Browse Topic: Maintenance and Aftermarket

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Investigating the potential of two individually controlled injectors per rotor for a DI hydrogen Wankel engine2026-37-0008To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled rotary engines offer a promising alternative for zero-emission powertrains in commercial applications, particularly where compact packaging is required. This study presents experimental results of the further development of the naturally aspirated hydrogen rotary engine by HTM with direct injection, integrated with an electric machine into a hybrid or genset system. Despite the lower volumetric energy density of hydrogen compared to conventional fuels, the compact design of the rotary engine enables installation within the packaging of a conventional internal combustion engine with comparable power output. Initial applications, including an airport baggage tractor, have demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. However, engine calibration revealed pre-ignition phenomena that constrained the maximum achievable torque. To address this limitation, the influence of mixture formation is further investigated. An experimental engine setup is used where two individually
Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Herold, Tim, Lavall, Philipp, Schmidt, Marvin, Hofmann, Silas, Kahl, Jonas
A Parametric Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment Tool for Comparative Evaluation of Passenger Car CO₂ Emissions2026-37-0040To be published on 06/09/2026
This work presents the development of a flexible and user-oriented software tool for the cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of passenger cars, enabling robust comparisons of greenhouse gas emissions across heterogeneous vehicle configurations. The tool supports informed decision-making by quantifying and visualizing environmental impacts associated with alternative mobility choices over the full vehicle life cycle, including production, use, maintenance, and end-of-life stages. A key contribution of the proposed framework is its high degree of configurability and readability. All parameters describing the vehicle and its usage can be freely modified, including powertrain type, dimensions and weight, ownership profile (new or second-hand vehicles, partial ownership periods, leasing scenarios), annual mileage, vehicle lifetime assumptions, and the carbon intensity of fuels or electricity sources. Country-specific energy mixes are explicitly considered, allowing the same vehicle
Gastaldi, Chiara, Cibrario, Luca
TRANSFORMING AIRCRAFT MRO WITH AGENTIC AI AND CONTEXT ENGINEERING2026-26-0788To be published on 06/01/2026
Aircraft Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) operations are highly complex, involving coordination among multiple stakeholders including airlines, MRO providers, OEMs, and regulatory authorities. A significant challenge in this space is managing unplanned events such as Aircraft on Ground (AOG) conditions, where delays can lead to major financial losses to airlines and safety risks. Engineers must quickly diagnose the damage, evaluate compliance against regulatory limits, coordinate with OEMs, and make critical decisions—all while navigating a fragmented ecosystem of disconnected systems, diverse document types, and time-sensitive processes. This paper presents a real-world, intelligent MRO solution that addresses these challenges through the use of Agentic AI and context engineering. The system is designed to automate and augment key MRO workflows such as damage detection, repair pathway selection, compliance verification, and supplier coordination. At its core, the solution is
Abburu, Sunitha, G.V.V., Ravi Kumar, Poovalingam, Sundaresan, Vaderahobli, Devaraja Holla
Retrofit Vibration Mitigation of Launch Vehicle Structures Using Thin Viscoelastic Coatings: Acoustic and Modal Study2026-26-0736To be published on 06/01/2026
Acoustic-induced vibrations pose a significant risk to launch vehicle hardware and payload reliability during critical phases such as lift-off and transonic phase. Reducing such vibrations is especially challenging when the hardware has already been fabricated, limiting the possibility of structural redesign. This study demonstrates a practical post-fabrication solution using a thin PC10 viscoelastic polymer coating applied externally to fully assembled hardware. The PC-10 Thermal Protection System (TPS) is a silicone polymer-based filled compound originally developed by VSSC, ISRO for ablative thermal insulation. Its viscoelastic properties make it suitable for energy dissipation under dynamic loads. Comprehensive evaluations were conducted using both acoustic testing at National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bangalore, and Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) at ISRO before and after coating application. Results show a substantial decrease in structure response from 150Hz to 2000Hz
Avirah, Nohin K, Panda, Ajay Kumar, Shaikh, Altafhusen
System and Method of Strain Emulation using a Beam Load Cell Test Setup2026-26-0743To be published on 06/01/2026
This novel method deals with emulation of Strain of a Structural Measurement System which includes software validation, acceptance tests and training. Current methods for simulating strain and force data for developing and verifying data acquisition (DAQ) software typically rely on costly electronic simulators or specialized hardware, making it challenging and expensive for developers, researchers, and small organizations to test their solutions under realistic conditions. To verify DAQ software, multiple specialized hardware solutions are deployed, that include Electronic Simulators, Commercial DAQ Modules and Hydraulic/Pneumatic test rigs. These technologies pose a challenge with limited flexibility and scalability options for small-scale prototyping, especially in budget-constrained scenarios. The sensors on these equipment may or may not be company approved inducing acceptance challenges. Our invention is an inexpensive, scalable, and mechanically simple alternative. Using a 3D
Murthy, Harsha, Bhat Venkatesh, Aditi, K Padmanabhan, Rahul, Madhu, Sheetal, Garag, Naveen
Enabling Circularity in the Aerospace Maintenance Ecosystem through Generative-AI Driven Back-to-Birth Traceability of Life-Limited Engine Parts2026-26-0719To be published on 06/01/2026
Circular economy principles are increasingly central to aerospace sustainability strategies, aiming to extend asset life, improve asset valuations, and enhance benefits to stakeholders in the part ownership and maintenance lifecycle. In aircraft engines, achieving circularity hinges on the safe reuse, repair, and recirculation of high-value components. Life-Limited Parts (LLPs) are among the most critical in this context, but their reuse is strictly contingent on complete Back-to-Birth (BtB) traceability. Any gap in BtB records—often due to fragmented data across multiple airline operators, shop visits, document formats, and time expanse—renders otherwise serviceable LLPs unusable, leading to premature scrappage and lost circular value. This paper presents a Generative AI (GenAI)-driven methodology to reconstruct and validate complete LLP BtB histories from heterogeneous, unstructured, and legacy maintenance datasets. By combining aerospace domain-trained language models with embedded
Bhate, Ujwal, Jain, Dilip Kumar, Kulkarni, Ninad, Kalaiyarasan, Aravindh, Jha, Ashish, Shenoy, Karthik
Hybrid Digital Twin for Aero-Engine Bearing Prognostics: A Physics-Informed Machine Learning Approach to RUL Prediction2026-26-0718To be published on 06/01/2026
Unscheduled maintenance due to the failure of critical components, such as aero-engine rolling element bearings, is a leading cause of costly Aircraft-on-Ground (AOG) events; consequently, current time-based maintenance practices are inefficient and prone to risk. This paper develops a resource-efficient Hybrid Digital Twin (HDT) model for an engine bearing, focusing on the dynamic prediction of spall growth due to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF), thereby enabling a condition-based maintenance paradigm. The HDT architecture integrates two core models: (1) a physics-informed model that uses established life and fatigue theory to define initial degradation thresholds and constrain the failure envelope, and (2) a data-driven Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) (specifically, an LSTM) for dynamic degradation rate modeling. The methodology utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation coupled with RCF progression equations to generate a large, synthetic run-to-failure dataset under varying operational loads
Mohamed, Abbas
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202604 (Current)4/10/2026
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Curb Impact: Non-linear Structural FE Analyses in Multibody Dynamics Models2026-01-02194/7/2026
In a few extreme customer abuse load cases such as curb impact and potholes, automotive structures see non-linear (plastic) deformations as well as large rigid body motion. The load cases can be simulated by a few tools: crash analysis tools such as LS-Dyna, non-linear structure analysis tools, or multi-body dynamics (MBD) analysis tools like Ansys Motion. The three simulation tools have pros and cons, respectively. In this study, a curb impact simulation was performed using the multi-body dynamic approach with nonlinear structural analysis capabilities included in Ansys Motion. The tool demonstrated the simulation was completed faster than other MBD tools due to smartly recycling the system Jacobian matrix when structural deformation was not significant. The results were compared with structural analysis and correlated reasonably well. The post-impact suspension alignment changes can also be simulated for reviewing design requirements. This approach proposes a new way to simulate
Hong, Hyung-Joo, Kim, Wangoo
Optimal Vehicle Sampling for Fleet-Wide Emissions Monitoring using Submodular Maximization2026-01-02834/7/2026
This article addresses the problem of optimal vehicle sampling for fleet-wide in-use emissions monitoring, a necessity driven by the absence of direct emissions sensors in modern production vehicles and the variable impact of in-use changes and operational factors (mileage, time-in-service, workload) on emissions performance across a fleet. Recognizing that comprehensive fleet testing is impractical due to significant downtime and cost, we propose a novel approach to identify a small, yet optimally informative subset of vehicles for sampling. The proposed approach leverages submodular function maximization, a technique rooted in optimal experimental design, specifically D-optimal design, to maximize the determinant of the information matrix (e.g., of XTX, where X is the regressor/design matrix in the case of a linear in parameters model). This approach ensures that the collected data yields maximum information for refining and building accurate models for emissions changes. We compare
Zhang, Jiadi, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato
Sensitivity Analysis and Development Approach of HV Battery Lifetime for Complete Vehicle Integration2026-01-03954/7/2026
The lifetime and aging of the high voltage battery is one of the major discussion points for the end-customer to decide between buying a car with an electric powertrain or still using a conventional powertrain. Therefore, the provision of adequate vehicles to the end-customer, the aging of the high voltage battery become an important topic for the complete vehicle development. In addition, also legal regulations (e.g. EU7) will preset minimum requirements for the warranty of the high voltage battery. These circumstances define the lifetime / aging of the HV battery to be a complete vehicle development target, which needs to be developed. The paper will present a method for the development process of a lifetime target from complete vehicle perspective. The method is based on the generation of a representative monthly power profile and temperature profile. Depending on a monthly user routine, ambient temperature profile and charging behavior, the vehicle specific battery power profile
Martin, Michael
Advanced Wheel Attachment Loosening Identification through Algorithmic Gear Error Analysis and Probabilistic Assessment2026-01-05904/7/2026
At present, tire failures directly affect road safety, and the number of incidents caused by them is gradually increasing. Examining wheel attachment loosening on time is vital for vehicle safety. Tire-related incidents not only put people in peril but also have a detrimental effect on the economy. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a new and effective method for identifying wheel attachment loosening. A novel gear error reduction approach, distinct from traditional methods, combines advanced computing and probabilistic analysis. This paper involves three key components: extracting looseness eigenvalues, calculating ring gear errors, and computing the tire loosen probabilities. Gear errors derived from the Kalman filter and adjusted for speed, eigenvalues were calculated, and a tire loosening probability analysis was performed. Real-car trials across speeds and roads confirm its accuracy and reliability. This technology can improve automotive safety and maintenance
Liu, Jianjian, Zhang, Zhijie, Wang, Zhenfeng, Ma, Guangtao, Shi, Meijuan, Liu, Jing, Zhao, Binggen, Lu, Yukun
The Cure for Overgrown Process Garden or Why Engineers Have Given Up with ASPICE2026-01-00674/7/2026
The useability of development processes in the automotive sector has decreased in the past years to a level at which their application and true benefit to is being questioned. Such degradation can be attributed to new additions to the processes and introduction of FuSa and Cybersecurity standards. The processes try to keep up with the shift from the traditional ‘plan–implement–test–roll-out' methodology to more agile methods. In addition, process departments typically in charge of these processes, focus on compliance to the letter of the standard to achieve certification, often with little thought to the actual implementation and the process they will be used by their engineering teams. Process growth to meet the needs of new and more complex technologies often mandates the use of new tools, which if implemented incorrectly can lead to unnecessary bureaucracy and additional overheads. Furthermore, the language of these new processes is in a form from assessor, making it difficult for
Weber, Matthias, Kmiec, Mateusz, Romijn, Marcel, Nedkov, Detelin
Optimizing Weld Placement in Automotive Structures Using Topology and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches2026-01-05144/7/2026
This work presents two approaches for weld optimization aimed at reducing manufacturing cost and process time, while meeting structural performance requirements in automotive structures. The first approach uses topology optimization to identify the most efficient weld layouts. A design space is generated along mating flanges, joints, and panel interfaces, where potential weld locations are defined. Welds are treated as discrete design variables, and the topology optimization systematically evaluates their contribution to global stiffness and load path integrity. Non-critical welds, those with minimal impact on stiffness, durability, or crashworthiness, are eliminated, resulting in a minimized weld pattern that maintains structural performance. The second approach applies Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) to balance weld reduction with performance targets across multiple domains, including linear and non-linear stiffness, crashworthiness, and fatigue. Using a preprocessing tool
Koppaka, Vinaya, Yoo, Dong Yeon, Chavare, Sudeep
Culture Clashes: LLM Support in the Engineering of Safety-Critical Systems2026-01-01104/7/2026
The proven usefulness of large language models (LLMs) as tools for software development and the recent rapid increase in their capabilities have made it possible and attractive to extend their scope of application to almost all tasks in the engineering of complex and even safety-critical systems. While these tools promise substantial efficiency gains and improved engineering productivity, they remain prone to errors, and the generated artifacts may not meet the stringent quality requirements for safety-critical systems. In this paper, we systematically analyze potential applications of LLMs throughout the engineering lifecycle of safety-critical systems and identify associated risks as well as practical approaches to risk mitigation. We classify LLM-supported use cases according to LLM autonomy, impact, and artifact observability, and compare the corresponding mitigation strategies with established approaches used for traditional engineering automation. In addition, we examine the
Thomas, Carsten, Wagner, Michael
Optimizing Joint Efficiency in Stainless Steel-Aluminum Alloy FSW Joints through Advanced Parameter Control2026-01-02284/7/2026
The present study investigates optimization of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in FSW of AA2024-T3 and SS304 in a butt joint configuration. An L18 mixed-level orthogonal array was used to design 18 experiments, varying tool rotational speed (450, 560, and 710 rpm), traverse speed (20, 25, and 40 mm/min), and pin offset (1 and 1.5 mm toward the Al side). The tool rotational speed had the greatest influence on UTS, contributing nearly one-third of the total variance, followed by pin offset and traverse speed. The optimal combination, 450 rpm, 20 mm/min, 1.5 mm offset, yielded a UTS of 344.7 MPa and a joint efficiency of 78.3%. At this setting, peak temperatures reached ~356 °C, ensuring sufficient plasticization and uniform mixing of the Al–SS interface, producing a refined stir zone with an average grain size of 4.2 μm. Fracture analysis revealed ductile failure at the optimal parameters, whereas suboptimal conditions resulted in brittle or mixed fractures due to either insufficient or
Mir, Fayaz Ahmad, Khan, Noor Zaman, Pali, Harveer Singh
Innovation Powered by High-Fidelity Multiphysics Modeling: A Holistic System Optimization of BorgWarner’s Next Generation Integrated Drive Modules2026-01-04974/7/2026
In the stringent market of BEV, the development of integrated Drive Modules (iDM) fitting environmental and customer needs is mandatory. It is important to extract the best from the less. To achieve those goals, a deep insight into complex multiphysics phenomena occurring in an iDM has been achieved by accurate and validated models. This engineering methodology is applied through the development of BorgWarner products, comprising non-exhaustively iDM 180-HF, Externally Excited Synchronous Machine and Multi-Level Inverter. The paper will review the methodology development for deeper understanding involving in-house technical excellence and complemented by strategic partnerships with academic institutions and start-ups. It will present the approach of integrating advanced multiphysics models with high-quality experimental validations, specifically on loss evaluation on electrical machines and inverters. Complex models involving multiphysics such as thermal/fluid coupling or electric
Leblay, Arnaud, Bourniche, Eric, Bossi, Adrien, David, Pascal, Nanjundaswamy, Harsha
A Shared Autonomy Architecture: Utilizing an Advanced Personalized Control System (APeCS) and Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB)2026-01-01474/7/2026
The shared autonomy framework has become an option with great potential in the field of autonomous vehicles. Human and machine control decisions typically demonstrate strengths in different scenarios. As a result, the robustness of systems can be enhanced by the collaboration between humans and autonomy. A shared autonomy architecture that takes into account both human and environmental factors was proposed in this work. The authority distribution between the human operator and the autonomy algorithm was determined by the Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB). Designed with a two-tier structure, the SAB incorporated a policy-level decision module, as well as a numerical-level arbitration tuning module. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was incorporated to enhance the noise tolerance of the policy selection module. Furthermore, the human factor was taken into account by applying a projection to the users’ control input. The human operator’s control decision was projected by the Adaptive
Sang, I-Chen, Norris, William, Patterson, Albert, Sreenivas, Ramavarapu S., Soylemezoglu PhD, Ahmet, Nottage, Dustin S.
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-03774/7/2026
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, an approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and soot
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Vanderheide, Craig, Patil, Abhijit
A Scalable and Accessible Remote Testing Framework for Automotive Development2026-01-01914/7/2026
With the rise of software-defined vehicles and the emergence of cyber threats to vehicular systems, developing teams are compelled to conduct extensive testing on both virtual and physical prototypes at an accelerated pace. This new development landscape necessitates diagnostic tools that are both precise and adaptable. However, proprietary systems dominate this field, often hindering accessibility for students and researchers due to high costs and restrictive licensing. This paper presents the design and implementation of an open-source, low-cost remote testing system tailored for automotive development and diagnostics. The proposed system utilizes Arduino and Raspberry Pi processing units, along with relay-based switching modules, to provide secure remote control of vehicle components through a web-based dashboard equipped with authentication, scheduling, and real-time synchronization capabilities. The tested prototype showcased robust scalability, secure session handling, and
Pries, Andrew, Mohammad, Utayba
Development and Application of SAE J3260 & J3290 Recommended Practice for Minimizing Spread of Infections in Motor Vehicles2026-01-01284/7/2026
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 introduced an unprecedented disruption to global industries, including automotive service and maintenance. As technicians and service shops struggled to balance operational continuity with safety, uncertainty surrounded best practices for servicing potentially dangerous vehicle cabins and air conditioning systems. This paper traces the evolution of these early efforts, from initial confusion and informal guidance to the establishment of the SAE Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee (SAE TEVCDPC) and the eventual publication of SAE J3260 and SAE J3290. It also considers work done by ASHRAE (the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers), which simultaneously worked on ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and 241. These standards, along with contributions from subject matter experts, formalized the automotive industry’s response to infection control in vehicle environments, integrating scientific understanding with
Schaeber, Steven, Mathur, Gursaran, Taylor, Dwayne
Enabling Sustainable E-Mobility: An Edge–Cloud Collaborative Framework for Battery Lifecycle Health Management in Electric Vehicles2026-01-04604/7/2026
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, uncertainty regarding battery degradation remains a significant obstacle, hindering vehicle energy efficiency, operational safety, and the recovery of end-of-life value. Accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are therefore critical for sustainable vehicle lifecycle management. This study proposes an edge–cloud collaborative intelligent framework for in-vehicle deployment that leverages a Transformer-based architecture to jointly model SOH and RUL. The cloud-side model retains the full configuration to capture long-term degradation trajectories for high-accuracy RUL prediction. A lightweight edge-side model, engineered via pruning and knowledge distillation, delivers millisecond-level inference for real-time SOH estimation onboard the vehicle. To ensure efficiency, only four core health indicators are
Gao, Weimin, Lv, Zhilong, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
An Efficient Approach to Key Negotiation in an Automotive Environment2026-01-00874/7/2026
Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is
Van Dam, Theo, Mazzara, Bill
Fast and Robust CFD Simulation Method for Water Management in Automotive Interior Design2026-01-04874/7/2026
Understanding the fluid flow behavior over and into narrow gaps is crucial for many industrial applications, particularly in the automotive sector. Evaluating the potential of water ingress into narrow pathways and towards components is of great importance to design the water management of such components. The employment of CFD simulations supports the evaluation of potential water ingress into such gaps. Lagrangian based tools are used in a variety of simulation scenarios of fluid flow, especially due to their ability to easily simulate free surfaces with strong curvatures. In our previous work, a validated simulation setup was developed using the meshless simulation tool MESHFREE from Fraunhofer ITWM [8] for simulating water entering small gaps. Especially for industrial use cases, the computation time of several days is too expensive. Thus, we enhanced this approach to a fast and robust CFD simulation that realizes industrial use cases within appropriate time. The development was
Zrnic, Dino, Konstantinovics, Athena, Kospasch, Alexander, Rugerri, Evelyn, Loy, Michael, Bäder, Dirk, Michel, Isabel
Using Waste to Purify WaterTBMG-548714/1/2026
Using waste to purify water may sound counterintuitive. But at TU Wien, this is exactly what has now been achieved: a special nanostructure has been developed to filter a widespread class of harmful dyes from water. A crucial component is a material that is considered waste: used cellulose, for example, in the form of cleaning cloths or paper cups. The cellulose is utilized to coat a fine nanofabric to create an efficient filter for polluted water.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Powering Utilities Toward Net Zero135613/31/2026
What does it really take to build a clean energy future -- and who's stepping up to lead it? Listen in as we sit down with Steven Clarke, Program Director, Climate and Energy, Ceres, to explore how the organization is driving real-world climate solutions for Fortune 500 companies, investors, and policymakers though science-based, data-driven insights. From tackling water risk and data center cooling to scaling wind off the coast of New England, you'll learn how Ceres is transforming utilities, accelerating electrification, and reshaping entire industries for a cleaner, more resilient energy system. This conversation is proof that sustainability isn't just about responsibility, it's about opportunity. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and
Patterson, Lori
Battery Industrial, Lead-Acid Type, for Use in Electric Powered Ground Support EquipmentARP1817B (Current)3/25/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes an industrial battery, lead-acid type, for use in electric powered ground support equipment.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
RM13004 - Defect Prevention Quality Tools to Support APQP & PPAPAESQRM0042026033/17/2026
AS13100 AESQ Quality Management System Requirements for Aero Engine Design and Production Organizations Standard was created to replace customer specific quality requirements – leading to simplification and harmonization between engine manufacturer supply chains. AS13100 is supported by a series of 13 AESQ Reference Manuals (RM) that provide additional detail on certain subjects to describe the intent of the standard and to provide guidance on deployment. The Reference Manuals are designed to enable the supply chain to deploy the AS13100 requirements efficiently and effectively. The AESQ RMs provide case studies, guidance material, forms and checklists specific to each section of the standard to aid the user with implementation.
AESQ Steering Group
Integrating Anti-Idle Power Systems into Military Tactical Vehicles: Use Case Development and Analysis2026-01-50203/11/2026
Military tactical vehicles are increasingly incorporating anti-idle kits as a method to reduce fuel consumption. The larger battery pack associated with the anti-idle kit has the potential to provide new capabilities to the warfighter, who can use the battery pack to power pieces of equipment. This study analyzes a set of these new capabilities derived from the U.S. Army Universal Task List, supplemented with user interviews and doctrinal analysis. These capabilities include powering dismounted soldier systems, counter-drone and surveillance equipment, mobile refrigeration for medical applications, field maintenance tools, and mobile food services. The study then uses geolocation data collected from the U.S. Army’s National Training Center to model daily fuel consumption for soldiers performing each of these activities. The model was subsequently adapted to incorporate an anti-idle kit, revealing significant reductions in fuel usage. The analysis uses the results to define common
Lusian, Trevonte, Mummert, Taige, Kaiser, Caleb, Greer, Michael, Black, Nathaniel, Ong, Bennett, Tapahonso, Eugene, Mittal, Vikram
Rapid Battery RUL Prediction under Different Fast-Charging Protocols via Domain-Adaptive Deep Learning and Model Compression2026-01-70032/27/2026
Accurate and rapid remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of batteries under various extreme conditions is crucial for battery management systems. However, existing methods often face challenges such as limited datasets under extreme conditions, high model complexity, and weak interpretability. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid framework based on pruning domain-adaptive convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to study RUL prediction under different fast-charging conditions using the MIT dataset. First, four voltage-related feature matrices are extracted. Using maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) constraints, the CNN-LSTM is trained with source domain and limited target domain data to align distributions. Neuron pruning is then applied to the fully connected layer to compress the model. Results demonstrate that under sparse target domain data, the domain adaptation approach achieves significantly lower prediction errors than fine-tuning. The pruned model
Huang, Mingyue, Chen, Hongxu, Luan, Weiling
Data-Driven Capacity Estimation Method for Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy2026-01-70152/27/2026
With the rapid expansion of global electric vehicles (EVs) deployment, the echelon utilization of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has emerged as a critical issue. Although these batteries typically retain over 70% of their initial capacity and remain suitable for stationary energy storage systems, the substantial variability in aging states poses safety risks. Conventional capacity estimation methods are often time-intensive and costly, while data-driven approaches face challenges from complex degradation mechanisms and limited historical usage data. This study uses the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method to create a model that estimates the capacity of retired batteries. EIS offers fast measurement, requires no historical cycling data, and provides rich state-of-health (SOH) information. An EIS dataset was acquired from 18650-type LFP and NCM cells aged under multiple cycling conditions. The real part and magnitude of the impedance spectra were extracted as input
Hou, Zhengyu, Luan, Weiling, Sun, Changzheng, Chen, Ying
Prognostics of Battery State of Health Using Hybrid Modeling of Electric Vehicle Charging Data2026-01-70022/27/2026
Accurate estimation of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is essential for ensuring the safety, reliability, and performance optimization of electric vehicles. In practical operating environments, however, data quality is often compromised by noise interference, frequent fluctuations in load conditions, and the inherently non-stationary nature of battery degradation features. These challenges reduce the effectiveness of conventional modeling approaches, which often struggle to maintain both high prediction accuracy and strong generalization capability. To address these issues, this study develops a comprehensive SOH estimation approach encompassing data quality enhancement, degradation feature extraction, and hybrid deep learning-based modeling. In the first stage, multi-stage anomaly detection techniques are applied to remove noisy or inconsistent measurements. A week-based indexing strategy is introduced to generate temporally coherent labels, ensuring that time
Wang, Sijing, Jiao, Meiyuan, Huang, Weixuan, Lin, Yiting, Liu, Honglai, Lian, Cheng
Detecting Fuel Adulteration for Otto-Cycle Vehicle Using Onboard Diagnostics Data and Supervised Machine Learning04-19-02-00082/26/2026
Fuel adulteration affects operating costs, vehicle efficiency, and air pollution. Published estimates suggest it accounts for at least 10% of global sales. The Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP) reported noncompliance in about 23% of inspections in 2023, including 4.3% confirmed adulteration. Quality verification requires laboratory equipment, and sensor-based approaches are often inaccessible to end consumers. This article proposes a sensorless (software-only) method that detects water adulteration in hydrated ethanol from standard Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) data using supervised machine learning, enabling on-vehicle fuel quality monitoring without additional hardware. The proposed approach is evaluated on real-world driving data from two production vehicles with three water adulteration levels in hydrated ethanol (0.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0%), achieving 84.85%–95.85% multiclass classification accuracy. These results indicate that software-only, OBD-based monitoring can provide a
Marchezan, Andre Ricardo, Giesbrecht, Mateus
Baggage/Cargo Trailer RequirementsARP1348B (Current)2/18/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to airline trailer equipment with four wheel running gear pulled and steered through an integral tow bar, for use on airport ramps and other airport areas for transporting baggage, freight, and other materials. This ARP can apply to any airline/airport trailer chassis regardless of its equipment; the trailer bed can be designed to carry either bulk baggage/cargo, or a cargo unit load device by means of a rollerized conveyor system, or a piece of aircraft servicing equipment (e.g., ground power unit, air start unit, etc.).
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Method of Evaluating Pneumatic Ground Power UnitsAIR4545A (Current)2/17/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, the behavior of air under conditions of critical and subcritical flow at temperatures less than 500 °F.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Airport Electrical Power System HarmonicsAIR5387 (Current)2/17/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to cover all airport 50 or 60 Hz electrical systems as well as all electrical utilization equipment that is attached to those systems.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Teaching Points for a Class on “Critical Issues in Composite Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul”AIR5719B (Current)2/13/2026
This document is to be used as a checklist by curriculum developers to create courses or training for critical composite repair, maintenance, and overhaul issues. This document will not take the place of courses or training requirements for specific job roles of a composite repair technician, inspector, or engineer.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Dynamic Stiffness Prediction in Cracked Cantilever Beams Using Enhanced ANN Techniques2026-28-00502/12/2026
This research paper provides a comprehensive study on how Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can be deployed to predict the stiffness characteristics of a cantilever beam with a crack of various depths and positions. The most destructive source of failure is considered to be vibration, so the major focus of this paper will be on how the cracks affect the modal stiffness. This study has various applications, such as airplane wings, bridges, stadiums, and arenas. A common research gap was noticed amongst the existing studies; the position of the cracks in the cantilever wasn’t considered, but this paper discusses how the location of cracks severely affects the dynamic behaviour of the cantilever. This study was done by carrying out modal analysis on a cantilever of the same dimensions with different crack configurations. Various crack dimensions and orientations were analysed to understand the effects of the crack on the dynamic behaviour of the cantilever. From the modal analysis results
SB, Harshini, Rajkumar, Manjari, R, Krithika, K, Anusha, K, Divya, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Maintenance of Ground Support EquipmentAIR4286 (Current)2/12/2026
The following are suggested policies, procedures, and practices required to maintain mobile and fixed ground support equipment at airport passenger and cargo terminals. The principal purpose for ground support equipment maintenance is to provide the owner/user with safe, serviceable equipment, in good appearance, at minimal cost, and with minimum downtime. Maintenance programs initiated on ground support equipment must also conform to regulations controlling airport operations. This document has been divided into three sections corresponding to the three stages of equipment life; acquisition, maintenance, and disposal.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Aircraft Tow BarARP1915E (Current)2/12/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies dimensional and physical requirements of tow bar connections to tractor and aircraft (see Figure 1). It is applicable to all types of commercial transport category aircraft tow bar. The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to standardize tow bar attachments to airplane and tractor according to the mass category of the towed aircraft, so that one tow bar head with different shear levels can be used for all aircraft that are within the same mass category and are manufactured in compliance with AS1614 or ISO 8267.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Technical Manual Requirements for Ground Support EquipmentAS4828A (Current)2/12/2026
This document is a guideline for format, structure and content for ground support equipment (GSE) technical manuals. This document focuses on requirements specific to the GSE industry and does not cover general technical publication practices. Additional standards for GSE and for manufacturer’s publications exist and may add requirements beyond what is covered in this standard. This may include EU Directive 2006/42/EC. This document is written in specific terms by intention, and conforms to recognized practices in the industry. When the word SHALL is used in this standard, it indicates a requirement that must be adhered to in total and does not allow for variance. When the word SHOULD is used, it indicates a recommended practice which allows the manual writer to use discretionary judgment. This document does not apply to electronic test equipment.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Main Line Aircraft Tow Bar Attach Fitting InterfaceAS1614D (Current)2/12/2026
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the interface requirements for tow bar attachment fittings on the nose gear (when towing operations are performed from the nose gear) of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with a maximum ramp weight higher than 50,000 kg (110,000 pounds), commonly designated as “main line aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve tow bar attachment fittings interface standardization by aircraft weight category (which determines tow bar forces) in order to ensure that one single type of tow bar with a standard connection can be used for all aircraft types within or near that weight category, so as to assist operators and airport handling companies in reducing the number of different tow bar types used.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
GSE Training VideosAIR4730A (Current)2/12/2026
This document provides information on the preparation and use of video for operational and maintenance training of qualified personnel associated with GSE.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Maintenance of Batteries and Battery Charging and Servicing FacilitiesAIR1898A (Current)2/12/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, hands-on servicing/ maintenance of industrial lead acid batteries used solely for motive power and exclusively for ground support equipment (GSE). It does not address or pertain to automotive-type SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) batteries or any other types of batteries (such as nickel-cadmium, zinc, or lithium batteries) which may be on-board airport GSE for either motive power or auxiliary uses. Similarly, the battery servicing and charging facilities described herein are those intended exclusively for industrial lead acid batteries.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Fuels in Ground Support Equipment (Other Than Gasoline or Diesel)AIR5373A (Current)2/12/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Ground Equipment Rebuild ProgramAIR1599A (Current)2/12/2026
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to be concerned with fleet programs rather than programs for individual units. Technical and administrative considerations in developing an approach to a program will be suggested. Organization of material possibly wanted in the form of a detailed specification for airline rebuilder communication is reviewed.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
WIRING INSTALLATION TOOLS FOR PLASTIC AND METAL TIEDOWN STRAPSAS90387E (Current)2/7/2026
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis NomenclatureJ2403DA_202601 (Current)2/7/2026
This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Integrated architectures reshape the mobile-hydraulic ecosystem26TOFHP02_062/1/2026
Off-highway equipment operates in an environment defined by extremes - extreme loads, extreme duty cycles, extreme temperatures and extreme expectations. OEMs and fleet operators face mounting pressure to deliver more power, more uptime and more precision from platforms that are becoming increasingly compact, intelligent and complex. Whether the task is hauling, lifting, dumping, clearing or moving materials, the equipment must deliver consistent, reliable performance without compromise. This pressure is reshaping the mobile-hydraulic ecosystem. The industry is steadily shifting away from piecemeal systems and toward integrated, intelligent power architectures that maximize efficiency across the entire vehicle. Leaders in this space, Eaton among them, demonstrate how a system-level approach to PTOs, hydraulic pumps and control valves is enabling a new generation of off-highway innovation.
Bogdan, Corneliu
REMOVAL TOOLS, CONNECTOR, ELECTRICAL CONTACT, TYPE II, CLASS 1, COMPOSITION AAS81969/27A (Current)1/28/2026
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
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