Browse Topic: Safety

Items (20,186)

Research on Vehicle Lateral Stability Under Flow Impact During Wading

2026-01-0624To be published on 04/07/2026

The growing frequency of extreme rainfall events attributable to global climate change has heightened concerns regarding flood-related hazards to road traffic safety. Under wading conditions, vehicles become susceptible to lateral sliding, flotation, or rollover when exposed to lateral hydrodynamic impacts, jeopardizing both occupant safety and infrastructure integrity. Previous studies have primarily focused on longitudinal sliding instability—such as the critical flow velocity for vehicle motion initiation and buoyancy-related submersion depth—under forward or backward flow, employing theoretical analyses and flume experiments. However, research on the dynamic response of vehicles under lateral flow, the underlying mechanisms of lateral skidding, and multi-degree-of-freedom instability modes remains relatively limited. To address this gap, this study establishes a multi-body vehicle dynamics model for lateral flow conditions, incorporating lateral hydraulic forces and tire-road

Wei, Haoting, Tan, Gangfeng, Lang, Tao, Liu, chongjian, Tang, Jingning

Vehicle Test Platform with Experimentally Correlated Tire Model for Torque Vectoring Control

2026-01-0622To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper presents a testing platform for torque vectoring controls utilizing a 10 degree of freedom (DOF) vehicle simulation and a ⅕ scale radio control test vehicle. These vehicle simulations or “Digital Twins” have been widely adopted throughout the automotive industry for their lower operating costs and ease of implementation. Virtual models are not perfect representations of reality, however, and physical testing is still necessary to validate systems for use in the real world. This is especially true when testing safety-critical features such as Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). As a result, a simulation environment working in conjunction with a test vehicle represents an optimal hybrid approach. In this work, a 1/5 scale radio controlled vehicle with torque vectoring capability is designed and assembled. A high fidelity vehicle model is then constructed in the Matlab/Simulink environment to model test vehicle behavior. The test vehicle features independent suspension for

Petersen, Nicholas Conner, Robinette, Darrell

Potential Regulatory Approaches For Occupant Safety In Automated / Autonomous Vehicles With Unique Seating Configurations – Part 1: Occupant Protection Proposals

2026-01-0578To be published on 04/07/2026

Automated / Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are gradually becoming mainstream. However, some AVs have unique seating configurations (stagecoach and campfire seating) which present expanded occupant safety challenges. Significant portions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) do not yet align with AVs containing unique seating. This paper series takes the NHTSA occupant safety standard approach for conventional forward-facing seat vehicles where many compliance evaluations are in the frequently occupied front row and expands it to stagecoach and campfire AVs where the rear seating row is anticipated to be frequently occupied. The approaches proposed are from a logic-based safety-focused analysis and in many cases previously published material. The goal of this paper series is to offer regulatory proposals that enable equivalent performance for these AVs to existing forward-facing seating vehicle occupant safety standards

Thomas, Scott

Use inertial sliding of reclined seat to enhance occupant retention under rear-end crash

2026-01-0563To be published on 04/07/2026

Smart cabin of autonomous vehicle may lead more passengers to recline their seat for comfort. However, reclined seat is disadvantageous for holding occupant in seat when vehicle is subjected to rear-end crash. Under severe rear-end crash and large reclining angle, the backward inertia could completely throw occupant out of seat. Or, even if occupant body can be restrained well by seatbelt, the occupant head could slide out of the head restraint area. Any of these situations may potentially cause severe injuries. To address this safety concern, we developed a sliding seat system designed to enhance occupant retention. Activated by impact inertia from rear-end collision, the system allows the seat sliding backward along its track in a controlled manner, and the sliding stroke is accompanied by a restraint force and absorbs some amount of kinetic energy during the sliding. Meanwhile, the backward sliding of seat, together with backward sliding of occupant, makes the ride-down process more

Dai, Rui, Zhou, Qing, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan

A Study of Tire Grip Performance Evolution Under Dry, Wet and Snow Roads with Tire Wear

2026-01-0589To be published on 04/07/2026

This study focuses on investigating how tire grip performance on dry, wet, and snowy road surfaces varies with the different level of tire wear. The new, 50% worn and the end-of-life tires are prepared following the worn tire preparation standards. Additionally, worn tires obtained by real driving conditions in the market are used. Tire grip performances on dry, wet and snowy roads are characterized respectively by using an indoor flat belt machine, an outdoor trailer, and a specially designed snow spin truck. The results demonstrate a grip performance evolution according to the tire wear. The different impact of worn tire preparation whether real driving or artificial is identified especially on snowy road surface. Furthermore, this study investigates the effects of tire reduced tread depth and tread surface roughness of worn tires on each type of road surface. The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of tire behavior throughout its lifecycle to enable more

Kim, Changsu, Saito, Yoshinori

Evaluating the Effects of Improper Positioning and Unbuckling of a Restraint System on a 10-year-old Child ATD in a Far Side Side-Impact Environment

2026-01-0562To be published on 04/07/2026

Five sled tests were performed with a Hybrid III 10-year-old child ATD positioned in the 2nd row left seat of a three row 2006 Sport Utility Vehicle. The sled buck was positioned and accelerated on a Hyge Sled to replicate an intersection side impact collision to the passenger (right) side of the Sport Utility Vehicle. 3 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 17 mph, with one test performed with a properly restrained ATD and two tests performed with improper restraint positioning. 2 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 24 mph, and both tests included improper restraint positioning effectively identical to the two 17 mph delta-V tests. The first scenario of improper restraint positioning involved moving the torso belt from the left shoulder, over the head, and onto the right shoulder. The second scenario involved the same belt re-positioning as the first scenario, but additionally disengaged the latch plate from the buckle, essentially creating a condition of seat

Luepke, Peter, Hewett, Natalie, Betts, Kevin, Van Arsdell, William, Weber, Paul, Stankewich, Charles, Miller, Gregory, Watson, Richard, Sochor, Mark

Real-Time End-to-end Stop Sign and Traffic Light Detection Development and Vehicle Testing

2026-01-0014To be published on 04/07/2026

With the rise of end-to-end autonomous driving, visual perception for environmental understanding has become one of the hot topics in advanced driver assistance system development. Most existing end-to-end models only generate executable control command or a planned path, which makes the prediction process hard to interpret. In this research, an end-to-end method for stop-sign and traffic light detection along with depth estimation is built on top of the openpilot open source end-to-end model. Instead of running separate object detection models, we extend the existing openpilot backbone with two lightweight multi-task heads: traffic light detection and classification head and stop sign detection head with confidence and distance output. The modified architecture preserves openpilot’s function by reusing shared features and adding lightweighted residual blocks and feedforward layers. The new outputs are appended to the original openpilot model output, so it will not affect the model

Wang, Hanchen, Li, Taozhe, Hajnorouzali, Yasaman, Burch, Collin, li, Victoria, Tan, Lin, Arjmanzdadeh, Ziba, Xu, Bin

Optimization of Active–Passive Integrated Evaluation Weighting for Pedestrian Protection

2026-01-0577To be published on 04/07/2026

Pedestrians, as the most vulnerable road users, largely determine the severity of traffic accidents through the extent of their injuries. Traditional vehicle safety evaluations have primarily emphasized passive safety. However, with the widespread implementation of active safety technologies such as Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), passive-only assessments no longer adequately reflect a vehicle’s true pedestrian protection performance.This study employed finite element models of a sedan and an SUV to analyze changes in pedestrian head and lower limb injury metrics before and after AEB intervention, thereby quantifying the associated injury-mitigation benefits. The results show that AEB reduced the maximum head injury value (HIC15) by about 50%, lowering the proportion of severe head injuries from 0.217 to 0.118. Conversely, braking-induced pitch effects increased the proportions of severe femur and tibia bending moment injuries to 0.235 and 0.294, respectively, making them higher

shi, Xinxin, YE, BIN, Liu, Yu, Zhan, Zhenfei, Sun, Bowen, Zhao, yuanyi, zhu, lei

Potential Regulatory Approaches For Occupant Safety In Automated / Autonomous Vehicles With Unique Seating Configurations – Part 2: Interior Safety Sensing and Messaging Proposals

2026-01-0576To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper contains Part 2 of a three-part paper series proposing potential regulatory approaches for occupant safety in Automated / Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) with unique seating configurations (stagecoach and campfire seating). Part 2 focuses on interior safety sensing, associated messaging, and ride control approaches both prior to and during a ride. Assessments are also proposed after significant vehicle braking and crash events. The proposed conditions are to be assessed in a static vehicle environment with people segmented by occupant size and an infant dummy. On the vehicle seat and on the vehicle floor occupant detection conditions are proposed along with restraint usage detection conditions for vehicle seatbelt usage, Child Restraint Seat (CRS) usage, CRS seatbelt usage, and Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) system usage. These conditions may be detected by sensors / computer algorithms and human monitoring and thus are technology agnostic. The topics of animal

Thomas, Scott

Effects of Child Anthropometry, Seatback Angle, Seat Rotation Angle, Seatbelt Force Limiting, and Collision Type on Injury Risk of Child Occupants in Highly Automated Vehicles

2026-01-0570To be published on 04/07/2026

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of child anthropometry, seat posture (recline and rotation), seatbelt force limiting, and frontal collision scenarios on the kinematic response and injury risk to children in highly automated vehicles. The TUST IBMs 6YO-O model was conducted the frontal collisions in sled tests. This simulation matrix includes five percentiles six-year-old occupants (P3, P25, P50, P75, and P97), three seatback angles (20°, 30°, and 45°), four seat rotation angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°), three seatbelt force limiting (2.6 kN, 3.6 kN, and 4.6 kN), and three collision types. Injury risks were assessed including the child occupant's head, neck, chest/abdomen, and lumbar region in each simulation (n=540). The results indicate that the child anthropometry, the seatback angle, and the seat rotation angle have a significant influence on the motion responses. Statistically significant differences between all the groups within each independent variable category were

Wang, Yanxin, Zhao, Hongqian, Li, Haiyan, He, Lijuan, Cui, Shihai, Lv, Wenle

Personalized Driver Model for On-Ramp Merging Using LSTM

2026-01-0525To be published on 04/07/2026

This study develops a personalized driver model for freeway merging, embedding individual driving characteristics into automated longitudinal and lateral control through Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Uniform assistance strategies such as adaptive cruise control (ACC) can feel uncomfortable when misaligned with a driver's style. To address this, we focus on the merging maneuver, a safety-critical task requiring anticipation and timing, and examine how roadway and environmental information contributes to model fidelity. Driving data were collected in a high-fidelity motion-base simulator replicating merging sections. In Scenario 1 (Tokyo-Nagoya Expressway, three lanes), seven licensed male drivers in their twenties each completed 15 trials. In Scenario 2 (Metropolitan Expressway, two lanes, lower speed), six drivers followed the same protocol. Model inputs included ego speed, relative distance and speed to the lead vehicle, distances to the end of the acceleration lane and to

Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

Survivability, Lethality, and Mobility Requirements of Military Vehicles Conducting Future Wet Gap Crossings

2026-01-0264To be published on 04/07/2026

Wet gap crossings, which involve moving military forces across rivers and other water obstacles, are among the most difficult maneuvers that units can perform. These operations are complicated by choke points, fast-flowing water, and the exposure of forces to enemy fire. Despite these challenges, wet gap crossings remain critical to battlefield success, particularly during large-scale combat operations. Consequently, military vehicles must be designed with these operations in mind. This study examines doctrinal approaches to wet gap crossings and the trade-offs between mobility, survivability, and lethality in relation to fording, floating, rafting, and bridging. The analysis incorporates open-source data from the Institute for the Study of War, which provides daily updates on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and Oryxspioenkop, which collates open-source images of Russian and Ukrainian battle-damaged equipment. This data is used to assess additional challenges encountered during wet gap

Lynch, Benjamin, Dosan, Logan, Mittal, Vikram

Predictive AEB Activation for Secondary Collision Risk Reduction

2026-01-0518To be published on 04/07/2026

Although the evaluation criteria of New Car Assessment Programs (NCAP) continue to evolve, they still predominantly focus on one-to-one collision scenarios. However, accident analyses indicate that in real-world traffic environments, particularly at intersections with multi-lane arterial roads, complex situations involving multiple vehicles are common, and there exists a significant risk of secondary side collisions occurring immediately after Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) activation. This study aims to predict and mitigate such secondary collision risks by proposing a control strategy that adjusts braking timing and stopping position based on the motion information of multiple crossing vehicles. A control algorithm was developed to estimate the likelihood of secondary collisions and determine optimal intervention parameters. The proposed system was evaluated using a sensor-equipped test vehicle and numerical simulations. Results demonstrated a tendency to reduce secondary

Kobayashi, Fumiya, Fukuda, Kentaro, TANI, HIROAKI

Curb Impact: Non-linear structural FE analyses in Multibody Dynamics Models

2026-01-0219To be published on 04/07/2026

In a few extreme customer abuse load cases such as Curb Impact and Potholes, automotive structures see non-linear (plastic) deformations as well as large rigid body motion. The load cases can be simulated by crash analysis tools such as LS-Dyna or multi-body dynamics analysis tools like Ansys Motion. The crash analysis has a better representation of structural compliances including large deformation with large rigid body motion. However, it requires a well-defined FE model and suspension multi-body models in detail. Furthermore, it takes a long time to get a result. On the other hand, the multi-body dynamics approach is very quick to get a result, while it has a limitation of representing structural compliance. The limitation is true in representing structural non-linearity such as large deformation associated with plastic yielding. In this study, a curb impact simulation was performed using the multi-body dynamic approach with nonlinear structural analysis capabilities included in

Hong, Hyung-Joo, Kim, Wangoo

From algorithm to engineering judgment: navigating topology optimization's limits in crash applications

2026-01-0189To be published on 04/07/2026

The non-linear nature of crash applications has led to many designs being developed through extensive trial and error based on the intuitions of the design engineer, as such using topology optimization for crash applications can provide major improvements in cost, weight, and passenger safety. Topology optimization is known for creating stiff, lightweight structures, however its application to crash scenarios must be handled carefully. Compliance minimization, the most common optimization objective, can yield misleading designs that prioritize undesirable qualities when developing structures for crash applications. In this paper the design optimization process of a passenger seat assembly subject to both an enforced displacement phase into a crash deceleration phase is discussed Due to the conflicting nature of compliance minimization and enforced displacement, the design was split into two types of regions; sacrificial, which are regions manually designed to absorb the majority of the

Orr, Mathew, Shi, Yifan, Lee, Jake, Gray, Savannah, Park, Taeil, Wotten, Erik, LeFrancois, Richard, Huang, Yuhao, Patel, Anuj, Kim, Hansu, Burns, Nicholas, Jalayer, Shayan, Grant, Robert, Kok, Leo, Hansen, Eric, Kim, Il Yong

Novel Steel Tubular Side Sill Reinforcement Design and Validation for Enhanced Crash Performance in EVs

2026-01-0478To be published on 04/07/2026

Increased use of Electrical vehicles (EVs) brings in unique structural design challenges particularly in Side Impact scenarios when the battery pack is near the sill region therefore elevating the possibility of Electrical Module penetration and triggering thermal runway event resulting from the crash. Thus, Electric Vehicles present unique structural design challenges. This study intends to evaluate a novel tubular structure design for side sill reinforcement and its performance benefits over a traditional aluminum side sill reinforcement currently commonly utilized for battery protection in EV vehicles body components. The proposed Steel side sill design mainly focuses on structural rigidity and improved load transfer during side pole impact crash cases and address manufacturing complexity and cost reduction opportunity. Multiple iterations for Steel side sill reinforcement design were carried out using finite element analysis with software like LSDYNA Hyper works to propose optimal

Kusnoorkar, Harsha, Khutorsky, Alex, Penumetsa, Vivek, Koraddi, Basavaraj

Comparative Analysis of FCW and AEB Performance: 2020 Jeep Gladiator vs. 2020 Tesla Model 3 Against Slow-Moving Target in Varying Light Conditions.

2026-01-0547To be published on 04/07/2026

A total of 67 high speed tests (70 mph and 75 mph) were performed on a 2020 Jeep Gladiator and a 2020 Tesla Model 3 to evaluate and compare the performance of Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) in daytime and nighttime conditions. These tests involves high closing speeds of 60 mph and 65 mph against a slow moving live vehicle target (moving at 10 mph and 15 mph). Consistent and repeatable FCW was observed across all the tests. At a closing speed of 60 mph, the average TTC at the onset of FCW for the Jeep was 2.21 seconds and it was 2.55 seconds for the Tesla. At the same closing speed, the average TTC at the onset of AEB for the Jeep was 1.89 seconds and it was 1.56 seconds for the Tesla. At a closing speed of 65 mph, the average TTC at the onset of FCW for the Jeep was 2.29 seconds and it was 2.37 seconds for the Tesla. At the same closing speed, the average TTC at the onset of AEB was 1.88 seconds for the Jeep and 1.39 seconds for the Tesla. The

Nagarajan, Sundar Raman, Harrington, Shawn

Low Speed Bumper System Impact Variation Study

2026-01-0474To be published on 04/07/2026

Variation studies are an important part of the product development (PD) process. They help to understand and estimate real-world deviation from design nominal parameters, optimize designs for robustness, reliability, and cost-efficiency. CAE and Virtual tools enable us to simulate a great number of different variation types and capture the full bandwidth of actual field performance - rather than the validation from a limited number of physical tests. In this study, the effects of various factors on vehicle performance during low-speed impacts, utilizing a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach have been investigated through virtual simulation. Low-speed impacts, typically defined as collisions occurring at speeds less than 2.5 mph, are critical for understanding vehicle insurability and compliance with regulatory standards. The factors examined include vehicle impactor position, impact speed, and angle of collision, part thickness variation, material card variation. The DOE methodology

Suravaram, Raghu Mohan Reddy, Islam, ABM Iftekharul, Larson, John, Tehrani, Babak, Koch, Lisa, Mathur, Mohit Sain

Thermal Insulation Materials Used in Battery Pack Assembly: A Review of Materials, Test Methods, and Key Considerations

2026-01-0406To be published on 04/07/2026

Electric vehicle (EV) battery packs have undergone substantial advancements in recent years, driven by engineering design improvements, material innovations, and increasingly stringent regulatory enforcement. These developments have enabled battery packs to become more energy-dense, which is essential for extending driving range and improving overall vehicle performance. However, with increased energy density comes a heightened risk of thermal events, such as thermal runaway, which continue to raise concerns regarding vehicle safety, reliability, and long-term durability. This review focuses on the critical role that thermal insulation materials play in mitigating the impact of such thermal events within EV battery systems. It presents an overview of commonly used thermal insulation materials, emphasizing their chemical composition, thermal resistance, and mechanical integrity under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and physical stress. The ability of these materials to

Ng, Sze-Sze, Dhyani, Abhishek, Gorin, Craig, Jeon, Junho, Nuguri, Sravya, Repollet Pedrosa, Milton, Rylski, Adrian, Shete, Abhishek, Steinbrecher, Jacob, Thomas, Ryan

CAE Acceleration With Machine Learning For Results Prediction

2026-01-0488To be published on 04/07/2026

Industries are following a tedious product development cycle for developing their product. In product development major steps includes design ideas, Drawings, CAD, CAE, Testing and design improvement cycle. This is a monotonous process and takes time which impacts on its time to deliver product and cost on development. Now a days industries are fast growing and targeting to reduce development cycle time and cost. AIML is impacting almost all areas in the industry and significantly reducing efforts time and cost. To make use of AIML in CAE, Altair Physics AI is an effective tool. To ensure the design of product traditional way is to develop a CAD of the product, develop, perform CAE and analyze performance. If we consider CAE procedure it is time consuming process which includes FEA model build, applying boundary conditions, running simulation and analyzing results which could take minutes to hours. By using ML with Physics AI we can make predictions on new design of the product in

Dangare, Anand Manohar, Kulkarni, Mandar

Design and Simulation Analysis of an Integrated Honeycomb-filled Front Bumper for a Special Vehicle

2026-01-0475To be published on 04/07/2026

In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front impact beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front impact beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure is carried out and

王, Xufan, Yuan, Liu-kai, Zhang, tangyun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Liangmo

Multi-Physics Topology Optimization and Machine Learning Surrogates for Lightweight Cast Automotive Parts

2026-01-0510To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper proposes an integrated optimization framework for lightweight cast vehicle structures by combining Multi-Physics Topology Optimization (MPTO) with machine learning (ML)-driven surrogate modeling. Conventional structural optimization approaches often rely on simplified load cases—such as 3 g inertial loading, frame torsion, or bending—rather than capturing the true complexity of performance-critical conditions like crashworthiness and fatigue durability. As a result, designs optimized for a single criterion frequently degrade in other performance areas, leading to costly redesigns or over-engineered solutions. The proposed methodology introduces MPTO through four structured steps that progressively build design fidelity. Step 1 establishes a baseline primitive topology optimization workflow using a standardized package checklist, ensuring that the design domain, boundary conditions, constraints, and key manufacturing rules are consistently defined as the foundation for

Kim, Hyosig, Senkowski, Andres, Gona, Kiran, Saroha, Lalit, Boraiah, Mahesh

Optimal Control Analysis of Minimum-Time Maneuvers for Vehicles Recovering from Instability

2026-01-0218To be published on 04/07/2026

Vehicles may enter highly unstable dynamic states due to lateral collisions, sudden loss of grip, or extreme steering disturbances. When such instability arises in congested road sections where obstacle avoidance is required, the safety risk to both the ego vehicle and surrounding traffic escalates significantly. In such scenarios, the vehicle must not only regain stability but also navigate the roadway in the shortest feasible time to prevent secondary collisions. This paper investigates the minimum-time maneuver of a vehicle starting from an unstable dynamic condition and constrained to travel within prescribed road boundaries. A single-track vehicle model with combined-slip nonlinear tire model is employed to capture the vehicle dynamics under high slip conditions. Phase-plane analysis is conducted to reveal how control inputs reshape the system’s vector field and influence the possibility and speed of stability recovery. An optimal control problem is formulated to compute the

Leng, Jiatong, Yu, Liangyao, Wang, Yongxin, You, Weijie, Li, Ziang, Jin, Zhipeng

Impact of Instantaneous Center of Rotation Variability on Path Planning and Performance of Park Assist Systems

2026-01-0053To be published on 04/07/2026

Parking assist systems are among the most widely adopted driver-assistance features in modern vehicles. A key component of these systems is the path planning module, which ensures accurate vehicle alignment within a parking slot while satisfying various constraints such as maintaining slot centering, avoiding collisions in confined spaces, minimizing maneuver count, and achieving the shortest feasible path. Multiple path generation techniques—such as geometric, polynomial-based, and search-based methods—have been developed to enable safe and efficient parking maneuvers. However, most of these approaches rely on the simplifying assumption that the vehicle’s instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is fixed, typically located on the non-steering axle. In practice, the ICR is not constant and can vary significantly across vehicles due to several physical and kinematic factors, including steering geometry, tire slip characteristics, suspension configuration, and weight distribution

Awathe, Arpit, Patanwala, Abizer, Jain, Arihant, Varunjikar, Tejas

Adaptive Driver-Centric ADAS Using Machine Learning for Personalized Assistance

2026-01-0063To be published on 04/07/2026

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are becoming increasingly integral to vehicle safety; however, most current implementations rely on static algorithms with fixed thresholds that do not account for individual driver behavior. This can lead to false positives or unnecessary alerts, thereby reducing user trust and system effectiveness. This paper presents a Driver-Adaptive ADAS framework that leverages machine learning to dynamically tailor assistance logic based on real-time driver behavior and driving style. Instead of treating all drivers uniformly, the system learns patterns such as reaction time, maneuver preferences, and braking tendencies. It adjusts key parameters like Time-To-Collision (TTC) thresholds, Forward Collision Warning (FCW) timings, and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) triggers accordingly. A software-based proof of concept is developed using Python and MATLAB, where simulated vehicle and driver behavior data are processed to classify driver types and adapt

Bhargav, Matavalam

Safety-Centered Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicles

2026-01-0529To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper focuses on a scenario generation framework that creates diverse, parametrized, and safety-critical driving situations to validate the safety features of autonomous vehicles in simulation. By modeling factors such as road geometry, traffic participants, environmental conditions, and perception uncertainties, the framework enables repeatable and scalable testing of safety mechanisms, including emergency braking, evasive maneuvers, and vulnerable road user protection. The framework supports both regulatory and edge-case scenarios, mapped to hazards and safety goals derived from Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA), ensuring traceability to ISO 26262 functional safety requirements and performance limitations. The output from these simulations provide quantitative safety metrics such as time-to-collision, minimum distance, braking and steering performance, and residual collision severity. These metrics enable the systematic evaluation of evasive maneuvering as a safety

Chandra Shekar, Kiruthiga, Arab, Aliasghar

Inertial Pedal Displacement and Brake Switch Activation in Frontal Crash Events

2026-01-0541To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper presents research into the inertial displacement of brake pedals and the subsequent activation of brake light switches during crash events. In certain scenarios—such as multiple-impact crashes or with pre-impact interactions such as curb strikes or sideswipes—inertial forces alone may generate sufficient brake pedal movement to trigger the brake switch, activating the brake lights. Such signals may be recorded by an Event Data Recorder (EDR) or observed by witnesses and mistakenly interpreted as an indication of intentional driver braking. To investigate this phenomenon, HYGE sled tests were performed using brake pedal assemblies and associated components from a Toyota Tacoma pickup truck and a Cadillac DeVille passenger sedan. The assemblies were subjected to acceleration pulses simulating a frontal impact, with high-speed video used to capture brake pedal displacement and brake light activation. The tests demonstrated that inertial loading from a pulse with a delta-V

Duran, Amanda, Walker, James, Barnes, Daniel, Osterhout, Aaron, Clayton, Aidan

Speed Determination Using Audio of Dash Camera Video from Commercial Vehicle Tires Frequencies for Vehicle Accident Reconstruction

2026-01-0536To be published on 04/07/2026

Prior research has validated a reliable method for determining vehicle speed using audio recorded by cameras mounted in vehicles, specifically for rolling passenger vehicle tires. Passenger vehicle tires produce a frequency component directly correlated to vehicle speed when traveling on concrete roadways. However, prior research has not been conducted on audio for rolling commercial vehicle tires, which differ in construction from passenger vehicle tires and therefore produce audio signals on roadway surfaces that passenger vehicles tires did not when tested in the prior study. The current research concluded that commercial vehicle tires rolling on various roadway surfaces also generated a frequency that varied with vehicle speed. The purpose of this study was to outline, test, and confirm the source of the speed-dependent frequency and to develop a validated method for use in forensic applications. A modified version of the passenger vehicle tire equation from prior research was

Vega, Henry V., Cornetto, Anthony, Ngo, Long Justin, Hatab, Ziad, Hunter, Eric

Statistical Assessment of Pretensioner and Load Limiter Effects on the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Response in Frontal Impacts

2026-01-0550To be published on 04/07/2026

Enhancing child occupant protection requires a clear understanding of how seatbelt restraint parameters influence crash injury metrics. Real-world vehicles mostly include pretensioner and load limiter technologies to mitigate injuries, but rear seat restraints often do not include these. The FMVSS 213 test bench closely represents current restraint systems but does not involve such active vehicle restraint features. This study explores the response of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD to evaluate potential injury mitigation under FMVSS 213 frontal sled test conditions. A simulation-based full factorial design was implemented in LS-DYNA to vary pretensioner retraction, retractor load-limiting thresholds, and webbing payout, with injury measures including head acceleration, head excursion, chest compression, and abdominal pressure (APTS). Statistical evaluation using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests quantified main and interaction effects. Pretensioners

Khattak, Mohid, Bendig, Colleen, Louden, Allison, Noll, Scott

Maintaining a Healthy Safety Culture in Autonomous Vehicle Development and Operations

2026-01-0528To be published on 04/07/2026

The deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) requires not only technical excellence but also the cultivation of a robust organizational safety culture. While safety engineering standards and assurance processes provide essential structure, a culture that prioritizes learning, accountability, and continuous improvement is critical to ensuring public trust and operational resilience. This paper explores how UL 4600, the comprehensive safety standard for the evaluation of autonomous systems, and Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) can be leveraged to build and sustain a Just Culture within an AV company. UL 4600 emphasizes systematic hazard identification, safety case construction, and ongoing evidence generation. When applied beyond compliance, it provides a framework for embedding safety considerations into day-to-day engineering and operational decision making. By mapping UL 4600 clauses into organizational processes and linking them with measurable SPIs—such as rates of system

Wagner, Michael, Gittleman, Michele

Optical Performance of ADAS Camera under Thermal-Induced Structural Deformation of Windshield

2026-01-0061To be published on 04/07/2026

This study investigates the combined use of optical and mechanical simulation tools to assess the impact of thermally induced structural deformation of automotive windshields on the optical performance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) cameras. ADAS technologies rely heavily on accurate and high-quality visual data captured through cameras mounted behind the windshield. Any distortion in the optical path, especially due to environmental factors such as heat generated by defrosting systems, can compromise the reliability of these systems. The simulation workflow begins with an ideal-case optical analysis, where the camera’s imaging performance is evaluated assuming a nominal windshield geometry. This serves as a baseline for image clarity, contrast, and overall system functionality. Next, thermal loads originating from the embedded defrost wires are modeled using steady-state thermal analysis. These thermal inputs result in non-uniform temperature distribution across the

Patke, Akshay, Loya, Victor

Comparative Analysis of Rear Collision Prevention Systems

2026-01-0535To be published on 04/07/2026

Rear Collision Warning (RCW) and Rear Emergency Braking (REB) are key Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) designed to prevent collisions with Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) when a vehicle is reversing. These systems typically rely on a combination of radar, ultrasonic, and camera sensors. This study provides a comparative evaluation of Rear Collision Prevention systems across different vehicle manufacturers. Testing was performed on the 2022 Cadillac Escalade, 2017 Subaru Outback, and 2021 Ford F-150, using both static and moving pedestrian targets. Data collection was carried out with a VBOX data acquisition system, focusing on time-to-collision (TTC) as the primary performance metric. The analysis highlights variations in system effectiveness and provides a brief overview of OEMs' approach to pedestrian safety.

Harrington, Shawn, Takbhate, Shubham Ramraja, Nagarajan, Sundar Raman

Vault-Induced Pitchover Crash Testing of a Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle (ROV)

2026-01-0546To be published on 04/07/2026

VVehicle pitchover crashes can result in very severe accelerations and forces. Literature and test data available on pitchover crashes is sparse. This paper presents the results of a full-scale pitchover/rollover crash test using an instrumented vehicle in a controlled and documented off-road environment. The test vehicle was driven to the launch point by an off-board operator using remote steering and throttle controls. The test vehicle then experienced an airborne phase during which forward pitching occurred, followed by a front-to-ground impact which induced additional pitchover motion. Then, following the initial front and rear impacts, the vehicle transitioned from a pitchover to rollover motion before coming to rest. The resulting vehicle motion, vehicle damage markings, and ground markings were documented with various slow motion and real time camera views. The test vehicle was instrumented with accelerometers, rotation rate sensors, and other sensors, the results of which

Warner, Mark, Warner, Wyatt, Swensen, Grant, Perl, Mark

Quantifying the Accuracy of Detecting Lateral Movement Onset for a Selection of Bicycle GPS Computers

2026-01-0531To be published on 04/07/2026

Bicycle computers and apps record, at minimum, positional data over time, and this data is commonly used in accident reconstruction to inform the behavior of the bicycle and rider prior to an incident in question. This positional data is primarily calculated using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and thus specific accuracy and precision is not well quantified. To improve this understanding when it comes to relative accuracy of lateral movements, a series of controlled tests were performed and recorded with several commercially available bicycle GPS computers and apps and compared against a RaceLogic VBox 3i ADAS with Real-Time Kinematic corrections from a RaceLogic Base Station. The testing consisted of 5 sets of 15 runs: 15 runs riding down the center of a lane, 15 making a 6 ft lateral left movement, 15 making 12 ft lateral left movements, 15 making 6 ft lateral right movements, and 15 making 12 ft lateral right movements. Each test run was ended with hard braking to a stop to

Sweet, David Michael, Bretting, Gerald, O'Brien, Nathan, Wilhelm, Christopher

Probability of Honda Frontal Airbag Deployment from Analysis of NHTSA CISS EDR Database

2026-01-0539To be published on 04/07/2026

As of 2000, the Bosch CDR tool has been available to download vehicle’s Event Data Recorders (EDR). The EDR is connected to a vehicle’s airbag control module and records collision events if an airbag is deployed and can also record non-deployment events. Previous research has collected EDR reports from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) databases and evaluated the data to determine the probability that an airbag will deploy in a frontal collision for various vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford, and Toyota. The previous research does not include Honda vehicles. This paper analyzes 343 EDR reports from Honda vehicles between 2012 and 2022 obtained from NHTSA’s Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) database and 30 Forensic Engineering’s own database in an effort to develop a model to predict the probability of a frontal airbag deployment in Honda vehicles. The model predicts the probability of an airbag

Sinclair, Brittany, Ljubic, Elise

Time-of- Flight (ToF) estimation using the Discrete Logarithmic Frequency (DLF) method

2026-01-0019To be published on 04/07/2026

When incorporated into the small, curved, and enclosed spaces of contemporary automotive lighting systems, conventional measurement tools like photodetectors, optical sensors, and laser-based systems frequently encounter difficulties. Physical space restrictions, light attenuation along curved surfaces, and the high energy consumption of conventional sensors—particularly in intelligent headlight modules and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)—are some of these limitations. To address these issues, this work presents a novel method for Time-of-Flight (ToF) estimation based on the Discrete Logarithmic Frequency (DLF) approach. The suggested method improves the accuracy and dependability of ToF-based measurements by examining the time-frequency correlations of modulated light signals sent through optical channels in automotive systems. Applications like adaptive beam shaping, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) optical communication, and in-lens diagnostics benefit greatly from this. The

Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep

Holistic Solution of Unified Framework for Integration of Safety Process into Automotive Software Development Process

2026-01-0068To be published on 04/07/2026

The rapid advancement of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving has significantly increased the software content and complexity within modern vehicles. Consequently, ensuring both high process quality and compliance or qualification with functional safety standards becomes critically important. Automotive Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (ASPICE 4.0) focuses on evaluating and improving software development processes, while ISO 26262-2018 standard ensures the establishment of functional safety in road vehicles. The efficient integration of the process and standard remains a key challenge due to differences in their objectives, terminologies, and assessment criteria. The misalignment between ASPICE 4.0 and ISO 26262-2018 standard often results in duplicated efforts, rework of work products, and delays in product release schedules. This paper proposes a unified framework to bridge ASPICE 4.0 process areas with ISO 26262-2018 safety

Ravi, Reshma, Easwaramoorthy, Prasad Vignesh, Promise, Dinu

THE IN-VEHICLE CONNECTIVITY FOUNDATION POWERING AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

2026-01-0009To be published on 04/07/2026

Achieving full vehicle autonomy is not just about adding sensors or compute-it requires a fundamental shift in how vehicles are architected. Autonomous systems rely on higher-resolution sensors, massive processing power, and the ability to fuse data from multiple sources in real time. Centralized in-vehicle architectures, which consolidate computing and enable sensor fusion, place unprecedented demands on connectivity. Precise time synchronization across all systems becomes critical, as does advanced control to ensure safe and reliable operation. Any delay or data loss can impact decision-making, making robust, resilient communication links essential. High-performance connectivity is the backbone of this evolution. It must deliver the highest bandwidth to handle massive streams of sensor data, support long-reach connections across the vehicle, and maintain error-free performance even in the most challenging electromagnetic environments. This combination of speed, reach, and reliability

Shwartzberg, Daniel

Pre-Crash Scenario Analysis and Generation for Integrated Safety System Virtual Testing with Real Accident Data

2026-01-0062To be published on 04/07/2026

Integrated active and passive safety protection systems have made substantial contributions to reducing traffic accidents and mitigating human injuries. However, assessing such systems through vehicle collision tests is limited, as this approach can not cover the wide range of accident scenarios. To address this gap, identifying and generating representative pre-crash scenarios from real-world accidents provides key boundary conditions for the set up of virtual test scenarios. In this study, we used the Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study (FASS) dataset to reconstruct 112 two-wheeler accidents. For each case, we extracted pre-crash dynamic information, static attributes, and environmental context. An auto-encoder was employed to encode high-dimensional features of scenarios, and K-means clustering was applied to categorize the accidents into eight representative pre-crash scenarios. For each scenario, we examined the motion states of participants and further compared the

Wang, Guojie, Gao, Xin, Liu, Siyuan, Liu, Jiaxin, Li, Quan, shi, liangliang, Nie, Bingbing

Enhancing LiDAR Performance under Fog with Adaptive Multi-Echo and Feature-Based Filtering

2026-01-0011To be published on 04/07/2026

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) systems are essential for autonomous driving (AD) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), providing accurate 3D perception of the surrounding environment. However, their performance significantly deteriorates under adverse weather conditions such as fog, where laser pulses are scattered by airborne particles, resulting in substantial noise and reduced ranging accuracy. This scattering effect makes it difficult to detect objects within or behind particulate matter, posing a serious challenge for reliable perception in real-world driving scenarios. To address this issue, we propose an algorithm that combines adaptive multi-echo signal processing with a feature-integrated, rule-based denoising framework to enhance LiDAR performance in noisy environments. The multi-echo approach selectively utilizes meaningful signal returns by evaluating both reflection intensity and relative echo positions. Based on predefined rules, the algorithm identifies the

Kaito, Seiya, Zheng, Shengchao, Fujioka, Ibuki, Beppu, Taro

Real-time Detection of Vehicle Drivers’ Distractions using YOLOv11

2026-01-0048To be published on 04/07/2026

Distracted driving is one of the main causes of traffic accidents and poses serious threats to safety of drivers, other road users and public property. Existing methods for detecting distracted driving often suffer from low detection accuracy, poor real-time performance, and high computational demand. This paper proposes a distracted driving behavior detection algorithm based on the latest YOLOv11 object detection model. The YOLOv11's is exhibits enhanced feature extraction capabilities and lightweight network design, which could identify distracted driving behaviors in a highly efficient manner. The study focusses on many different scenarios, such as phone usage, drinking and smoking while maintaining detection accuracy, by aligning with realistic driving scenarios, so as to facilitate development of a more suitable for in-vehicle driver monitoring systems. This study is expected to contribute towards enhanced road traffic safety through efficient detection of distracted driving

Ma, Bao Bao, Taghavifar, Hamid, Fu, Zhijun, Rakheja, Subhash, Karangwa, Jules

Adaptive Eco-Driving Feedback for Battery Electric Vehicles: A Reinforcement Learning Approach Using Context-Aware Policy Optimization

2026-01-0165To be published on 04/07/2026

Energy efficiency and range optimization remain critical challenges to the widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). As a result, there is a growing demand for intelligent driver assistance systems that can extend the operating range and reduce range anxiety. This paper presents an adaptive eco-feedback and driver rating system based on proximal policy optimization (PPO) reinforcement learning, designed to support drivers with the target to reduce energy consumption and maximize driving range. The system processes real-time driving data, such as velocity, acceleration and powertrain status. Map data of high quality is used to anticipate traffic events, including but not limited to speed limits, curves, gradients, preceding vehicles and traffic lights. This contextual awareness allows the system to continuously assess driving behavior and provide personalized, context-aware visual feedback alongside a dynamic driving behavior rating. A PPO agent learns optimal feedback

Stocker, Christoph, Hirz, Mario, Martin, Michael, Kreis, Alexander, Stadler, Severin

The Effects of Collision-Related Power Loss on Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 Event Data

2026-01-0548To be published on 04/07/2026

Toyota vehicles equipped with Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) can record detailed information surrounding various driving events. Often, this data is employed in accident reconstruction to better understand the dynamics of a collision. TSS data is comprised of three main categories: Vehicle Control History (VCH), Freeze Frame Data (FFD), and image records. During an event, it is possible that a vehicle undergoes a catastrophic power loss from the damages sustained during the event. In this paper, the effects of a sudden power loss on the VCH, FFD, and images are studied. Events are triggered on a TSS 3.0 equipped vehicle by driving toward a stationary target. After system activation, a total power loss is induced, triggered on the instrument cluster “BRAKE” alert message, at various delays after activation. This testing studies various signals recorded across VCH, FFD and image data including vehicle speed, measured accelerations and time and date. This testing also compares the acceleration

Getz, Charles, Yeakley, Adam, DiSogra, Matthew

Physical Adversarial Infrastructure Attacks on Vision-Language Models for Autonomous Driving

2026-01-0170To be published on 04/07/2026

Vision-language models (VLMs) offer a promising end-to-end approach for autonomous driving, but their robustness to physical adversarial attacks remains an unaddressed gap for safety-critical deployment. This paper introduces a systematic framework for evaluating these attacks using the Dolphins VLM and CARLA simulator. We employ Natural Evolution Strategies (NES), a black-box optimization method, to generate adversarial patches without internal model access. Our approach uses semantic similarity loss and Expectation over Transformation (EoT) to ensure physical realizability under varying viewing conditions. Patches are strategically placed on realistic advertising infrastructure (bus shelter panels and highway billboards), reflecting a plausible threat model. We establish two complementary scenarios: crosswalk pedestrian detection suppression and highway steering manipulation. Our evaluation reveals critical vulnerabilities. Adversarial patches achieved a 76.0% overall attack success

Fernandez, David, MohajerAnsari, Pedram, Salarpour, Amir, Pese, Mert D.

Multi-material topology optimization using difference-based equivalent static load method

2026-01-0173To be published on 04/07/2026

Topology optimization (TO) has become a powerful tool for generating lightweight structural designs. TO has been widely applied to linear static problems, where analytical sensitivities are easy to obtain. However, crashworthiness design requires nonlinear dynamic analysis, for which analytical sensitivities are generally not available. To extend TO into crash problems, approximation methods such as the Equivalent Static Load (ESL) method have been developed. ESL replaces the nonlinear problem with a series of linear static subproblems, ensuring that the displacement fields match at certain time steps. These subproblems can then be efficiently solved using standard TO techniques. A key limitation of ESL is that it relies on the initial mesh for all subproblems, which reduces accuracy for highly nonlinear crash responses. To address this, Triller proposed the difference-based ESL (DiESL) method, which updates the mesh in each subproblem to the deformed configuration, therefore improving

Huang, Yuhao, Kim, Il Yong

Integrated Longitudinal and Lateral Control for Autonomous Truck Platooning in Curved Scenarios with 5G-V2X Uncertainties

2026-01-0168To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper presents a practical feedback control strategy for high-fidelity autonomous truck platooning, addressing the critical challenge of negotiating curved roads under 5G-V2X communication uncertainties. A nonlinear dynamic model is developed, integrating both longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics to simulate a five-truck platoon. The proposed hierarchical control architecture consists of two key components: (1) an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system for maintaining safe inter-vehicle distances using a PD controller, and (2) a path-following lateral controller that ensures accurate lane-keeping on curved sections by tracking a predefined road centerline profile. The 5G-V2X sensor uncertainty, a major source of measurement noise in vehicle-to-everytyhing communication, is modeled as additive Gaussian noise. Extensive simulations under a scenario involving a transition from a straight road to a constant-radius curve (R=500m) demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method

zhou, junyu, Zeng, Dequan, Petitti, Antonio, xiong, min, GAO, LETIAN, Jiang, Xiaomeng, lu, jun, Yu, Yinquan, CARBONE, GIUSEPPE, Hu, Yiming, Nawaz, Aamir, Linh, Nguyen Vu

Determining the Deployment Threshold of Active Head Restraints Through Real World Crashes.

2026-01-0533To be published on 04/07/2026

Accident reconstructionists often face the challenge of working with limited information when analyzing a collision. For this reason, every piece of data can be valuable. In this study, we are examining whether the deployment of an active head restraint can provide meaningful insight into the severity of a crash. To do this, the authors will use the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) to identify vehicles involved in collisions where investigators noted the presence of active head restraints and where airbag control module data was available. From these cases, the status of the driver and right-front passenger active head restraints will be determined using the provided photographs. By correlating deployment status with crash severity, this study will estimate the likelihood of active head restraint deployment at varying levels of collision severity.

Fix, Ryan, Rutledge, Bradley

Occupant and Seat Responses in Various Rear Impact Conditions: Focus on Head-to-Head Restraint Interactions

2026-01-0565To be published on 04/07/2026

Head restraint requirements and designs have evolved to minimize the delay in head support and reduce differential loading in the neck. As a result, they have become bigger, closer to the occupant’s head, and angled forward relative to the seat back. Head restraints have been found missing or detached in the field; they may be removed pre-crash due to occupant comfort issues, or post-crash for better accessibility during extrication. Additionally, although rare, head restraints may become detached in severe rear impacts due to occupant loading. To better understand occupant-to-head restraint dynamic interactions, nine rear sled tests were conducted. The test conditions were selected to represent worst case severe loading scenarios. An instrumented 50th Hybrid III ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) was lap-shoulder belted on a right-front seat. The neck was equipped with a bracket and lower neck load cell designed for rear impacts. Three series of sled tests were performed wherein the

PARENTEAU, CHANTAL, Burnett, Roger, Davidson, Russell

Designing an e-SUV to Meet Global Front Crash Safety Standards

2026-01-0580To be published on 04/07/2026

Vehicle crashworthiness has improved tremendously over the past 20 years with increasing scenarios being defined and assessed by governments and nonprofits every few years. Bodies such as NTHSA, IIHS and EuroNCAP created safety ratings to distinguish objectively which vehicles are the safest for consumers. In doing so, automotive OEMs must spend more resources and design additional crash safety features onto their vehicles, often making them heavier in the process. As a result, negatively impacting the driving range of an electric vehicle. At Lucid Motors, through a holistic and first-principles approach, CAE simulations were used to guide the design of the Lucid Gravity to pursue highest possible crash safety ratings and battery protection while minimizing weight on the vehicle structure. By keeping the weight low, the Lucid Gravity Grand Touring was able to achieve an estimated EPA-rated range of 450 miles, which is groundbreaking for a full size 3-row electric SUV. This paper

Ng, Meng

Jute-Polyester Trim as a Novel Vehicle Upper Interior Head Impact Safety Countermeasure

2026-01-0567To be published on 04/07/2026

A significant fraction of annual global human mortality is caused by severe head injuries resulting from vehicle crashes. In order to ensure upper interior head impact safety in vehicles, stiff upper body pillars are covered with plastic trims often along with internal countermeasures such as fin-type monolithic ribs. In the study being reported here, a consistent Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) procedure employing explicit nonlinear finite element analysis has been demonstrated for predicting headform impact safety of a steel A-pillar component covered with a novel jute-polyester trim. Using simulation as mentioned combined judiciously with test data and physical reasoning, a number of jute-polyester trim configurations are considered by varying the number of jute plies, and packaging space between trim and A-pillar inner panel. Additionally, jute-polyester trims with internal ribs are considered. The current study reinforces the potential of a jute polymer composite as a vehicle

Karthika, M R, Deb, Anindya, Zhu, Feng

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