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A Study on the Development of Brake Moan Analysis for CTBA Vehicles Using Simulation2026-01-0814To be published on 09/14/2026
Moan noise is a low-frequency noise occurring in the 170–500 Hz frequency ranges. While it frequently appears in vehicles equipped with a rear Coupled Torsion Beam Axle (CTBA), the exact cause, generation mechanism and clear solutions remain unidentified. For those reasons, we have developed a moan noise analysis method capable of representing the moan noise phenomenon in vehicles with rear CTBA along with an automation tool. From these results, we can use moan analysis models to reduce real moan noise problems. Consequently, this not only enhances customer satisfaction and vehicle quality but also significantly increases the work efficiency of vehicle designers through design modification in the preliminary stages of vehicle development
Kim, Sungho, Kim, Jeongkyu, Hwang, Jaekeun, Kang, Donghoon
Study on the Friction Characteristics of Disc Brakes with Ceramic Surfaces for High Performance Vehicle2026-01-0827To be published on 09/14/2026
In this study, various methods were reviewed to simultaneously satisfy the high-temperature braking performance required for high-performance vehicles and the brake dust criteria by environmental regulations. Among them, the characteristics of two types of Brake disc with ceramic composite surfaces were evaluated to prevent disc wear even under the condition of using metallic friction materials with excellent fade performance. As a result of the evaluation, carbon ceramic disc without metal-to-metal contact during braking showed superior characteristics compared to hard metal cladding disc.
Kim, Yoon Cheol, Yeongwoo, Cho, Kim, Youngmin
A Study on Improvement of the Accuracy of Simulation for Squeal Noise Using Real Contact Friction Interface Model2026-01-0819To be published on 09/14/2026
The brake squeal noise arises from the complex phenomenon of the disc and the friction interface. In fact, even within the same shape of friction material, the noise characteristics vary based on the pattern of the friction interface. However, the current squeal noise simulation does not account for the effects of these friction interfaces; instead, it solely utilizes the friction coefficient and braking pressure to replicate the phenomenon. Consequently, the reliability of the complex eigenvalue analysis results is inevitably compromised. In this study, the complex eigenvalue analysis is conducted by incorporating the actual shape modeling technique of the friction interface, and the validity of the enhanced analysis method is validated through empirical testing. The friction surface modeling technique employed in this study is designed to randomly generate the friction interface of the analytical model by measuring the shape (form, waveform, roughness) of the actual friction surface. To accurately represent the actual friction surface shape in the analytical model, the size of the friction layer is also compactly constructed
Hwang, Jaekeun, Kim, Sungho, Kim, Jeongkyu, Kang, Donghoon
Further Investigation of Brake Squeal: Effect of (Inboard/Outboard) Pads Property Differential2026-01-0799To be published on 09/14/2026
It was reported earlier that the wear differential between the inboard pad and the outboard pad leads to brake squeal generation. The (inboard/outboard) pads wear differential can occur due to hardware issues such as brake pad drag and/or two different wear rates of the (I/O) pads, which is caused by two different material properties of the pads although the pad formula may be the same. It is found that (I/O) pads compressibility differential/hardness differential/friction differential are all interrelated and that they contribute to brake squeal generation in addition to the inboard pad tangential/radial taper wear. A method has been found to separate the inboard pad friction and the outboard pad friction and to estimate each friction coefficient.
Liu, Richard, Wu, Shane, Wu, Godot, Zou, Tianlang
Predicting Brake Squeal Occurrence Using Machine Learning with Temporal Feature Analysis of Braking-Torque Test Data (Do Not Use Abbreviations or Special Characters)2026-01-0812To be published on 09/14/2026
The automotive industry's paradigm shift toward autonomous driving and electrification has introduced new competitors threatening market dominance through differentiated value propositions. In this highly competitive landscape, delivering irreplaceable customer value requires providing sustainable and authentic luxury experiences. Quiet driving represents a tangible value that customers genuinely appreciate. Brake squeal—high-frequency noise arising from friction-induced vibration during braking—negatively impacts customer satisfaction and must be suppressed. Despite significant advances in brake squeal prediction modeling, the irregular nature of squeal generation mechanisms has prevented the development of a generalized predictive model applicable to product development processes. Development and verification remain largely experimental. This limitation constrains early-phase design validation, as brake squeal is highly sensitive to chassis and braking system design. When squeal issues emerge during post-design evaluation, fundamental improvements to pad materials become difficult. Consequently, damping characteristic tuning is employed for mitigation, incurring substantial development costs. This study addresses this challenge through systematic feature engineering of time-series braking data—brake torque, disc rotational speed, disc temperature, and brake pressure—collected during squeal evaluation tests. Based on the hypothesis that environmental conditions and brake system characteristics influence mechanical behavior, time-series features exhibiting strong predictive association with squeal occurrence were derived, and a machine learning model was developed to predict squeal occurrence probability using these features as input variables. The model's predictive performance was validated by comparing squeal probability predictions derived from independent torque performance evaluation data against actual squeal evaluation results. This validation confirms that the model successfully predicts squeal occurrence probability from dynamometer torque performance data alone. Consequently, this approach enables the prediction of squeal occurrence probability in early development phases before formal noise assessment is conducted, streamlining the development process and significantly reducing verification costs while contributing to quieter driving experiences.
Cho, Sunghyun, Yoon, Jungro, Kim, Yoon Cheol, Kim, Jeongkyu, Kim, Sungho, Baek, SongYi, Kim, Won Joon, Choi, Kyung Rok
J1979 DBCJ1979DBC_2026099/7/2026
The SAE J1979 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1979 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: The SAE J1979 DBC file with Includes 2,400+ Parameter Group Numbers (PGNs) and 16,000+ Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPNs), derived from the J1979-2 released in September 2026. One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1979: Convert J1979 data in wide range of software/API tools REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch Improved Accuracy & Reliability A fully standardized DBC file ensures precise signal decoding, eliminating errors and ensuring reliable data interpretation. Interoperability Seamlessly compatible with many different software stacks, enabling frictionless adoption and significantly expanding market reach. Partnership with Vector Informatik GmbH Works seamlessly with Vector’s free software (CANdb++), used by over 90% of the industry, with free download link provided on SAEI’s J1979DBC file landing page. What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. It contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained within which 'messages' (i.e. CAN IDs). In the J1979 standard, messages are referred to as Parameter Group Numbers (PGN) and signals as Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPN). Further, a DBC file includes names, descriptions, positions, and lengths of the signals - as well as how to offset & scale them.
Formation Characteristics of Non-Tangential Arc-Cone Tantalum-Tungsten Alloy Liner EFP2026-99-12029/4/2026
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Zhu, Mayuezhen, Li, Mei, Jiang, Jianwei, Men, Jianbing, Wang, Shuyou
A Simple and Efficient THINC Scheme for Multiphase Flow via Dominant-Material Selective Reconstruction2026-99-12299/4/2026
Multiphase compressible flow problems are widespread in aviation, aerospace, transportation, military, and industrial fields, for instance, in underwater explosion bubble dynamics, fuel injection for hypersonic vehicles, liquid sloshing in propellant tanks, and supercavitating underwater vehicles. This paper proposes an improved THINC (Tangent of Hyperbola for Interface Capturing) method for multiphase flow simulations, based on a selective reconstruction strategy for the dominant material. The core of the strategy is to apply the THINC reconstruction exclusively to the material with the largest volume fraction within a multiphase mixed cell, which numerically governs the local interface evolution. The volume fractions of non-dominant materials are then obtained through a proportional distribution that inherently ensures the summation (Σαk = 1) and boundedness (0 ≤ αk> ≤ 1) constraints are met without explicit corrections. This approach reduces the number of THINC reconstructions for each time step in a multiphase mixed cell from Nm (the number of materials) to one, significantly simplifying the algorithm and lowering computational cost. It thereby avoids the error accumulation and complex renormalization procedures associated with conventional schemes that reconstruct all materials. While strictly maintaining volume fraction conservation, the proposed method preserves interface sharpness through the underlying THINC framework. The method is implemented in a diffuse-interface, multiphase Eulerian framework and validated with a series of challenging benchmarks, including shock-helium bubble interaction, triple-point problem, gas impact, and the more complex modified gas impact. Numerical results show that, compared with conventional multiphase THINC approaches that reconstruct every material, the proposed scheme can reduce CPU time by about 40.0% without compromising the accuracy of key physical quantities.
Wang, Wei, Zhong, Yanxu, Hu, Qinghua, Yang, Canqun
A Novel Physics-Informed Graph Convolutional Reduced-Order Model for Fluid Flow on Unstructured Meshes2026-99-12459/4/2026
This study proposes a physics-informed graph convolutional reduced-order model, namely Phys-GCN, for high-fidelity and computationally efficient prediction of steady incompressible flow fields. In Phys-GCN, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are embedded into the loss function via residual constraints, such that the spatial feature extraction of graph convolutional networks is integrated with the physics-constrained learning strategy of physics-informed neural networks. This mixed design enables the model to capture complex nonlinear flow features while maintaining a clear level of physical interpretability. Benefiting from the node-edge encoding inherent to graph neural networks, Phys-GCN operates directly on unstructured CFD meshes to learn flow features from graph representations constructed using node attributes and adjacency relationships. In doing so, Phys-GCN dispenses with voxelization or SDF preprocessing and fully preserves the local geometric and topological characteristics of the flow domain. The proposed model is systematically evaluated on steady flows past circular and elliptical cylinders, where the predicted velocity and pressure fields are compared against reference CFD solutions in both interpolation and extrapolation scenarios. Results show that, for all physical quantities, the reconstructed steady flow fields achieve mean relative errors below 5%, exhibiting excellent agreement with the CFD benchmark solutions. After offline training, Phys-GCN achieves inference times that are several orders of magnitude faster than conventional CFD solvers, while maintaining comparable predictive accuracy. These findings demonstrate that Phys-GCN provides an accurate and efficient graph-based and physics-informed surrogate for steady flow-field reconstruction on non-uniform, unstructured meshes, thereby laying a solid foundation for future extensions to more complex three-dimensional and compressible flow configurations.
Xie, Haoran, Zhou, Hao, Yu, Changhao, Li, Qiang, Liu, Tianyu, Peng, Jiangzhou
Strain Analysis of Buried Pipelines in Trench Models Crossing Strike-Slip Faults2026-99-12809/4/2026
Long-distance buried pipelines are the core type in pipeline transportation; the technical indexes and requirements for protection are stricter. In the previous coupling model of pipe and soil, the in-situ soil and backfill soil are treated as a unified continuous medium, and the actual geometric shape and boundary effect of the pipe trench are ignored through simplification of the calculation model. In this study, a new coupling model of in-situ soil, backfill soil, and pipeline is proposed to analyze the actual strain state of buried pipeline with different backfill soil and in-situ soil materials. A model was established based on the ANSYS software to simulate and investigate the mechanical behavior of strike-slip fault-crossing buried pipelines under real trench conditions. By varying multiple parameters, this study analyzes the effects of different operating conditions on the strain distribution and magnitude of buried pipelines. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the design, construction, and protection of buried pipelines traversing active faults.
Li, Yuxiang, Wang, Guang, Zhang, Chengbin, Wang, Ke, Bi, Haisheng
Research on Scalelike Adaptive Suction Flow for Wide-Speed Range Hypersonic Inlets2026-99-12529/4/2026
As critical components of aircraft, hypersonic inlets utilize shock wave compression effects to pressurize incoming flow. The interaction between shock waves and the boundary layer tends to generate separation zones, and it adversely affects inlet performance. As a method to significantly enhance inlet performance, suction technology can substantially reduce the size of separation zones when they form in the inlet. However, when the inlet is started and operating normally, suction configurations may cause mainstream leakage and make it difficult to meet the requirements of inlets with wider speed ranges. This paper designs an adaptive scaliform suction structure that utilizes a lift-generating design to induce a slight upward deflection of high-speed near-wall flow. It can reduce high-speed mainstream leakage without compromising the effectiveness in low-speed separation zones. Numerical simulations are employed to evaluate its suction performance in both inlet separation zone flow fields and supersonic mainstream flow fields. The internal flow mechanisms of the scaliform suction structure are investigated, and differences in its behavior across various suction flow fields, as well as its interference with the mainstream, are discussed. The study reveals that when the height of the scaliform suction structure is approximately 1/8 of the incoming flow’s velocity boundary layer height, the suction flow coefficient in the separation zone is twice that in the hypersonic mainstream. Furthermore, the loss in Mach number and total pressure recovery coefficient of the near-wall supersonic mainstream is controlled within 5%. This structure exhibits an adaptive suction capability for separation zones, thereby extending the starting speed range of the inlet.
Zhao, Xuening, Zhao, Yilong
Research on the Evaluation of Uncertainty in Roundness Measurement2026-99-12449/4/2026
Accurate evaluation of measurement uncertainty is crucial for precision manufacturing. This paper proposes a two-stage Bayesian-Monte Carlo method for assessing roundness measurement uncertainty in online inspection. The method separates machining errors from measurement system errors by first establishing a prior distribution via calibration with a standard artifact and then updating it with workpiece measurements. To validate the method, measurements were conducted on a certified roundness standard, showing close agreement with the reference value. The method demonstrates effective uncertainty quantification with small sample sizes and provides a foundation for intelligent evaluation in dimensional metrology.
Gu, Tingting, Qian, Xiaoming, Qian, Li
Optimal Design of the Driving Axle Housing of a Heavy-duty Automobile2026-99-12259/4/2026
As one of the important freight modes, heavy trucks need a high- strength and high-reliability drive system to carry huge goods. Therefore, the drive axle housing, a key component, significantly influences the performance and service life of vehicles, and its design and optimization have high practical significance. Firstly, this study begins by creating a geometric model of the axle housing using SW and analyzes its stress distribution under four typical operational conditions. Through static analysis, it is concluded that the most critical operational conditions are the maximum deformation of 2.151 mm and the peak stress of 272.3 MPa; in the fatigue analysis of ANSYS Workbench, the minimum life is 820,000 times. Results from both static and fatigue assessments indicate that the initial axle housing design satisfies stiffness, strength, and fatigue requirements. There is a large margin in the structure, which has certain optimization space. Considering the most dangerous working condition, the response surface optimization module of ANSYS Workbench is used with the objective of mass reduction. Finally, the axle housing is reduced by 4.09 kg; the corresponding maximum deformation is 2.262 mm, meeting stiffness criteria, while the peak equivalent stress reaches 280.3 MPa, remaining below the material's yield strength. The minimum life is about 620,000 times, and the maximum fatigue life is 1 million times, which still meets the requirements of the vertical bending fatigue test. This lightweight redesign reduces material and manufacturing costs while maintaining the requirements for deformation, stress, and fatigue strength.
Zhao, Shenglian, Zhong, Weijie, Zhang, Jian
An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Optimization of Quasi-static Energy Absorption Performance in Aluminum Alloy Thin-walled Tubes with Varied Notch Configurations2026-99-12559/4/2026
Aluminum alloy thin-walled tubular parts play an important role in the energy absorbing elements of automotive passive safety. The number of geometry-trigger based notches is a factor in alleviate the initial force peak and shift the progressive buckling mode. However, until now, only limited work has been reported considering multiple notches. It is hard to clearly understand the impacts of the number of triggers on the buckling behavior and thresholds. Here, a mixture of quasi-static axial compression testing with high-fidelity finite element simulations is used to explore the influence of elliptical perforation number on AA6061-T6 tube crushing behaviour. For the first time, it is demonstrated that increasing the perforations leads to non-monotonic buckling evolution: from symmetry increasing → asymmetrical instability → optimal re-symmetrization → excessive weakening. We observe this transition from isolated holes to a collective “weakening hoop” controlling symmetric buckling as the number of holes increases. Our results give optima for separate objectives; T6 offers the best overall crashworthiness (45.2% less maximum force), with the other measures showing T4 with the best stiffness. We determine quantitative relationships between the number of holes and corresponding performance metrics. This gives practical design criteria for the design of energy absorbers.
Guo, Zifa, Jin, Ming
New Nonlinear Buckling Solutions of Piezoelectric Truncated Conical Shells2026-99-12629/4/2026
Piezoelectric materials are highly valued in engineering for their electromechanical coupling. With these characteristics, structural applications utilizing such materials are increasingly being employed across a variety of disciplines. Among these structural configurations, piezoelectric conical shells have garnered significant interest owing to their inherent electromechanical coupling behavior, making them ideal for applications in various devices such as actuation systems, sensing mechanisms and energy harvesting solutions. To ensure the structural safety of these devices, assessing the stability of such shell structures is essential. This study conducts an analysis of the buckling stability of truncated piezoelectric conical shells. To this end, a theoretical buckling model for piezoelectric truncated conical shells is established, based on first-order shear deformation theory combined with nonlinear pre-buckling deformations. Utilizing a novel set of displacement trial functions within the Galerkin framework, this study derives precise critical buckling loads along with their associated mode shapes. The accuracy of the model is verified through comparative studies in the numerical section. Subsequently, the influence of key parameters—including applied voltages, semi-apex angles, and shell thickness—on the buckling behavior is investigated. The findings indicate that including the nonlinear pre-buckling deformation in the analysis is essential for ensuring reliable predictions. This research offers a theoretical foundation for the dependable design and assessment of piezoelectric truncated conical shells. Moreover, they also create opportunities for smart structures in aerospace, civil, and robotics, where accurate predictions of stability under electromechanical loading are critical.
Zhang, Junlin, Chen, Lide, Jia, Jufang, Zhou, Zhenhuan
A Simultaneous Impulse and Oscillatory Component Decomposition Method for Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings2026-99-12049/4/2026
Due to the interference of oscillatory components and noise, the periodic impulses associated with localized bearing faults become difficult to extract, leading to unreliable diagnostic performance. To solve this problem, the study proposes a simultaneous impulse and oscillatory component decomposition method (SIOCD). The method designs and solves a novel optimization model to decompose oscillatory components and fault impulse components from noisy vibration signals. To achieve component separation in the optimization model, distinct penalty functions are introduced for oscillatory and impulse components. For oscillatory components, a regularization term is applied to achieve their extraction by minimizing the component bandwidth in the frequency domain. For impulse components, a penalty function is designed to achieve their decomposition by enhancing both sparsity within groups (SWG) and sparsity across groups (SAG) in the time domain. Then, an iterative solver is derived using an alternating minimization framework and the majorization-minimization (MM) algorithm. Finally, the proposed method’s effectiveness is demonstrated through comprehensive simulation and experimental analyses, and the results demonstrate that it achieves superior performance over existing approaches in fault feature extraction and enhancement.
Sun, Haoran, Zhang, Jinduo, Han, Tianyu, Shi, Xi
Numerical Simulation and Optimization Study of Direct-Fired Hot Blast Stove Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics2026-99-12309/4/2026
Shantui Janeoo Machinery Co., Ltd developed a new direct-fired hot blast stove. However, experimental research was costly and failed to adequately capture the internal temperature distribution patterns. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to conduct a numerical simulation of its three-dimensional model, analyzing its flow and heat transfer performance. The results indicated that the swirling cold air intake method caused local vortices and outlet backflow, leading to uneven temperature distribution. To address this issue, numerical simulation was used to investigate the influence of key geometric parameters on the stove’s performance. An improved design was proposed, and the performance differences between the optimized and original structures were compared and analyzed. The optimized hot blast stove showed a significant improvement in temperature distribution uniformity, with the outlet air temperature increasing by 59°C compared to the original structure.
Wu, Guoqing, Zhong, Wenzheng, Shen, Yuanlin, Chen, Ziyun
Scaling Behavior of Levitation and Dragging Force in Electrodynamic Suspension Systems2026-99-12109/4/2026
The geometrical and velocity scaling behavior of levitation and dragging forces in Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) systems was studied by both analytical and numerical methods, to provide comparisons between designs for both on-board and ground-mounted magnetic components. Effects of system dimension, levitation gap, magnetic field dependence of critical current density, and vehicle velocity were studied. The lift-to-self-weight ratio of two realistic EDS systems and their geometrical scaling were studied numerically.
Shao, Nan, Zhang, Chang, Shang, Liang, Yu, Wenjing
Traffic-Load Fragility Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Hollow Slab Bridges Considering Load Characteristics2026-99-12999/4/2026
Assessing the vulnerability of bridges to traffic loads is critical for ensuring their long-term operational safety. The reliability of bridges under design vehicle loads or simulated random traffic flows constitutes the primary focus of existing research. Current research often lacks analysis that incorporates actual traffic load conditions. This paper proposes a traffic-load fragility assessment method for prestressed concrete hollow slab bridges considering load characteristics. The methodology integrates Metropolis-Hasting sampling algorithm with Copula functions to simulate random traffic flow, calculates resistance levels corresponding to structural cracking, yield, and failure states, and employs Monte Carlo sampling for failure probability calculation. Finally, a case study of four prestressed concrete hollow slab bridges is conducted to analyze their traffic load fragility. The results show that, under the same traffic load characteristics, different bridges have varying vulnerabilities corresponding to different failure states. The traffic-load fragility assessment approach put forward in this study can offer important technical support for both bridge design work and the development of vehicle load restriction policies.
Zhou, Yihang, Yang, Gan
Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of 150 m Wind-Turbine Concrete Tower2026-99-12959/4/2026
Wind turbines equipped with large blades significantly enhance power generation efficiency. For large turbines reaching 150 meters in height, concrete towers offer an effective means of cost savings. Nevertheless, the stability of such structures must be carefully considered, given that wind perturbations are amplified with increased height. In this study, we aim to develop a numerical approach for conducting fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis on a 150-meter wind turbine concrete tower. A two-way FSI analysis method has been developed using the immersed boundary method, effectively addressing the coupling effects between the structural and fluid models without the need for body-fitted meshing. Our numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves stable convergence and accurately captures dynamic structural responses under high-speed wind conditions. This method will contribute to the numerical design and safety validation of wind turbine infrastructure in engineering projects.
Gan, Shishun, Li, Hao, Chu, Hao, Lin, Yiyang, Wang, Ban
Experiments on Effects of Self-Locking on Mechanical Response of Origami Metamaterials2026-99-12069/4/2026
Motivated by the negative Poisson’s ratio tetrahedral-trihedral polyhedron (TMP), this study systematically examines the role of self-locking mechanisms in determining the mechanical response and energy absorption capacity of rigid origami metamaterials. Quasi-static compression tests were conducted on specimens exhibiting three distinct geometries (B19, B22, B23) and four wall thicknesses (0.8–2.0 mm). The results of these tests revealed two unique self-locking behaviors. Type I self-locking originates from inter-wall interlocking, characterized by progressively decreasing inter-wall spacing during compression; Type II self-locking originates from interlocking between creases, characterized by creases contacting each other during compression. The fabrication of the specimens was accomplished through the utilization of FDM-based additive manufacturing, employing PEEK material. The results obtained from this study revealed two distinct locking behaviors: It has been demonstrated that type I locking enables sustained deformation without load reduction. In contrast, type II locking has been shown to result in premature collapse and diminished energy absorption capacity. The B22 configuration has been demonstrated to trigger both locking mechanisms concurrently, thereby significantly enhancing performance metrics. This has been evidenced by improvements in both crush force efficiency (CFE) and specific energy absorption (SEA), whilst also delaying densification. In contrast, structures dominated by a single locking mechanism exhibit premature failure (B19) or inefficient energy absorption (B23). These findings emphasize the pivotal role of synchronized self-locking activation and geometric configuration in enhancing impact resistance and energy dissipation, thereby establishing a foundational theoretical framework for the design of advanced metamaterials in protective engineering.
Wu, Baoji, Wang, Hairui, Jiang, Heng
Control of Heat Treatment Deformation in Thin-Walled Pipe Fittings and Optimization of Turning Processes2026-99-13009/4/2026
A certain component features an overall thin-walled structure with a wall thickness less than 1 mm, manufactured from high-strength martensitic precipitation-hardening steel. This part demands extremely stringent dimensional accuracy, with circumferential wall thickness variation not exceeding 0.006 mm, making it a typical high- precision thin-walled component. To ensure component performance and material utilization, the primary forming processes include spin forming, solution heat treatment, and multiple turning operations. During actual machining, martensitic precipitation-hardening steel exhibits significant microstructural stress relaxation and uneven cooling after solution heat treatment, leading to substantial part deformation. This makes it difficult to control subsequent machining dimensions within tolerance limits. Additionally, conventional clamping methods during multi-pass turning operations often cause uneven stress distribution on components during processing, frequently resulting in dimensional deviations that severely impact finished product yield rates. To address this challenge, this study systematically developed specialized tooling design and optimized turning processes tailored to the structural characteristics and deformation mechanisms of these thin-walled tube blanks. Simultaneously, a gap-free turning fixture with uniform expansion and clamping capabilities was developed. Combined with optimized machining parameters during the turning stage, this significantly improved stress distribution during processing, preventing further deformation caused by localized stress concentration. Test results indicate that after process optimization, the overall machining accuracy of this component improved by approximately 70% compared to the original process. Critical geometric tolerances showed significant enhancement, with roundness error consistently controlled within 0.30 mm and diameter dimensional consistency markedly improved. These measures not only successfully addressed deformation control challenges during heat treatment and machining of thin-walled parts but also provided a viable process solution and technical reference for precision manufacturing of similar high- difficulty, high-precision components.
Kou, Yue, Zhao, Honglian
Dynamic Modeling and Robust Active Control of Graphene-Piezoelectric Composite Missile Wings with Elastic Boundary Constraints2026-99-12819/4/2026
To improve the stability and vibration suppression capability of missile wings under complex aerodynamic conditions, this study develops a dynamic model and explores the active control strategy for a graphene-reinforced piezoelectric composite missile wing subjected to elastic boundary constraints. An electromechanically coupled dynamic model with elastic boundary conditions is constructed by employing CLPT, the geometric nonlinearity following the von Karman assumptions, and piezoelectric coupling theory. The system is discretized and solved numerically using characteristic orthogonal polynomials and the Galerkin method. The influences of graphene distribution configurations, material properties, and boundary flexibility on the linear natural frequencies and nonlinear hardening characteristics are investigated. Results show that the X-type graphene distribution significantly enhances the equivalent stiffness and reduces nonlinearity. Boundary flexibility markedly modulates the vibration characteristics; in particular, increased structural flexibility strengthens geometric nonlinearity, leading to noticeable changes in frequency characteristics and hardening degree. A robust state-feedback controller together with a full-order observer is developed using the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) framework, and their performance is verified under different parameter disturbances and uncertainties. The control strategy effectively suppresses vibrations while maintaining good robustness, with the best performance achieved under X-type graphene reinforcement combined with thin piezoelectric layers. This study reveals the coupling mechanisms among material distribution, boundary flexibility, and robust control, providing a theoretical basis for the structural optimization and active control design of smart missile wings.
Qin, Shilong, Chen, Jie
Research on Online Zero-Point Calibration Technique for Ω-Shaped Coriolis Flowmeters in CCUS Applications2026-99-12379/4/2026
The Ω-shaped Coriolis flowmeter, owing to its suitability for high-pressure and wide-temperature conditions, has become the preferred device for CO2 metering in CCUS-EOR projects. In practical applications, however, the volatile nature of operating pressures and temperatures triggers a persistent zero-point drift. This instability creates a ripple effect: it not only degrades metering precision but also fundamentally undermines the equitable basis of carbon trading markets. This study, through theoretical analysis, fluid-structure coupling simulation, and experiments, deeply investigates the patterns of zero-point drift in Ω-shaped Coriolis flowmeters and corresponding correction methods. The research reveals that the asymmetry of the measuring tube structure is the primary cause of zero-point drift, with changes in the vibration frequency of the measuring tube directly influencing the zero-point value, leading to the establishment of a related zero-point drift model. Based on the asymmetric structure of a DN15 Ω-shaped Coriolis flowmeter, simulations were performed to model the zero-point variation patterns under different pressures and temperatures using CO2 as the fluid, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the zero-point drift model. To validate our approach, we executed targeted zero-point experiments, employing the proposed model to predict zero-point shifts across a broad spectrum of pressures and temperatures. By integrating these predictions into a refined correction framework, we successfully neutralized drift-induced errors. These findings offer both a robust theoretical pillar and a practical toolkit for high-precision CO2 accounting, ultimately safeguarding the economic integrity of carbon trading within CCUS-EOR initiatives.
Yu, Haobo, Hua, Chenquan, Yu, Wenxin, Zhao, Zerun
Research on Multi-Condition Topology Optimization of Transport Ship Pillar Structure2026-99-12289/4/2026
Structural optimization in shipbuilding represents a significant research focus within the fields of naval architecture and marine engineering. This study investigates multi-condition topological optimization for the deck pillar region of a transport ship's sectional structure. A mechanical model incorporating six typical load conditions was developed, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to quantify the weighting coefficients for each condition. This enabled multi-condition collaborative topological optimization of the pillar layout. The optimized configuration underwent model reconstruction and finite element verification. Results demonstrate that the proposed multi-condition collaborative topology optimization method effectively balances structural performance and weight reduction requirements while satisfying strength specifications. This method yields optimal pillar layouts meeting multi-condition constraints, providing a reference for multi-condition topology optimization studies in ship structures.
Pei, Zihao, Wei, Yi, Feng, Ruge, Liu, Kun
Automotive Engineering: September 202626AUTP099/3/2026
Bespoke at scale: How generative AI is rewriting the economics of manufacturing automation The economic logic behind factory software upgrades is breaking down. Navigating an increasingly complex engine oil landscape As the impending ILSAC GF-8, dexos 1 Gen 4, and a hybrid specification continue to obscure the North American landscape, passenger car engine oils need additive solutions that can help simplify blending operations and optimize product portfolios. High-temperature joint reliability Why preload retention matters more than fastener grade. Designing out corrosion at the wheel The case for advanced powder coatings. Editorial Where to? The challenges of automated driving around the world The Navigator Is China really our biggest automotive security threat? Better safety through collaboration at Toyota research center ATS 2026: automated driving is changing The software-defined technician: Manufacturing's next human capital revolution Aumovio says system can BAC with non-invasive finger touch How conveyors have carved a role in mastering manufacturing 2027 Mercedes-Benz S-Class: Same as ever, which is very good 2026 Lucid Gravity: Highly efficient luxury hauler Product Briefs Spotlight: Adhesives and coatings; sustainable materials Q&A How an automotive startup uses and doesn't use customer data
Dynamic Response and Energy Absorption of a Novel Arc-Shaped Hourglass Re-Entrant Honeycomb under Impact Loading2026-99-04178/28/2026
This study introduces an arc-shaped hourglass re-entrant auxetic honeycomb (AHRH) and examines its impact-induced dynamic response and energy-absorption behavior via finite-element simulations. The conventional re-entrant honeycomb (RH) is adopted as the baseline, and side-by-side simulations are performed at impact speeds of 10, 20, and 30 m/s. The mechanical response of both lattices is assessed through force-displacement characteristics, absorbed-energy histories, and representative deformation modes. Results indicate that the AHRH significantly reduces the initial peak force, prolongs the plateau stage, and exhibits a distinct dual-plateau feature, thereby achieving the desirable crashworthiness mode of “low initial peak-extended plateau-high densification”. Compared with the RH, the AHRH achieves increases of approximately 42.9%-59.7% in total energy absorption and 42.8%-56.1% in specific energy absorption while maintaining nearly identical mass. The enhanced performance arises from the arc-edge geometry, which alleviates local stress concentrations, promotes progressive buckling, and generates multiple plastic hinges. These mechanisms lead to smoother load transfer, avoidance of excessively high initial impact loads, and more efficient crash energy management. Overall, the proposed AHRH structure demonstrates superior energy absorption capacity and deformation stability compared with the conventional RH, providing new insights and practical references for the lightweight design and optimization of advanced protective and crashworthy structures.
Jiang, Zhide, Chen, Long, Yu, Ping
The Process Technology and Research on Chlorinated Polyethylene2026-99-04218/28/2026
There are three main methods for preparing chlorinated polyethylene: the solution method, suspension method, and solid-phase method. This article studies the process of preparing chlorinated polyethylene by the aqueous suspension method, introduces the production process of chlorinated polyethylene, first understands the reaction mechanism of the chlorination reaction, then explores the production process of chlorinated polyethylene by the suspension method, and finds the optimal process conditions through experiments. The results showed that the optimal reaction temperature for the chlorination reaction of chlorinated polyethylene was 135°C, the optimal amount of initiator was 3%, and the optimal amount of chlorine gas added was 1.5%/min. This article explores the influencing factors of the optimal reaction conditions, laying a theoretical foundation for industrial production after the suspension method.
Hu, Shiguo, Zhao, Ruchen, Yu, Bin, Jiao, Mingquan, Bai, Zhirui
Synergistic Effect of Matrix Porosity and Grouting Material Type on the Performance of Grouted Composite Pavement2026-99-04058/28/2026
The grouted composite pavement combines the advantages of flexibility and rigidity through the composite structure of organic-inorganic materials, but the optimisation of its performance is affected by the complexity of the matrix asphalt mixture void ratio and grouting material type. This study has revealed the influence of matrix asphalt mixture porosity and grouting material type on the grouting effect and road performance of grouted composite asphalt pavement. The results showed that the increase of matrix porosity could significantly improve the grouting rate and resistance to high-temperature rutting of the mortar, but the high porosity led to a decrease of low temperature cracking resistance of the materials. CA mortar enhanced the flexible deformation capacity by optimising the interfacial bond, and its low-temperature cracking resistance was better than that of ordinary cement mortar, but the grouting efficiency and high-temperature performance were slightly lower. In addition, ordinary cement mortar demonstrated better performance regarding high-temperature stability and resistance to water damage.
He, Mu, Wang, Yan, Ye, Ming, Yu, Chao, Ye, Xiao
Mixing Wave Generated by the Interaction of Two-way Collinear Waves with Arbitrary Frequency under Quadratic Nonlinearity2026-99-04268/28/2026
Materials, such as vehicle lightweighting, intelligent materials, and aviation damping material, are frequently subjected to prolonged loading conditions. During the service life of materials, micro-damage will inevitably occur. The ultrasonic wave-mixing method is an emerging technique in detecting subtle damage in materials. Investigating the interaction between two waves in nonlinear materials guides the non-destructive detection of defects. In the ultrasonic wave-mixing technique, the resonance condition is commonly employed for the selection of the two primary wave frequencies. However, resonance conditions are often not strictly satisfied in practical applications. The mixing wave still contains important information that requires attention in detection. The theoretical solution of the mixing wave interacted by two-way collinear waves with arbitrary frequencies is derived. The results advance us to understand the intrinsic properties of wave interaction.
Wang, Li, Liu, Xiqiang, He, Manli, Zhou, Huaren
Application of Textile Materials in the Design of Safety Protection Products2026-99-04168/28/2026
The research focuses on textile material utilization for safety protection product design to meet rising public safety needs and expanding dangerous operational environments. The research begins by identifying essential performance criteria for safety textiles because these materials serve as core carriers due to their excellent plasticity and functional capabilities and comfort properties. The research examines leading protective materials through a comparative analysis which shows their individual benefits and weaknesses. The study implements an experimental method to evaluate a new aramid fabric composite against flame-resistant cotton fabric through standardized tests which assess protective capabilities and comfort levels and product longevity. The experimental results show that the composite aramid fabric surpasses flame-retardant cotton in all tested parameters including flame resistance and tear strength and durability while providing better thermal comfort. The study establishes a solid quantitative basis for selecting and enhancing textile materials in safety protection product development which enables the industry to create sustainable high-performance protective solutions with multiple functions.
Huang, Jiaqi, Li, He, Peng, Tianxiao
A Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Long-Span Single Conductors Using Meshfree Methods2026-99-04248/28/2026
The free vibration characteristics of long-span transmission conductors form the fundamental basis for vibration control design, as their natural frequencies and mode shapes directly affect line safety and the selection of vibration suppression devices. In this study, the three-dimensional linear free vibration governing equations were derived through functional integration of the kinetic and potential energies by using Hamilton’s variational principle. Compared with the conventional integral transform method, an improved meshfree discretization strategy is proposed: the shape functions are constructed using the moving least squares (MLS) method, while the boundary conditions are treated with a fully transformed approach, thereby converting the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Subsequently, a corresponding eigenvalue problem is solved to calculate the first few frequencies of the system, and the effect of conductor natural parameters on these frequencies for the transmission conductor is investigated. The results indicate that the natural frequency decreases when the conductor length becomes larger, and the rate of decrease becomes more gradual as the length increases; it decreases with increasing cross-sectional diameter; it decreases linearly with increasing material density; and it increases linearly with increasing elastic modulus. These findings demonstrate that conductor length, cross-sectional diameter, material density, and elastic modulus all have significant effects on the natural frequency. Among them, length and diameter affect the frequency by altering the conductor’s inertia and structural characteristics, whereas density and elastic modulus govern the frequency from the perspectives of inertia and stiffness, respectively.
Li, Chen, Cheng, Yongfeng, Li, Danyu, Qiu, Gang
Synthesis and Performance Study of a High-Workability Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer2026-99-04038/28/2026
This study used hexacarbon polyether (EPEG), acrylic acid (AA), polyethylene glycol maleate (MAPG), and vinyl acetate (VA) as the main raw materials to synthesize a highly workable polycarboxylate superplasticizer (CE-02) under the action of an initiator. The structure of the target product was characterized by FTIR and GPC. Tests showed that under conditions of low water dosage (150 kg), low cementitious material content (220 kg of cement), and poor aggregate gradation, the concrete mixed with CE-02 exhibited an initial slump flow increase of 25 mm, a bleeding rate of 0.6%, no stone exposure, and excellent workability.
Chen, Wenhong, Deng, Lei, Jiang, Yu, Zhang, Bo
Is the Maximum Stress Servo Velocity a Key Parameter in DEM Modeling?2026-99-04028/28/2026
The stress servo mechanism (SSM) is frequently employed in DEM simulations, but the importance of the parameters in the SSM has been seriously underestimated, and it remains unknown whether this affects the reproducibility of numerical simulations. Therefore, in this note, we focus on explaining the stress servo mechanism in numerical simulations by referring to the existing literature. A series of drained biaxial compression simulations was conducted to investigate how the maximum stress servo velocity (umax), a key parameter within the SSM, influences both the macroscopic mechanical response of the specimen and the evolution of the measured confining pressure. It is found that when the umax is large (≥ 0.05 m/s), the simulation results are consistent with the existing studies and are able to reproduce the stress-strain behaviour of the material. Conversely, if umax is set below a critical threshold (e.g., < 0.05 m/s), the servo mechanism fails to function properly. This inadequacy introduces significant numerical artifacts, distorting the simulated response and ultimately misrepresenting the true mechanical behavior of the material. We therefore advocate for the explicit recognition and detailed reporting of umax as a key parameter in all DEM studies utilizing stress servo control. This study helps to improve the reliability of DEM results and provides a reference for the improvement of numerical simulation methods.
Huang, Guangjing, Jin, Jiacheng, Huang, Liang
Experimental Study on the Crack Sensitivity of Storage Tank Bottom Plate Welded Joints in Hydrogen Sulfide Environments2026-99-04238/28/2026
This study investigates the cracking problems observed on the surface of T-joint welds and shell welds of storage tanks used for storing crude oil containing trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a certain oilfield. Tests were conducted on Q235 and Q345R welded joints using electrodes with different hydrogen contents to evaluate their susceptibility to cold cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), and sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC), as well as the effects of post-weld hydrogen removal treatment. The results show that no delayed cold cracks occurred in any welded joints of either Q235 or Q345R. Both materials exhibited hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) on the cross-section, and the hydrogen removal treatment had little effect on improving HIC resistance. The overall HIC sensitivities of Q235 and Q345R were similar, both showing susceptibility to hydrogen absorption and internal cracking in the wet H2S environment. In contrast, SSC tests revealed that low-hydrogen welds exhibited no fractures or cracks, whereas high-hydrogen welds developed surface cracks. After hydrogen removal treatment, no SSC cracks were found in any specimens, regardless of electrode type. Therefore, for storage tanks operating in H2S-containing environments, the combination of low-hydrogen electrodes and post-weld hydrogen removal treatment is recommended to improve weld reliability and ensure operational safety.
Kang, Chun, Deng, Yufa, Zhang, Penggang, Han, Xiaochun, Huang, Mingji, Deng, Banghui, Li, Qiang, Zhang, Shuxin
Preparation of 3D Porous Carbon Foam Materials and Research on Their Microwave Absorption Performance2026-99-04108/28/2026
Carbon materials, as typical dielectric loss media, possess the characteristics of low density, stable chemical properties, wide sources, and diverse existing forms, and have been attracting much attention in the microwave absorption field. Based on carbon materials, the rational design and construction of microscopic morphology and microscopic structure is an effective way to improve their microwave absorption performance. Up to now, unique microstructures such as hollow, core-shell, and porous have been widely used in the design of microwave absorption materials, and their performance improvement has also been reliably confirmed. This paper mainly focuses on the research of the preparation and microwave absorption performance of porous carbon foams (CF-x). Firstly, it achieves the fabrication of porous carbon foams by the one-step pyrolysis using readily available glucose and NH4Cl, avoiding the need for polymer templates or magnetic element incorporation. In addition, this paper focuses on investigating the effect of the dosage of NH4Cl on the pore structure and dielectric properties of CF-x, and it reveals the advantages of the foam structure in terms of enhancing microwave absorption performance.
Wang, Fengyuan, Wei, Qi
Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks as Superior Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution over Imine-Linked Counterparts2026-99-04148/28/2026
The scheme of photocatalysis of water, a way of hydrogen generation as a clean, high-efficiency fuel source for aircraft and long-range transport systems has received considerable interest. The development of the covalent organic framework (COF) - derived materials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has since become a research highlight. Compared to traditional methods, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution systems based on COFs can provide ways of generating hydrogen gas without depending upon noble metal catalysts, thereby enhancing the sustainability and prospects of this technology for future aerospace energy applications.In this work, two covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with distinct linkages—a vinylene-linked COF A (via Knoevenagel condensation) and an imine-linked COF B (via Schiff-base reaction)—were designed and synthesized to compare their performance in the photocatalystic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Structural and electrochemical characterizations confirmed that, despite lower crystallinity and specific surface area due to pore blockage, COF A exhibited a suitable band structure for photocatalysis and achieved an HER rate of 56 μmol h^–1 g^–1 under simulated sunlight. In contrast, COF B was ineffective. This study experimentally validates the superior photocatalytic potential of vinylene-linked COFs over imine-linked counterparts for HER, highlighting their potential as non-noble-metal catalysts for aerospace and transport-oriented fuel generation.
Cao, Yijie, Luo, Xin
Development of Remote Cab Controller for Construction Machinery14-15-03-00178/27/2026
This article focuses on the research and development of a remote cab controller for pure electric loaders, aiming to address the threats posed by traditional loaders operating in harsh and hazardous environments to drivers’ health and safety. First, the functional requirements of the controller were analyzed, based on which the hardware design with a multicore microprocessor as the core was completed, featuring functions such as signal acquisition, controller area network (CAN) communication, and H-bridge driving. On this basis, a control algorithm framework for remote driving was developed, including modules for signal input, analysis and processing, and signal output. Detailed control strategies were formulated for key components: For the pedal sensor, algorithms for opening degree calculation, automatic zero-position calibration, and dual-signal redundant fault diagnosis were proposed; for the steering module, precise angle calculation and force feedback feel simulation were achieved; and for the electric control handle, a hysteresis control algorithm was developed to suppress shocks caused by overly fast operations. In addition, a hierarchical fault diagnosis mechanism was established to ensure system safety. To verify the controller performance, a complete remote driving system was built. Field test results show that the system exhibits good signal following and control responsiveness in terms of traveling and working functions. Efficiency tests indicate that the remote driving efficiency can reach 80% of that of in-person operation under short-term test conditions, demonstrating the technical feasibility and control effectiveness of the developed controller. While the prototype exhibits promising performance for pilot deployment, long-term reliability metrics such as mean time between failures (MTBF) remain to be validated through extended field operation.
Lu, Yueqi, Ji, Shaobo, Yu, Qiuye, Li, Meng, Xu, Haozhi, An, Meng
Research and Practice of Emergency Rescue Unmanned Patrol Flying Equipment2026-99-03378/14/2026
To enhance China’s disaster and accident emergency response capabilities and strengthen the digital battlefield system for emergency rescue, an integrated multi-payload unmanned aerial surveillance and communication support system has been developed for extreme weather conditions and ‘triple-disconnection’ disaster scenarios. This paper sets out to address the limitations of traditional emergency drones, including poor environmental adaptability, weak payload capacity, and operational inconvenience. The system’s resistance to wind and rain has been significantly enhanced through the optimization of its airframe design. The innovative design incorporates dual-station symmetric conjugate antennas with planar blind-spot coverage systems, integrating public and self-organizing network base stations to achieve three-dimensional signal coverage and heterogeneous network integration. This enhances ground cellular network resilience. Multi-functional reconnaissance payloads are integrated and compatible with day/night and smoke/rain scenarios, thus overcoming the limitations of single-source visual information perception. The system employs zero-length deployment and parachute recovery methods, thereby facilitating rapid deployment and terrain-independent take-off and landing capabilities. The simulation results obtained demonstrate excellent aerodynamic performance, thus permitting safe operation in wind conditions up to Force 8. The antenna system under discussion is innovative in nature and has been developed to achieve 360° three-dimensional signal coverage. The primary function of this system is to ensure sustained communication link integrity. The field trials further corroborate the aircraft’s stable low-altitude cruising capability in Force 8 winds, thereby averting congestion in constrained rescue airspace. The dual-base station design, incorporating symmetric conjugate antennas and blind-spot compensation antennas, has been demonstrated to reliably restore public ground network signals within a 6.7-kilometre radius. The development of this unmanned aerial patrol system addresses a significant gap in low-altitude rescue capabilities for intelligent unmanned equipment in harsh environments. It underpins the integrated emergency command and operations system for intelligence, command, and execution, as well as the integrated emergency communication support system spanning the air, land, and sea domains. This advancement has been demonstrated to enhance disaster response efficiency and auxiliary decision-making effectiveness under extreme conditions.
Bian, Lu, Fang, Yudong, Yang, Jixing, Zhang, Chen, Hu, Bin, Zhang, Mingyue
Reliability Calculation and Analysis of Influencing Factors for Girth Welds in High-Grade Steel Pipelines Based on HMC-SS2026-99-03428/14/2026
Fracture failure of girth welds in high-grade steel pipelines poses a critical threat to pipeline integrity. Leveraging enhanced digitalization in pipeline engineering, a statistical database has been developed to support reliability analysis based on actual operational data. This study utilizes real project data to analyze the failure probability and key influencing factors of girth welds containing crack defects, thereby providing theoretical support for safety design and risk management. To overcome the conservatism of traditional deterministic methods, a probabilistic reliability model was established, incorporating a modified PRCI-CRES ultimate tensile strain criterion. Addressing the inefficiency of standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in high-dimensional low-probability contexts, an efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-Subset Simulation (HMC-SS) strategy was introduced. Results show that HMC-SS improves computational efficiency by 99.95% over MC, with only 0.90% relative error. Key findings include: crack depth has the strongest influence – variation from 0.92 mm to 3.68 mm, which increases failure probability by 103 times; the strength matching coefficient is dominant, and higher values reduce failure risk; strain demand exhibits a positive correlation with failure probability and couples with material properties. It is concluded that high- or equal-strength material matching should be emphasized in welding, and reliability-informed design should account for multi-parameter interactions to ensure global safety.
Yang, Kai, Wang, Kaihong, Wang, Bin, Shao, Jia, Yu, Weichao, Zhang, Dong
Anti-splash System of Sprinkler Based on Millimeter Wave Radar and Machine Vision Fusion2026-99-03238/14/2026
In view of the problems that it is difficult to accurately control the spraying area of the mining sprinkler, and the resource waste caused by the mis-spraying material stacking area, as well as the failure of traditional radar monitoring in the complex electromagnetic environment, this paper proposes an anti-splashing system for the mining sprinkler. By combining millimeter wave radar and visual recognition fusion technology, the overall scheme of the anti-splash system is proposed. Then the control simulation of the whole system is carried out. The results show that the problem of poor control in traditional sprinkler operation can be effectively solved, and the sprinkler area can be adjusted intelligently. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm used in this paper, different algorithms are used for comparative experimental verification. The results show that the Modified YOLOv4 algorithm has a high accuracy of 98.75 %, which has good applicability and provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research.
Hou, Lin
Design of a Digital Twin for Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station and Virtual Commissioning with It2026-99-03478/14/2026
In this research, the design of a digital twin system for a Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station (RAWTS) and virtual commissioning with it were detailed, aiming for debugging high-repeatability, high-precision robotic motions. The system employs a structured three-layer digital twin framework, Physical, Digital, and Information Fusion layers, interconnected via an OPC UA communication architecture to enable real-time virtual-physical data synchronization. The 6-axis industrial robot’s kinematic model is established using the D-H parameter method, and the translational end-effector’s kinematic relationships are configured with defined OPEN/CLOSE poses. A behavior-driven digital twin model is constructed within NX MCD, incorporating lightweight-processed 3D geometry from SolidWorks. Virtual commissioning involves PLC and robot program integration, OPC UA-based signal mapping, and kinematic path planning with reachability validation to avoid singularities and collisions. Key joint angles at critical path points are optimized, and virtual-physical integration debugging is performed, resulting in first-attempt success in physical operation. The study demonstrates that the NX MCD-based digital twin approach effectively validates control logic, optimizes robot trajectories, reduces on-site debugging time, and enhances operational precision and safety, offering a practical reference for digital twin applications in robotic systems.
Zang, Yuping, Wang, Ye, Fu, Hudai, Li, Weiwei, Jiang, Zhiyu, Wang, Dayu
Research on the Assembly Sequence Planning Algorithm under Cabin and System Constraints2026-99-03458/14/2026
Assembly sequence planning is a crucial part of process preparation in aircraft final assembly. A scientifically designed assembly sequence can significantly improve assembly efficiency and reduce costs in aircraft production. Efficient planning not only streamlines the workflow but also minimizes potential errors and rework, which are critical in high-stakes aviation manufacturing. This paper examines the constraint relationships in aircraft assembly from the perspectives of cabin constraints and system constraints, covering both spatial layout restrictions and functional logical dependencies to ensure the comprehensiveness of constraint analysis. It establishes a directed graph for the aircraft assembly outline and generates the corresponding adjacency matrix, which converts the complex constraint relationships into a structured mathematical expression for easier subsequent algorithmic processing. The Warshall algorithm and Johnson algorithm are used to check and extract contradictory constraints from the directed graph. The adjacency matrix is then employed to calculate the reachability matrix, which helps identify redundant constraints and reduces the computational effort in assembly sequence planning. Finally, the optimized constraint relationships are used to calculate the aircraft’s final assembly sequence, which generates a Gantt chart for assembly sequence planning, guiding the on-site assembly order and accelerating aircraft development efficiency. The integrated approach effectively addresses the key challenges in complex aircraft assembly sequence planning.
Guo, Jingjing, Cun, Wenyuan, Zhao, Jiong, Yu, Yang, Yang, Rui, Yu, Long
Optimization and Control of Mechanical Testing for Batch-Produced Manned Spacecraft2026-99-03128/14/2026
To safely, efficiently, and high-quality complete the mechanical testing of batch-produced manned spacecraft during the China Space Station (CSS) phase, a series of optimization measures were proposed based on system engineering principles. These measures cover the entire mechanical testing process from preparation to implementation, including: establishing a standardized mechanical testing documentation system; reducing the number of mechanical sensors that do not affect result evaluation; pre-identifying and measuring background noise; digitizing test notching and evaluation methods; and standardizing and automating testing procedures. Additionally, targeted measures for test safety and quality control were implemented, including regular inspections of reusable spacecraft components, strict control of test hazards and operational risks, and standardized management of ground support equipment (GSE) through regular inspections. The proposed optimization and control measures have been validated through applications in batch-produced manned spacecraft during the CSS phase. The results show that: the generalization rate of mechanical testing documentation exceeds 80%; the number of mechanical sensors has been reduced by more than 10%; the test preparation period has been shortened by over 4 days; test efficiency has been improved by 30%; the single-direction test duration has been reduced by more than 50%; and the total test cycle has been shortened by 25%. These results indicate that the proposed optimization and control measures are reasonable and feasible, which effectively reduces redundant test operations and items, lowers potential test risks, improves test efficiency, shortens the overall test cycle, enhances test safety, and ensures the high-quality completion of mechanical testing for batch-produced manned spacecraft.
Peng, Huakang, Wang, Mengchen
Modeling Method of Aircraft Hydraulic Pipeline Cleaning Test Equipment Based on MBSE2026-99-03318/14/2026
With the continuous improvement of performance requirements for aviation equipment, the importance and complexity of hydraulic systems as the core carrier of flight control are becoming increasingly prominent. The cleanliness of aircraft hydraulic pipelines directly affects the reliability and flight safety of hydraulic systems, and it is necessary to use specialized cleaning and testing equipment during design and manufacturing to achieve efficient cleaning. The design of traditional cleaning equipment relies on experience-driven development, with mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical systems developed independently. There are problems such as unclear requirement definitions, low efficiency of interdisciplinary collaboration, and lagging validation, making it difficult to achieve the goal of forward design. Therefore, this study introduces Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) method in the development process of pipeline cleaning test equipment, proposes a modeling process based on RFLP (Requirements-Function-Logical-Physical), and uses SysML system modeling language to construct a top down design model system for aircraft hydraulic pipeline cleaning equipment. Through requirement analysis modeling, functional behavior definition, and system architecture design, the significant advantages of MBSE method in the development of complex aviation test equipment have been verified, effectively improving the bold design capability and top down design efficiency. MBSE method can not only improve the design efficiency of equipment, but also promote the intelligent and efficient operation of equipment, which has important significance for the development of intelligent manufacturing and electromechanical integration technology.
Zhang, Yuxin, Ma, Zichen, Li, Qi, Song, Guoqiu, Li, Haiwei, Zhang, Jingjing
Research on Optimizing Mars Atmospheric Capture Approach Trajectories Based on the Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm2026-99-03078/14/2026
To strictly balance orbital insertion precision with engineering constraints during Mars aerocapture, we present an angle-of-attack (AoA) trajectory optimization framework based on adaptive differential evolution. First, a three-degree-of-freedom flight dynamics model was established utilizing the Mars-GRAM 2024 atmospheric standard. Subsequently, we formulated a penalty function centered on apoapsis altitude deviation to enable constraint-oriented dynamic optimization. Within this framework, we introduced an adaptive, direction-guided mutation strategy that integrates global optimal individuals with elite solutions. Furthermore, a parameter update mechanism driven by mutation success rates was developed to significantly enhance algorithmic robustness and computational efficiency. The AoA command sequence for the capture phase was parameterized using a piecewise constant formulation. Comparative simulations under ±30% atmospheric uncertainty demonstrate that, within critical velocity ranges, our improved algorithm elevates the trajectory altitude by approximately 36 km compared to fixed AoA methods. Notably, it reduces convergence time by 50% while strictly adhering to spacecraft physical performance boundaries. These results underscore the method's capability to provide robust, high-precision orbital adjustment support for aerocapture missions in uncertain atmospheric environments.
Tao, Kemeng
Study on an Infrared Detector Parameter Measuring System2026-99-03028/14/2026
This work introduces a novel parameter measurement model for an infrared detector. Firstly, the models for calculating the parameters of an infrared detector are studied and established, such as hysteresis, repeatability, and sensitivity. Then, experiments are implemented to validate and analyze the aforementioned parameters, demonstrating the accuracy and validity of the parameter computation model. This research has guiding significance for the accurate measurement of the index parameters of infrared detectors, and it is also helpful for the calibration method, error analysis and correction of infrared detectors.
Hu, Changde, Li, YongQiang, Miao, Qi, Gao, Sili, Liu, Xiangyao, Li, Kunqi
Analysis of the Influence of the Centroid Distribution of the Raft on the Shafting Alignment2026-99-03048/14/2026
Aiming at the problem of shaft alignment disturbed by the centroid distribution of the raft in the ship propulsion system, the quantitative influence of centroid offset on bearing load distribution and axis deformation is revealed. Based on the theory of an elastically supported continuous beam, the finite element model of the raft-shaft coupling system is established. By adjusting the position of the raft counterweight mass point (longitudinal offset range ±0.5 m) to simulate the centroid change, the static solution algorithm is used to analyze the key parameters, such as bearing load and axis alignment accuracy, under multiple groups of centroid offset conditions. It is concluded that when the centroid of the raft moves to the propeller end, the load of the 1# and 2# bearing near the propeller end increases, and the load of the 3# and 6# bearing near the thrust plate end decreases. The lateral offset of the center of mass increases, the axial offset at the stern bearing increases, the maximum deflection of the shafting increases, and the deformation of the raft structure increases. The centroid distribution of the raft is a disturbance source of the shafting alignment state, and its offset will reconstruct the bearing load distribution and cause the axis deformation. It is recommended to control the lateral offset of the center of mass at the design stage and reserve the dynamic compensation margin for the shafting alignment.
Yin, Hong, Jin, Yong, Wang, Jun, Tian, Jiabing
Vibration Simulation of Guide Mechanism Based on Rigid-Flexible Coupling Dynamics2026-99-03108/14/2026
For vibration issues induced by coupling effects between flexible barrel guide mechanisms and moving bodies in high-speed dynamic systems, this study investigated their interaction mechanism using flexible multibody dynamics principles. A solid model was developed in 3D CAD software. The modal neutral file (MNF) of the guide mechanism was generated in ABAQUS, and its contact dynamics with the moving body were simulated in ADAMS via flexible contact theory and the modal superposition method. Comparative simulations revealed that incorporating structural flexibility yielded smoother fluctuations in the moving body’s axis inclination angle, providing more accurate system behaviour characterization. Exit velocity and spin rate errors remained below 5% against theoretical values, demonstrating model reliability.
Zhu, Qing, Cheng, Zixiang, Zhuo, Changfei
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 202626TOFHP088/13/2026
Engineering for uptime: A blueprint for commercial vehicle transformation KPIT experts address challenges of maintaining legacy architectures while introducing centralized compute, OTA, new energy platforms and AI layers - driving integration complexity and validation effort. Renewing the debate on diesel Alternatives State and federal legislation has helped double the consumption of renewable and biodiesel in North America over the past half decade. But is policy alone enough to make them ready for prime time? Q&A with Volvo's powertrain chief Mehdi Ferhan said optimizing existing technology was a challenge but ultimately the right solution for Volvo to satisfy new NOx regulations. And he says he has never been bored a single day in his career as an engineer. Editorial Needed: Engineers "at the intersections" Electrification at the edge: Engineering for the reality of off-highway environments Why your bearing isn't enough: A guide to designing a maintenance-free pivot Axial flux motors evolve hybrid design for heavy-duty trucks Rivian's Scaringe says R2 will help pay huge R&D costs Wirtgen demos digital technologies in roadbuilding workflow Product Briefs SPOTLIGHTS: Power Generation & Gensets; Fasteners/Adhesives Q&A FPT says commercial powertrain tech must diversify to meet modern demands
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