Browse Topic: Management and Organizations

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2025–2026 Reviewers10-10-04-003810/1/2026
2025–2026 Reviewers
Xu, Peijun
Physics-Constrained Procedural Generation of Synthetic Environments for the Robust Validation of Autonomous Maneuver and Logistics2026-01-75499/22/2026
The validation of Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGVs) and intelligent logistics planners is frequently compromised by the ”Sim-to-Real” gap, where simulation environments fail to replicate the physical friction of operational deployment. Ideally, valid test cases must enforce strict mobility constraints and impose realistic sustainment penalties; however, many current generation tools rely on idealized terrain interactions and infinite-resource assumptions. We present a real-time procedural framework designed to generate high-friction validation environments that stress-test the robustness of the System Under Test (SUT). The architecture integrates gradient-based terrain analysis with a stochastic contested logistics model. It ingests synthetic heightmaps to precompute mobility corridors, ensuring that every generated evaluation episode adheres to vehicle-specific traversability limits. Simultaneously, a logistics kernel enforces fuel consumption scaled by terrain gradients and models supply chain interdiction as a parameterized Bernoulli process. We validate this framework through a ”Digital Twin” methodology, demonstrating that terrain-aware generation eliminates invalid initialization states (0% mobility violations) while the logistics model induces operationally relevant failure modes in the SUT. This unclassified, open-architecture approach supports DoD Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) requirements by providing deterministic, reproducible edge cases for autonomous system evaluation.
Soykan, Bulent, Rabadi, Ghaith, Bochenek, Grace, Paul, Victor J.
Multimodal Digital-Twin Simulations for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles2026-01-75509/22/2026
Research in autonomous driving has largely focused on structured, on-road environments in densely populated urban areas, leaving off-road autonomy comparatively underexplored despite its importance for applications such as search and rescue, agriculture, and defense. Progress in developing solutions for off-road autonomy is heavily constrained by the high cost, safety risks, and limited coverage of real-world off-road data collection, particularly for rare terrain-induced failure cases. To address these challenges, we introduce a large-scale simulation platform for off-road autonomous driving generated in the Unity3D engine. Our simulator provides indefinite data from multiple RGB cameras, LiDAR, GPS, and IMU sensors to support research in long-duration applications. Our platform also facilitates research in risk-aware planning through dynamic weather, lighting, and annotations for sequence-level failures like collisions and weather-induced sensor blockages. By combining long-duration temporal coverage, multimodal sensing, and procedurally generated terrain diversity, our simulator facilitates progress for systematic evaluation of learning-based autonomous driving models in unstructured, safety-critical environments.
Ross, Timothy, Boone, Julia, Afghah, Fatemeh
The Cost of Disruption: Analyzing the Impact of New Tasks on Time-Evolving Cognitive Activity2026-01-75449/22/2026
Certain aspects of cognitive state, such as attention, are known to oscillate and exhibit time-varying dynamics. This has strong implications for future human-system integration since, across domains, there is often a cost to interrupting ongoing processes. However, to date there is little knowledge about the cost of such disruption when considering cognitive resources. We have constructed a predictive model that captures these oscillations and predicts future cognitive state using only a finite history of prior state. We use this model to investigate what happens when ongoing cognitive dynamics are interrupted. We use data in which participants perform an unrestricted visual search task, while an auditory side task is randomly injected. The results show that when the timing of the side task causes a disruption, the participants’ physiology display patterns that have been previously associated with increased cognitive load. This indicates that it is not only the nature of the task that must be considered but also the onset time of the task. When task demands are out of phase with ongoing dynamics there is a cost to this timing error in addition to the challenge of the task itself.
Gordon, S. M., Touryan, J.
Comparative Evaluation of Cad Systems as Engineering Design Architectures2026-01-75469/22/2026
There is a need for advanced collaboration tools to meet the needs of increasingly complex engineering design challenges and of global design teams. Specifically, virtual design reviews are a means by which teams can obtain a better understanding of a product’s design. Many CAD systems have integrated cloud features, which can be utilized to perform design reviews within these systems. The focus of this paper is to evaluate CAD systems in three CAD architectures: traditional, cloud-enabled, and cloud-native, to assess their capabilities and highlight areas of improvement for CAD developers. Using a list of previously generated requirements, CAD systems were evaluated on how well they met each requirement to determine how they can foster collaborative work. While cloud-native CAD systems performed the best against the requirements, no CAD system was able to fully meet all requirements, showcasing multiple areas for future development.
Hughes, Katelynn, Petty, Emily, Mocko, Gregory M.
Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Study of Linear and Branched Imidazole-Functionalized Polymers2026-01-75489/22/2026
We present atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of linear and branched fluorinated polymer chains, with and without imidazole functionalization, designed as a model for solvent-free proton-conducting membranes for high-temperature fuel cell applications. Simulations conducted over a temperature range of 300 to 550 K, and diffusion-based relaxation times reveal that glass transition temperatures depend on polymer architecture: the branched and functionalized systems exhibit transitions near 400 K compared to 500 K for the linear chain. Fluorine-fluorine radial distribution functions demonstrate that branching disrupts local packing order, while imidazole substitution creates specific intra-chain interactions. Radius-of-gyration distributions reveal that branching significantly increases chain extension and creates multiple conformational families, whereas imidazole groups stabilize compact conformations at low temperatures that transition to more diverse states upon heating. These findings provide molecular-scale insight into how polymer architecture controls thermal transitions and structural organization in model high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes.
Ganta, Sujith, Alim, Twaha, Rakesh, Leela, Mueller, Anja, Mellinger, Axel, Burye, Theodore, Sebastian, Talia
Reformed MOSA for Ground Combat Vehicles2026-01-75349/22/2026
Ground combat vehicles traditionally remain in service for decades, yet their rigid architectures make them costly to upgrade and slow to adapt to evolving threats. While the Department of War's 2025 Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) mandate aims to address this challenge, implementation barriers persist inconsistent vendor interpretations, physical and logical interoperability gaps, and IP complexities hinder progress. This paper proposes a reformed MOSA framework for ground vehicle Portfolio Acquisition Executives that redefines the government's role from system architect to ecosystem governor. The framework comprises four pillars: tiered standards balancing mandatory physical integration with vendor innovation, digital validation pipelines accelerating compliance verification, dynamic IP rights preventing vendor lock-in, and strategic portfolio management aligning investments with ground vehicle capability priorities. Special emphasis addresses integrating AI capabilities. This reformed approach enables rapid fielding of advanced ground vehicle capabilities at commercial innovation speed.
Dattathreya, Macam
An AI-Ready Decision Digital Thread Schema for Digital Engineering2026-01-75339/22/2026
Digital engineering (DE) and model-based systems engineering (MBSE) improve traceability for requirements, architecture, and verification, but concept decisions—the governance events that turn evolving evidence into binding commitments—are poorly captured. Rationale, assumptions, alternatives, model baselines, and approval conditions are scattered across slides and minutes, limiting auditability, reproducibility, and automation. We propose a Decision Digital Thread (DDT): a typed graph schema that makes decisions governable by linking framing and scope, structured (including set-based) alternatives, uncertainty and risk, immutable evaluation-run provenance with reviewed evidence, and commitment events with machine-actionable conditions, authorized actions, and outcome feedback. DDT serves as the decision system of record and a contract between platform modules and enterprise policy while referencing MBSE/PLM/simulation artifacts via stable identifiers and configuration context. Policy-driven readiness gates block lifecycle transitions when evaluator coverage, evidence review, or bias checks are incomplete. An electric pickup range-extension case demonstrates auditable gates, evidence lineage, and safe AI-agent authority boundaries.
Chinnam, Ratna Babu, Murat, Alper, Rana, Satyendra, Rapp, Stephen H., O’Bruba, Joseph G., McGregor, Michael, Bechtel, James E., Costa, Laura W.
Ai-Powered Safety Intelligence as a Decision Enabler for Ground Vehicle MBSE: The Digital Safety Twin Approach2026-01-75329/22/2026
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has become a mandated practice for Department of Defense acquisition programs, yet measured benefits remain elusive. The 2024 Defense Science Board found that less than one percent of published literature actually quantified MBSE outcomes, and flagship ground vehicle programs such as the XM30 Infantry Fighting Vehicle have experienced schedule delays attributed directly to insufficient proficiency with model-based approaches. This paper presents the Digital Safety Twin concept: an AI-powered safety intelligence architecture that addresses three of the most labor-intensive and error-prone MBSE workflows. First, the architecture uses hybrid natural language processing and large language model (NLP/LLM) pipelines to auto-formalize unstructured natural language documents into formally structured, traceable requirements. Second, it auto-generates and continuously maintains traceability relationships across requirements, design elements, hazard analyses, and verification artifacts. Third, it provides continuous safety case completeness and confidence assessment through automated Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) synthesis connected to live evidence sources. The approach is grounded in Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), the OMG Risk Analysis and Assessment Modeling Language (RAAML), MIL-STD-882E system safety practice, and the UL 4600 safety case framework. We present the methodology, its alignment to the DoD Digital Engineering Strategy, and its applicability to ground vehicle autonomy programs including next-generation infantry fighting vehicles and robotic combat vehicles. We also discuss the limitations, risks, and cultural barriers that must be addressed for AI-augmented safety engineering to achieve acceptance in mission-critical defense applications.
Wagner, Michael, Santini, Nelson, Balakrishnan, Anoop
Golden Tester Framework for SAE J1939-91C Cybersecurity2026-01-75229/22/2026
The impending formal adoption of SAE J1939-91C creates an urgent need for rigorous, repeatable validation methods that extend beyond functional conformance. This paper presents a structured validation and benchmarking framework, with a focus on performance characterization across dynamic vehicle configurations. Building on prior work in secure network formation, rekeying, and Golden Tester concepts, we define a minimal, transport-agnostic set of cryptographic and protocol test vectors for deterministic validation of secure message authentication, alongside simulation-based methods for evaluating network formation and rekey behavior. The framework integrates performance metrics such as secure message latency, rekey time and throughput, while also introducing cybersecurity-specific diagnostics and logging requirements for gateway module implementation. Security validation scenarios are mapped to explicit detection and response benchmarks. The resulting methodology provides OEMs, Tier-1 suppliers, and research organizations with a practical, reproducible approach to validating J1939-91C implementations, supporting both development-phase evaluation and ongoing lifecycle assurance.
Zachos, Mark, Kulkarni, Prakash
Counterfeit Avoidance and Quality Assurance: Supply Chain Screening of Cots Microelectronics in Tactical System2026-01-75239/22/2026
This paper details the successful scaling demonstration of a comprehensive supply chain screening process for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) motherboard subassemblies used in tactical servers for naval applications. Our approach leverages Power Fingerprinting (PFP) technology, which uses unintended analog emissions and machine learning to provide independent, non-destructive, and scalable integrity assessment of microelectronics. The primary goal of the effort was to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the PFP screening process without disrupting or delaying the manufacturing workflow. The screening successfully detected hardware and firmware modifications and identified two cases of abnormal behavior: unusual BIOS power reset and elevated CPU sensor readings on two motherboard subassemblies. Following our quality control forensic analysis, we determined the root cause of these anomalies and their potential impact on the host platform.
Aguayo Gonzalez, Carlos R., Roberson, Ken
Designing a Digital Twin–Enabled Requirement Verification Workflow within an MBSE Framework2026-01-75309/22/2026
Verification of functional requirements in Model-Based Systems Engineering environments remains fragmented across heterogeneous tools and manual processes. This paper presents a digital twin–enabled workflow that supports automated requirement verification through integration of SysML models, executable simulation environments, and verification evaluation functions. Within this scope, the objective is to formalize a verification workflow that preserves architectural abstraction while enabling automated, traceable, and simulation-driven evaluation of functional requirements. The approach establishes a continuous digital thread that maintains traceability between requirements, system architecture, and verification outcomes. The workflow is demonstrated using a differential-drive robotic platform, where sensor data availability and update rate verification are used as representative examples of digital twin-based functional requirement evaluation. Results illustrate the feasibility of incorporating digital twin-driven verification into model-centric engineering processes while maintaining consistent verification feedback within the system model. The demonstration produced both passing and failing verification outcomes, illustrating the workflow’s ability to surface requirement-design mismatches.
Zeki, Omar, Sahebsara, Farid, Torkjazi, Mohammadreza, Hieb, Michael R., Raz, Ali K.
Human Digital Twin Architecture for Ground Vehicle Scenario Integration2026-01-75059/22/2026
Ground vehicle commanders operate in scenarios which bare high cognitive load. They must be reactive to time-critical events where attention is divided between a variety of sensors, crew members, the physical world, and digital displays, which can result in missed situational cues. This paper presents a Human Digital Twin (HDT) architecture which provides real-time, embodied AI assistance to commanders in a military ground vehicle simulation scenario. The system integrates a data pipeline for combining a MetaHuman avatar in Unreal Engine with multi-modal data ingestion and a large language model (LLM). In addition, a retrieval-augmented generation approach grounds the LLM with mission-specific context, and a Big Five personality framework for prompt design constructs a consistent agent persona throughout the scenario. The architecture is demonstrated with a prisoner of war camp scouting mission, in which the HDT selectively intervenes when needed to alert the commander to critical events when missed. A system latency evaluation is provided to demonstrate viability for real-time integration. Results show the potential of integrated HDT systems to improve situational awareness and decision support in high stakes ground vehicle operations.
McCarthy, Martin, Mohammed, Abdul Mannan, Gallagher, Reese, Neumann, Carsten, Bruder, Gerd, Reiners, Dirk, Cruz-Neira, Carolina, Paul, Victor
Development of a UAV Platform for Remote Inspection and Visualization2026-01-75119/22/2026
This paper details the development of an intelligence and inspection platform consisting of an attritable sub-250g UAV, a ground control station, and a visualization interface for users. The UAV architecture combines onboard obstacle detection and avoidance along with simultaneous localization and mapping to have full autonomous navigation inside of complicated GPS-denied environments. The ROS 2-to-Unreal Engine data pipeline allows for sensor fusion, data cleansing, and initial analysis as well as creation of a high-fidelity real-time 3D digital twin. The visualization interface allows users to easily identify critical features and turn data into intelligence to support decision making by soldiers and first responders.
Lee, Yeen K., Bainard, Sean, Shaughnessy, Michael, Bolger, Matt, Koepp, R. Tucker, Salehzadeh, Roya, Mallory, Stephen, Mynderse, James A., Guillen, Pedro, Hernandez, Margarita
The Impact of Observability Constraints on the Planning for Employment of Robotic and Autonomous Systems2026-01-75149/22/2026
Employment of Robotic and Autonomous Systems requires a different paradigm of mission planning. The GTRI Missioneer for Organic Collaborative Kill-Chains (MOCKS) effort was developed to mature the concepts of mission planning in light of autonomy, where the decision making is distributed across the battlespace and each individual entity has limited awareness of global state. The paper presents some initial characterizations of the impact of constraints on periods out of communication, or no-comms windows, on the number of resources required for missions of a certain operational area. This metric, along with the foundational metric of remaining effective range margin are foundational to robust a priori planning.
Spratley, Michael
Mobilizing Innovation: Venture Capital Alignment for Defense with an Autonomous Construction Case Study2026-01-75609/22/2026
Defense acquisition often struggles to match the pace of private investment, slowing the transition of mature commercial technologies into military use. This paper examines how aligning government acquisition with venture-oriented business models can increase industry participation, accelerate fielding, and reduce government program office risk. Using autonomous construction as a case study, it highlights how commercial investment has advanced autonomy while traditional procurement limits adoption. The paper outlines approaches such as non-traditional partnerships, phased acquisition, and performance-linked revenue structures to improve flexibility, leverage private capital, and expand the Defense Industrial Base while speeding operational capability delivery. Citation: Mazzara, M., San Nicolas, A., Gadea, J., Himmel, M., Kruger, J., Gill, C., & Simon, A., Soylemezoglu, A., Netchaev, A., Nottage, D., Klein, J. “Mobilizing Innovation: Venture Capital Alignment for Defense with Autonomous Construction Case Study” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA Michigan Chapter, Novi, MI, August 11–13, 2026.
Mazzara, Mark, Nicolas, Austen San, Gadea, James, Himmel, Max, Kruger, John, Gill, Charles “Spuck”, Simon, Andrea, Soylemezoglu, Ahmet, Netchaev, Anton, Nottage, Dustin, Klein, Jordan
Intelligent Optimization Simulation Framework for Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Systems2026-01-75519/22/2026
This paper describes ongoing research and development of an efficient optimization/search–based modeling and simulation framework for rapidly identifying low-performance scenarios in advanced autonomous systems. Ensuring predictable, safe behavior across complex, integrated systems remains a core operational test-and-evaluation challenge. Our goal is to balance rigorous validation with timely deployment. We are developing TEAAS (Test & Evaluation of Advanced Autonomous Systems), a scalable, faster-than-real-time framework designed to uncover critical failure scenarios efficiently. Key features include GPU-accelerated parallel simulation and learning, computational intelligence–based search of optimal parameters, uncertainty quantification for reproducibility, and real-time physics-accurate sensor models. We conducted simulation experiments to evaluate and demonstrate the framework performance for two black-box ground-vehicle autonomous systems. Key results were that adequate uncertainty quantification can be achieved with as few as 10 repeated runs per simulation scenario, sensor realism has a significant effect on failure rate, distinct differences between the two autonomies failure modes were identified, and our efficient optimization/search methods identify critical performance regions in a small fraction of the number of simulations required by a naïve Monte Carlo search.
Snarski, S., Menozzi, A., Persons, B., Lazar, D., Khan, N.
Initial Thermal Evaluation of 422 Martensitic Stainless Steel Piston in a High-Output Diesel Engine2026-01-75649/22/2026
A piston manufactured with a crown comprised of grade 422 martensitic stainless steel and skirt manufactured from 4140 steel was instrumented with fifteen thermocouples and a wireless telemetry system. Piston temperature data were collected at five engine operating conditions and compared to two additional instrumented pistons with crown and skirt both made of 4140 martensitic steel, which is traditionally used for heavy-duty diesel applications. Thermal finite element modeling was used to predict the increase in operating temperature of the 422 piston relative to the 4140 piston and help understand instrumentation uncertainty. Previous research of candidate high-temperature alloys indicated that 12Cr martensitic steel alloys, such as alloy 422, offer several potential benefits when used in a diesel piston application, including increased high-temperature oxidation resistance and strength. The potential benefits of alloy 422 may however be partially negated by the expected increased piston operating temperature due to the alloy’s lower thermal conductivity. In this work 422 alloy resulted in no statistically significant change in piston temperatures relative to the baseline 4140 steel during engine testing. The 422 alloy is poised to offer a dual durability advantage because the initial results show it can achieve superior oxidation resistance without operating at the higher temperatures that would accelerate such degradation. Maximum piston temperature capability is expected to be a critical design limit in next generation diesel engines with greater power density, lower heat rejection, and improved fuel economy. Citation: E. Gingrich, et. al., “Initial Thermal Evaluation of 422 Martensitic Stainless Steel Piston in a High-output Diesel Engine,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Gingrich, Eric, Tess, Michael, Grunin, Arkady, Korivi, Vamshi, Sebeck, Katherine, Pierce, Dean, Wang, Yiyu, Muralidharan, Govindarajan, Pillai, Rishi, Haynes, James A., Will, Kurt
Analyzing Open-Source Data to Inform Military Vehicle Design2026-01-75599/22/2026
The modern battlefield is increasingly transparent, generating large volumes of open-source data on the use, damage, and loss of military vehicles. This paper presents a structured methodology to exploit such data for deriving operational requirements for future vehicles. It uses a mixed-method framework combining qualitative reporting with quantitatively verified loss data. Daily battlefield reports are analyzed with large language models to extract operational context, employment patterns, and tactical conditions. These insights are cross-referenced with loss data to assess how operational factors affect vehicle survivability, with the findings being used to prioritize requirements that improve vehicle performance. The approach is demonstrated through a case study of Leopard tanks in the Russia-Ukraine war, using Institute for the Study of War reports and Oryxspioenkop loss data. Results show how open-source intelligence can systematically inform survivability, mobility, and combat effectiveness in modern vehicle design.
Lynch, Benjamin, Mittal, Vikram
Distributed Intelligence at the Tactical Edge: Enabling Contested Logistics in Degraded Networks2026-01-75589/22/2026
Contested logistics environments expose the limitations of both legacy fragmented systems and emerging Next Generation Command and Control architectures that assume persistent connectivity. In degraded or denied conditions, sustainment operations face latency, bandwidth constraints, and reduced decision velocity. Expanded decision support tools further increase reliance on timely, relevant data exchange. This paper argues that contested logistics requires distributed, mission-aware intelligence at the tactical edge. Low-power onboard compute enables real-time inference, adaptive data conditioning, and connectivity-aware transmission across Radio-Frequency and non-RF pathways. By selectively elevating critical information based on mission context and network state, edge-intelligent architectures improve survivability, bandwidth efficiency, and sustainment effectiveness in degraded networks.
Baumann, Edward, Pardee, Shawn
Motion Approach for Turret System Physical Simulation2026-01-75539/22/2026
Physical simulation permits government and contractor engineers to characterize, validate and test a complex weapon system’s many components and subsystems. This is particularly important when new sub-systems and components are in the prototype development stage and integrated into a full weapon system for the first time. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology in creating a motion environment to adequately test a functional turret system in a lab environment using the GVSC’s Crew Station Turret Motion Base Simulator. The simulator is a high-capacity, 6-degrees-of-freedom test device that utilizes computer-controlled hydraulic actuators and a platform to reproduce dynamic conditions encountered by a combat vehicle turret system traversing off-road terrain. The paper presents an iterative technique using the simulator’s measured frequency response functions to achieve a targeted response. Platform error and repeatability are presented which is key for “baseline vs. modified” studies.
Paul, Victor, Hoelscher, Andrew, Tiguert, Ahmed, Zywiol, Harry
Time-Dependent Power Flow Modeling for Non-Passive Loads in Battery Electric Propulsion Architectures2026-01-75639/22/2026
Traditional Linear Circuit Analysis (LCA) relies on steady-state voltage assumptions that are fundamentally incompatible with battery-exclusive propulsion architecture. Whilst LCA remains valid for hybrid systems, where an auxiliary source actively regulates the State-of-Charge (SOC), it fails when analyzing non-passive, constant-power loads. In pure electric architecture, the time-dependent decay of the discharge voltage forces a continuous, non-linear increase in current to satisfy mechanical power demands. A time-dependent power flow methodology is introduced to resolve this theoretical divergence. Using the conservation of energy operating explicitly within the power domain, the time-dependent coupling of current and voltage can be modeled. This approach supersedes steady-state approximations for higher fidelity predictions for component efficiency, system heat generation, and battery capacity requirements for pure electric propulsion systems. Citation: N. Ingarra, K. J. Kobus, J. G. Kobus “TIME-DEPENDENT POWER FLOW MODELING FOR NONPASSIVE LOADS IN BATTERY ELECTRIC PROPULSION ARCHITECTURES” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Ingarra, Nicholas A., Kobus, Krzysztof (Chris) J., Kobus, Jadon G.
PR-2930™-LVLC and Coraseal™ Ambient U1800: High Performance Adhesives for Military Application2026-01-75559/22/2026
This paper investigates two high-performance structural adhesives, PR-2930™-LVLC and CORASEAL™ Ambient U1800, classified as Group I under the MIL-PRF-32662 specification, emphasizing their potential role in structural and armor applications. The study highlights the adhesives’ unique properties, including PR-2930-LVLC’s superior adhesion and CORASEAL Ambient U1800’s remarkable combination of strength and flexibility. Rigorous testing, including hot-wet conditioning and elevated temperature assessments, demonstrates their durability under extreme conditions. The paper also details the adhesives’ performance in Mode I and II strength and toughness evaluations, revealing PR-2930-LVLC’s high strength and CORASEAL Ambient U1800’s superior toughness. These findings underscore the potential of these adhesives to enhance performance during high impact-rate events and to support lightweight vehicle design, addressing a significant gap in adhesive technology for military applications.
Hellerman, Edward, Toolis, Amy, Pollum, Marvin
CI/CD for Mission-Critical Systems: A Framework for Any Level of Rigor2026-01-75299/22/2026
Modern mission-critical ground vehicle systems must adapt to rapidly evolving threats, deploying changes in months or days while maintaining reliable and safe operation. Historic manual development and testing methods cannot keep pace without compromising safety assurances. Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines offer proven approaches to accelerating development, but implementing them for mission-critical systems requires careful attention to verification rigor. This paper presents a practical framework for implementing CI/CD pipelines across any level of rigor, from rapid prototyping to DO-178C and ISO 26262 certified systems. Drawing on experience from aviation, medical device, and ground vehicle development, the framework provides guidance for each pipeline stage based on the system’s desired level of rigor. This framework includes an examination of the value of Software-in-the-Loop vs Hardware-in-the-Loop testing to optimize development timelines while maintaining software quality.
Lingg, Michael, Paul, Howard, Schulte, Brian, Wilkinson, Robert
Integrating MBSE with High-Fidelity Crash Simulation2026-01-75429/22/2026
Modern electrified ground vehicles introduce complex, multi-domain safety requirements, such as post-crash thermal runaway prevention, that expose the traceability limitations of Document-Based Systems Engineering (DBSE). This paper proposes a four-layer, bidirectional digital thread architecture that integrates Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) with high-fidelity, non-linear Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) crash simulations. Leveraging SysML, System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), and Python-based orchestration middleware, the framework automates the translation of descriptive safety requirements into explicit finite element boundary conditions. The architecture programmatically extracts key performance indicators from massive binary solver outputs and injects them back into the SysML environment for automated compliance verification. Demonstrated through a simplified electric vehicle side-pole impact case study utilizing LS-DYNA and a 1D thermal model, the framework successfully eliminates manual data handoffs, accelerates multidisciplinary design optimization, and ensures robust, risk-driven requirement traceability across the engineering lifecycle.
Rye, Patrick J.
Balancing Durability and Deployability: Enhanced Situational Awareness (ESA) for Non-Combat Tactical Vehicles2026-01-75409/22/2026
The persistent rate of accidents and fatalities involving legacy tactical military vehicles underscores a critical need for Enhanced Situational Awareness (ESA) technologies. However, the prohibitive cost and lengthy development cycles associated with full MIL-STD ruggedization often prevent these safety systems from reaching the in-service non-combat vehicles with limited driver visibility. This paper suggests a strategic shift in procurement policy: The adoption of relaxed ruggedization standards for vehicles operating in non-combat, administrative, and training roles. By deriving requirements from high-stress commercial sectors— such as heavy mining, steel production, and NASCAR racing—the military can utilize electronics designed for "extreme industrial" rather than "battlefield" environments. The principal objectives of this relaxation is cost reduction, lowering the barrier to entry and increasing the likelihood of ESA deployment across the legacy fleet. Furthermore, this approach aligns with Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) principles by enabling the integration of non-proprietary commercial devices. Utilizing these accessible technologies on legacy platforms creates a real-world testbed to evaluate technological advances rapidly. These insights can then inform and accelerate the development of future MIL-STD systems for combat vehicles, effectively shortening the traditional development life cycle while prioritizing the immediate enhanced protection of service member lives.
Pilgrim, Robert A., Brown, Roy C.
Streamlined Model Composition for OneSAF for Use in Rapid Trade Study Data Collection and Analysis2026-01-75479/22/2026
This research is meant to enhance the analytic capabilities of OneSAF for usage as a Monte Carlo-style data generator for use in large problem space trade studies. Using novel ground vehicle data such as: RHA armor values, weapon penetration prediction models, and sensor values, new models can be developed in OneSAF for use in data generation and analysis. This process and companion software developed for this purpose enables the rapid construction and evaluation of differing vehicle variants in a fraction of the time of the baseline process, improving the efficiency of using OneSAF as a data analysis tool. This approach facilitates a more comprehensive virtual experimentation approach that can use manufactured data as a part of the process.
Sapunkov, Oleg, Roberts, Bradshaw, Jorgensen, Maxwell
Leveraging Domestic Automotive Software Development Best Practices for MOSA and GCIA/Victory Implementation2026-01-75389/22/2026
ISO 26262ISO/SAE 21434ISTQB/ASPICEMOSAGCIAVICTORY
Priemer, Douglas, Sime, Karl
An Agentic AI Vision for Combat Vehicle Architecture Model2026-01-75279/22/2026
This position paper presents
Dattathreya, Macam
Optimizing Data Delivery for Ground Vehicle Teams2026-01-75399/22/2026
The radio-based wide area network (WAN) that forms the command-and-control backbone for deployments of multiple ground vehicles is a classic DIL (disconnected, intermittent, limited) communications infrastructure for bandwidth-intensive services like video streams, situational awareness feeds, and command-and-control messages. This paper describes an inter-vehicle network architecture that leverages the radio-aware routing features of an existing vehicle Ethernet switch/router to provide mission-optimized, fault-tolerant data delivery while minimizing both network overhead and vehicle SWaP requirements.
Al-Gharaibeh, Jafar, Bonney, Jordan
Decision-Centric Virtual Metrology for Geometric Deviation via Foundation-Embedding Retrieval2026-01-75549/22/2026
Modern defense manufacturing and sustainment require timely engineering decisions (e.g., inspection triage, rework/accept decisions, and process adjustment) based on the as-built geometric quality. Advanced machining systems generate rich multichannel controller and sensor streams, yet accurate geometric deviation labels remain costly and delayed because they depend on downstream metrology. This paper introduces ChronosGD, a retrieval-based virtual metrology framework. ChronosGD predicts pointwise geometric deviation from multichannel time series data by: (1) retrieving the most similar historical process windows in a frozen Chronos-2 embedding space, and (2) transferring deviation information through similarity-weighted aggregation. ChronosGD avoids plant-specific gradient retraining during deployment; adaptation is achieved by refreshing a labeled historical memory as new inspected parts become available, while preserving traceability through explicit neighbor provenance.
Hoang, Danny, Matthiessen, Ryan, Miller, Christopher, Mannan, Nasir, ElKharboutly, Ruby, Gorsich, David, Castanier, Matthew P., Imani, Farhad
Adopting Cots Technology for UGV Wheel Drive System2026-01-75619/22/2026
As the defense industry prioritizes speed of play to allow our warfighters to maintain a decisive edge over our adversaries, creativity is needed to leverage COTS effectively. This paper presents a case study of a fast-paced workflow leveraging modeling and simulation, targeted risk testing, thermal characterization, and accelerated life testing. Citation: K. May, J. Costa, J. Boyd, “Adopting COTS Technology for UGV Wheel Drive System,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
May, Ken, Costa, Joao, Boyd, Jake
Deriving Instantaneous Electro-Thermal Parameters and Heat Generation from Constant-Current Discharge Data2026-01-75629/22/2026
Early-stage Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) design can be constrained by limited manufacturer data, resulting in the use of steady-state thermal assumptions. An analytical methodology is introduced to extract the real-time cell resistance, instantaneous efficiency, and transient heat generation directly from standard constant-current discharge curves, and Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) profiles. By evaluating the time-dependent voltage differential against current, equivalent cell resistance and transient heat generation are computed without explicit ohmic measurement or calorimetric testing. This enables direct, real-time coupling of electrical and thermal models. Application to an NMC chemistry cell demonstrates concentration losses dominate below a 20% State-of-Charge (SOC), increasing transient heat generation, and decreasing instantaneous efficiency. Extracting the time-dependent electro-thermal parameters provides the required quantitative inputs for benchmarking cells & accurately sizing BTMS cooling capacities. Citation: N. A. Ingarra, K. J. Kobus, J. G. Kobus, “Deriving Instantaneous Electro-Thermal Parameters and Heat Generation from Constant-Current Discharge Data,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Ingarra, Nicholas A., Kobus, Krzysztof (Chris) J., Kobus, Jadon G.
Modeling the Operational Performance Impacts of a Vehicle Integrated Power Kit (VIPK) on a Modern Medium Tactical Wheeled Vehicle2026-01-75679/22/2026
Michigan Technological University (MTU) was awarded a competitive prototype project to develop a Vehicle Integrated Power Kit (VIPK) for multiple variants of the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles A2 (FMTV A2). The VIPK provides high voltage power export, expeditionary power for silent watch capability in low load cases, and interoperability with tactical microgrids. To support VIPK development, MTU created a vehicle model to quantify the impacts of VIPK integration, accelerate design decisions, and predict vehicle performance. This model was calibrated using experimental data, and the calibrated model was then used to compare vehicle performance with and without VIPK installed. Power flow diagrams were utilized to understand the energy pathways during vehicle operations. This paper details how the VIPK system affects performance and analyzes its power flow under select operational conditions. Citation: B. Goodenough, H. Schmidt, J. Naber, P. Dice, D. Subert, K. Meyers, “Modeling the Operational Performance Impacts of a Vehicle Integrated Power Kit (VIPK) on a Modern Medium Tactical Wheeled Vehicle,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Goodenough, Bryant, Schmidt, Henry, Naber, Jeffrey D., Dice, Paul, Subert, Dave, Meyers, Kevin
Methods for Designing Rotating Components for Compliance to ISO 1940 Balance Requirements using Generic 3D CAD Software2026-01-75659/22/2026
The benefits of specifying balance requirements in terms of an ISO 1940 balance quality grade instead of traditional mass-distance based requirements are discussed along with methods to convert ISO 1940 balance quality grades into permissible imbalance limits at the bearing supports. Methods are developed to determine the expected imbalance values at bearing supports using mass property data from generic 3D CAD software packages without the need for Finite Element Analysis. Practical exercises are presented using these methods to assess a part’s compliance to ISO 1940 while still in the conceptual 3D CAD design stage. These practical exercises cover the selection of appropriate geometric tolerances to ensure part balance without the need for post fabrication balancing as well as the design of nonsymmetrical components for ISO 1940 balance compliance. Citation: J. Srodawa, “Methods for Designing Rotating Components for Compliance to ISO 1940 Balance Requirements Using Generic 3D CAD Software,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Srodawa, John
Electrical and Power Quality Performance Evaluation of a SiC Based 500kW High Temperature and High Power-Density Inverter2026-01-75689/22/2026
In pursuit of future high-power capabilities for U.S. military ground vehicles, the transition towards vehicle electrification has been heavily adopted. High power-density and high temperature inverters play a key role in progressing vehicle electrification adoption across the U.S. military. This paper presents experimental results to evaluate the power quality performance of the developed high power-density and high temperature inverter, Enercycle™ DC-1000 Inverter based on silicon carbide (SiC). The DC-1000 inverter is a bi-directional inverter with a power density of 11.4 kW/L, which is capable of operating at 600 Vdc and delivering 500kW continuous output power and transient output power up to 640 kW, enable ground vehicle electrification. The experimental results to evaluate the power quality aspects such as distortion factor, ac voltage ripple, and voltage transient due to step load are presented in this paper. Moreover, challenges and next steps for further improvement of design have been discussed. Citation: A. Sadigh, Iris Shiroma “Electrical and Power Quality Performance Evaluation of a SiC Based 500kW High Temperature and High Power-Density Inverter,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Sadigh, Arash, Shiroma, Iris
Connecting Standard LI-ION Batteries in Series to form a High Voltage Array2026-01-75669/22/2026
The principles of high voltage (HV) battery array design, which is based on existing, off-the-shelf Li-Ion batteries (e.g., certified Lithium 6T Batteries), is presented. The battery array includes, besides the series connected battery modules, an HV switch controlled by a controller unit and additional safety components. The paper first reviews all the safety hazards associated with Li-Ion batteries and HV systems which generate design requirements and constraints. Then the basic design together with the principal components are described. Citation: O. Kost, “Connecting Standard Li-Ion Batteries in Series to Form a High Voltage Array,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2026.
Kost, O.
Stuck-Assist: A Large Multimodal Model-Based Stuck Recovery Assist for Driving on Off-Road Deformable Terrains2026-01-75139/22/2026
Recent advancements in off-road autonomy have shown significant progress in perception, planning, and control frameworks, including end-to-end learning approaches. Comprehensive results have been demonstrated in both simulation and real-world experiments; however, there are significant challenges in critical cases that need further evaluation. One such challenge is the immobilization of autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) in unstructured off-road environments, which can significantly impact agriculture, space exploration, military operations, and search and rescue missions. Addressing this problem requires recovery strategies that are context-sensitive, adaptable to terrain and vehicle conditions, and effective in integrating multimodal inputs. To this end, this paper investigates the use of a large multimodal model (LMM) providing higher-level planning assistance with human-in-the-loop evaluations for vehicle recovery after immobilization in unstructured off-road terrain. The experimental simulation platform developed was based on the Algoryx (AGX) Dynamics engine for high-fidelity terramechanics interaction and vehicle physics combined with Unreal Engine 5. This platform was further integrated with a driving simulator equipped with steering wheel and pedal interfaces for human-in-the-loop experiments. We evaluated ten representative unstuck scenarios across two deformable terrains (loose sand and compact sand) under two modes: an unskilled baseline, where participants attempted recovery unaided, and a co-intelligence mode, where participants used LMM advisory instructions. The results show that LMM assistance improved stuck recovery rates by 70% compared to unaided and unskilled human driving.
Bhosale, Mayuresh, Whitson, Jordan A., Vahidi, Ardalan, Jia, Yunyi
Decision Engineering: Applying Lean Production Principles to the Lifecycle Decision Factory2026-01-75259/22/2026
The Army’s transformation mandate is unambiguous: deliver warfighting capability 25–30% faster. Every Tier 2 metric published in support of that mandate – days between milestones, days to complete the requirements process, days to complete contracting, days to complete testing – is really a decision throughput measurement. Yet the systems engineering (SE) discipline that governs those timelines has no formal production framework for producing decisions. This paper proposes Decision Engineering as the framework. Grounded in lean production theory, applied to information work and anchored to the defense acquisition policy structure of DoDD 5000.01 and DoDI 5000.02, Decision Engineering reconceives SE as the discipline of designing, operating, and continuously improving the lifecycle decision production system. It introduces a formal decision ontology comprising six decision states (Latent, Declared, Active, Deferred, Closed, Reopened), four topology relationship types (Precedes, Enables, Constrains, Triggers), and five diagnostic biomarkers that measure production system health. The paper presents the Decision Factory model and describes how its application to ground vehicle system programs and across the Army acquisition enterprise can accelerate capability delivery without sacrificing rigor. Defense acquisition programs do not fail for lack of engineering rigor or digital tooling. They fail because the production system that converts information into decisions is ungoverned – no inventory count, no flow discipline, no throughput measurement. Decision Engineering names this production system, provides instruments to measure its health, and offers a practitioner framework for running it better.
Alexander, Eric, Foglesong, Matthew, Berklich, Louis (Bill)
How Micromobility is Reshaping Urban Mobility: A Systematic Literature Review2026-24-00259/21/2026
Micromobility is rapidly reshaping urban mobility by transforming travel behaviour, urban space, and transport systems. Its growing role in reducing car dependency and supporting low-carbon mobility has positioned cycling, e-scooters, and e-bikes as key components of sustainable urban transport. This study examines the role of micromobility in urban mobility through a systematic literature review. The review provides a structured synthesis of existing research, identifies major publications and thematic trends, and highlights gaps in current knowledge across several dimensions of urban mobility. The findings show that the effects of micromobility are neither uniformly positive nor negative. They depend particularly on infrastructure provision, governance arrangements, regulation, user behaviour, and integration with public transport. The review therefore suggests that micromobility should be considered as part of the wider urban transport system rather than as an isolated group of modes. The review identifies priorities for further research and provides evidence that can support transport planners and other stakeholders in developing approaches to micromobility and public transport integration.
Olkhova, Mariia, Comi, Antonio
Comparative Analysis of BEV Performance from Simulated Environment and Physical Hardware Platform2026-24-00059/21/2026
The proliferation of simulation environments has accelerated technological progress across various scientific domains by offering a cost-effective and time-efficient framework for data acquisition and analysis. In the automotive sector, high-fidelity modelling of vehicle components and driving scenarios bypasses the logistical constraints associated with hardware procurement and the intensive requirements of large-scale testing infrastructures. However, pre-calibrated or native software models often imply simplified hypotheses, missing relevant aspects of the entire powertrain-to-wheel energy chain. This study presents a comparative analysis of battery performance within a battery electric vehicle (BEV) by synchronizing virtual simulations with experimental hardware at the test bench. The methodology involves the concurrent modelling of the driving environment, the vehicle chassis, and the propulsion system, followed by the execution of identical driving cycles on a physical platform. The experimental setup comprises a fully instrumented BEV featuring an integrated electric motor and battery pack, specifically configured for high-precision signal acquisition. The virtual section starts with the development of a digital twin within a commercial simulation suite, parameterized according to the vehicle specific dynamic and energy requirements. This is followed by the integration of the electric propulsion system and a battery pack model based on the equivalent circuit model method. To ensure high fidelity, the battery model is experimentally calibrated via multi-step pulse discharge tests performed on the physical hardware. Subsequently, various driving scenarios from the simulated environment are translated into speed-time profiles and are replicated on the real vehicle using a PID-controlled actuator on the accelerator pedal. The battery pack that serves the vehicle is monitored during the cycle to collect information on the electrical performance. Finally, a comparison between the simulated and real battery behaviour is performed. This dual approach used in the present work, which compares the simulation accuracy against real-world performance, provides critical insights into the inherent advantages and technical boundaries of digital modelling in electromobility applications.
Sequino, Luigi, Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, Sorrentino, Chiara
From Crowdshipper Behavior to Urban Mobility Governance: Policy Insights for Sustainable Crowdshipping2026-24-00299/21/2026
Crowdshipping has recently attracted significant attention as a potentially sustainable solution for urban logistics, as it leverages individuals’ underutilized travel capacity to perform last-mile deliveries. While existing research has extensively examined crowdshipper participation through motivational patterns, considerably less attention has been devoted to the governance and policy implications emerging from crowdshipper behavior. This represents a critical gap, particularly in the context of sustainable urban mobility, where logistics innovations are often implicitly assumed to generate positive externalities without adequate regulatory design. This paper addresses this gap by translating crowdshipper motivational evidence into policy-relevant insights for sustainable urban mobility planning. The analysis is based on data collected through a structured questionnaire administered to potential and active crowdshippers. The survey collected information on socio-demographic characteristics, mobility habits, motivations, risk perception, trust, and willingness to participate under alternative crowdshipping conditions. While such conditions are commonly used to estimate participation patterns, this study reinterprets them through a governance-oriented lens to explore trade-offs between economic incentives, environmental motivations, and mobility-related impacts. Using a governance-oriented interpretation of survey data, the analysis highlights how different incentive structures activate heterogeneous crowdshipper participation patterns, with distinct mobility impacts. Results show that participation driven by strong economic incentives and operational flexibility may encourage additional vehicle-kilometers traveled, while participation embedded within routine trips and influenced by environmental considerations tends to operate within more limited spatial and temporal constraints. Taken together, these findings indicate that crowdshipping outcomes are not inherently aligned with sustainable urban mobility objectives, but critically depend on incentive design and regulatory integration within Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs).
Comi, Antonio, Idone, Ippolita
Simulation-Based Development and Evaluation of Heat-Quantity-Based Thermal Operating Strategies for Automotive Applications2026-24-00129/21/2026
Thermal management of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrains requires the simultaneous conditioning of multiple components operating at fundamentally different temperature levels. For thermal management systems, which directly couple the thermal circuits of the internal combustion engine (ICE), electric motor and inverter (EMINV), and traction battery (BAT) for example via controllable three-way valves and a ring-circuit, the decision of when and which components to couple has a direct impact on overall powertrain efficiency. Existing thermal operating strategies rely on empirically defined temperature thresholds and fixed component priority rankings, without quantifying the actual efficiency benefit associated with each coupling decision. This paper presents the development and simulation-based evaluation of a heat-quantity-based thermal operating strategy for a prototype HEV at TU Darmstadt. The strategy introduces three new computational modules — a Q-Indicator quantifying the thermal surplus or deficit of each component, an η-Indicator evaluating real-time component efficiencies as a function of temperature and operating point, and a Δη module computing the combined efficiency gain of each potential coupling pair prior to actuation. Coupling is executed only when the combined efficiency delta is positive, replacing empirical prioritization with a quantitative, efficiency-driven decision mechanism. The strategy is evaluated against an uncoupled baseline (REF-0) and a temperature-threshold-based predecessor strategy (REF-1) across a representative commuter cycle at ambient temperatures of −10 °C, 0 °C, and +30 °C using a co-simulation environment comprising a 1D ring-circuit fluid model in AVL Cruise M and a backward-facing 0D drivetrain model in MATLAB/Simulink. The results demonstrate measurable improvements in battery preconditioning and system efficiency at cold and moderate ambient temperatures. The heat-quantity-based strategy achieves comparable or superior thermal outcomes to the threshold-based approach while activating ring-circuit coupling more selectively. At warm ambient conditions, the strategy correctly withholds intervention based on a negative efficiency delta evaluation, confirming robust scenario-adaptive behavior. The findings highlight the potential of efficiency-driven coupling logic as a generalized and physically grounded basis for thermal operating strategy development in electrified powertrains.
Stenger, Erik, Fiore, Luis, Weimer, Niko, Beidl, Christian
Tailoring ICEs Towards Future Global Market Requirements – Multi-Fuel Capability To Ensure Next Decade Market Success2026-24-00309/21/2026
The entire mobility industry currently faces enormous regulatory demands due to the Paris agreement and its corresponding initiatives to eliminate the business sector-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions. A major focus is hereby set on wide-spread electrification of all kinds of applications, but from current perspective it is obvious that a quick and complete shift is highly unlikely, especially with view on heavy and challenging industrial and commercial applications. In line with this, it’s apparent that internal combustion engines (ICEs) maintain to play an important role in the overall propulsion system line-up. For compliance with the engaged CO2 reduction policies and efficiency improvement demands, a fast and broad replacement of fossil fuels needs to be realized. Due to the specific properties of carbon-neutral fuels and as well the variety of the range of industrial applications, different types of alternative fuels are considered. These novel fuels can be subdivided into preferred solutions for smaller or on-highway applications vs heavy off-highway and marine applications, or simply according to local or national preferences or policies. As of now, Hydrogen as well as Methanol/Ethanol is highly attractive for on-highway applications as well as construction/agricultural applications, the heavier and larger applications tend to more energy-dense energy carriers like NH3 and partially Methanol/Ethanol. In addition, to support a smooth transition to fully carbon-neutral operation, intermediate dual-fuel layouts are requested, partially requiring a full redundancy between classical Diesel operation and powering with new fuels. This complexity and variety in customer demands provide a major challenge for globally operating OEMs as future engines designs and definitions need to be developed under extreme cost pressure. The paper at hand delivers an interesting approach to design and develop modern ICE platforms for the anticipated multi-fuel case, aiming at superior key performance indicators concerning power output and efficiency, while maximizing the degree of commonality between the individual engine versions and variants. This flexibility and modularity needs to be incorporated in the base engine design, especially in the top end of the assembly, as it implicates different demands in air delivery and as well the transition from a diffusive combustion system to a pre-mixed combustion principle. This affects on one hand the installation of key sub-systems like fuel injection and ignition, but as well also the decision about an appropriate compression ratio and the definition of an adjusted in-cylinder charge motion. The article closes with recommendations for a future multi-fuel engine definition and an assessment concerning the major design changes in contrast to a refined and optimized Diesel engine layout.
Koerfer, Thomas, Dhongde, Avnish, Yadav, Jaykumar
Cost and Emission Aware Strategic Optimization: A Fleet-Level Tool to Support Scenario-Oriented Design2026-24-00349/21/2026
The transition toward low-emission transport systems requires not only technologically optimized Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) but also integrated methodologies capable of supporting industrial stakeholders throughout the deployment phase. In particular, for logistics operators, fleet sizing and charging infrastructure planning are tightly coupled with vehicle configuration and mission scheduling. Therefore, decision-support tools are required to minimize total operational costs and environmental impact while ensuring service continuity. Building upon a previously developed two-level BEV design framework, this work introduces a higher-level optimization tool aimed at extending powertrain design outcomes toward fleet-level decision-making, providing an integrated methodology capable of determining not only the optimal vehicle configuration but also the optimal number of vehicles and charging stations required to satisfy operational scheduling constraints. The proposed tool performs fleet charging management optimization under customizable objective functions. Two BEV configurations, equipped respectively with 7 and 10 battery packs, are selected as candidate solutions from the upstream two-level design framework. Starting from these configurations, the tool simultaneously optimizes fleet size, charging infrastructure dimensioning, and charging scheduling strategy. In the first case study, the objective is the minimization of fleet operational costs, primarily associated with charging energy, while introducing a tunable penalty factor on mission time-shifting for schedule flexibility. In the second case study, a CO2-based term is incorporated into the objective function through an equivalent emission cost. By varying its weighting factor, the analysis quantifies how environmental prioritization influences the optimal fleet and infrastructure configuration. Across all the examined scenarios, the optimal fleet size consistently converges to 3 vehicles with a single 50 kW DC charging station. The key difference between cost-driven and environmentally-oriented optimization lies in the battery configuration: in the cost-driven scenario, the 10-packs configuration achieves the lowest Total Cost of Ownership (1134 EUR/week), as its larger energy buffer reduces weekly grid energy demand and thus charging costs. Conversely, under CO₂-prioritized optimization, the optimal configuration shifts to the 7-packs, yielding a lower TCO of 1008 EUR/week and a 15% reduction in CO₂ emissions (127 vs 149 kgCO2/week). The proposed fleet-level optimization framework represents a scalable extension of the vehicle design methodology, enabling logistics companies to support electrification strategies through data-driven, application-specific, and sustainability-oriented decision-making.
Bartolucci, Lorenzo, Cennamo, Edoardo, Cordiner, Stefano, Donnini, Marco, Grattarola, Federico, Lombardi, Simone, Mulone, Vincenzo, Tribioli, Laura
Understanding Tyre Wear Particle Emissions: Volatile Dominance, Variability, Coarse Particles and Measurement System Development for Chassis Dynamometer Use2026-24-00189/21/2026
This paper presents a set of targeted tyre emissions studies carried out within the UK Department for Transport’s (DfT) Brake and Tyre Emissions programme. The work was aimed at improving the measurement of airborne particles generated by tyres, and at examining the factors that influence particle number and particle mass emission. It also explored physical tread wear. To achieve this, a revised sampling duct system was developed with high extraction flow and partial wrap-around of the tyre, and a coarse hard-wearing surface was applied to the chassis dyno roller. The sampling system supplied Total PN4, PN10 (volatile and non-volatile), PM2.5, and particle size instrumentation. Several tyre types were selected to represent a broad range of sizes, constructions, manufacturers, compounds, and mileages. Tests were performed on a dedicated chassis dynamometer testing facility using PG42, WLTC, and RDE based cycles, together with additional cycles designed to investigate the influence of temperature, speed, and braking. Tread depth and tyre mass were recorded before and after the test programme to determine wear rates, and macro particle sampling was undertaken to assess particle size distribution beyond the airborne PM2.5 range. Airborne particle measurements showed that tyre PN is dominated by volatile ultrafine particles below 10 nm, with the non-volatile PN10 fraction representing only a small proportion of the total. PM2.5 mass from tyres was generally low and often near the detection limit, with most of the physical wear mass present as large particles (>50 μm) rather than as respirable material. Wear rates varied across tyres but showed no consistent relationship with airborne PM2.5 or PN10. Tyre temperature had the clearest influence on airborne PN emissions: elevated temperatures and high speed/braking conditions produced higher volatile and non-volatile PN. Overall, the study provides improved understanding of tyre-related airborne particle formation, the limitations of PM2.5 and PN10 as regulatory indicators, and the role of tyre temperature and operating conditions in determining emissions. The findings support the development of future tyre wear measurement methods and associated regulatory frameworks.
Andersson, Jon, Campbell, Michael, de Vries, Simon, Kramer, Louisa, Marshall, Ian, Southgate, Jason, Waite, Gary
Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor VehiclesJ3016_202609 (Current)9/20/2026
This document describes [motor] vehicle driving automation systems that perform part or all of the dynamic driving task (DDT) on a sustained basis. It provides a taxonomy with detailed definitions for levels of driving automation, ranging from no driving automation (Level 0) to automated driving under all conditions in which humans can drive, with human driving not needed (Level 5), in the context of [motor] vehicles (hereafter also referred to as “vehicle” or “vehicles”) and their operation on roadways: Level 0: No driving automation Level 1: Driver support for steering OR speed, with continual driver supervision necessary and driver intervention when needed Level 2: Driver support for steering AND speed, with continual driver supervision necessary and driver intervention when needed Level 3: Automated driving under defined conditions, with human driving needed following an alert or evident vehicle malfunction Level 4: Automated driving under defined conditions, with human driving not needed to mitigate risk Level 5: Automated driving under all conditions in which humans can drive, with human driving not needed. The simple level descriptors have been changed to improve understanding of the differences among levels, but these are NOT the definitions of the levels of driving automation. See the definitions of each automation level in Sections 4 and 5 for explanation of these changes. These level definitions, along with additional supporting terms and definitions provided herein, can be used to describe the full range of driving automation features equipped on [motor] vehicles in a functionally consistent and coherent manner. “On-road” refers to publicly accessible roadways (including parking areas and private campuses that permit public access) that collectively serve all road users, including cyclists, pedestrians, and users of vehicles with and without driving automation features. The levels apply to the driving automation feature(s) that are engaged in any given instance of on-road operation of an equipped vehicle. As such, although a given vehicle may be equipped with a driving automation system that is capable of delivering multiple driving automation features that perform at different levels, the level of driving automation exhibited in any given instance is determined by the feature(s) that are engaged. This document also refers to three primary actors in driving: the (human) user, the driving automation system, and other vehicle systems and components. These other vehicle systems and components (or the vehicle in general terms) do not include the driving automation system in this model, even though as a practical matter a driving automation system may actually share hardware and software components with other vehicle systems, such as a processing module(s) or operating code. The levels of driving automation are defined by reference to the specific role played by each of the three primary actors in performance of the DDT and/or DDT fallback. “Role” in this context refers to the expected role of a given primary actor, based on the design of the driving automation system in question and not necessarily to the actual performance of a given primary actor. For example, a driver who fails to monitor the roadway during engagement of a Level 1 adaptive cruise control (ACC) system still has the role of driver, even while they are neglecting it. Active safety systems, such as electronic stability control (ESC) and automatic emergency braking (AEB), and certain types of driver assistance systems, such as lane keeping assistance (LKA), are excluded from the scope of this driving automation taxonomy because they do not perform part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis, but rather provide momentary intervention during potentially hazardous situations. Due to the momentary nature of the actions of active safety systems, their intervention does not change or eliminate the role of the driver in performing part or all of the DDT, and thus are not considered to be driving automation, even though they perform automated functions. In addition, systems that inform, alert, or warn the driver about hazards in the driving environment are also outside the scope of this driving automation taxonomy, as they neither automate part or all of the DDT, nor change the driver’s role in performance of the DDT (see 8.13). It should be noted, however, that crash avoidance features, including intervention-type active safety systems, may be included in vehicles equipped with driving automation systems at any level. For automated driving system (ADS) features (i.e., Levels 3 to 5) that perform the entire DDT, crash mitigation and avoidance capability is part of ADS functionality (see also 8.13). Note that this document provides a taxonomy and definitions and is not a safety standard. The document is not intended to provide guidance for safe vehicle operation by the driving automation system.
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee
Effect of Annular Gap Variation in Coaxial Jets2026-01-50759/17/2026
A numerical study on the influence of annular gap variation in correctly expanded sonic coaxial jets, focusing on its effect on mixing characteristics and jet symmetry, is presented in this paper. The computational simulations were conducted using a three-dimensional steady-state compressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework with the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Both symmetric (uniform gap) and asymmetric (nonuniform gap) configurations were simulated. Eccentricity was introduced by offsetting the secondary nozzle by 2 mm downward from the center of the primary nozzle. In symmetric configurations with uniform annular gaps, the jet exhibited balanced shear-layer development, uniform entrainment, and symmetric Mach decay characteristics. However, the asymmetric annular gap configuration exhibited approximately 25–30% earlier potential core breakdown, 30–35% greater radial jet spreading, and nearly 6–10% faster centerline velocity decay compared with the symmetric configuration. The streamline analysis revealed enhanced entrainment, localized recirculation regions, asymmetric vortex generation, and accelerated momentum diffusion caused by unequal shear-layer interaction. These results demonstrate that annular gap asymmetry can serve as an effective passive flow control strategy for enhancing jet mixing and directional momentum redistribution. Such configurations may be useful in practical applications including exhaust gas dilution, fuel–air mixing enhancement in combustors, thrust vectoring, and jet-noise suppression systems.
Chandra Bose, Gurusamy, Sudalaimuthu, Ganesan
J1979 DBCJ1979DBC_2026099/16/2026
The SAE J1979 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1979 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: The SAE J1979 DBC file with Includes 2,400+ Parameter Group Numbers (PGNs) and 16,000+ Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPNs), derived from J1979-2 released in September 2026. One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1979: Convert J1979 data in wide range of software/API tools REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch Improved Accuracy & Reliability A fully standardized DBC file ensures precise signal decoding, eliminating errors and ensuring reliable data interpretation. Interoperability Seamlessly compatible with many different software stacks, enabling frictionless adoption and significantly expanding market reach. Partnership with Vector Informatik GmbH Works seamlessly with Vector’s free software (CANdb++), used by over 90% of the industry, with free download link provided on SAEI’s J1979DBC file landing page. What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. It contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained within which 'messages' (i.e. CAN IDs). In the J1979 standard, messages are referred to as Parameter Group Numbers (PGN) and signals as Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPN). Further, a DBC file includes names, descriptions, positions, and lengths of the signals - as well as how to offset & scale them.
Physics-Informed Machine Learning Digital Twin of Electro-Mechanical Brakes for Clamp-Force and Friction Estimation2026-01-08069/14/2026
Recently, there has been a drastic shift in the industry towards wire architectures like steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire. For safe and accurate force control, diagnostics, and consistent performance over the operating envelope, accurate plant modeling of the Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) is important. Classical approaches involved linearized dynamic EMB models and the use of the characteristic stiffness curve for calibration at the operating points. These methods often perform poorly over regions where hysteresis, compliance, and friction are strongly nonlinear. Prior research on state or force estimation for EMB has focused on pad contact detection, thermal adaptation, and hysteresis-aware clamp force estimation. However, there are still accuracy gaps in practical applications during transients and under shifting friction regimes. In this work, a digital twin based on Physics-Informed Machine Learning is introduced, following the governing dynamics of the actuator-caliper assembly of EMB while learning (i) a physically significant parameter—system damping (Bsys) and (ii) a non-linear friction term constrained as a function of the actuator motion states and operating conditions. Non-linear friction is captured through gray-box friction formulation and learning unmodeled residual dynamics such as hysteresis and backlash. An EMB test stand is used to collect steps, ramps, holds/engagements, APRBS, and swept-sine excitations, with signals including time-aligned force command, motor torque/current, actuator position/velocity, and pad force measurement from a force sensor for model training. Results demonstrate a decrease in pad-force prediction error, along with non-linear and residual friction estimation. The resulting digital twin can enable sensor-less force estimation, friction compensation design, predictive analytics, and health monitoring through tracking parameter drift and friction signatures.
Rai, Prakhar, Gadhvi, Tirth
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