Browse Topic: Maintenance and Aftermarket

Items (10,052)

Drilling Methods for Controlling Exit Burr Height in CRES Material Stacks

2025-01-0169To be published on 05/02/2025

The Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter uses two novel drill processes to control exit burr height and achieve the required hole quality in CRES (Corrosion-Resistant Steel, also called stainless steel) material stacks. Both processes use piloted cutters on the OML side, and two different tools are used in a backside spindle on the IML side of the component. The first process uses a shallow-angle shave tool in the IML spindle to directly control the exit burr height after it is produced by the OML spindle and is called the “burr shave” technique. The second process uses a countersink tool in the IML spindle and produces an “intermediate countersink” after the pilot hole is drilled by the OML spindle, but before the final hole diameter is drilled. These drill processes were able to achieve the required hole quality in a challenging CRES material stack, which allows the machine to be qualified for one-up assembly of the component.

Schultz, Rich, Peterman, Randy, Luker, Zachary, Murakonda, Sai Krishna

Enhancing Airworthiness Security: SysML-Based Approach to Modelling Security Scope Definitions

2025-01-0172To be published on 05/02/2025

Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions

Hechelmann, Adrian, Mannchen, Thomas

Material Adapted Method for the Repair of Curved Thermoplastic Composite Structures by Induction Welding of Patches

2025-01-0165To be published on 05/02/2025

Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer composites (TPCs) are gaining importance in aviation due to their high strength, stiffness, and recyclability. To maximize their potential, efficient repair methods are needed to maintain aircraft safety and structural integrity. This article introduces a novel repair technique for damaged TPC structures, involving the insertion of a repair patch with a susceptor material. The susceptor consists of a material with high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability and therefore reacts stronger to the electromagnetic field than the composite, even if it is carbon fiber based. This means that the thermal energy is specifically concentrated in the repair area. The susceptor can be placed on the patch surface or in the welding zone. The process begins by identifying and preparing the damaged area, followed by precise scarfing. Care is taken to ensure that the surrounding material remains intact and that an exact stepped structure is created, which

Geiger, Markus, Glaap, Anton, Schiebel, Patrick, May, David

Next-Gen Italian Urban Mobility: Emissions LCA and TCO Prospective for Innovative Transportation Solutions

2025-01-8593

04/01/2025

Reducing vehicle numbers and enhancing public transport can significantly cut emissions in the transport sector. Hydrogen-fueled and battery electric buses show the potential for decarbonization, but a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential to evaluate carbon emissions from energy production and manufacturing. In addition, even associated pollutant emissions, together with components’ wear, must be taken into account to evaluate the overall environmental impact. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis complements this by assessing long-term expenses, enabling stakeholders to balance environmental and economic considerations. This study examines carbon and pollutant emissions alongside TCO for innovative urban mobility powertrains (compared with diesel), focusing on Italian current and future hydrogen and electricity mix scenarios, even considering 100 % green hydrogen (100GH), the goal being to support sustainable decision-making and to promote eco-friendly transport solutions. The

Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo, Damiani Ferretti, Andrea Nicolò, Corti, Enrico, Ravaglioli, Vittorio, Moro, Davide

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206

04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the electric Lubrication Oil Pump (eLOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed eLOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the Digital Twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's lifecycle. The

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

Decoding User Experience: A Study of Public EV Charging Stations Based on Amap Comments

2025-01-8115

04/01/2025

The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market has intensified the need for robust charging infrastructure. The quality of their experiences at public charging stations has become crucial to sustaining this transition. Key factors such as station accessibility, charging speed, and pricing transparency significantly affect user satisfaction. In Guangzhou, a China's major metropolitan city with an EV penetration rate exceeding 50%, this city offers an ideal context to assess the alignment between expanding EV infrastructure and user needs. This study examines user satisfaction with EV public charging stations in Guangzhou using a dataset of over 2,000 user comments from Amap. The comments are first processed using the Jieba segmentation library, with sentiment analysis conducted through the Natural Language Processing tool SnowNLP, categorizing comments by sentiment (419 positive, 156 neutral, and 1,690 negative). Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF) is then applied

Guo, Haifeng, Ou, Shiqi (Shawn), Jing, Hao, Qi, Hao, Shi, Lanxin

Designing Software for SAE J1939 ECUs to Improve Cybersecurity

2025-01-8082

04/01/2025

SAE J1939 is a CAN-based standard used for connecting various ECUs together within a vehicle. There are also some related protocols sharing many of the features of SAE J1939 across other industries including ISO11783, RVC and NMEA 2000. The standard has enabled the easy integration of electronic devices into a vehicle. However, as with all CAN-based protocols, several vulnerabilities to cyberattacks have been identified and are discussed in this paper. Many are at the CAN-level, whilst others are in common with those protocols from the SAE J1939 family of protocols. This paper reviews the known vulnerabilities that have been identified with the SAE J1939 protocol at CAN and J1939-levels, along with proposed mitigation strategies that can be implemented in software. At the CAN-level, the weaknesses include ways to spoof the network by exploiting parts of the protocol. Denial of Service is also possible at the CAN-level. At the SAE J1939-level, weaknesses include Denial of Service type

Quigley, Christopher

Concept of On-Board Diagnostics System of Vehicle Electric Drive

2025-01-8095

04/01/2025

The problem of monitoring the parametric failures of a traction electric drive unit consisting of an inverter, a traction machine and a gearbox when interacting with a battery management system has been solved. The strategy for solving the problem is considered for an electric drive with three-phase synchronous and induction machines. The drive power elements perform electromechanical energy conversion with additional losses. The losses are caused by deviations of the element parameters from the nominal values during operation. Monitoring gradual failures by additional losses is adopted as a key concept of on-board diagnostics. Deviation monitoring places increased demands on the information support and accuracy of mathematical models of power elements. We take into account that the first harmonics of currents and voltages of a three-phase circuit are the dominant energy source, higher harmonics of PWM appear as harmonic losses, and mechanical losses in the rotor and gearbox can be

Smolin, Victor, Gladyshev, Sergey, Topolskaya, Irina

Options for Introducing SOVD in SDV Architectures

2025-01-8081

04/01/2025

The trend for the future mobility concepts in the automotive industry is clearly moving towards autonomous driving and IoT applications in general. Today, the first vehicle manufacturers offer semi-autonomous driving up to SAE level 4. The technical capabilities and the legal requirements are under development. The introduction of data- and computation-intensive functions is changing vehicle architectures towards zonal architectures based on high-performance computers (HPC). Availability of data-connection to the backend and the above explained topics have a major impact on how to test and update such ‘software-defined’ vehicles and entire fleets. Vehicle diagnostics will become a key element for onboard test and update operations running on HPCs, as well as for providing vehicle data to the offboard backend infrastructure via Wi-Fi and 5G at the right time. The standard for Service Oriented Vehicle Diagnostics (SOVD) supports this development. It describes a programming interface for

Mayer, Julian, Bschor, Stefan, Fieth, Oliver

Matchit: A Domain-Adaptable Information Extraction and Categorization Tool for Enhanced Decision Making

2025-01-8107

04/01/2025

This paper presents Matchit, a novel method for expediting issue investigation and generating actionable insights from textual data. Recognizing the challenges of extracting relevant information from large, unstructured datasets, we propose a domain-adaptable approach by integrating expert domain knowledge to guide Large Language models (LLMs) to automatically identify and categorize key information into distinct topics. This process offers two key functionalities: fully automatic topic extraction based solely on input data, providing a concise overview of the problem and potential solutions, and user-guided extraction, where domain experts can specify the type of information or pre-defined categories to target specific insights. This flexibility allows for both broad exploration and focused analysis of the data. Matchit's efficacy is demonstrated through its application in the automotive industry, where it successfully extracts repair diagnostics from diverse textual sources like

Wang, Lijun, Arora, Karunesh

Telematics-Based Managed EV Charging: A Pilot Case Study for Utility Bulk and Distribution Grid Services

2025-01-8122

04/01/2025

Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern about electric utilities’ ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed to keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two grid-edge Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) providers, the OVGIP (recently incorporated as ChargeScape, a joint venture of Ford, BMW, Honda, and Nissan) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. The pilot program, launched in Summer 2022 enrolled approximately 1,200 EVs over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM vehicles. The goal of this pilot program was to evaluate the business case for managed charging to mitigate

Liddell, Chelsea, Schaefer, Walter, Dreffs, Kora, Moul, Jacob, Kay, Carol, Aswani, Deepak

Using CAN Electrical Signals for Cybersecurity and Harness Diagnostics

2025-01-8080

04/01/2025

This paper describes a novel invention which is an Intrusion Detection System based on fingerprints of the CAN bus analogue features. Clusters of CAN message analogue signatures can be associated with each ECU on the network. During a learning mode of operation, fingerprints can be learnt with the prior knowledge of which CAN identifier should be transmitted by each ECU. During normal operation, if the fingerprint of analogue features of a particular CAN identifier does not match the one that was learnt then there is a strong possibility that this particular CAN identifier’s message is symptomatic of a problem. It could be that the message has been sent by either an intruder ECU or an existing ECU has been hacked to send the message. In this case an intruder can be defined as a device that has been added to the CAN bus OR a device that has been hacked/manipulated to send CAN messages that it was not designed to (i.e. could be originally transmitted by another device). It could also be

Quigley, Christopher, Charles, David

Research on Anti-Slip Traction Control for Aircraft Engine-off Towing System

2025-01-8292

04/01/2025

When the aircraft towbarless towing vehicle (TLTV) drives on road surfaces that are wet, icy, oily, or covered with debris, as well as under conditions such as overloaded towing, uneven distribution of aircraft weight, sudden acceleration and sharp turns, brake system failures, or severe tire wear, it may slip due to a mismatch between traction force and ground adhesion. As a key piece of ground support equipment at airports, the anti-slip performance of TLTV is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient ground movement of aircraft. With continuous advancements in control technology, extensive research has been conducted on anti-slip control strategies for TLTV. This paper reviews relevant literature in the field of anti-slip control for TLTV in recent years, focusing on the current status of anti-slip control technology development, control strategies, and the application of co-simulation technology in anti-slip control. Based on co-simulation using Matlab and Adams software, this paper

Yao, Yanan, Xu, Yitong, Zhu, Hengjia

Zero Circumferential Material Flow Line-Based Method for Reducing Stamping Simulation Cost

2025-01-8224

04/01/2025

In sheet metal simulation, computation time is significantly influenced by the number of elements used to discretize the sheet blank, which covers the shape of forming tool geometry. Based on particle kinematics, motion of material point is modeled, and the concept of zero circumferential motion material line (ZML) is proposed. The slope ratio of material line (SRML) is proposed to quantify the circumferential deviation for determining the ZML. Based on the SRML, a method is developed to segment sheet blank and apply constraints. The method is demonstrated through forming simulation on a Hishida geometry. The proposed method, with its minimal to no circumferential motion along ZMLs, exhibits high level of accuracy retention while simultaneously impressively reducing computation time (up to 77%). This combination of efficiency and precision makes it a compelling approach for reducing simulation cost.

Sheng, ZiQiang, Asimba, Brian, Cabral, Kleber

J1939 Digital Annex

J1939DA_202503 (Current)03/31/2025

This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Water Spray and High Humidity Endurance Test Methods for AMS1424 and AMS1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids

AS5901E (Current)

03/25/2025

This document establishes the minimum requirements for an environmental test chamber and test procedures to carry out anti-icing performance tests according to the current materials specification for aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids. The primary purpose for such a test method is to determine the anti-icing performance under controlled laboratory conditions of AMS1424 Type I and AMS1428 Type II, III, and IV fluids.

G-12ADF Aircraft Deicing Fluids

Advancing Oil Maintenance Practices: Insights from Viscosity Analysis

2025-01-5019

03/21/2025

There is a lack of data to support the efficacy of traditional mileage and time-based criteria for oil changes in vehicles. In this study, used-oil samples from 63 vehicles were collected and analyzed. Besides dynamic viscosity, viscosity index and activation energy were evaluated as measures of thermal stability of viscosity. The results revealed that mileage and time of use are not significantly correlated with (p > 0.05) and are thus poor indicators of oil viscosity and viscosity thermal stability measures. These findings highlight the limitations of current criteria and underscore the need for new sensing and evaluation methods to reduce costs, waste, and environmental impact while ensuring vehicle performance.

Salvi, Nilesh, Tan, Jinglu

Traffic Event Extraction and Geographization from Natural Language Web Text

2025-01-7213

03/19/2025

Real-time traffic event information is essential for various applications, including travel service improvement, vehicle map updating, and road management decision optimization. With the rapid advancement of Internet, text published from network platforms has become a crucial data source for urban road traffic events due to its strong real-time performance and wide space-time coverage and low acquisition cost. Due to the complexity of massive, multi-source web text and the diversity of spatial scenes in traffic events, current methods are insufficient for accurately and comprehensively extracting and geographizing traffic events in a multi-dimensional, fine-grained manner, resulting in this information cannot be fully and efficiently utilized. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a “data preparation - event extraction - event geographization” framework focused on traffic events, integrating geospatial information to achieve efficient text extraction and spatial representation. First

Hu, Chenyu, Wu, Hangbin, Wei, Chaoxu, Chen, Qianqian, Yue, Han, Huang, Wei, Liu, Chun, Fu, Ting, Wang, Junhua

The Logistic Lasso and Ridge Regression Algorithm-Based Airline Passenger Satisfaction Prediction Model

2025-01-7168

03/19/2025

Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness

Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng

Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis Nomenclature

J2403DA_202503 (Current)03/10/2025

This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Design and Safety Criteria for Passenger Boarding Stairways

AIR6133A (Current)

03/05/2025

AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee

Isolation and Corrosion Protection of Dissimilar Materials, Carbon Composite Structure Repair

ARP4118C (Current)

03/05/2025

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methods and guidelines for isolating dissimilar repair patch materials from carbon fiber reinforced plastic (herein also referred to as carbon composite) structure during a repair operation.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Synthetic On-Board Diagnostics Data Generation and Evaluation for Vehicle Diagnostic Testing

2025-01-5010

03/04/2025

The generation of data plays a vital role in machine learning (ML) techniques by providing the foundation for training and improvement of forecast models. As one application area for these models, in-vehicle systems, like vehicle diagnostics, have the potential to enhance the reliability and durability of vehicles by utilizing ML models in the testing phases. However, acquiring a high volume of quality onboard diagnostics (OBD) data is time-consuming and poses challenges like the risk of exposing sensitive information. To address this issue, synthetic data generation offers a promising alternative that is already in use in other domains. Thereby, synthetic data allows the exploitation of knowledge found in original data, ensuring the privacy of sensitive data, with less time costs of data acquisition. The application of such synthetically generated data could be found in predictive maintenance, predictive diagnostics, anomaly detection, and others. For this purpose, the research

Vučinić, Veljko, Hantschel, Frank, Kotschenreuther, Thomas

R-1234yf Service Hose, Fittings, and Couplers for Mobile Refrigerant Systems Service Equipment

J2888_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This SAE Standard covers fittings, couplers, and hoses intended for connecting service hoses from mobile air-conditioning systems to service equipment such as charging, recovery, and recycling equipment (see Figure 1). This specification covers service hose fittings and couplers for MAC service equipment service hoses, per SAE J2843 and SAE J2851, from mobile air-conditioning systems to service equipment such as manifold gauges, vacuum pumps, and air-conditioning charging, recovery, and recycling equipment.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Vehicle Application Layer

J1939/71_202502 (Current)02/25/2025

The SAE J1939 communications network is developed for use in heavy-duty environments and is suitable for horizontally integrated vehicle industries. The SAE J1939 communications network is applicable for light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty vehicles used on-road or off-road, and for appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle-derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on-highway and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements. SAE J1939-71 is the SAE J1939 reference document describing SAE J1939 parameter (SP) and message (PG) definitions, SLOT (standard data encoding) definitions, conventions and notations used to specify the parameter (SP) placement in PG data, conventions for text data parameters, and conventions for PG transmission rates. This document previously contained the majority of the SAE J1939 OSI application layer data parameters and messages for

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Endurance Time Test Procedures for SAE Type I Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids

ARP5945B (Current)

02/24/2025

The purpose of this ARP is to provide the sample selection criteria and endurance time test procedures for SAE Type I aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids required for the generation of endurance time data of acceptable quality for review by the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Committee. A significant body of previous research and testing has indicated that all Type I fluids formulated with conventional glycols, as defined in 3.1.1 of AMS1424, perform in a similar manner from an endurance time perspective. This applies to Type I deicing/anti-icing fluids formulated with propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol only. As a result, Type I deicing/anti-icing fluids containing these glycol bases no longer require testing for endurance times. The methods described in this ARP shall be employed, however, if endurance time testing of a conventional glycol-based Type I deicing/anti-icing fluid is desired or requested by a fluid manufacturer, operator, or other organization. Fluids

G-12HOT Holdover Time Committee

Mobile Laser Scanning for Tunnel Inspection

2025-01-7154

02/21/2025

Monitoring the safety and structural condition of tunnels is crucial for maintaining critical infrastructure. Traditional inspection methods are inefficient, labor-intensive, and pose safety risks. With its non-contact, high-precision, and high-efficiency features, mobile laser scanning technology has emerged as a vital tool for tunnel monitoring. This paper presents a mobile laser scanning system for tunnel measurement and examines techniques for calculating geometric parameters and processing high-resolution imaging data. Empirical evidence demonstrates that mobile laser scanning offers a reliable solution for evaluating and maintaining tunnel safety.

Lianbi, Yao, Zhang, Kaikun, Duan, Wei, Sun, Haili

Tunnel Lining Crack Intelligent Recognition Based on YOLOv11 Algorithm

2025-01-7137

02/21/2025

Tunnel linings are an important safeguard for the integrity and stability of tunnels. However, cracks in the tunnel lining may have extremely unfavourable consequences. With the acceleration of urbanisation and the increasing construction of tunnels, the problem of cracks in the concrete lining is becoming more and more prominent. These cracks not only seriously affect the stability of the structure, but also pose a serious threat to the safety of tunnel operation. If left unchecked, the cracks may expand further and cause various safety hazards, such as water leakage and falling blocks. This in turn will undermine the normal function of the tunnel and endanger the lives of tunnel users. It has been proved that the traditional manual method of detecting cracks in tunnels has problems such as low accuracy and low efficiency. In order to solve this problem, it is very necessary for this study to pioneer an intelligent method for identifying tunnel lining cracks using the YOLOv11

Zhang, Yalin, Niu, Pei, Guo, Feng, Yan, Wei, Liu, Jian, Kou, Lei

Modeling Internal Node Impedance in High-Speed Rail Passenger Hubs Based on Queuing Theory

2025-01-7172

02/21/2025

High-speed railway (HSR) hubs play a pivotal role in the integrated transport system, efficiently connecting various modes of transport and facilitating transport integration. Characterized by their large scale, complex functional spatial layouts, and diverse interchange types, these hubs see a growing proportion of passenger traffic annually. Thus, studying the interchange impedance in high-speed railway passenger transport hubs is crucial for enhancing interchange efficiency and service quality. However, current research lacks a quantitatively comparable impedance model for high-speed railway hubs, particularly under peak passenger flow conditions. This paper addresses this gap by examining the internal node impedance at Nanjing South Railway Station, focusing on the entry gate turnstile node and security check node. It begins by analyzing passenger passing behavior at these nodes and then constructs a integrated queuing model for inbound gates and security checks, considering the

Zhang, Zhenyu, Wang, Jian

Research on Triple-Frequency Dual-Ionosphere-Free Combination PPP Based on PPP-B2b Service

2025-01-7157

02/21/2025

The recent public release of the PPP-B2b service, along with advancements in multi-frequency and multi-GNSS systems, has opened up significant new opportunities for the development of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technology. Utilizing the precise orbit and clock corrections provided by PPP-B2b and the increasing availability of multi-frequency signals, this paper introduces a novel tri-frequency, dual ionosphere-free PPP model based on PPP-B2b services. The model is designed with twelve unique tri-frequency combinations, tailored to various frequency choices, combination methodologies, and single/dual GNSS systems. Results from static positioning experiments indicate that the BDS-only tri-frequency dual ionosphere-free model offers substantial improvements over traditional models. Specifically, it achieves approximately a 25% increase in vertical accuracy and reduces convergence time by around 30% when compared to the BDS-only tri-frequency undifferenced uncombined model. This

Xu, Dawei, Gao, Chengfa, Xu, Zhenhao, Zhan, Kaidi, Guo, Songlin

Intelligent Pavement Maintenance Optimization Technique for Automatic Driving

2025-01-7153

02/21/2025

Compared to manual driving, autonomous driving is more prone to the rapid development and deterioration of pavement distress due to the concentration of driving paths. Therefore, a reasonable and efficient maintenance strategy is required. To address the challenges posed by the numerous constraints and objectives in the maintenance strategy generation process, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization-based method for generating pavement maintenance strategies. The approach leverages advanced pavement distress detection technologies to establish an initial maintenance program, incorporating a range of constraints and maintenance objectives, such as cost-efficiency, performance longevity, and environmental impact. The method applies a genetic algorithm (GA) to iteratively refine and optimize the maintenance strategy, ensuring that the solutions align with both immediate and long-term performance goals for autonomous vehicle operations. A case study utilizing real-world road

Yang, Liwenyun, Li, Wei, Chen, Leilei

Classification of Pavement Distress Images Using Fusion Convolutional Neural Network of Dual Branch

2025-01-7131

02/21/2025

In recent years, the issue of highway maintenance has become increasingly prominent. How to precisely detect and classify fine cracks and various types of pavement defects on highways through technical means is an essential foundation for achieving intelligent road maintenance. This paper first constructs the DenseNet201-PDC and MobileNetV2-PDC sub-classification networks that incorporate the three-channel attention judgment mechanism MCA. Secondly, based on the principle of parallel connection, a brand-new dual-branch fusion convolutional neural network DBF-PDC capable of classifying pavement defects in highway scenarios is proposed. Finally, this paper builds the Pavement Distress Datasets of Southeast University and conducts relevant ablation experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that both the attention mechanism module and the feature fusion strategy can significantly enhance the network's ability to classify pavement defects in highway scenarios. The average

Zhang, Ziyi, Zhao, Chihang, Shao, Yongjun, Wang, Junjun

Maintenance Scheduling Optimization of Urban Non-intrusive Road Intelligent Transportation System Equipment under the Autonomous Driving Environment

2025-01-7148

02/21/2025

The increasing traveling demands are putting higher pressure on urban networks, where the efficient driving modes highly depend on various non-intrusive ITS equipment for interaction, which asks for higher maintenance scheduling plans minimizing network loss. Current studies have researched methodologies with the aspects of deterministic methods and metaheuristic algorithms under different scenarios, but lack the simulation considering maintenance work type, urban traffic characteristics as well as the ITS equipment. This study aims to optimize the maintenance scheduling plan of urban ITS systems by using the genetic algorithm (GA) and Dijkstra algorithm, as well as other judgmental algorithms to minimize traffic delays caused by maintenance activities, and presents a novel method to assess economic losses. A mixed integer programming model is established simulating the real urban network while considering multiple constraints, including the route selection principle, network updating

Pei, Haoyi, Ji, Yanjie, Chen, Ziang

Forced Vibration Analysis of Cracked Functionally Graded Beams

2025-28-0169

02/07/2025

This study investigates the forced vibration characteristics of a functionally graded material (FGM) beam possessing a square cross-section and featuring a V-shaped crack. The FGM beam exhibits a gradual transition in mechanical composition from a ceramic to a metallic surface. Employing finite element analysis software, a comprehensive numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the frequencies and mode shapes of the cracked FGM beam under simply supported boundary conditions. The study meticulously explores the effects of various crack parameters, including crack opening width, depth, and location. The findings highlight the significant influence of the crack opening width on the frequencies, indicating that wider cracks result in decreased frequencies across all mode shapes. Conversely, the impact of crack depth and location on the dynamic behavior of the cracked FGM beam within the studied ranges appears relatively minor. These insights offer valuable perspectives into the

D, Manish, C V, Prasshanth, N, Suhas, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu

Guidance for Assessing the Damage Detection Capability of Structural Health Monitoring Systems

ARP6821 (Current)

02/07/2025

This document contains information and guidance necessary for the development of a representative, repeatable validation program that may be utilized to assess the capability of SHM systems. The nature of SHM data differs from that seen in traditional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications in that the position of SHM sensors is fixed and SHM data can be available much more frequently (if not continuously) over time. This document presents methodologies that can be used to arrive at SHM capability while considering the unique nature of SHM deployment. Each SHM system must be considered independently to determine the applicability and limitations of the guidance contained here for each SHM system being assessed.

Aerospace Industry Steering Committee on Structural Health

REPAIR SLEEVE, LARGE WIRE/CABLE INSULATION DAMAGE, ELECTRIC, PERMANENT, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, 260 °C MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE, TYPE II

AS6224/2A (Current)02/07/2025

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

Construction of Multi-Scale Aging Indicators Based on the Aging Mechanism of Fuel Cells

2025-01-7089

01/31/2025

State of health (SOH) estimation is essential to ensure safety and reliability in the operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). The aging of fuel cells results from the deterioration of multiple internal components, and the aging degree of some key components even directly determines the end of cell life. Due to the complexity of the internal reactions in fuel cell, many internal parameters cannot be measured or recorded during aging tests. In addition, external characteristics do not reflect the internal changes in the cell. Therefore, establishing a multi-scale metric based on fuel cell components is very important for fuel cell life research. During the aging process of a fuel cell, the contributions of different components to the overall aging vary significantly. Additionally, the allocation of indicator parameters presents a challenge in multi-scale modeling. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method to construct multi-scale indicators for fuel cells

Lin, Yipeng, Min, Haitao, Sheng, Xia, Zhang, Zhaopu, Sun, Weiyi

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Launching Human Space Travel with a Luxury Balloon

1349801/23/2025

Imagine a six-hour journey to outer space that includes a world-class meal, cocktail service, Wi-Fi, and unprecedented views of Earth. This experience could soon become reality. Space Perspective, the world's first carbon-neutral spaceflight experience company, is commercializing space travel with Spaceship Neptune, a pressurized capsule propelled by a giant SpaceBalloon(TM). The experience is designed to be gentle and accessible with no rockets, weightlessness, heavy g-forces, or training required. Alongside world-class meal and cocktail service, space travelers will also enjoy views through the largest windows ever flown to space, Wi-Fi, and a proper restroom. To learn more, we sat down with Taber MacCallum, Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Space Perspective, to discuss the technical development of the SpaceBalloon(TM) and how the company is unlocking the market for space travel in a new and innovative way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for

Hineman, Marcie

Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants Performance and Service Classification

J2116_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

This SAE Standard was prepared by Technical Committee 1, Engine Lubrication, of SAE Fuels and Lubricants Council. The intent is to improve communications among engine manufacturers, engine users, and lubricant marketers in describing lubricant performance characteristics. The key objective is to ensure that a correct lubricant is used in each two-stroke-cycle engine.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Maintenance Interval Chart

J753_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

Instructions on this chart are intended to be used as a ready reference by personnel responsible for servicing off-road self-propelled work machines described in SAE J1116, categories 1, 2, 3, and 4. Detailed maintenance and service guidelines are reserved for maintenance, operator, and lubrication manuals as defined in SAE J920.

Machine Technical Steering Committee

Wrap-Around Insulation Repair and Protection Sleeve, Permanent, Electric, Environment Resistant

AS6224A (Current)

01/21/2025

The AS6224 specification covers environment resistant, permanent insulation repair sleeves for repairing different types of insulation damages of wire or cable jackets in installed applications. The repair sleeve is intended to repair damaged primary wire or cable jacket covers where the shielding and wire conductors are not damaged.

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

Ancillary Deicing/Anti-Icing Information

AIR8468 (Current)

01/10/2025

This manual contains information regarding aircraft deicing/anti-icing surfaces and areas.

G-12M Methods Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How to Scale EV Charging at Gas Stations

1349312/30/2024

As EV charging infrastructure grows and evolves, so too does the role of gas stations, convenience stores, and auto repair shops -- all of which are key players in a thriving mobility ecosystem. Enter Vontier, a global industrial technology company transforming fueling and charging infrastructure, convenience store technology and fleet management. By helping service station owners become "charge point operators," Vontier is a enabling a shift to better support consumers? needs and increase profitability in an evolving market. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Mark Morelli, CEO, Vontier, to discuss how his company is harnessing its market-leading expertise in mobility technologies to usher in a new era of convenience. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the latest EV announcements from the LA Auto Show including the Hyundai

Hineman, Marcie

J1939 Digital Annex

J1939DA_202412 (Historical)12/29/2024

This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Multi Criteria Analysis Selection of Cylindrical Spur Gears

2024-36-0117

12/20/2024

Organizations need to maintain their processes at high levels of efficiency to be competitive, asset management and industrial maintenance are extremely important to obtain positive results in optimizing operating costs, saving energy resources, reduction of environmental impacts among other characteristics that are considered differential for organizations. In this scenario, methods are increasingly being sought to assist managers in decision-making processes that contain several alternatives and selection criteria involved. The AHP and TOPSIS methods have been widely associated with prioritization studies, cost evaluation, resource selection, suppliers, among others. Thus, the selection of equipment and industrial elements can be evaluated by means of multicriteria decision methods where the criteria considered important by specialists in the area are inserted into the model. The objective of this article was to present a selection process for spur gears based on stress analysis and

de Oliveira, Geraldo Cesar Rosario, de Oliveira, Vania Aparecida Rosario, Silva, Carlos Alexis Alvarado, Guidi, Erick Siqueira, Salomon, Valério Antonio Pamplona, Rosado, Victor Orlando Gamarra, de Azevedo Silva, Fernando

Evaluation of Superficial Damage of Mechanical Components through Digital Image Analysis Using Deep Learning Framework

2024-36-0034

12/20/2024

Mechanical component failure often heralds superficial damage indicators such as color alteration due to overheating, texture degradation like rusting or false brinelling, spalling, and crack propagation. Conventional damage assessment relies heavily on visual inspections performed by technicians, a practice bogged down by time constraints and the subjective nature of human error. This research paper delves into the integration of deep learning methodologies to revolutionize surface damage evaluation, addressing significant bottlenecks in diagnostic precision and processing efficiency. We detail the end-to-end process of developing an intelligent inspection system: selecting appropriate deep learning architectures, annotating datasets, implementing data augmentation, optimizing hyperparameters, and deploying the model for widespread user accessibility. Specifically, the paper highlights the customization and assessment of state-of-the-art models, including EfficientNet B7 for

Cury, Rudoniel, Gioria, Gustavo, Chandrasekaran, Balaji

HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE WASH

AIR4416 (Current)

12/18/2024

Engines subject to dust, industrial pollution, saltwater contamination or other chemically laden atmosphere (including pesticides and herbicides) lose performance due to deposits of contaminants on surfaces in the aidgas flow path. Engine wash and engine rinse procedures are utilized to restore turbine engine performance. These procedures are generated by the engine manufacturer and are included in the Engine Maintenance/Service Manuals. For most turbine engines these procedures are similar in concept and practice; however, application details, choice of solvents and many other service features can vary from engine manufacturer to engine manufacturer and may even vary within the range of engine models produced by any manufacturer. The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to outline the general nature, considerations, and background of engine wash and engine rinse and is directed towards the needs of the entry level engineer, service engineer, and those involved in

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

Portable Controlled Contamination Area (CCA)

AIR7522 (Current)

12/18/2024

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides guidelines for the design of portable Controlled Contamination Areas (CCAs) that can provide localized environmental control when processing a repair at the airplane or in a hangar environment. The use of a portable CCA may result in a better quality repair. The use of a portable CCA may assist in achieving the environmental requirements for bonded repairs specified in an approved repair procedure. This provides an option to accomplish a repair on nonremovable structure or difficult to remove components.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

653P2-5 Avionics Application Software Standard Interface, Part 2, Extended Services

ARINC653P2-5 (Current)12/16/2024

As avionics software continues to evolve, so does ARINC Specification 653. ARINC 653 Part 2 specifies extensions (i.e., optional services) to the required Application Program Interfaces (APIs) described in ARINC 653 Part 1.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Research on a Detection Algorithm of Contaminant on Automotive Cameras Optical Surface Based on SEFaster-YOLOv8

2024-01-7032

12/13/2024

Cameras are crucial sensors in intelligent driving systems. Due to the optical windows of these cameras generally being exposed, they are highly susceptible to contaminant from external dust, mud, and other contaminants. These contaminants can degrade the vehicle’s perception capabilities, posing safety risks. Therefore, research on the identification and automatic cleaning of optical window surface contamination for automotive cameras is essential. This paper constructs a dataset of contaminated images of automotive cameras using a method based on shooting and image fusion. By introducing the SE attention mechanism and replacing the YOLOv8 backbone network with FasterNet, this paper proposed the SEFaster-YOLOv8 model. Experimental results show that the SEFaster-YOLOv8 model reduces the parameter count by 37.6% compared to the original YOLOv8 model. The mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 reach 95.7% and 66.9%, respectively, representing improvements of 1.8% and 1.1% over the original YOLOv8

Ran, Lujia, Hu, Zongjie, Lu, Xiangxiang, Wu, Zhijun

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