Browse Topic: Safety

Items (20,476)
This article presents a novel finite element modeling approach to predict the mechanical response of jellyrolls in large-scale explicit crash simulations up to the experimental occurrence of internal short-circuit. The proposed simplified layered model embeds membrane elements within a solid element mesh to improve the prediction in load cases dominated by the buckling and sliding of the jellyroll’s layered structure. The model was validated against experimental results from in-plane, out-of-plane, and bending tests on jellyroll samples extracted from prismatic lithium-ion cells. The experimental results confirmed the jellyroll’s high compressibility under out-of-plane loads and its behavior as a collection of unconnected layers under in-plane and bending loading. Compared to the widely used crushable foam model, the simplified layered model offered additional flexibility, especially for in-plane and bending load cases. Additionally, it meets critical time increment requirements for
Cioni, DanieleMorin, DavidStrating, ArjanKizio, StephanCostas, Miguel
This document applies to laser proponents involved with the use of laser systems outdoors. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970, ARP5535, ARP5572, and the ANSI Z136 series of laser safety standards.
G-10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides information and guidance for the control of hazardous laser exposure in the navigable airspace. This ARP does not address techniques that pilots can apply to mitigate laser illuminations during a critical phase of flight. Such mitigation strategies are described in ARP6378.
G-10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
Highly integrated electrical and electronic systems that perform functions within an aircraft may have potential failure conditions during and after exposure to the High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) or lightning environments. It is therefore necessary to conduct an HIRF and Lightning Safety Assessment (HLSA) that can identify potential failure conditions resulting from exposure to the aircraft HIRF and lightning environments. The failure conditions, failure conditions classifications, and independence principles identified by Aircraft Functional Hazard Assessment (AFHA), Preliminary Aircraft Safety Assessment (PASA), System Functional Hazard Assessment (SFHA), and Preliminary System Safety Assessment (PSSA), and lessons learned from previous experience, are used to identify proposed requirements during the development process. Ultimately, these requirements will result in a design capable of demonstrating that exposure to the HIRF and lightning environments will not result in
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
To estimate risk of concussion, risk functions based on injuries occurring in sports are often used. A range of datasets have been used to develop injury risk functions for concussion based on either global kinematics or tissue-level predictors. Two such datasets are one from American football, and another one from Australian football and rugby. These two datasets constitute the largest published collections of video-verified concussive cases in sports with known kinematics suitable for constructing risk functions. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences between two datasets of concussion for injury predictions to better understand the influence on injury risk functions. The kinematics were applied to the KTH head model and risk functions for different kinematic- and tissue-based predictors were developed and compared. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were also compared. The two datasets evaluated in this study generated different risk curves. The
Fahlstedt, MadelenMeng, ShiyangPatton, DeclanMcIntosh, Andrew S.Kleiven, Svein
This study developed a new multibody model that accurately represents the collision behavior of crash test dummies using PC-Crash. The model replicates the shape and weight of an actual dummy. To investigate the influence of joint structures on collision behavior, an additional multibody model was developed to reproduce the joint structure of the actual dummy. These models were applied to analyze occupant behavior in a full-frontal rigid barrier and pedestrian behavior in a vehicle-to-pedestrian impact experiments. A comparison of the multibody model simulations with actual dummy impact experiments revealed that the behavior of the multibody model, which simulates the joint structure of the dummy, closely matched that of the actual dummy. The results indicate that joint structure significantly influences collision behavior, and accurately recreating it improves the precision of crash test dummy collision behavior analysis using PC-Crash.
Usui, MasatoshiMatsui, YasuhiroHosokawa, NaruyukiTanaka, Yoshinori
Passenger vehicles experience severe packaging constraints around the instrument panel, rendering glove-box operation a critical yet ergonomically underexplored interaction. Although glove-box interaction occurs frequently during routine vehicle use, its potential implications for ergonomic risk remain largely unexamined in existing automotive research. To isolate the influence of driver-side packaging constraints from component-level design effects, this study adopts a comparative evaluation of driver and co-driver glove-box interaction as a built-in control condition. This study introduces a discomfort-based evaluation framework that integrates Digital Human Modeling with India-specific anthropometric datasets. A composite loss-function scoring model is developed to quantify functional usability differences across four glove-box configurations, defined by variations in latch placement (center or side) and storage-bin mechanisms (fixed or rotating). Indians are utilized to assess
Jujjavarapu, SreeramRajakumaran, SriramKota, SrinivasKotkunde, NitinJasti, Naga Vamsi Krishna
Individuals who complete the applicable modules aligned with this training document will be able to define the type of damage, define the extent of damage, determine if further inspection is required, evaluate the damage against published allowable damage limits, and provide accurate documentation of the damage. The intended outcome of the training is increased safety such that no aircraft is released with unknown damage and that the aircraft meets continued airworthiness requirements. The goal is to change the culture from damage discovery to damage reporting while also reducing or eliminating flight delays due to incorrect or insufficient information. Teaching levels have been assigned to the curriculum to define the knowledge, skills, and abilities graduates will need. Minimum hours of instruction have been provided to ensure adequate coverage of all subject matter including lecture and practical exercise. These minimums may be exceeded and may include an increase in the total
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Alloy wheels are essential safety components in two-wheeled vehicles. This study details the finite element analysis (FEA) used to simulate and evaluate the wheel and tire performance under the double mass impact load specified by the AIS-073 (Part-1) standard. The impact is carried out by dropping a striking mass along with a main mass onto the alloy wheel–tire assembly, as per the standard. The alloy wheel is modeled using a three-dimensional finite element model with elastic-plastic material behavior, and the tire is modeled with its internal elements (e.g., carcass, belt, etc.). The prediction of wheel impact failure is based on the total plastic work of the ductile fracture mechanism. The validity of results is confirmed by comparing the predicted permanent lateral rim deformation against the measured lateral deformation from a corresponding physical test.
Minz, Jai ShankarSingh, Sanjay KumarNirala, Deepak Kumar
This study investigates the structural improvement of recycled carbon fibre composites through hybridisation with continuous flax fibres to address sustainability concerns and performance limitations. Recycled carbon fibres, while environmentally beneficial, suffer from short, randomized orientations and lower mechanical properties limiting their application beyond decorative uses. This research explores whether incorporating unidirectional flax fibres can enhance rCF behaviour for structural applications. Six hybrid composite layup variants and two plain composites were manufactured using cold compression moulding with Ampro Bio Resin. Each hybrid configuration comprised eight layers, divided into four layers of recycled carbon and four layers of flax fibres oriented at 0°. Complete mechanical characterization was performed following ISO standards for tensile (ISO 527), flexural (ISO 178), and impact (ISO 179) testing. Results demonstrated significant performance improvements in
Hnatyk, DawidChrysanthou, AndreasDe Vuyst, TomIsmail, Sikiru
Occupant protection has been at the forefront of risk evaluation regarding vehicle crashworthiness design. However, the vehicle is a member of a larger transportation system with varied stakeholders. This article identifies an opportunity for assessing risk in a crash event through emerging safety science paradigms. Conventional Safety I and Safety II frameworks handle well-defined hazards but falter with uncertainty, variability, and emergent behaviors in real crashes. A comprehensive literature review was performed on peer-reviewed research to situate automotive crash safety risk within the Safety III paradigms. The review addresses two questions: (1) How is “risk” defined across the crash safety literature and adjacent safety science domains? and (2) What limitations arise from these definitions in practice? Findings show a dominant probabilistic framing alongside a minority of system-oriented interpretations. Current crash safety practice lacks a coherent, system-level definition
Rye, Patrick J.
1Systems level and integration testing are an integral part of the design and development of Automated Vehicles (AVs). Measurement science plays a pivotal role in testing to ensure the safe and efficient operation of AVs. This science establishes a common understanding of the units of measurement, crucial in linking human activities. This article describes the significance of measurement in studying interactions between key system technologies in AVs, including AI for perception, sensing, communications, and cybersecurity. To address the complexities of these interactions, a novel, adaptable, and interactive framework called the System Technology Interaction Model (STIM) is introduced. STIM considers both designed and emergent interactions between these system technologies, allowing AV developers to explore tailored experiments with the flexibility of filtering for focused testing. The framework currently models system interactions statically, not in real-time, to define potential
Griffor, Edward R.Arora, MahimaKootbally, ZeidNguyen, Vinh
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to be used for laser systems mounted on aircraft and propagated into navigable airspace. This does not include lasers onboard aircraft where the beam is contained within an enclosure so that the beam cannot enter into airspace, nor does it include lasers from satellites and spacecraft in outer space. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970, ARP5535, ARP5572, ARP5293, and the ANSI Z136 laser safety standards.
G-10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
As satellites take on more onboard processing - from Earth imaging to autonomy - spacecraft computing designers are pushing for higher performance under tight thermal and radiation constraints. Here's how suppliers are approaching heat removal, radiation mitigation and production-scale space-grade computing for LEO and beyond.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the overall component and system function guidelines and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. These guidelines include, but are not limited to: Design recommendations for system components, which: Monitor tire inflation Are located in/on the tire/wheel assembly, landing gear axle, and/or aircraft avionics compartment Recommended performance and safety guidelines for a TPMS.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Sealing systems in space applications must perform reliably under demanding conditions in engineering: cryogenic temperatures, vibration, leakage control, ultra-high vacuum, ionizing radiation, abrasive particulates, and repeated thermal cycling. Each factor strains conventional sealing technologies. In combination, they can rapidly cause failure in systems where margins are unforgiving and maintenance is impossible. As spacecraft architectures evolve toward longer operational lifetimes and broader mission profiles, sealing requirements continue to tighten. Launch vehicles, satellites, and exploration platforms now operate across wider temperature ranges and in contact with more aggressive propellants and media. As a result, both metal seals and engineered polymer alternatives are evaluated-and selected-against increasingly specific, measurable performance criteria.
This study presents a data-driven approach for strengthening aviation safety by integrating human factors assessment with modern predictive modeling techniques. The work focuses on understanding how human performance, operational conditions, and system-level interactions collectively influence safety risk, and how these interactions can be quantified to support improved design and decision-making. Unlike previous studies that address human factors or predictive modeling in isolation, this research offers a unified framework that links causal human factors indicators with statistical modeling, feature extraction, and machine learning based risk estimation. The novelty of this work lies in the structured pipeline that transforms raw categorical and narrative human factors information into measurable predictors that can be analyzed using structural modeling and machine learning. The methodology includes data preparation, dimensionality reduction, latent pattern discovery, dependence
Valiyaparambil, Praveen
Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) has become a cornerstone of modern aviation, revolutionizing Air Traffic Management (ATM) through its ability to continuously transmit real-time flight data—including GPS-derived position, altitude, and velocity. Since its widespread operational deployment over the past decade, ADS-B has significantly enhanced situational awareness, improved safety, extended surveillance coverage into previously unmonitored airspace, and enabled more efficient aircraft routing and separation. However, despite its many advantages, the fundamental design of ADS-B introduces notable security vulnerabilities. Because ADS-B signals are unencrypted and unauthenticated, malicious actors can inject fraudulent broadcasts, creating the illusion of non-existent aircraft. Such spoofing attacks can trigger false cockpit alerts and distract pilots during critical phases of flight. The current ADS-B data format prioritizes simplicity to accommodate a broad range of
Chikkegowda, KanthaShetty, RameshKhan, KalimullaSahoo, Subhransu
Grid fins are non-conventional aerodynamic lifting and control surfaces which are made of a frame supporting lifting surfaces positioned in the form of a lattice structure. Grid fins are also called as lattice fins and are used as control surfaces in launch vehicles, crew escape systems, missiles etc. to achieve static stability. Each panel of the grid fin acts as fin and it produces force which increases stability of the vehicle. For a crew escape system module, grid fins are used as a passive aerodynamic control surfaces to achieve static stability. Grid fins are positioned at the end of crew escape system module to provide required static margin by increasing moment arm. In contrast to conventional fins, grid fins incorporate a distinctive waffle-like pattern or grid pattern configuration, offering superior aerodynamic performance in supersonic regimes and enabling compact storage in stowed position during launch followed by deployment at the time of exigency. In case of an
Mali, Somanath NanduSundar Raj, RSundaresan, MKR, Suresh
Modern avionics programs contend with escalating complexity driven by concurrent safety certification, cybersecurity compliance, and multi-standard regulatory demands. Traditional program management approaches treat risk management as a parallel support function rather than a central governance mechanism, resulting in reactive responses that fail to prevent cost and schedule erosion. This paper introduces the Risk-Driven Program Management Framework (RD-PMF), an eight-phase governance model that embeds quantitative risk assessment, standards-risk mapping across DO-178C, DO-326A, ARP4754A, and ARP4761A, real-time digital dashboards, and earned value management within core program decision-making. The framework integrates probabilistic schedule analysis using Monte Carlo simulation with continuous risk exposure monitoring to enable proactive, data-driven governance. RD-PMF is demonstrated through a representative avionics program scenario modelled on a flight control system development
Rahul, SaurabhBenikireddy, Raghunatha
The aerospace industry is undergoing a significant digital transformation in the way system requirements are defined, communicated, and managed. Major OEMs are moving towards fully model-based development processes, with plans to deliver requirements exclusively in the form of models. It is no longer sufficient to manage requirements using traditional document-based approaches; instead, organizations must adopt tools and processes that enable the consumption, interpretation, and implementation of model-based requirements. However, MBSE itself does not ensure that the requirements defined within the model are complete or consistent. Without rigorous validation techniques, even well-structured models can carry forward poorly defined or conflicting requirements — leading to errors that propagate throughout the development lifecycle. This work proposes an approach that integrates formal methods into MBSE workflows by enabling completeness and consistency checks of SysML-based requirements
Gupta, ChandanNakkeeran, Rupashree
The increasing demand for safety and reliability in aerospace applications necessitates rigorous testing of aircraft components, including light units, for explosion proofness. Traditional explosion proofness tests are destructive, expensive, and time-consuming, requiring significant resources for test setups and prototypes. To address these challenges, this research presents a numerical methodology using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the explosion proofness for aircraft light units. The primary motivation of this study is to establish a computational framework that supports early-stage design screening, reduces the number of physical prototypes, and enhances understanding of explosion behavior before formal qualification testing. This work contributes to advancing engineering practices in the aerospace industry by demonstrating the efficacy of CFD simulations in evaluating and enhancing the explosion proofness of light units. The proposed CFD model
Selvaraj, SugumaranNataraja, Prabhu
In the field of Aerospace, which has a long Life-Cycle process [20-30Years], Component Obsolescence has become a major problem as it prevents Maintenance & sustenance of a product with committed life-cycle period. Obsolescence Management plays a vital role by deriving strategic plans on proactive obsolescence where the system needs to be supported for several decades. This abstract analyzes the obsolescence challenges in the Aviation industry especially in Avionics System impacted by component obsolescence and present the possible proactive obsolescence management in terms of Engineering, Technology, and business/cost elements. The Obsolescence problem cannot be avoided but the impact of obsolescence and mitigate the risk can be minimized by planning and managing response. The obsolescence risk assessment for the Bill Of Materials (BOM) is a paramount activity to manage obsolescence proactively and cost-effectively. Digital Transformation of analyzing the component obsolescence status
Dharmananyala, RohithMunirathnam, KrishnaMarokeyfrancis, JoisyjoseSadashivaiah, NageshKondamari, Harshitha
Emergency evacuation slides (EVAC slides) are critical safety devices used on aircraft to enable rapid egress during emergencies. While these slides provide a quick and reliable escape route, communication between separated slides during evacuation remains a challenge. Often, during raft deployment over water, slides may drift apart impeding communication among evacuees and rescue personnel potentially compromising safety. Existing aircraft EVAC systems lack integrated wireless communication relying on visual or voice signals that are unreliable in chaotic conditions. This paper explores the integration of wireless IoT technology into EVAC slide systems to facilitate inter-slide communication and monitor critical parameters such as slide air pressure and the floating weight of stranded passengers through embedded sensors. It proposes the adoption of Long Range (LoRa) modulation technology for wireless communication chosen for its low-power, long-range performance and license-free
Sengodan, RajkumarTalore, Suresh
Aircraft verification and certification entail a variety of testing tasks and require coordination among numerous stakeholders across different disciplines to ensure alignment on requirements. Historically, certification strategies have relied on both physical testing and high-fidelity simulation. The integration of these complementary approaches is essential to address their respective blind spots and to support credible certification evidence. A key challenge lies in the rigorous correlation of simulation models with physical test data. Flutter verification, for instance, is a critical component in defining the aircraft’s flight envelope and plays a foundational role in certifying safe operational boundaries. In this work, the process of freedom from flutter verification is demonstrated. This work introduces a novel approach to combining simulation and test data with the aim to accelerate and streamline the verification process leading to more efficient and cost-effective aircraft
Hallez, RaphaelYadabettu, Dayanand Kumarde Boer, JensAspasiou, Vicky
Air Traffic Management (ATM) must be familiar with the exact Aircraft Take-off Weights (ATOWs) of airplanes to make the most use of runways, maintain safety margins high, and keep utilization and resources in balance. This paper aims to present a dependable ATOW forecasting methodology that can assist the air transport industry in enhancing operational decision-making. This research used datasets acquired from the EUROCONTROL Performance Review Commission (PRC) 2024 Aircraft Take-Off Weight Estimation dataset featuring 527,000 flights over Europe containing aircraft details, air trips and flight conditions. Technique comprises structured data input, inspection of missing data, timestamp aggregation to identify demand cycles over time, and domain-specific feature engineering using distance_per_minute, block_minutes, taxiout_ratio, and a strong wake turbulence metric The two supervised learning models used were Linear Regression (LR) for understanding and XGBoost for performance
Senthilkumar, N.S, GopalakrishnanGopinath, S
Automated aircraft parking systems enhance airport ground operations by enabling precise and autonomous docking of aircraft at gates. These systems reduce turnaround time, minimize human error, and optimize apron space through real-time object detection, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic path planning. Unlike fixed guided-path methods, the proposed system adapts to congestion and environmental conditions such as low visibility, ensuring safety and efficient maneuvering. Validation through simulation demonstrates the system’s potential to improve operational resilience and support scalable automation in future airport infrastructure.
Penugonda, Navya SunainaEdiga, Venkatadiwakar Goud
As automated vehicle technologies enable increased seat recline angles during travel, understanding the biomechanics of injury under these novel occupant postures becomes imperative. This study evaluated the pelvis injury response and associated kinematics of reclined small female post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) subjected to frontal sled tests across three restraint configurations. Each configuration varied in seat stiffness and the presence of a knee bolster to assess their influence on pelvic dynamics and submarining risk. Nine PMHS tests were conducted using a consistent reclined posture (38° thorax, 75–80° pelvis angle) and production restraint systems. Submarining probability was estimated using a validated logistic regression referenced from previous study. Distinct pelvic kinematics, fracture patterns, and associated injury mechanisms emerged across the test configurations in the current dataset. Configuration 1, featuring a stiffer seat without a knee bolster, exhibited
Somasundaram, KarthikDriesslein, KlausPintar, Frank A.
Road traffic crashes are a major cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly among vulnerable road users (VRUs). However, current injury prevention strategies often overlook the heterogeneity of TBI—which include various injury types and severities—leading to an oversimplified approach to evaluating helmets and safety systems in regulations and ratings. To identify priority TBI types and severities in VRUs and to inform targeted prevention strategies, the German In-Depth Accident Study database was analyzed and a pathoanatomic classification system, i.e., Abbreviated Injury Scale, was employed. AIS 2 (moderate) TBIs account for 70-80% of all brain injuries across VRU groups, nearly half of which are concussions. For helmeted cyclists, milder TBIs are at a greater percentage than for unhelmeted cyclists. These findings highlight the need for expanding prevention efforts to include AIS 2+ injuries. Key injury types observed include concussion (with and without loss of
Meng, ShiyangSchindler, RonKleiven, SveinLubbe, Nils
Since 2019, sex equity in traffic crashes has been a highly debated topic in vehicle safety, especially following the 2019 study by Forman et al. (1) claiming that female occupants face a 73 percent greater risk of serious injury in frontal crashes compared to male occupants. This was soon followed by a Consumer Reports Article by Keith Barry (2), which attempted to identify underlying factors contributing to the higher risk. These have been embraced by several parties since 2019. Firstly, it was alleged that vehicle design practice over the last four decades considered safety for the male population only and ignored that of the female as evidenced by the exclusive use of the mid-sized male Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) in Regulatory and Safety Ratings tests and not with an average sized female ATD. The absence of such an ATD for testing of vehicles “set the course for four decades’ worth of car safety design, with deadly consequences” (2). Secondly, although there is a
Prasad, PriyaDalmotas, Dainius J.
This specification establishes requirements for a standard contaminant that can be used to represent typical soils encountered in aerospace cleaning. This standard contaminant consists of materials that are common contaminants found in aircraft maintenance depots and manufacturing facilities.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Bird accidental collision with overhead transmission lines poses a threat to the ecology of rare bird populations. This article analyzes the warning measures to prevent birds from accidental collisions at home and abroad. In response to the low efficiency of manual installation and the poor static warning effect in preventing birds from accidental collisions with overhead transmission lines, the visual characteristics of birds are analyzed. A drone-based automatic installation flash-type bird accidental collision warning device is proposed, which includes a fixture, a disc, and a luminous circuit. The fixture can be carried and installed on the overhead line by a drone and can be easily disassembled. The disc adopts eye-catching colors and has a hollow structure to reduce wind resistance load. The luminous circuit includes solar panels, charge and discharge control circuits, flicker control circuits, batteries, and luminous components. The drone suspension warning device test was
Wang, JianWang, XiulongLiu, BinLi, DanyuXu, Xunjian
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