Browse Topic: Maintenance and Aftermarket

Items (10,635)
Collaborative manufacturing networks enhance production efficiency but are increasingly vulnerable to cascading failures due to their complex interdependencies, particularly in critical processes like gear manufacturing. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a dynamic modelling framework based on Cellular Automata. Utilizing manufacturing resource and task scheduling data, a material flow-driven Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is constructed to capture the network’s hierarchical topology. Key innovations include state transition rules with memory effects, where dynamic failure probability integrates neighbouring node states and historical failure records, governing normal node failure, recovery, and re-failure (with an attenuation factor reflecting enhanced resilience). The case study focusing on the gear manufacturing industry, through simulations on a 100-node gear production network, reveals spatiotemporal failure propagation patterns. By implementing resource redundancy configuration and material flow optimization, iterations generally converge around 35 steps, demonstrating significant self-recovery potential and strong network robustness in collaborative manufacturing networks. This approach provides a scientifically grounded tool for identifying cascading risks in collaborative manufacturing networks.
Bai, HaoKou, ZhidaLiang, JingyaZhang, Cheng
In the process of replacing the rollers of the fabric cart of the tobacco storage cabinet, in order to solve the problems of low replacement efficiency and high safety risk.This article proposes a specialized lifting tool for fabric cart rollers with a self-locking and adopts the screw lifting structure, which facilitates roller maintenance operations, and conducts SolidWorks Simulation calculations and dynamic simulation methods. Jinan Cigarette Factory fine cigarettes special line leaf silk temporary storage cabinet fabric car roller replacement, for example, the results show that: the average operating personnel reduced by 50%, the replacement time from 6.7h to 1.2h, efficiency increased by 458%, This innovation significantly reduces the labor intensity of maintenance personnel and ensures a safe and reliable replacement process.
Zhang, LeiXue, YifeiZhang, GeSun, YanzhaoWang, HongbinCheng, Linfeng
The cutting machine is a critical component in the cigarette processing line, and its cutting quality depends on the operational condition of the copper bar chain. The grooves on the surface of the copper bar chain accumulate dust during the operation of the machine, which often causes unstable conveyance of raw materials, significant width variations, and a high defect rate. To address this issue, this study developed a linear reciprocating automatic cleaning system for copper bar chains to remove dust from the groove surface and hinge joints. Experiments have verified that the system improved the cutting qualification rate, increased the operational stability of the cutting machine, reduced manual cleaning workloads, and reached higher cleaning efficiency. This innovative system is also expected to provide a valuable reference for similar equipment manufacturers and advance technological innovation in the cigarette processing industry.
Li, HaitaoZhang, ChunyuanFang, JunqingSu, LinChen, PengGuo, ZhiweiXing, Dongdong
During root canal treatment, dentists must use endodontic access cavity preparation dental handpieces and root canal preparation handpieces separately for endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation. To reduce the use of surgical tools, an integrated instrument for endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation was designed. Driven by an air impeller and equipped with a quick tool disassembly unit, the instrument realizes forward or reverse rotation of the end tool via an STM32-controlled electromagnetic directional valve. The flow characteristics of the air impeller system were analyzed using ANSYS CFX, and the results showed that the impeller output torque met the design requirements. To minimize torque fluctuations during rotation, a double-layer offset impeller structure with an offset angle of 14° was designed based on the flow characteristics of the impeller system. The instrument was applied in simulated endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation experiments. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using this integrated instrument for both endodontic access cavity preparation and root canal preparation.
Chen, GuoliangXu, Kunlang
In the present work, a novel method that combines accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was proposed to identify and quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gasoline soot. The n-hexane was employed to extract the target analytes, and the optimal extraction conditions were identified (cycle times = 3, extraction time = 30 min, extraction temperature = 120°C, and extraction pressure = 100 MPa). The extraction efficiency of six analytes was measured to assess the ASE method; the formation mechanism of partial PAHs was discussed, and the 18 PAHs in gasoline soot were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively under the optimal conditions. It was found that our new method reached a high correlation coefficient (between 0.9987 and 0.9997); the limits of quantification (LOQs) (S/N = 6) for these PAHs were between 0.003 and 0.009 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.9–10.6%. Our method demonstrated good performance in determining the target analytes in soot samples, such as gasoline soot, some materials soot, co-combustion soot, gasoline, and materials. The PAHs differences in soot samples containing gasoline and materials soot samples were significant enough to obtain the observed discrimination. The method is an accurate and sensitive quantitative method to identify gasoline residues in soot samples of arson fire.
Liu, ShujunCao, HenanQi, LijieLiu, YangLi, Qi
With the increasing demand for material microimaging analysis, there is a growing need for advanced precision grinding and polishing equipment, especially for metals, ceramics, and composites. Existing automated systems struggle with handling complex material challenges. This paper presents a fully automated adaptive grinding and polishing machine based on an STM32 microcontroller that handles multi-material samples. The system includes modules for sample access, cleaning, pad replacement, human-computer interaction, and equipment communication. The STM32 microcontroller executes grinding and polishing tasks based on instructions from the host computer while dynamically adjusting PID control parameters using an improved weighted average optimization algorithm. This approach enhances control accuracy, stability, and overall surface treatment quality compared to traditional PID control methods.
Zhang, LongqingKong, XiangyuZhao, XiuyangLi, Xingbei
This research demonstrates a facile method for fabricating an anti-icing coating through spray deposition on a metallic substrate. A dual-layer structure was designed to enhance icephobic properties: a primer layer incorporating fluorocarbon resin, butyl acetate, and rod-shaped micrometer-sized metal oxides to establish a secondary roughness morphology, followed by a topcoat composed of butyl acetate and nano-scaled superhydrophobic particles. Evaluation of the coating performance revealed a maximum water contact angle of 171.9°, indicating exceptional hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the coating exhibited notable abrasion resistance and anti-icing capabilities against overlaying ice.
Li, DongyangXu, ZelongWu, JiangTong, WeiWang, WeiqingCong, RimeiQian, JiaweiQu, Shaohui
With the development of controlled nuclear fusion technology, the tokamak device, as the most promising magnetic confinement fusion reactor for advanced engineering applications, requires remote maintenance of its internal components, which has become a key factor affecting both operational efficiency and safety. As a critical component directly exposed to high-temperature plasma, the divertor target plate needs to be periodically replaced and carefully maintained to ensure stable and reliable reactor operation. However, this region is subject to extreme conditions, including high temperature, high vacuum, and intense radiation, making conventional manual maintenance infeasible. This necessitates the development of intelligent and automated teleoperation systems. To address the automated assembly and disassembly requirements of divertor target plates, this study designs an integrated target plate actuator comprising key functional units: a positioning module, a screwing module, a quick-change module, and a passive compliance structure. The actuator achieves rapid and precise alignment with target plate holes, accommodates bolts of different specifications, and exhibits excellent impact resistance. Furthermore, stiffness and mechanical analyses, supported by finite element simulations, verify the actuator’s safety and reliability under high loads and impact forces. To further enhance operational performance, a segmented disassembly and assembly control strategy based on reinforcement learning is proposed, enabling the actuator to adaptively handle torque variations and ensure precise and stable bolt operations. The results demonstrate that the proposed actuator and control strategy significantly improve the accuracy, stability, and efficiency of target plate operations under complex working conditions, providing a reliable solution for automated divertor maintenance in tokamak devices.
Zang, XizheYu, XingzuCao, Zhangbin
The geometric error (GE) accounts for a significant factor affecting the machine tool’s machining accuracy, and in most cases, large GEs will result in a substantial deviation from the required shape of the machined workpiece. GEs are often observed in five-axis machine tools, and identifying and measuring these errors turns out to be challenging. In the present work, we proposed a novel GE identification approach based on simulations and tests conducted on a BC-type dual-rotary five-axis machine tool. Specifically, a machine tool volumetric error model (VEM), incorporating 41 GEs (the complete model), was constructed using the homogeneous coordinate transformation approach. Then, Sobol sensitivity analysis in conjunction with quasi-Monte Carlo estimation was introduced to the VEM to measure how much each GE contributed to the total volumetric error. The subsequent analysis identified 21 key geometric errors (KGEs). We also compared the simplified VEM and the complete model, and it was revealed that there was little difference between the two, which confirmed the effectiveness of our method. The present work is intended to provide a reference for simplifying VEMs, error element identification, and error compensation.
Zhang, JinlongShi, ZhaoyaoYang, Hongtao
This device belongs to the field of aviation materials technology and discloses a high-efficiency drilling equipment for manufacturing aviation materials, which includes a bottom plate. The top of the bottom plate is provided with a clamping structure and a positioning structure. The clamping structure includes a second moving plate, a third sliding groove, a second bi-directional screw, a fourth screw block, a clamping plate, and a rubber block. This device can hold materials through a clamping structure and effectively and quickly locate and drill holes through a positioning structure. By rotating the first threaded rod, it can drive the first screw block to move the U-shaped column. During the movement of the U-shaped column, it will drive the second threaded rod to move together. By rotating the second threaded rod, it will drive the second screw block to adjust the height of the connecting plate for drilling holes. By rotating the third threaded rod, it will drive the first moving plate to move, which will facilitate the multi-directional movement of the drill bit, improve the efficiency of drilling, avoid multiple position changes, and be beneficial for practical applications and operations.
Li, ZuxianLi, Ling
Desulfurization equipment in electric power industry is in a multi-field coupled corrosion environment with high temperature, high humidity, strong acid and solid-containing slurry. The annual direct economic loss of corrosion exceeds 5 billion yuan, and the equipment replacement cycle is only 1.5-2 years. Traditional protective coatings are difficult to meet the needs. The concept of “bionic barrier-intelligent response-in-situ purification” is proposed to construct multifunctional protective coatings: The Langmuir-Blodgett technique was used to alternately assemble MXene nanosheets and polysilazane. Ti-O-Si covalent bonds enhanced the interface bonding, resulting in a coating hardness of 4H and an elongation of 200%. After 1500 hours of extreme environment test, the coating has low weight loss rate, high self-repair and antibacterial rate, and its service life is extended by 8 times. The engineering application makes the maintenance period of desulfurization tower of a 660MW unit extended from 8 months to 6 years, saving 1.2 million yuan annually, and increasing 200,000 yuan annually by recovering H ˇ SO 2. It provides a cross-scale scheme for electric power corrosion protection.
Nie, PengfeiGao, JiangyuChen, Wei
Reliability evaluation aims to quantify the reliability level of equipment and to verify its compliance with reliability requirements. Existing reliability evaluation methods primarily rely on operational phase data, which means reliability evaluation may lag behind actual needs. In practice, both users and design teams are more concerned with how to estimate CNC machine tools’ reliability before they are put into operation. Moreover, current reliability evaluation methods usually ignore the design team’s influence on CNC machine tool reliability. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel reliability evaluation method that accounts for the influence of the design team on the reliability of CNC machine tools. By analyzing the impact of the design team’s technical capabilities and reliability capabilities on CNC machine tool reliability, a set of quantifiable evaluation indicators was established. Then, the weight coefficients of all indicators were determined using the expert scoring method. Finally, all data were integrated using the vector projection method, which enabled a quantitative reliability evaluation of CNC machine tools from different design teams within the same category. Additionally, the proposed method was applied to conduct practical case studies on multiple CNC external cylindrical grinding machine tools designed by different design teams, thereby validating the feasibility of the proposed method. The reliability evaluation results not only determine the reliability level of each CNC machine tool but also identify the weak points in the technical capabilities and reliability competencies of each design team. This study concludes by discussing the significance of this approach for enhancing the reliability capabilities of design teams and its practical implications for end users.
Sun, DongyangZheng, WeixuChu, HongyanXu, JingjingCheng, Qiang
With the development of the power industry, 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) are increasingly widely applied in power grids. When performing power-off maintenance or testing on 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) at substations, maintenance personnel require transport carts to move the equipment to suitable locations for operation. Traditional transfer carts suffer from structural design flaws and significant shortcomings. These include difficulty operating in the confined spaces of switchgear cabinets, high risks associated with manual handling, low efficiency in secondary transfers, and poor adaptability across multiple workstations. These issues collectively pose safety hazards during power-off maintenance or testing. When operating in a 3m×5m high-voltage room, traditional maintenance carts achieve less than 0.5 units transported per hour, with equipment damage rates reaching 3% annually due to drops, resulting in low work efficiency. To address these challenges, a 10kV switch cart maintenance platform has been developed. This standardized equipment facilitates 10kV switch cart maintenance, supporting the intelligent upgrade of power grid operation and maintenance.
Yang, SenZhou, HanSu, HainanYu, XinHu, YutaoWang, Xisheng
Crepe paper has extensive applications in the electrical field and significantly influences the operation of power equipment. The creping process and microstructure play a crucial role in determining its performance. However, optimizing them to improve the performance of crepe paper remains a challenge. Therefore, in this study, univariate and multi - factor interaction experiments were set up to explore the impact of the creping process on crepe paper. X - ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to analyze the microstructure of crepe paper. The results show that smaller scraper angles and moderate pressures can increase the paper density, and the use of different creping aids can improve the paper’s performance. Higher crystallinity enables crepe paper to have better mechanical and thermal stability. Moreover, based on the experimental results, a scheme for optimizing process parameters was proposed to help improve the quality of domestic crepe paper and provide support for the development of domestic electrical crepe paper production technology.
Meng, GaoRan, ZhuoYuan, LaZengchao, WangBin, Zhang
With the continuous development of large precision equipment, the reliability requirement for long-distance transportation is also constantly increasing. Large packaging box with sealing and vibration reduction performance is crucial during transportation. This article introduces the sealing measures for large-sized packaging box, as well as the sealing structure design methods for key parts, vibration reduction measures and the selection and design of vibration dampers. The designed packaging box has been used for long-distance transportation of various types of equipment and the reliability of sealing and vibration reduction performance has been verified in practical applications, providing reference for the design of similar packaging boxes.
Zhang, RuoyuJiang, Shouli
Addressing the challenges in maintaining large hydraulic cylinders and the lack of specialized equipment, this study presents a dedicated maintenance system developed through a case study of a large hydraulic lifting cylinder. Through a comprehensive analysis of maintenance requirements, we developed a six-component maintenance system comprising a foundation base, a mounting bracket, a cylinder support frame, a piston rod bracket, a drive cylinder bracket, and hydraulic components. The paper systematically explains the structural configurations and functional specifications of each component, details the operational workflow of the maintenance system, and conducts theoretical design and strength verification for critical load-bearing brackets using principles from theoretical mechanics and structural mechanics. A static analysis module from ANSYS Workbench finite element software was employed to validate the overall structure. Results demonstrate that the key components meet operational strength requirements. This innovative maintenance system proves highly feasible and serves as a valuable reference for designing similar hydraulic cylinder systems.
Qiao, XiaodongDu, ChaoLong, Yuheng
Fleet heterogeneity, from manufacturing variations and diverse operating conditions, complicates reliability analysis by obscuring true failure patterns in aero-engines. This is a critical challenge in an industry as inaccurate Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) estimates threaten safety and inflate operational costs, by forcing a choice between inefficiently conservative maintenance or the risk of in-service failures. Conventional analysis often fails by pooling all fleet data. To address this, our paper presents an analytical framework that improves predictive accuracy by filtering, rather than aggregating statistical noise. The methodology uses a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and ANOVA hypothesis test to screen a diverse dataset and isolate statistically homogeneous subgroups. This filtration identifies a core fleet with a consistent failure signature, providing a purified dataset for modeling. This refined data is then modeled using both Weibull and the Exponentiated Inverse Weibull distributions to ensure the results are robust and not model-dependent. Applying this framework to a 25-engine dataset that experienced 66 failures, we isolated a stable failure pattern, yielding a primary MTBF of 171.16 hours and a cross-validated MTBF of 176.35 hours. The close 3% convergence between these models validates our approach. By providing a dependable MTBF, this work establishes a stronger foundation for data-driven Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). It empowers maintenance planners to move toward evidence-based intervals, safely extending engine time-on-wing, optimizing spare parts inventory, and significantly reducing direct operational costs for airlines.
Jubaid, Mayin UddinBebe, GibsonBigyen, Musa PethuelAnik, S M Kullul MehedeeYasmin, AshrafiSahran, Mohamed Sideek Mohamed
Metallurgical cranes have a high risk of structural fatigue damage and failure under complex working conditions such as high temperature, heavy load, and strong electromagnetic interference. This article proposes a data-driven structural fatigue damage health monitoring system. This system integrates fiber Bragg grating sensing technology, rigid flexible coupling multi-body dynamics simulation, and big data analysis methods to construct a sensor optimization layout strategy based on rigid flexible coupling virtual prototype simulation, achieving real-time perception of stress states in key parts such as the mid span and end beam corners of the main beam. Develop a visualization system that integrates health monitoring, damage diagnosis, and life prediction. This system can dynamically evaluate the structural health status of metallurgical cranes and predict the remaining life of the structure based on a nonlinear cumulative damage model. On site engineering applications have shown that the monitoring and prediction visualization system can effectively improve the intelligent and safe operation and maintenance level of metallurgical cranes, providing a data foundation and possibility for their predictive maintenance.
Chen, LiZhang, XuDing, Keqin
The static-dynamic behaviors of ultra-precision five-axis machine tools are the core factors to ensure sub-micron-level machining accuracy. This study establishes a detailed finite element model of an entire machine based on the ANSYS Workbench platform and conducts in-depth research on the static-dynamic characteristics of the entire machine of the ultra-precision five-axis machining center by using the finite element analysis(FEM) method and combining the principles of statics and dynamics. By constructing an accurate finite element model, the stress distribution, deformation, and modal vibration characteristics of the entire machine, especially the key parts, such as spindle box, crossbeam, column, and guide rails, under complex loads such as gravity and cutting force are simulated. The static analysis reveals a maximum deformation of 0.17 mm in the spindle box and the column, and the maximum stress is 58 MPa (at the Z-direction guide rail contact point), which is lower than the allowable stress of Q215 steel (195.5 MPa). The modal analysis extracts the first six natural frequencies (50.683 - 175.91 Hz), and the low-order vibration modes are mainly the Y/X-direction swing of the column, revealing the weak stiffness links. Based on the analysis results, a parametric optimization method was further adopted to optimize the structure of the weak components: the base, the column and the spindle box. This significantly enhanced the overall stiffness, reducing the maximum deformation to 0.039 mm and the maximum stress to 45MPa. The first six natural frequencies were all greatly increased (the first one reaching 85.548Hz). These findings provide valuable insights for machine tool structural enhancement and performance optimization.
Li, ShanSohi, Seyed Hamed Hashemi
The desulfurization and denitrification tower is the core equipment of the carbon-based catalytic multi-pollutant synergistic control technology. Its design strength ensures the system’s pollutant removal efficiency and stable operation. This study utilized ANSYS finite element analysis software to establish a three-dimensional model of the tower and divide high-precision grids. Combined with the load analysis, calculation and work condition analysis under actual conditions, the deformation and stress distribution of the tower body, as well as the film stress and bending stress of each component, were calculated, and strength verification and stress assessment were conducted. When ignoring the calculation error, the overall design strength of the tower body meets the requirements, but the local reinforced beam stress exceeds the limit, so it is recommended to replace the steel with a material with a higher allowable stress value.
Gu, JiangongWu, LinlinShi, LinaHu, YifanCheng, WenyuLiu, YiningSun, LeiWu, JiayuLuo, ZhengJiao, Lingyu
This study carefully designed and successfully developed a mechanical voltage stabilizing control device. The device uses silicone oil as the key component material of the liquid spring and 1Cr13 as the main material of the pressure control unit, enhancing its high-pressure resistance (up to 35 MPa), oxidation resistance, and acid-alkali corrosion resistance. By optimizing the transmission mechanism and simplifying the pressure regulation module, the device achieves a pressure regulation range of 0.1–21 MPa with an accuracy of ±0.01 MPa, significantly broader and more precise than traditional devices. To address manufacturing challenges, advanced CNC machine tools, ceramic cutting tools, and optimized heat treatment processes (e.g., quenching and tempering) were adopted, ensuring component machining accuracy within ±0.02 mm. Field applications in 13 oil wells demonstrated a 15.6% increase in daily oil production (from 25.5 t/d to 29.5 t/d) and a 17.9% increase in daily gas production (from 2800 m^3/d to 3300 m^3/d), with stable casing pressure control at 5.3 MPa. The device has created 1.225 million yuan in economic benefits while eliminating safety hazards, providing critical technical support for efficient and environmentally friendly oil and gas production.
Wang, GangLiu, CuicuiTong, DeshuiCao, JianMu, TaijiHan, Baidong
Lunar dust consists of extremely fine particles and exhibits electrostatic charging properties and electrostatic adhesion. These characteristics cause lunar dust to be highly susceptible to mobilization during lander touchdowns, rover traversals, and human activities, forming widely distributed dust clouds. Lunar dust contamination not only abrades spacecraft and equipment to impair their performance but also poses a threat to astronauts’ safety. To verify the impact of the lunar dust environment on exploration equipment components, a simulation mechanism adaptable to the thermal vacuum test environment was designed. This mechanism is integrated into the lunar environment simulation system and uses a vacuum stepper motor to drive a ratchet mechanism, enabling precise vibrational injection of simulated lunar dust. It mainly consists of a pretreatment mechanism, a particle sedimentation mechanism, a shielding mechanism, and an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation system. Considering the vacuum operating environment, alternating high and low temperature conditions, as well as the strict requirements for the mechanism’s compact size and high reliability, this paper analyzes in detail a series of problems encountered during the development of the mechanism and their corresponding solutions. Stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were selected as the main materials for the mechanism. Meanwhile, active temperature control measures were adopted to actively regulate the temperature of components such as the motor. Ultimately, the mechanism can withstand alternating high and low temperatures ranging from -150°C to 150°C and a vacuum environment of 5 × 10^–6 Pa. Under this environment, the mechanism can achieve vibration frequency adjustment within the range of 1-5 Hz, and realize the sedimentation of simulated lunar dust particles with a particle size of less than 200 μm over an area of 150 mm × 150 mm. After sedimentation, the simulated lunar dust particles can be charged through the photoelectric effect.
Xu, MenglongLv, ShizengLi, GuohuaGong, Jie
In port construction, high-pile wharves—a primary structural form—are constantly exposed to marine environmental erosion, making corrosion a particularly prominent issue. Traditional anode installation typically relies on underwater diving operations, which suffer from low efficiency, high risks, and significant costs. To address these challenges, a novel installation technique requiring no divers has been developed. Through specialized equipment design and optimized construction processes, this technology enables remote, efficient, and safe anode installation. Research focuses on the design of non-diver anode support installation equipment, safety validation, and construction methodologies. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field construction trials, this technology significantly enhances construction efficiency while reducing operational risks and costs. It provides a reliable solution for corrosion protection in high-pile wharves and holds significant importance for advancing port construction technology.
Lan, JinpingZhang, Shoulong
In light of the significant roll/pitch experienced by traditional shipboard trestles due to wave action during the transfer of maintenance personnel from the operation and maintenance vessel to the offshore wind turbine base, an analysis of ship motion states was conducted under various sea conditions and ship manufacturing parameters. The kinematic capabilities and characteristics of the actuator were defined, and the mapping relationship between the wave compensation capability of the active wave compensation trestle and key design parameters, such as actuator power, was established. Consequently, an active wave compensation trestle executive mechanism was developed, incorporating lightweight research into its design. A prototype of the active wave compensation trestle was constructed and subjected to motion compensation testing. The results indicate that the prototype can effectively maintain stability between the ship and the offshore facility, thereby enhancing the safety of transferring personnel and improving maintenance efficiency.
Sun, TieruiZhao, PengfeiXin, RanQiu, JichengYang, XiaotaoShiyuan, E
During offshore wind power operation and maintenance activities, personnel transfer and boarding procedures involve numerous safety risks. is a highly effective solution for enhancing safety during ship transfers at sea. This paper designs a compact active motion-compensating lightweight gangway capable of compensating for multi-degree-of-freedom motions induced by sea waves, including roll, pitch, yaw, and heave. The structural design is first established, and based on this configuration, the output forces of the rotary electric cylinder, roll electric cylinder, and pitch electric cylinder are analyzed. A finite element method was employed to conduct a static analysis of the gangway under extreme loading conditions. Analysis of the first six modal orders revealed that the first natural frequency of the designed gangway is significantly higher than the wave frequency, thereby effectively preventing resonance phenomena. The forward transformation matrix of the gangway was simulated using the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) method. Simulation results indicate that the working space of the lightweight gangway meets the preset motion range requirements, thereby validating the design’s feasibility. The designed compact passageway features simple operational control, high cost-effectiveness, minimal installation footprint, and low installation and control complexity, demonstrating high practicality.
Yu, ZhigangFu, WanliZheng, BowenWang, ZhuoqunFang, Jiwen
Precisely detecting multi-stage degradation (MD) in rolling bearings is crucial for keeping equipment in good shape. Yet, health indicator (HI) crafted with current single-method strategies often can't balance degradation sensitivity and monotonicity across different operating conditions. Also, common MD detection methods struggle to spotransitional samples between degradation stages in cross-condition settings. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a new cross-condition MD detection approach for bearings, which relies on a health indicator matrix (HIM) and a transition sample enhanced network with multi-branch encoding (TSEN-MBE). First, a degradation-sensitive health indicator (DSHI) is constructed by integrating the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm — with comprehensive fault frequency energy (CFFE) as the regression target — and the grey wolf optimizer (GWO), capturing intrinsic degradation characteristics of bearings. Meanwhile, to enhance the monotonicity of unsupervised HIs, a time-weighted Wasserstein distance (TWWD) metric is proposed by incorporating temporal degradation features into the Wasserstein distance-based HI construction. The DSHI and TWWD are subsequently combined to generate the HIM. This HIM serves as the driving force for the Gath-Geva (GG) fuzzy clustering algorithm, enabling it to adaptively allocate MD labels according to varying operating conditions. Ultimately, the TSEN-MBE model is constructed, employing multi-branch Transformer encoders integrated with multi-head attention mechanisms to encode and combine heterogeneous features. A joint loss (JL) function — comprising transition sample enhancement (TSE), local maximum mean discrepancy (LMMD), and cross-entropy (CE) losses — is designed to enhance the recognition of transitional samples and improve cross-condition MD identification accuracy. Experimental results on the XJTU-SY dataset validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method, showing that DSHI achieves the highest average degradation angles, TWWD obtains optimal monotonicity, and TSEN-MBE outperforms comparative methods in cross-condition recognition tasks.
Ma, JinghuaWei, LaiHu, GuangqiaoYu, Xiaoxia
Drill string whirl and buckling cause impact-rub contact against the casing inner wall, which induces casing wear and threatens wellbore integrity. This study incorporates both whirl and buckling to analyze the wear mechanism. Finite-element dynamic models are established for three drill string states: stable unbuckled, sinusoidally buckled, and helically buckled. Transient dynamic simulations are performed in the ANSYS Workbench Transient Structural module to obtain whirl trajectories, contact pressures, and contact characteristics at multiple sections along the string. A casing-wear volume calculation based on the Kumar–Samuel formulation with time-varying contact pressure is then used to quantify wear at the lower drill collar, the upper stabilizer, the upper drill collar, the heavyweight drill string, and the buckled segment. Results show that once buckling occurs, whirl concentrates in the bottom-hole assembly and decays progressively from the bottom of the well toward the wellhead. Casing wear increases across all locations, with the largest increments at the lower drill-collar interval and within the buckled segment. Helical buckling produces greater casing wear than sinusoidal buckling. Neglecting drill string buckling, especially helical buckling, leads to underestimation of casing wear and thus underestimation of wellbore-integrity risk.
Liu, JunlinCao, GenpeiWan, ZhiguoYang, ZhengLi, LongDou, YihuaGu, Runpeng
In order to achieve precise control of refueling volume, improve oil change efficiency, reduce oil pollution and waste, a new oil change device for the reducer of the range hood equipment is studied. We design a new oil change device that integrates oil discharge and refueling functions based on the operating characteristics of the reducer in the range hood equipment. Using the rotational speed of the power pump and the flow rate of the oil pipeline as variables, we determine the refueling flow rate using a one-dimensional quadratic formula. Based on direct control theory, we optimize the relative position parameters of each component of the device, establish a control matrix, and achieve precise control. The experimental results show that the new oil change device exhibits good performance during both one-time oil discharge and refueling processes, meeting the precise control standards for refueling volume. The design and application of a new oil change device can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of oil change in the reducer of the range hood equipment, and have practical application value.
He, PengtaoWei, BoLiang, ZhiyuanDeng, WeirenLiang, WenbinXing, Yuquan
At present, the aircraft arresting system in our country is the fixed water turbine type. This kind of equipment cannot achieve the arrestment of multiple aircraft types, and the arresting distance cannot be adjusted. According to these problems of the aircraft arresting system in our country, the eddy current retarding device is added, based on the water turbine braking device of the aircraft arresting system. It derives the differential equation for an aircraft arresting system with a water turbine brake and eddy current retarder using mathematical modeling. Four types of aircraft parameters are selected, and MATLAB is used as a simulation tool to verify the reliability of the arresting system after installing the eddy current retarder. This research can improve the arresting support ability and make the arresting device meet the arresting requirements of different types of aircraft.
Wei, YanFeng, ChunchunWang, JianwuLi, BinghongYang, Yang
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for use in the field to determine if 115/200 Volt, 400 Hz aircraft external electrical power connectors are excessively worn, which may result in the inability of the external power plug to be retained, intermittent electrical performance, and arcing.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to provide the sample selection and endurance time test procedures for SAE Type II, III, and IV aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids, required for the generation of endurance time data of acceptable quality for review by the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Committee. The related standard ARP5718 provides the process by which endurance time data is converted to holdover times for publication by regulators and subsequent use by aircraft operators.
G-12HOT Holdover Time Committee
This study develops an end-to-end load analysis scheme for flap and slat actuators, which comprise the aircraft’s high-lift system, and the analysis results are directly integrated into hardware optimization. Because they shoulder heavy responsibilities during the takeoff and landing phases, whether they can remain rock-solid under complex aerodynamic conditions or even remain unmoved in emergencies is directly related to their overall safety performance. This work process is closely linked and includes three major links. First of all, according to the CCAR-25.301 standard, the load envelope under normal working conditions is sorted out, and the limit cases of abnormal faults are exhausted. Subsequently, ANSYS Workbench pulled silk and peeled off the cocoons to capture the peak stress at the engagement between the output shaft and the gear. In the end, the closed-loop verification of the customized test bench made the theoretical calculations and the hardware-measured data exactly the same. The entire package provides designers with hardcore data support, and always uses airworthiness, not convenience, as the criterion when improving actuator performance.
Xu, Yuanze
Pollution in the oxygen system of civil aircraft may lead to fire accidents, and maintaining the cleanliness of oxygen equipment is the most effective measure to reduce the risk of fire. This paper introduces the cleanliness requirements, cleaning methods, and procedures of oxygen equipment, and combines the cleanliness level requirements of oxygen equipment for a certain type of civil aircraft. By detecting the total weight of Non-Volatile Residue and the size and quantity of particles on the surface of the parts, it verifies whether the specific cleaning process can meet the cleanliness level required by the design. In addition, the possible sources of pollutants are analyzed based on the first unqualified verification results, and targeted improvement directions for the process are provided. After re-performing the cleanliness verification test, the results passed successfully, indicating that the process improvement is effective and has passed the airworthiness certification of the reviewer.
Huang, Jingqi
Civil aircraft, as typical complex product systems, exhibit characteristics such as a high concentration of high-tech technologies, strong interdisciplinarity, a high level of system integration, long development cycles, substantial project investments, and complex management. During the R&D process of civil aircraft projects, there are often high risks in performance, cost, and schedule. Delays in the schedule can lead to losses in project manpower and material resources, as well as project failure. A mature objective criteria system for maturity assessment provides a reference basis for determining whether the project has reached its optimal state at a specific stage, thereby reducing project management risks and increasing the probability of project success. This research will adopt a research approach combining theoretical studies with practical case analysis. First, it will conduct extensive and in-depth investigations into various maturity models and their applications across the entire product lifecycle within relevant fields. A requirement maturity model and requirement maturity KPI (Key Performance Indicator) indicators will be established to clarify the maturity status of requirements at different development stages, enabling judgment of whether the project is ready to proceed to the next development phase. Concurrently, by developing a KPI statistical system platform integrating application servers and data processing tools, a scientific and quantitative inspection mechanism will be implemented to visualize project development progress, status, and risk data. This will provide actionable insights for project decision-making and achieve effective project management and control.
Wang, YiHuang, JunkaiZhang, Xinyu
The numerical simulation of the transformation process of multiple droplets into liquid films is a complex problem involving multiphase flow, interface dynamics, and heat and mass transfer. It usually requires the combination of fluid mechanics, interface science, and numerical calculation methods. Based on the smooth particle fluid dynamics method, this paper establishes a multiphase fluid-solid coupling interaction model among droplets, surrounding air and solid walls, and studies the dynamic change process of multiple raindrops dispersed in different grooves. The results show that when the contact Angle is small, the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact. The multiple raindrops evolve in their respective grooves and eventually form multiple raindrops that approach the steady-state contact Angle. The second situation is that the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact, the raindrops start to fuse, and multiple raindrops form a larger one. At this point, the contact point of the gas-solid-liquid phase disappears, that is, the "regulating force" of the contact Angle is 0. This paper provides important numerical simulation references for flight safety, aerodynamic performance and anti-icing/de-icing technologies during the flight of aviation aircraft.
Huo, YeChen, YonghengSun, Cunxiang
Product options are an important means for civil aircraft manufacturers to meet market demand, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness. How to achieve a customized configuration of civil aircraft options is the focus of attention for aircraft manufacturers. In order to reduce manufacturing costs and cover more target markets, it is necessary to pay attention to the customized detail design of aircraft products in the early stages of design. At present, academic research on product selection is relatively limited and lacks quantitative evaluation methods. This article selects four elements to form an evaluation indicator system, namely comfort, competitiveness, cost investment, and maintainability; establishes a civil aircraft option evaluation model based on grey correlation analysis, quantifies the degree of correlation between product options and customer needs, and uses the analytic hierarchy process to reflect the weight differences of evaluation indicators. Taking the option list of a wide-body aircraft as an example, the model was used to evaluate and rank the options, verifying the rationality of the model and providing a reference for aircraft manufacturers to make provisions in advance.
Lu, Meihua
This Purchasing Specification (PS), AMS3970/3, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for carbon fiber fabric epoxy prepreg used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the carbon fiber fabric epoxy prepreg is used as part of the repair system defined in AMS3970 and AMS3970/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials that are qualified against AMS3970 (refer to PRI QPL AMS3970) and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organization.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This Purchase Specification (PS), AMS3970/5, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for the companion non-structural glass fiber fabric prepreg. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials which are qualified and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organization.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This work aims to investigate how disturbance-aware, robustness-embedding reference trajectories translate into actual driving performance when executed by professional drivers in a dynamic driving simulator. The study compares three planned reference trajectories against a free-driving baseline (NO-REF) to assess the trade-offs between lap time (LT) performance and steering effort: NOM, the nominal time-optimal trajectory; TLC, a track-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening margins to the track edges; and FLC, a friction-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening against axle/tire saturation. All reference trajectories share the same minimum LT objective with a small steering-smoothness regularizer, and are evaluated with two professional drivers driving a high-performance car on a virtual track. The reference trajectories stem from a disturbance-aware minimum-LT framework recently proposed by some of the authors, where worst-case disturbance growth is propagated over a finite horizon and used to tighten tire-friction and track-limit constraints, preserving performance while delivering probabilistic safety margins. LT and steering energy (SE) are evaluated as indicators of driving performance and steering effort, respectively, while RMS values of lateral deviation, speed error, and drift angle are used to characterize driving style. The results reveal a Pareto-like trade-off between LT and SE: NOM achieves the shortest LT, but with the highest SE, TLC minimizes SE at the expense of longer LT, while FLC lies near the efficient frontier, markedly reducing SE relative to NOM with only a minor LT increase. Removing reference trajectories (NO-REF) leads to both higher SE and longer LT, confirming that trajectory guidance improves pace and control efficiency. Overall, the findings highlight reference-based and disturbance-aware planning, particularly the FLC variant, as effective tools for training and for achieving fast yet stable trajectories.
Masoni, MatteoPalermo, VincenzoGabiccini, MarcoGulisano, MartinoPreviati, GiorgioGobbi, MassimilianoComolli, FrancescoMastinu, GianpieroGuiggiani, Massimo
The reliability of aviation maintenance personnel directly impacts flight safety, yet systematic methodologies for the quantitative prediction of human error probability (HEP) in this domain remain lacking. To address this gap, a novel human factors reliability analysis method for aviation maintenance is proposed, extending the SPAR-H model through Evidential Reasoning (ER). This method is implemented as follows: Maintenance tasks are decomposed into subtasks. Subsequently, the eight types of Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) for each subtask are evaluated by domain experts according to defined PSF levels. Expert judgments are then aggregated using Evidential Reasoning theory, enabling the calculation of aggregated PSF levels. These aggregated levels are interpolated to determine the corresponding impact multipliers. Finally, the HEP for aviation maintenance operations is calculated by integrating the SPAR-H basic error probability model with task series/parallel logic rules. The proposed methodology is validated using an inspection operation case study. This study establishes a methodological framework for human factors reliability analysis in aviation maintenance, providing a theoretical foundation for developing scientifically grounded prevention and control measures to enhance aviation safety levels.
Meng, MengMa, NingGuan, ZhongqingHan, ZuyangNan, WenxueCai, Hongbin
Vehicle vibrations during precision instrument transport can cause damage and failure. Existing vibration isolators often lack reliability, mass production feasibility, and easy maintenance. In this paper, we design and analyze a quasi-zero-stiffness vehicle-mounted isolator with an inerter, decreasing dynamic stiffness while raising the effective mass. Theoretical, simulation, and experimental results show improved isolation performance, lower isolation frequency, and a broader isolation bandwidth.
Li, KaiLv, SiboSun, NingDai, Shijie
The gearbox is a key component of the mechanical transmission system, and its fault diagnosis is essential to the reliability of the equipment. However, obtaining fault samples under actual working conditions for gearbox fault diagnosis is challenging. In this paper, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation model of the gearbox is established, and the co-simulation of gear normal, crack, and breakage is carried out in the ADAMS and MATLAB environments. The comparison between the simulated and measured signals shows that the simulation method can accurately reflect the key characteristics, such as rotation frequency and meshing frequency, and verify its reliability and accuracy. The research results can provide effective data support for gearbox fault diagnosis and improve the operational safety of mechanical systems.
Li, DongxiaoZhang, QianqiZhang, ZhongzhengLi, Yongbo
Electrification using battery systems is one of the most relevant solutions regarding ecological challenges within multiple application cases such as mobility, power tools or stationary power supply. Nonetheless besides recent achievements in some cases battery systems are still lacking behind operational requirements compared to conventional propulsion systems, therefore limiting the potential of electrification. Especially when purpose design possibilities are limited. Besides improving properties of cell materials, better usage of the available installation space offers potential for optimization of the battery system. The development of battery systems is complex, as it involves multiple system levels and domains, along with a wide range of design options and architectures. Battery cells that can be manufactured in flexible formats enable possibilities to make more efficient use of available installation spaces. At the same time, these additional degrees of freedom increase design complexity and significantly expand the solution space. For example, numerous options for sizing and positioning of the cells are available that are interacting with the cooling system and housing design. Also, additional challenges regarding electrical and thermal load distribution occur using format flexible cells. To support developers, new methods and tools are necessary to handle this complexity. Therefore, the authors present a methodology that includes an installation space optimization using format-flexibly produced pouch cells that generates different possible layouts of cells and modules, an approach for electrical and thermal modeling of the battery system that is applicable for varying cell arrangements as well as possibilities for a fast criteria-based evaluation of different cell and module arrangements that can be used for an overall optimization of the battery system. Finally, the authors are discussing benefits and disadvantages of the presented methodology as well as the usage of format flexibly produced pouch cells using an illustrative case study.
Müller-Welt, PhilipBause, KatharinaSpohn, HannesAlbers, Albert
Current lithium-ion batteries should generally only be charged above 0 °C, as charging below this temperature can promote lithium plating and irreversible degradation. However, conventional pack-level heating elements increase system mass and design complexity. In addition, heat is transferred from outside into the cell, causing the temperature inside the cell to rise slowly. This study evaluates internal Joule heating of cylindrical Li-ion cells using a zero-mean square-wave current excitation and quantifies the associated aging impact. LG INR21700-M50L cells were tested at 0 °C, −10 °C, and −20 °C with three excitation frequencies (50 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 mHz) at 5 A amplitude. Each cycle consisted of 30 min heating followed by 60 min cooling; reference capacity-based state of health (SOH) was assessed every 50 cycles up to 400 cycles. A maximum surface temperature rise of 14.3 K was achieved, with larger temperature rise at lower ambient temperature and lower excitation frequency. Capacity fade remained below approximately 1% for most conditions; however, at −20 °C and 10 mHz a pronounced SOH decrease to 87% was observed, indicating a critical operating regime. The results provide practical guidance for pulse-heating parameter selection and highlight the need for safeguards and further diagnostics in extreme low-frequency excitation at very low temperatures. This heating approach is particularly suitable for simpler battery-electric applications without thermal management, such as e-bikes or power tools. However, it may also be relevant for applications with existing thermal management systems, as it simplifies battery pack design.
Raiber, StefanAllmendinger, FrankDegler, DavidParschau, Anke
This SAE Surface Vehicle Technical Information Report, SAE J2836/4, establishes diagnostic use cases between plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). As PEVs are deployed and include both plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) and battery electric (BEV) vehicle variations, failures of the charging session between the EVSE and PEV may include diagnostics particular to the vehicle variations. This document describes the general information required for diagnostics and SAE J2847/4 will include the detail messages to provide accurate information to the customer and/or service personnel to identify the source of the issue and assist in resolution. Existing vehicle diagnostics can also be added and included during this charging session regarding issues that have occurred or are imminent to the EVSE or PEV, to assist in resolution of these items.
Hybrid - EV Committee
The automotive air-conditioning service ports task force conducted a field survey with MACS (Mobile Air Climate Systems Association) in June 2021. The scope of this survey was to determine the types of failures reported primarily at member service shops related to automotive air-conditioning service ports.
ICTMS Supplier Committee
Monitoring inputs and states of a structural dynamic system is often challenging, as direct measurements are costly or even infeasible. A virtual sensing methodology is presented for jointly estimating the input and state of a structure when subjected to multi-directional base excitations. The approach uses a tuned Kalman Filter combined with a model-order reduction of the system model to ensure a low computational cost whilst allowing accurate estimation from a limited number of acceleration measurements. This enables real-time virtual health monitoring strategies and reduction in instrumentation during data acquisition without additional information such as location and direction of application about the inputs. The proposed methodology is validated numerically and experimentally using a notched aluminum beam excited on a multi-directional shaker table, driven simultaneously in two in-plane directions. The study demonstrates accurate full-field estimation of multiple responses along the beam as well as a joint-input-estimation. The results highlight the relevance of multi-axis vibration environments and the importance of multiple-input-multiple-output testing for dynamic characterization and structural health monitoring applications.
Salazar Colunga, RodrigoPandiya, NimishDindorf, ChristianNaets, Frank
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