space constraints can lead to higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC) scores, particularly when secondary impacts are present. In such cases, a localized energy absorber is utilized to absorb the impact energy to reduce HIC within the target value. The current localized energy absorber solutions include the usage of flexible metal brackets, plastic absorbers etc. which has limited energy absorbing capacity and tuning capability. This paper focuses on usage of a novel 3D printed energy absorbers, based on various kind of lattice structures. These absorbers are either sandwiched between hood inner and the outer or are

Kinila, Vivekananda, Agarwal, Varun, V S, Rajamanickam, Tripathy, Biswajit, Gupta, Vishal

The Effect of Tracker and Control Point Distributions on Vehicle Position and Speed Estimates from Dash Camera Video

2025-01-8697To be published on 04/01/2025

Dash cameras (dashcams) can provide collision reconstructionists with quantifiable vehicle position and speed estimates. These estimates are achieved by tracking 2D video features with camera-tracking software to solve for the camera position history, and speed can then be calculated from the position-time history. Not all scenes have the same geometric features in quality or abundance. In this study, we compared the vehicle position and derived-speed estimates from dashcam video for different numbers and spatial distributions of tracked features that mimicked the continuum between barren environments and feature-rich environments. We used video from a dashcam mounted in a vehicle undergoing straight-line emergency braking. The surrounding environment had abundant trackable features on both sides of the road, including road markings, streetlights, signs, trees, and buildings. We first created a reference solution using SynthEyes, a 3D camera- and object-tracking program, and all of the

Young, Cole, Ahrens, Matthew, Flynn, Thomas, Siegmund, Gunter P.

The Accuracy of Vehicle Speeds, Decelerations, and Brake Onset Times Calculated from Onboard Dash Cameras

2025-01-8691To be published on 04/01/2025

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of camera and video parameters on the accuracy of speeds and decelerations calculated from onboard dashboard cameras (“dashcams”). We equipped a single test vehicle with 5 commercially available dashcams. We also equipped the test vehicle with a 5th-wheel, a brake pedal switch, and a synchronization light visible to the dashcams. We conducted 9 emergency braking tests from about 60 km/h and calculated the reference speed and deceleration from the 5th-wheel data. The brake pedal switch indicated the moment of brake application. The light synchronized the dashcam videos to the 5th-wheel and brake pedal data. The 5 dashcams had horizontal fields of view (FOV) ranging from 120 to 170 degrees, frame rates of 30 or 60 frames per second (FPS), and resolutions of 1080p, 2K, or 4K. For each camera and brake test, we extracted the video from the dashcam and calculated its linear and rotational motion using SynthEyes, a 3D motion tracking and

Flynn, Thomas, Ahrens, Matthew, Young, Cole, Siegmund, Gunter P.

Validation of SynthEyes for use in Collision Reconstruction

2025-01-8688To be published on 04/01/2025

Accurate reconstruction of vehicle collisions is critical for understanding incident dynamics and informing safety improvements. Traditionally, vehicle speed from dashcam footage has been approximated by estimating the time duration and distance traveled as the vehicle passes between reference objects. This method limits the resolution of the speed profile to an average speed over given intervals, minimizing vehicle accelerations. A more detailed speed profile can be calculated by tracking the vehicle’s position in each video frame; however, this method is time-consuming, can introduce positional error and variable frame rate noise, and is often constrained by the availability of external trackable features in the surrounding environment. Motion tracking software, widely used in the visual effects industry to track camera positions, has been adopted by some collision reconstructionist for determining vehicle speed from video. This study examines the accuracy and reliability of using

Perera, Nishan, Griffiths, Harrison, Prentice, Greg

STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICLE VISIBILITY BY GEOMETRIC PATTERNS PROJECTION LIGHTING

2025-01-8663To be published on 04/01/2025

A high percentage of pedestrian fatalities in traffic accidents occur at night. Although using high beams at night can enhance pedestrian visibility for drivers, it also presents the issue of increased glare for pedestrian. In this study, the researchers devised a geometric patterns projection lighting using projection technology, designed to reduce glare for pedestrians while enhancing the visibility of pedestrians and approaching vehicles. This study explores the effectiveness of a geometric patterns projection lighting compared to traditional Low beam and High beam headlights in enhancing pedestrian visibility during nighttime driving conditions. Conducted at Dynamic Research Inc.'s closed-course facility, the experiment involved 20 drivers who were exposed to each headlight type while performing specific tasks, including headlight noticeability, glare assessment, and pedestrian detection. The geometric patterns projection lighting, characterized by dynamic intersecting light

Kawamura, Kazuyuki, Oshida, Kei

Multi-objective optimization of the electric bus body frame based on the PSO-BP-MOMVO approach

2025-01-8652To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the design optimization of a commercial electric bus body frame with steel-aluminum heterogeneous material orienting the performances of strength, crashworthiness and body lightweight. First, the finite element (FE) model of the body frame is established for static and side impact analysis, and the body frame is partitioned into several overall regions according to the thickness distribution of the components. The thickness of each region is regarded as the variable for the sensitivity analysis by combining the relative sensitivity method and the Sobol index method, and nine variables to which the performance indexes are more sensitive are selected as the final design variables for design optimization. Then the surrogate models are developed, and in order to improve the accuracy of the surrogate models, a model-constructing method called the particle swarm optimization BP neural network (PSO-BP) data regression prediction is proposed and formulated. In this method

Yang, Xiujian, Tian, Dekuan, Cui, Yan, Lin, Qiang, Song, Yi

The influence of impact location and angle on the dynamic response of a large omnidirectional child dummy head and neck complex

2025-01-8740To be published on 04/01/2025

Head injuries are a common cause of fatality and long-term impairment in child occupants in motor vehicle crashes. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) where the head was designed to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from previous literature. The purpose of this study was to compare experimental and computational results for eight impact directions at 45-degree increments around the LODC head under two levels of impact severity: low and high, corresponding to nominal velocities of 3.08 m/s and 5.42 m/s, respectively. The experimental setup consists of the LODC head and neck assembly rigidly attached to a circular fixture plate and a hemispherical-shaped impactor 76.2 mm in diameter. The acceleration and angular velocity responses were measured and computed from the LODC finite element (FE) head CG and compared against the experimental data. Experimental peak

Challa, Abhishikt, Noll, Scott

Study on the Impact of Vehicle Pitch During Braking on Pedestrian Leg Injuries

2025-01-8741To be published on 04/01/2025

With the increasing prevalence of Automatic Emergency Braking Systems (AEB) in vehicles, their performance in actual collision accidents has garnered increasing attention. In the context of Active Emergency Braking (AEB) systems, the pitch angle of a vehicle can significantly alter the nature of collisions with pedestrians. Typically, during such collisions, the pedestrian's legs are the first to come into contact with the vehicle's front structure, leading to a noticeable change in the point of impact. Thus, to investigate the differences in leg injuries to pedestrians under various pitch angles of vehicles when AEB is activated, this study employs the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) pedestrian finite element model, sensors were established at the leg location based on the Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (aPLI), and a corresponding vehicle finite element model was used for simulation, analyzing the dynamic responses of the pedestrian finite element model at different pitch

Hong, Cheng, Ye, Bin, Zhan, Zhenfei, Liu, Yu, Wan, Xinming, Hao, Haizhou

A Sled Test Methodology for 25% Offset Crash Tests

2025-01-8737To be published on 04/01/2025

Sled crash tests are an important tool to develop automotive restraint systems. Compared with full-scale crash tests, the sled test has a shorter development cycle of the restraint system and lower cost. The objective of the present study is to create a cost-effective sled test methodology, calculate the optimal static yaw angle and loading curves, and analyze the motion response and injuries of the dummy in the small-offset crash test. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified under two typical Small Overlap Frontal Crash (SOFC) modes “energy-absorption” and “sideswipe”. The results show that with the calculated yaw angle α, the head HIC was different from the SOFC model, but all remaining indices were within 5% of the injury criteria . All International Organization for Standardization (ISO) values between the combined accelerations of all parts of the dummy and those of the basic model exceeded 0.75, and some values were above 0.8. Therefore, the proposed sled test

Yu, Liu, Chen, Jianzhuo, Wan, Ming Xin, Fan, Tiqiang, Yang, Peilong, Nie, Zhenlong, Ren, Lihai, Cheng, James Chih

Analysis of occupants' responses in frontal sled tests under a reclined rigid seat environment

2025-01-8734To be published on 04/01/2025

With the increasing adoption of zero-gravity seats in intelligent cockpits, there is growing concern over the safety of occupants in reclined postures during collisions. The newly released anthropomorphic test device (ATD), THOR-AV has modified the neck, spine, and pelvis structures to better match reclined postures. This study aims to investigate the changes in kinematic response and injury criterion for occupants in reclined postures, through high-speed frontal sled tests utilizing the THOR-AV. The tests were conducted using an adjustable rigid seat with zero-gravity characteristic and an integrated three-point seat belt. Six tests were performed across four seat configurations: standard, semi-reclined, fully reclined, and zero-gravity postures. The input acceleration pulse for these tests was derived from the equivalent double trapezoidal waveform of the Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) test. Data from sensors and high-speed video were collected for analysis. The results

Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Fei, Jing, Yang, Xiaoting, Wang, Peifeng, Bai, Zhonghao

Research on the Boundary of Pedestrian Leg Impactor Test in Low-Speed Passive and Active Conditions

2025-01-8735To be published on 04/01/2025

With the widespread application of the Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEB) in vehicles, its impact on pedestrian safety has received increasing attention. However, after the intervention of AEB, the kinematic characteristics of pedestrian leg collisions and their corresponding biological injury responses also change. At the same time, in order to accurately evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of vehicles, the current assessment regulations generally use advanced pedestrian protection leg impactors (aPLI) and rigid leg impactors (TRL) to simulate the movement and injury conditions of pedestrian legs. Based on this, in order to explore the collision boundary conditions and changes in injury between vehicles and APLI and TRL leg impactors under the action of AEB, this paper first analyzes the current passive and active assessment conditions. Secondly, the simulation software LS-DYNA is used to build a finite element model of APLI and TRL impactor-vehicle collisions to

Ye, Bin, Hong, Cheng, Wan, Xinming, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James, Long, Yongchen, Hao, Haizhou

A study on affections of Different Skull-brain Interface Modeling Approaches on Intracranial Responses in Finite Element Analysis

2025-01-8733To be published on 04/01/2025

The mechanical behaviors of brain-skull interface are rather complex and difficult to understand, and various simplified connecting or contacting methods are usually used to simulate the interactions between the brain and skull in the current head finite element (FE) models. Considering the modeling approach of the brain-skull interface determines how loads are transmitted from skull to brain and affects on the intracranial brain responses, therefore, it is essential to study the affections of different brain-skull interface modeling approaches on intracranial brain responses and obtain an accurate load transmission mechanism to study brain injuries. In this study, the head FE model which is a part of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Models (AC-HUMs) is used and some modifications were made on the modeling method of the brain-skull interface in this head FE model. First, head FE model with several different brain-skull interface modeling methods including tied contact, shared nodes

Gan, Qiuyu, jiang, Yejie, Junpeng, Xu, Zhou, Runzhou, Zhang, Liying, Jiang, Binhui

The Influence of Reclined Seatback Angles on Occupant Injury Risks in Frontal Impacts

2025-01-8732To be published on 04/01/2025

The reclined seatbacks will be increasingly used with the advanced technologies of the intelligent automobile. The occupant collision protection must rise to the challenge facing to the new impact scenarios. It is necessary to understand the injury mechanisms of the reclined occupants in order to design the resistant system and testing protection regulations. In this study, the Frontal Full Width Impact (FRB) and Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier Frontal Impact (MPDB) tests were conducted as specified in China New Car Assessment Programme (C-NCAP, 2021 version). The simulation used the biomechanical model of the 5th female occupant exhibiting the detailed anatomical structures and a seat model with large-angle seatback. The occupant injury risks and mechanisms with 25°, 45° and 60° seating postures were investigated by analyzing the kinematic and biomechanical parameters, and the influence of the seatback angle on occupant injury was discussed. The results indicate that reclined

Wang, Yanxin, Pan, Ruyang, Lin, Yuyang, Liu, Yutao, He, Lijuan, Wang, Zhenqiang, zhu, he, Liu, Chong, Li, Kun, Lv, Wenle

Experimental Modal Study of Heavy-duty Tire Considering the Influence of Tire Inflated Pressure

2025-01-8276To be published on 04/01/2025

Truck is an important tool for road transportation, and its safety has always been widely concerned by society; Tires are the only component in the contact between a car and the road, and the safety of high-speed driving is directly affected by their vibration characteristics; In generally speaking, the mechanical properties of tires have a crucial impact on the ride, handling stability, and safety of automobiles. At the same time, active and passive safety systems such as TCS, ABS, and ESC systems of automobiles are depended on the mechanical properties of tires. Taking the 12R22.5 heavy-duty tire as the research object, a multi-channel LMS vibration tester was used to conduct modal experiment on the tire through the testing method of free suspension, single-point input and multi-point vibration pickup (SIMO). The polyreference least squares complex frequency domain method (PolyMax) is used for modal parameter identification of the heavy-duty tires to explore the variation of tire

Zhu, Chengwei, Yan, Jingjing

Structural Weld Optimization with Efficient Approach of DFSS

2025-01-8248To be published on 04/01/2025

Structural Weld Optimization with Efficient Approach of DFSS Abstract In automotive engineering, welds are frequently used to join or connect various parts of structures, frames, cradles, chassis, suspension components, and body. These welds usually form the weakest material link for durability and impact loads, which are measured by lab-controlled durability and crash tests, as well as real-world vehicle longevity. Consequently, designing robust welded components while optimizing for material performance is often prioritized as engineering challenge. The position, dimensions, material, manufacturing variation, and defects all affect the weld quality, stiffness, durability, impact, and crash performance. In this paper, the authors present best practices based on studies over many years, a rapid approach for optimizing welds, especially seam welds, by adopting Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) IDDOV (Identify, Define, Develop, Optimization, and Verification) discrete optimization approach. We

Qin, Wenxin (Daniel)

Numerical Investigation of Fuel Injection Strategies for Ammonia-Diesel Dual-fuel Engine

2025-01-8368To be published on 04/01/2025

This study numerically investigates ammonia-diesel dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty engine. Detailed and reduced reaction mechanisms are validated against experimental data to develop injection timing maps aimed at maximizing indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) while mitigating environmental impacts using stochastic reactor model (SRM). The equivalence ratio, ammonia energy share (AES), injection timing, and engine load are varied to optimize combustion efficiency and minimize emissions. The results demonstrate that advancing injection timing reduces ITE due to heightened in-cylinder temperatures, resulting in increased heat losses through walls and exhaust gases. Maximum chemical efficiency is observed at an equivalence ratio near 0.9 but decreases thereafter, influenced by ammonia’s narrow flammability range. Emission analysis highlights significant reductions in Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) with higher AES, driven by decreased CO2 and nitrogen

Karenawar, Shivraj Anand, Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Development and Validation of Rear Head Surround Foam Performance Specification for Stock Car Racing

2025-01-8353To be published on 04/01/2025

Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. The head surround of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous rear head foam material specifications did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose to tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround foam materials for repeated helmet-to-foam impacts of varying severity. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance at high speed, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials was used to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of various foams and served to develop finite element

Gray, Alexandra N., Harper, Matthew G., Mukherjee, Sayak, Patalak, John P., Gaewsky, James

Design and Optimization of a Novel Aluminum-Intensive Spaceframe-Based Electric Mailvan Prototype Driven by CAE

2025-01-8323To be published on 04/01/2025

Despite the known advantages of aluminum in terms of its lower density and comparable strength-to-weight as well as stiffness-to-weight ratios as those of steel, superior recyclability and high residual value, etc., there are only a handful of vehicles in global markets, mostly outside the reach of the common man, made primarily of aluminum. As cost of material and joining of parts is a deterrent in large scale adoption of aluminum as a material of choice for vehicle body design, a novel architecture is necessary for minimizing weight, maximizing performance and lowering cost of tooling. Additionally, a lightweight vehicle cannot be behind in terms of crash safety compared to its predominantly steel body-based counterparts. With these objectives in mind, a novel aluminum-intensive electric mailvan based on a spaceframe body architecture comprised mainly of low-cost extrusions has been designed and prototyped primarily driven by CAE. The design methodology consists of selective testing

Tanaya, Sushree, Deb, Anindya

Effects of Aging on PVC-based Instrument Panel Skin for Passenger Airbag Deployment Analysis

2025-01-8321To be published on 04/01/2025

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has many applications in automotive industry including electrical harnesses, door handles, seat and head rest covers, and instrument panel (IP) and other interior trim. In IP applications, the PVC skin plays a critical role in passenger airbag deployment (PAB) by tearing along the scored edge of the PAB door and allowing the door to open and the airbag to inflate to protect the occupant. As part of the IP, the PVC skin may be exposed to elevated temperatures and ultraviolet (UV) radiation during the years of the vehicle life cycle which can affect the PVC material properties over time and potentially influence the kinematics of the airbag deployment. Chemical and thermal aging of plasticized PVC materials have been studied in the past, yet no information is found how the aging affects mechanical properties at high rates of loading typical for airbag deployment events. This paper compares mechanical properties of the virgin PVC-based IP skin material

G, Karthigan, Savic, Vesna, Ravichandran, Gowrishankar

Evaluation of additively manufactured thermoplastic composite magnetic field shielding for stepper motors

2025-01-8201To be published on 04/01/2025

As stepper motors become more and more widely used in engineering systems (vehicles, 3-D printers, manufacturing tools, and similar), the effects of their induced magnetic fields present a concern during the packing and orientation of components within the system. For applications requiring security, this is also a concern as the background electromagnetic radiation (EMF) can be captured at a distance and used to reproduce the motion of the motor during operation. One proposed alternative is to use customized non-magnetic plastic shields created using additive manufacturing. Some small studies have been completed which show some effectiveness of this approach but these studies have been small-scale and difficult to reproduce. To seek a more rigorous answer to this question and collect reproducible data, the present study used full factorial design of experiments with several replications. Three materials were used: Polylactide (PLA), PLA with 25% (weight) copper powder, and PLA with 15

Hu, Henry, Patterson, Albert E., Karim, Muhammad Faeyz, Porter, Logan, Kolluru, Pavan V.

Usability and scalability of performing software FMEA integration with software architecture design

2025-01-8200To be published on 04/01/2025

Software FMEA is one of the several safety analysis tools that can be used during software development process to analyze software defects and their effects and take preventive measures to improve the reliability of software and the products that contain them. Nevertheless, software FMEA is subjective to the knowledge and experience of the performing organization and has limitations in that it is not quantitative, and in some cases, software FMEA is sometimes mistakenly perceived as a just formal procedure. In addition, in order to perform software FMEA, it is necessary to analyze customer requirements, and then system and software architecture design. However, the actual software development practice is often not very systematic. This paper presents a new method for integrating software architecture design and software FMEA. Among seven steps of software FMEA presented in AIAG-VDA 2019, the core concept of this integrated methodology is to add a new signal analysis process between

Han, PoongGyoo

Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Longitudinal and Lateral Performance of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Shared Autonomy on Two-Lane Highways

2025-01-8098To be published on 04/01/2025

Intelligent transportation systems and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are advancing rapidly, though not yet fully widespread. Consequently, traditional human-driven vehicles (HDVs), CAVs, and human-driven connected and automated vehicles (HD-CAVs) will coexist on the roads for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, car-following behaviors in equilibrium and discretionary lane-changing behaviors make up the most common highway operations, which seriously affect traffic stability, efficiency and safety. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the impact of CAV technologies on both longitudinal and lateral performance of heterogeneous traffic flow. This paper extends longitudinal car-following models based on the intelligent driver model and lateral lane-changing models using the quintic polynomial curve to account for different vehicle types, considering human factors and cooperative adaptive cruise control. Then, this paper incorporates CAV penetration rates, shared autonomy

Wang, Tianyi, Guo, Qiyuan, He, Chong, Li, Hao, Xu, Yiming, Wang, Yangyang, Jiao, Junfeng

Reproduction of Real-World Scenarios in CARLA: An Extension of CARLA Functionality

2025-01-8059To be published on 04/01/2025

Reproducing driving scenarios involving near-collisions and collisions in a simulator can be useful in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles, as it provides a safe environment to explore detailed vehicular behavior during these critical events. CARLA, an open-source driving simulator, has been widely used for reproducing driving scenarios. CARLA allows for both manual control and traffic manager control (the module that controls vehicles in autopilot manner in the simulation). However, current versions of CARLA are limited to setting the start and destination points for vehicles that are controlled by traffic manager, and are unable to replay precise waypoint paths that are collected from real-world collision and near-collision scenarios, due to the fact that the collision-free pathfinding modules are built into the system. This paper presents an extension to CARLA’s source code, enabling the replay of exact vehicle trajectories, irrespective of safety implications

Ai, Yan, Adhikari, Bikram, Park, Chung-Kyu, Kan, Cing-Dao, Wijesekera, Duminda

Different methods-based Curvature estimation and its effect on the Lane centering performance

2025-01-8055To be published on 04/01/2025

ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) lateral feature performance heavily depends on inputs from the surroundings as well as vehicle state information/signals. One critical piece of vehicle state information is curvature, which significantly impacts performance. Vehicle curvature is often used as an input for lateral trajectory generation and is also a component of the lateral motion controller. However, obtaining vehicle curvature information is not straightforward, as there is rarely a sensor that directly measures vehicle curvature. Instead, various vehicle signals and information are used to calculate curvature, sometimes employing advanced estimation methods. In this paper, we investigate the impact on lateral feature performance when vehicle curvature is estimated from different source signals. We examine the issues and benefits associated with different techniques for obtaining ego vehicle curvature. Additionally, we present a method to address these issues and discuss how

Awathe, Arpit, Varunjikar, Tejas, Jain, Arihant

Leveraging Traffic-in-the-Loop Simulations to Assess the Impact of Traffic on Vehicle Energy Consumption

2025-01-8054To be published on 04/01/2025

The advancements in vehicle connectivity and the increased level of driving automation can be leveraged for the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that improve driver safety and comfort while optimizing the energy consumption of the vehicle. In the development phase of energy-efficient ADAS, modeling and simulation are used to assess the potential benefits of these technologies on energy consumption. However, there is a lack of standardized simulation or test frameworks to quantify the benefits. Moreover, the driving scenario and the traffic conditions are often not explicitly modeled when simulating energy-efficient ADAS, even though they have a major impact on the attainable energy benefits. This paper presents the development and implementation of a closed-loop traffic-in-the-loop simulator designed to evaluate the performance of vehicles under realistic traffic conditions. The primary objective is to assess how varying traffic conditions influence vehicle

Grano, Elia, Villani, Manfredi, Ahmed, Qadeer, Carello, Massimiliana

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