Browse Topic: Management and Organizations

Items (49,568)

Vehicle Development and Testing - Data-driven Method to Reduce Error of the Simulation’s Control Response of the Real Vehicle

2026-01-0058To be published on 04/07/2026

With the steady increase of autonomous vehicles numbers and advanced driver-assistance system features aimed at improving road safety, simulation tools have become a critical part of the development process, enabling systems to be tested without risking property damage or bodily harm in the event of failure. Physics-based simulators are central to virtual vehicle development, yet their control responses often differ from real vehicles, limiting the transfer of controllers developed in simulation. As these simulations play a larger role in the vehicle design and validation process, a critical question is how well their predicted behavior translates to real-world physical systems becomes a factor. This paper presents a calibration framework for an autonomous car platform that identifies and mitigates the residual error between simulated and real control responses. First, the error is quantified by issuing identical commands to a real vehicle and the simulated vehicle by monitoring

Soloiu, Valentin, Sutton, Timothy, Mehrzed, Shaen, Lange, Robin, Zimmerman, Charles, Peralta Lopez, Guillermo

Driver response times to turn-in-path events from real world responses in SHRP-2 data

2026-01-0545To be published on 04/07/2026

This study analyses of driver behavior in Turn-In-Path (TIP) scenarios using the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) naturalistic driving dataset. A total of 259 real-world incidents, including both crashes and near-crashes, were examined to evaluate human driver perception-response times (PRT) and avoidance behaviors when another vehicle (the principal other vehicle, or POV) turns into the path of a straight-moving subject vehicle (SV). The combined analysis includes TIP events involving POVs turning from intersecting roads to either cross or merge into the SV’s lane. Each event was reviewed to identify the triggering threshold that prompted an emergency response, with measurements taken from video and telematics data. Response time was measured across two different starting points. Key variables included time to conflict, POV behavior (e.g., stopped vs. rolling), SV driver engagement in secondary tasks, and environmental factors such as lighting and roadway geometry

Dinakar, Swaroop, Muttart, Jeffrey, Maloney, Timothy, Adhikari, Bikram

Bias and uncertainty in the time, position, and speed data of consumer-grade GPS devices

2026-01-0544To be published on 04/07/2026

The goal of this study is to quantify the accuracy and uncertainty of position and speed measurements acquired by a wide range of consumer-grade GPS-enabled devices while road cycling. We acquired position and speed data simultaneously from 13 consumer devices (e.g., phones, watches, bicycle computers) at their maximum sampling rate (typically 1 Hz) during 10 hours (thirty 20 minute sessions) and 150 km of road cycling in a suburban environment. The position data from these devices were compared to real-time kinematic (RTK) data acquired using a differential GPS system and the speed data from these devices were compared to speed data acquired with high-resolution wheel rotation sensors (23,040 pulses per revolution) synchronized with the RTK data. Based on these comparisons, we generated probability distributions for the errors in the position and speed measured by each of the consumer devices. This study provides foundational data needed to quantify the accuracy and uncertainty across

Booth, Gabrielle R., Mitchell, Alan L., Siegmund, Gunter P.

Determining Video Frame Capture Rate through Reverse Engineering

2026-01-0543To be published on 04/07/2026

The timing of video recordings, along with the spatial positioning of objects, is a fundamental parameter for calculating the speed time history. If the task involves determining an object’s average speed over several to a dozen frames, the average inter-frame interval can be used as the basic time unit. However, if the objective is to compute speed from individual frames, the reliability of the timing becomes crucial. Without access to DVR hardware documentation, proprietary algorithms, or software – and considering the frequent hardware modifications and software updates - the most effective way to solve the problem is through a reverse-engineering approach. This study discusses several aspects of timing analysis, including: (1) making a test recording of a calibrated LED lightboard; (2) analyzing the relationship between the lightboard time and the presentation time stamp (pts) extracted from the file metadata; (3) investigating frequency interference occurring when recordings are

Wach, Wojciech

Benchmarking Driver Responses in Head-On Conflicts: Toward an Objective Protocol for Human and AV Evaluation

2026-01-0534To be published on 04/07/2026

Head-on emergency conflicts present a unique challenge for evaluating driver and automated vehicle (AV) performance. Unlike most emergency scenarios that follow a direct stimulus–response sequence, head-on encounters are characterized by a stimulus–wait–response pattern in which time to contact (TTC) strongly shapes driver behavior. Drawing on naturalistic and simulator data, this study quantified human responses to head-on conflicts. When the opposing vehicle crossed the centerline with more than 2 seconds of TTC, drivers delayed braking until an average of 1.3 seconds (SD = 0.8) before impact, regardless of the timing of the intrusion. By contrast, when TTC was less than 2 seconds, braking was initiated only 0 to 1.0 second before impact. As a result, many drivers applied the brakes less than half a second before collision. These findings provide a meta-analytically grounded benchmark for comparing human behavior to AV decision-making processes and demonstrate the need for conflict

Muttart, Jeffrey, Dinakar, Swaroop, Maloney, Tim, Adikhari, Bikram, Gernhard-Macha, Suntasty

Forensic Acquisition and Analysis of Unsupported Lexus Infotainment Modules via CMD42 Bypass and Data Carving

2026-01-0540To be published on 04/07/2026

Crashes involving passenger vehicles increasingly include models equipped with infotainment modules that are unsupported by commercial vehicle system forensics hardware and software. Examiners facing these systems must overcome challenges in acquiring and analyzing user data, requiring an understanding of both digital forensics principles and the proprietary characteristics of the modules. This paper presents a novel methodology for acquiring data from previously unsupported Lexus infotainment modules, including techniques to bypass CMD42 security locks on SD cards and extract data in a forensically sound manner. Once acquired, the paper outlines methods for analyzing user data through data carving techniques, enabling recovery of information from binary images even when the full file system cannot be reconstructed. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the integrity of the evidence and validating findings through controlled testing. These validation procedures ensure that the recovered

Burgess, Shanon

Target Cascading Kinematics and Compliance Tables to Suspension Design

2026-01-0584To be published on 04/07/2026

During the initial design phase, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) require the adaptability to examine various suspension system architectures while maintaining focus on the specific performance objectives. Those requirements are expressed by Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) look-up tables and represent the footprint of what the suspension should look like in real-world applications. However, translating those requirements into the full geometric hardpoint layout is not straightforward. This process often relies on trial-and-error approaches, making it time consuming and requiring significant expertise. This challenge, known as "target cascading," remains a major hurdle for many engineers. The main objective of this paper is to cascade the suspension requirements from K&C look-up tables to hardpoint locations by adopting an automatic workflow and ensuring respect for constructive and feasibility constraints. Design space exploration was conducted using a robust

Brigida, Piero, Di Carlo, Paolo, Di Gioia, Niccolò, Geluk, Theo, Tong, Son, Alirand, Marc, Gorgoretti, Davide, Occhineri, Marco, Tassini, Nicola, Berzi, Lorenzo

Advanced Tire Looseness Identification through Algorithmic Gear Error Analysis and Probabilistic Assessment

2026-01-0590To be published on 04/07/2026

At present, tire failures directly affect road safety, and the number of incidents caused by them is gradually increasing. Examining tire looseness on time is vital for vehicle safety. Tire-related incidents not only put people in peril but also have a detrimental effect on the economy. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a new and effective method for identifying tire looseness. A novel gear error reduction approach, distinct from traditional methods, combines advanced computing and probabilistic analysis. This paper involves three key components: extracting looseness eigenvalues, calculating ring gear errors, and computing the tire loosen probabilities. Gear errors derived from the Kalman filter and adjusted for speed, eigenvalues were calculated, and a tire loosening probability analysis was performed. Real-car trials across speeds and roads confirm its accuracy and reliability. This technology can improve automotive safety and maintenance, reducing accidents, claims

Zhao, Gaoming, Zhang, Zhijie, Liu, Jianjian, Ma, Guangtao, Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Binggen

Introduction to Catesby Aero Research Facility, CARF, the coast-down tunnel proving ground.

2026-01-0611To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper reports on the Catesby Aero Research Facility (CARF), which began commercial use in 2019, and provides an overview of the facility and related technologies, particularly details on the vehicle-mounted component force measurement devices. CARF is a proving ground that was renovated from a former railway tunnel approximately 2.74km long and is now covered with high-quality tarmac. The road surface quality was designed to be at least as good as that of SUBARU's proving ground, and the standards were achieved using British construction technology. The course is almost straight, but there is a slight incline. The course specifications are: blockage 40m2, road width 6m (maximum 8.4m), flatness σ<0.5mm, and gradient 0.57%.In particular, compared to outdoor coastdown trucks, its overall length allows for continuous measurement right up to the stop, giving it a significant advantage in repeatability.At the same time, Subaru's newly developed six-component force sensor built into the

Shimoyama, Hiroshi

StreamPETR-TKD: Temporal Knowledge Distillation for Efficient 3D Object Detection in Object-Centric Streaming Models

2026-01-0023To be published on 04/07/2026

Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) perception has become pivotal in autonomous driving for 3D object detection, enabling the transformation of multi-view image features into a unified BEV representation. However, purely visual methods still struggle with depth estimation and temporal consistency, particularly in modeling long-term dependencies and avoiding trajectory confusion in dynamic scenes. Knowledge distillation (KD) offers a promising solution by transferring rich knowledge from a powerful teacher model to a efficient student model, enhancing performance without incurring significant computational overhead. This paper aims to enhance the temporal reasoning and geometric understanding of the StreamPETR model—an object-centric, streaming-based 3D detector—via a multi-level distillation strategy. 1.Temporal Relation Distillation: The self-attention mechanisms of the teacher model are distilled to impart temporal relational knowledge, enabling the student to associate object states across time

Yan, Yixiong

Hydrogen Propulsion for Heavy Commercial vehicle Applications in India : A Quality-Driven Approach from Tata Motors

2026-01-0144To be published on 04/07/2026

As the global commercial vehicle sector searches for innovation in propulsion technologies that deliver sustainability and zero tail pipe emissions, hydrogen (H₂) mobility is gaining momentum—especially in heavy duty segments where battery electric drivetrains still face constraints. Tata Motors, recognized in India for its pioneering work in commercial vehicles, has launched an ambitious programme to engineer hydrogen powered solutions custom built for the nation’s heavy trucks and buses that underpin logistics and infrastructure. This paper outlines Tata Motors’ structured approach on ‘Failure mode avoidance’ for a safe and reliable H₂ propulsion, anchored in the ‘Quality by Design’ approach through Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) at a very early stage. Every critical vehicle system and sub-system—storage, fuel delivery, control and the propulsion unit itself—is subjected to DFMEA at the concept stage so that potential risks are detected and addressed before vehicle

Giri, Debabrata, Biswas, Kaushik, Saji, Amal

Methodology to Quantify the Petroleum Equivalent Fuel Economy Impact of BEV Thermal System Energy Consumption

2026-01-0132To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper will present research and 1D modeling results to support a proposed methodology to determine a fleet ambient weighted average Petroleum Equivalent Fuel Economy (PEFE) for the energy consumed by the thermal system of a BEV, including a proposal of how factor in the thermal system PEFE result into an OEM’s overall CAFE determination on an incentivized (not punitive) basis, within the existing regulatory framework. The topic is particularly important because EPA and NHTSA final rules issued in early 2024 eliminated A/C Efficiency Credits for BEVs that are currently in place for all classes of light duty vehicles. However, without some sort of regulatory incentivization, market forces will dictate thermal comfort system solutions that consume more energy – and with that more negative secondary effects such as higher greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle mass - than would otherwise be the case. Eliminating incentivization for BEVs is particularly concerning because the thermal

Taylor, Dwayne

High Order Control Lyapunov Function - Control Barrier Function - Quadratic Programming Based Autonomous Driving Controller for Bicyclist Safety

2026-01-0034To be published on 04/07/2026

Ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users is a critical challenge in the development of advanced autonomous driving systems. Among vulnerable road users, bicyclists present unique characteristics that make their safety both critical and manageable. Compared to pedestrians, vehicles often travel at significantly higher relative speeds when interacting with bicyclists, yet bicyclist motion is generally more predictable and governed by clear traffic rules, offering opportunities for model-based control strategies. To address bicyclist safety in complex traffic environments, this study proposes a High-Order Control Lyapunov Function–High-Order Control Barrier Function–Quadratic Programming (HOCLF-HOCBF-QP) control framework. By using this approach, CLFs enforce system stability, ensuring the vehicle follows a desired trajectory, while CBFs define safety boundaries, preventing collisions between the ego-vehicle and other road users. The optimal control input is then obtained by solving a

Chen, Haochong, Cao, Xincheng, Guvenc, Levent, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin

The cure for overgrown process garden or why engineers have given up with ASPICE.

2026-01-0067To be published on 04/07/2026

The useability of development processes in automotive decreased in the past years to a level at which their application and being able to benefit from them are questionable. Such degradation can be attributed to new additions to the processes and introduction of FUSA and Cybersecurity standards. The processes try to keep up with the shift from “plan-implement- test-roll out” to more agile methods. In addition, process departments, in charge of these processes, did not target the engineers as users of these processes, they focused on the compliance of processes and the assessor in the assessment. Due to reasons mentioned above, processes have grown in size and complexity which creates unnecessary overhead and forces the usage of complex tools to handle this overhead. Furthermore, the language of this process is written mostly in the language of the assessor, making them hard to understand for an average engineer. As a result, engineers are annoyed in their daily work and are not as

Weber, Matthias, Kmiec, Mateusz, Romijn, Marcel, Nedkov, Detelin

Optimizing Virtual Scenario Testing for Autonomous Vehicles with Large-Scale Scenario Generation.

2026-01-0050To be published on 04/07/2026

The validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving (AD) Systems, especially at higher automation levels such as SAE Level 3 or 4, demands the testing of a vast array of scenario variants far exceeding the scope of standard safety specifications like Euro NCAP (The European New Car Assessment Programme). Autonomous vehicles require thorough real-world testing to ensure automotive safety. However, public road tests are costly and risky. Instead, virtual scenarios - digital twins of real environments - offer a safe, cost-effective testing alternative. Exhaustive simulation across this high-dimensional scenario space, which includes variations in actor behavior, environmental conditions, and event characteristics, is computationally infeasible. We propose a constraint-solving approach to address this challenge that leverages mathematical and geometric techniques to analytically assess the existence and validity of scenario variants prior to simulation. Two

Karve, Omkar, Saurav, Saket, Purwar, Prabhanshu

Embedded Coding Agent: Natural-Language Driven Generation of AUTOSAR & Non-AUTOSAR Embedded C/C++ code

2026-01-0105To be published on 04/07/2026

Embedded software development in the automotive sector is becoming more demanding as engineers balance performance, safety, and certification requirements. Traditional approaches such as manual coding or model-based workflows require significant effort in writing boilerplate code, ensuring AUTOSAR compliance, and preparing verification artifacts for audits. Commercial tools like MathWorks Simulink Embedded Coder already provide model-to-code generation capabilities, but these solutions are often costly and may not be viable for budget-sensitive domains such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers. This creates a strong need for alternative, more accessible approaches that can deliver efficiency without compromising on quality. This paper introduces an embedded coding agent designed to address this gap. The agent accepts natural language or structured prompts and generates AUTOSAR-compatible ARXML as well as embedded C and C++ implementations. Unlike general-purpose coding assistants, it is

Daware, Kartik

Lateral stability and energy-saving integrated control of distributed drive vehicles with four wheel hub motors

2026-01-0635To be published on 04/07/2026

Abstract: In order to improve the lateral stability and energy optimization of four-wheel hub motor distributed drive vehicles under complex road conditions, a layered control strategy for yaw stability is proposed. The upper controller is designed based on the sliding mode control principle to create a yaw moment controller, establishing both a two-degree-of-freedom model and a seven-degree-of-freedom model for the vehicle, tracking the desired yaw rate, desired center of mass side slip angle, actual yaw rate, and actual center of mass side slip angle to obtain the corresponding additional yaw moment. Moreover, the state of the vehicle is analyzed using the phase plane method of the center of mass side slip angle and yaw rate, and the total additional yaw moment for the vehicle is computed based on weighted calculations according to the state. Additionally, an unscented Kalman filter observer is established to enhance the tracking accuracy of the actual yaw rate and actual center of

shi, cheng'ao, liu, bingsen, Zou, Xiaojun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming

The New Era for Automotive Cybersecurity An Opportunity for Standardization of Automotive Cybersecurity

2026-01-0086To be published on 04/07/2026

The automotive industry is moving from a reactive, self-determined approach to cybersecurity to a standardized, regulated one. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE TEVEES18B Committee and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition. In the past, cybersecurity challenges in the automotive industry were seen as novel, and each company handled them individually. This era was characterized by self-determination of security mitigations and a unique justification for solutions. Companies often developed cybersecurity concepts based on past incidents and their own risk tolerance. A key tool during this time was the TARA (Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment), which organizations used to justify their security concepts or lack thereof. This led to company-specific policies and a lack of a global standard. The result was a fragmented market where every new project required a novel cybersecurity concept, hindering the development of a robust market for

Mazzara, Bill, Rawlings, Craig

Enhancing Traditional Adaptive Cruise Control through Map-Based Feature Integration: A Performance evaluation Study on Stationary Vehicle Response at High Speeds

2026-01-0056To be published on 04/07/2026

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) has become a widely adopted driver-assist technology, designed primarily to regulate a vehicle’s longitudinal movement while maintaining a safe following distance from the preceding vehicle. A key performance criterion is the system’s ability to detect and respond to both moving and stationary target vehicles within the ego vehicle’s path. While manufacturers typically validate ACC performance within specific speed ranges, responding to stationary objects remains particularly challenging due to limited sensor range, difficulty in detecting distant stationary targets, and constrained deceleration capabilities. Beyond certified operating limits, overall system reliability may degrade. Nonetheless, increasing industry and regulatory expectations are driving the need to extend ACC functionality across wider and more clearly defined speed domains. Modern ACC systems are further evolving to recognize and respond to various road features, including traffic lights

Awathe, Arpit, Patel, Darsh, Mathur, Dhruv, Raut, Abhinandan Vijay

Modified Hybrid A* Collision-Free Path-Planning for Parking a Vehicle in Tight Spaces

2026-01-0046To be published on 04/07/2026

Parking a vehicle in tight spaces is a challenging task to perform due to the scarcity of feasible paths that are also collision-free. This paper presents a strategy to tackle this kind of maneuver with a modified Hybrid-A* path-planning algorithm that combines the feasibility guarantee inherent in the standard Hybrid A* algorithm with the addition of static obstacle collision avoidance. A kinematic single-track model is derived to describe the low-speed motion of the vehicle, which is subsequently used as the motion model in the Hybrid A* path-planning algorithm to generate feasible motion primitive branches. The model states are also used to reconstruct the vehicle centerline, which, in conjunction with an inflated binary occupancy map, facilitates static obstacle collision avoidance functions. Simulation study and animation are set up to test the efficacy of the approach, and the proposed algorithm proves to consistently provide kinematically feasible trajectories that are also

Cao, Xincheng, Chen, Haochong, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent

Analyzing Fastened Joints in Hydraulic Dampers using Simulation and Experimental Methods

2026-01-0585To be published on 04/07/2026

The main purpose of this study is to develop and validate an accurate calculation model for an unorthodox hydraulic damper piston joint, enabling reliable torque specification and clamp behavior without full prototype iteration. The joint features a bolted interface with a laminated shim stack of many thin disks with varying outer diameters. Analysis of such unorthodox joints are uncommon in literature, making the effects of load distribution truncation in the member stack due to varying outer diameters and surface contact effects between thin members during compression and torquing difficult to quantify. The model discussed in this paper is based on frustum load distribution combined with annular-plate bending and elastic-foundation effects to capture the effects of washer cupping. Concrete outputs of the calculator include member load distribution, bolt and member stiffnesses, torque-to-preload relationships, including friction factors and a variable effective-bearing-diameter, and

Dresen, Gabriel S., Vollmar, Race, Roy Chowdhury, Sourav

Ensemble of Experts for Generating Digital Parking Maps from Remote Sensing Images

2026-01-0107To be published on 04/07/2026

Being a vital component of transportation, parking and parking-related research are gaining increasing attention from the intelligent transportation and automotive industry research communities. A digital parking map with precise parking spot geospatial information is crucial for research such as automatic valet parking, parking spot recommendations, and parking route optimization. Currently, these maps are generated through costly and resource-intensive human annotation. To address the challenges of insufficient parking maps and the high costs of manual map creation, researchers have proposed the following two strategies for generating parking maps. The SLAM-based map generation for indoor parking lots and the remote sensing image-based map generation for outdoor parking lot. Our work mainly focuses on the outdoor high-definition parking map generation from remote sensing images. These images often suffer from occlusion, inconsistent resolution, and varying luminosity conditions. To

Shukla, Ajitesh, Cao, Xiaofei, Liu, Yongkang, Takeuchi, Yusuke, Sisbot, Akin

Simulating Cryptographic Primitives in Model Based Systems Engineering Projects

2026-01-0083To be published on 04/07/2026

Security has become an increasingly critical concern for large off-road vehicle manufacturers due to the growing threats posed by hackers, heightened awareness around data privacy, the implementation of anti-tamper technologies, and stringent emissions regulations. These pressures necessitate the development of robust security measures that can effectively safeguard vehicle systems while promoting responsible and sustainable innovation. To address these challenges, cybersecurity teams and engineers can leverage tools such as Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), which facilitates the rapid and cost-effective development of comprehensive security mechanisms. This paper explores the application of systems engineering techniques to create a solution for ensuring integrity and authenticity in Controller Area Network (CAN) systems, which are commonly utilized in heavy-duty diesel engines. The deployment of solutions to secure the CAN bus will likely depend on cryptography. However

DiValentin, Maria, Daily, Jeremy

Aerodynamic Proximity Effects Between the DrivAer and AeroSUV Standard Models, Part 1 – Same-Lane Interactions

2026-01-0605To be published on 04/07/2026

Road-vehicle platooning is traditionally defined as close-distance longitudinal following in laterally-aligned formation. In this paper, the effects of aerodynamic interactions on the drag of a two-vehicle system are examined by considering the influence of separation distance, cross winds, vehicle size and shape. Testing was undertaken at 30% scale in a large wind tunnel with road-representative freestream turbulence. Separation distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vehicle lengths were examined over a range of yaw angles between ±15deg. A highlight of the current study is the characterization of platoon drag-reduction benefits for different sizes and shapes of the lead and follower models, by using a DrivAer model and an AeroSUV model, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants, providing four distinct model pairings. Drag reduction for the lead model appears to be affected mainly by the size of the follower vehicle, while the follower model shows a

McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh

An Updated Correlation Study between the Full Size Wind Tunnels of General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and FCA US LLC

2026-01-0612To be published on 04/07/2026

As automotive aerodynamic testing facilities evolve to capture more real-world behavior, updating the correlation between old and new technologies is essential. Recently, the three-member consortium of the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) - FCA US LLC, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors - transitioned from full-size static ground plane facilities to 5-belt moving ground plane wind tunnel facilities. The primary objective of this study was to update the correlation data sets to maintain consistent and robust data sharing among companies, which is the cornerstone of USCAR efforts. To achieve this, a set of updated correlation data sets were calculated to replace the original correlation study results from 2008. Additionally, the methodology for applying correlation equations was revised from using averaged wind tunnel data to employing direct wind tunnel-to-wind tunnel correlation equations. In a two-phase correlation effort conducted in 2022 and 2025, the three

Nastov, Alexander, Lounsberry, Todd, Madin, Trevor, Langmeyer, Gregory, Fadler, Gregory, Skinner, Shaun, Horton, Damien

An Integrated Methodology for Sustainable Mobility Infrastructure Planning: The Atlanta Aerotropolis Case Study

2026-01-0097To be published on 04/07/2026

By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic, agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human

Rana, Vishva, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri, Valenzuela Del Rio, Jose

Development of technology to distinguish contaminants using LiDAR near-field point cloud based on real-field data

2026-01-0020To be published on 04/07/2026

Sensing technologies are essential to autonomous driving, enabling environmental perception and supporting navigation and its decision-making. However, most publicly available datasets are collected under perfect weather conditions and fail to capture the challenges of real-world environments. To address this gap, we built a large-scale dataset from extensive driving campaigns across diverse regions of the United States, covering conditions such as rain, snow, dust, clear weather and anti-ice material affects. Data were acquired through a multimodal sensing devices - including perception cameras, LiDAR, infrared sensors, and external monitoring systems - providing a comprehensive representation of the vehicle's operational environment. Building on this dataset, our study focuses on LiDAR data, emphasizing contaminant classification as a critical requirement for sensor-cleaning strategies essential to reliable autonomous driving. Using raw LiDAR signals collected over 22,000km of

KIM, HUNJAE

Development of an Advanced Tensile Testing Method for HDPE Composites in High Draw Molded Hollow Circular Regions: Effects of Sample Preparation, Asymmetry, Thermal Conditions, Pull Speed, and Fixture Parameters.

2026-01-0204To be published on 04/07/2026

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, particularly in high draw molded hollow circular configurations, present unique challenges in evaluating mechanical performance under tensile stress due to anisotropic deformation, geometric asymmetry, and localized thermal gradients. This study introduces an advanced tensile testing methodology designed specifically to assess such regions with greater precision and reproducibility. The method incorporates refined sample preparation protocols, tailored fixture geometry, and adjustable pull speeds to accommodate varying thermal histories and draw ratios inherent to molded sections. Systematic variation of asymmetrical, temperature conditions, and clamping techniques revealed significant impacts on tensile strength, elongation at break, and strain distribution. Findings emphasize the necessity of customized testing frameworks for molded composite geometries and demonstrate that fixture alignment and thermal conditioning are critical to

BHALERAO, SAURABH SHANKAR

Effective Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Glue-Laminated Motor Core with consideration of glue disposition and stacking factor.

2026-01-0177To be published on 04/07/2026

This study presents a practical approach for predicting the mechanical properties of glue-laminated motor cores, with a particular focus on the influence of glue disposition patterns and coverage rate, to enable more accurate material modeling and reliable NVH and other general structural analysis. Since glue bonding and lamination stacking are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of motor stator cores, variations in glue implementation introduce significant changes in both in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness properties. To address this, a homogenization framework based on the unit-cell method, considering detailed glue application information, is employed. The laminated structure is idealized as an orthotropic material, and the variation of in-plane properties in different directions is considered. Unlike simplified coverage-rate models, the proposed method incorporates localized glue distribution patterns—such as teeth, core back iron, and edge-concentrated regions like

Nie, Zifeng

Planning Charging Infrastructure for Electric Freight Corridors

2026-01-0469To be published on 04/07/2026

With the rapid development of electric vehicles, electric freight transportation is gradually increasing. However, the construction of charging infrastructure on expressways has lagged far behind, becoming a key bottleneck in the development of new energy freight transportation. This paper proposes an optimization system for the layout of charging stations in the rest areas of the Beijing–Hong Kong–Macao Expressway, based on freight logistics information. The system combines the Flow Capturing Location-Allocation Model (FCLM) with an improved genetic algorithm to dynamically analyze traffic flow, service area distribution, and charging demand, thereby achieving an optimized layout of charging stations. By simulating traffic flow variations under different scenarios, the study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of charging demand and optimizes the selection of charging station sites and charger allocation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimization method

Guo, Haifeng, Zhang, Jingzhong, Lian, Jintao

Simulink DevOps Evolution: Bridging Interactive Platforms for Accelerated Model-Based Workflows

2026-01-0080To be published on 04/07/2026

This paper builds on last year’s paper presenting DevOps automation in the context of model-based development. Following that paper, we interviewed Simulink users in passenger automotive, motorsports, commercial vehicles, aviation, rocketry, and industrial automation. We discovered that much of the benefit of DevOps platforms to reduce product development cycle time relies on their interactive features. We prototyped new tools to bridge interactive DevOps Git-based platforms with model-based development workflows, and then gathered reactions from another round of interviews. Here we present these interactive DevOps workflows with the feedback from these interviews to contextualize how engineering teams could adopt them to accelerate their own model-based workflows.

Mathews, Jon, Ferrero, Sergio, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Sauceda, Jeremias

Evolutionary Path to Vehicle Zonal E/E Architecture

2026-01-0071To be published on 04/07/2026

The automotive industry is undergoing a major transition in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs to zonal configuration. The rapid growth of software-driven functionality, cross domain function integration, and demands for centralized management have exposed the limitations of distributed and domain-based designs in complexity, scalability, and cost. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and I/O resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of the vehicle, greatly reducing wiring complexity, improving modularity, and enabling scalable, software-defined vehicles. However, this transition cannot be immediate because vehicle design and electrical system solutions have been built on decades of distributed and domain-based development. Moreover, the enabling technologies for realizing zonal E/E architecture, such as high-speed automotive Ethernet, zonal

Jiang, Shugang

A System of System Design Framework for Multi-Domain Vehicles

2026-01-0263To be published on 04/07/2026

A System of System Design Framework for Multi-Domain Vehicles - U.S. Army OPSEC approval has been received. Please find the approved Abstract for your consideration below : Traditionally, ground vehicle design is based on identifying engineering solutions that fulfil the requirements and specifications put forth by the stakeholders. Although a vehicle is a single entity, it is composed of many subsystems and thousands of parts that must operate together in unison to meet all design goals. A System of Systems (SoS) design approach enables the consideration of sub-system performance within a framework of overall system operation which includes possible trade-offs. This collaborative approach to subsystem and primary system design draws upon modelling, optimization, tradespace analysis and virtual studies. In this paper, a system of system design approach will be investigated for a collection of multi domain vehicles assembled to undertake coordinated search and rescue operations on land

Somanchi, Anang, Abeynayake, Chandima, deshmukh, Mrunal, Suresh, Johir, Ramnath, Satchit, Turner, Cameron, Schmid, Matthias, Castanier, Matthew P., Rapp, Stephen, Jaczkowski, Jeffery, Wagner, John

Pathways to Exceed 50% Thermal Efficiency in Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines

2026-01-0300To be published on 04/07/2026

Researches on high efficiency and low emission control strategies are crucial for addressing energy security and pollution challenges for combustion engines of vehicles. This paper investigates the effects of increasing compression ratio and air-fuel ratio (λ) under naturally aspirated conditions, as well as enhancing intake flow and λ under boosted intake combined with the Miller cycle, on combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. Experiments were conducted on a high-compression-ratio (up to 16.6) single-cylinder thermodynamic gasoline engine. Under natural aspiration, the effective compression ratio was raised via valve timings adjustments, while λ was increased using integrated passive and active pre-chamber systems. Under boosted conditions, intake flow was controlled via a flow meter, and λ was controlled via an active pre-chamber to analyze the λ distribution and thermal efficiency at high-efficiency operating points. Results indicate that under natural aspiration

Deng, Jun, Li, Xiaoliang, Miao, Xinke, Xu, Bingxin, Zhang, JianQi, Li, Liguang

A Novel Spot Joint Element for Fatigue Evaluation of Spot Welds and Fasteners in Lightweight Automotive Structures

2026-01-0182To be published on 04/07/2026

Due to the spot weld and mechanical fastener share the similar characteristics to join sheets together with only differences in deformation behavior around joint region, a novel spot joint element (user-defined element) consists of regular Mindlin shell elements and equations for different kinematic constraints is proposed to simplify the spot joint representation in lightweight automotive structures. The novel spot joint element can not only provide accurate deformation behavior around joint region but also output mesh-insensitive structural stresses at virtual nodes with the use of traction-based structural stress method for fatigue failure analysis. In this investigation, the structural stress distributions around joint peripheral in the lap-shear specimens with spot weld or fastener are first calculated to validate the accuracy of the novel spot joint element. Then, the structural stresses along different cross-sections emanating from joint are also calculated for the specimens

Wu, Shengjia, Zhang, Lunyu, Dong, Pingsha

Design and Development of a PWM Generator with Integrated Power Supply for BSVI / BSVII Dosing system

2026-01-0365To be published on 04/07/2026

A Direct leap from BSIV to BSVI in 2020 necessitated rapid adaptation by automakers and fuel suppliers. New regulatory standards on engine pollutant emissions have expanded the engine operating conditions subjected to type approval tests, aiming to bridge the gap between regulated and real-driving emissions. The BSVI dosing system, comprising supply and dosing units, is integral to the aftertreatment systems for both on-highway and off-highway applications. This system is crucial for meeting BSVI norms by providing the necessary flow and pressure. Before market introduction, this system must undergo various validation processes. Traditionally, the system relies on a controlled modulated input signal and a closed-loop feedback system developed by manufacturer software. However, this setup was complex, bulky, and requires manual intervention during lab testing validation. To enhance this system, we developed an automated PWM generator with an integrated power supply that dynamically

Chavan, Amit, Rath, Jagannath Prasad, Magar, Vijay, JAHAGIRDAR, RADHIKA

Assessing a Safety Case: Bottom-up Guidance for Claims

2026-01-0523To be published on 04/07/2026

As Automated Driving Systems (ADS) technology advances, ensuring safety and public trust requires robust assurance frameworks, with safety cases emerging as a critical tool toward such a goal. This paper explores an approach to assess how a safety case is supported by its claims and evidence, toward establishing credibility for the overall case. Starting from a description of the building blocks of a safety case (claims, evidence, and optional format-dependent entries), this paper delves into the assessment of support of each claim through the provided evidence. Two domains of assessment are outlined for each claim: procedural support (formalizing process specification) and implementation support (demonstrating process application). Additionally, an assessment of evidence status is also undertaken, independently from the claims support. Scoring strategies and evaluation guidelines are provided, including detailed scoring tables for claim support and evidence status assessment. The

Schnelle, Scott, Favaro, Francesca, Fraade-Blanar, Laura, Broce, Holland, Miranda, Justin, Wichner, David, Shrivastava, Mohit

Driving with Influence: Exploring Crash Factors of Automated Systems in Different Roadway Contexts

2026-01-0526To be published on 04/07/2026

Although SAE Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have been shown to provide some safety benefits, they have largely been constrained to specific driving contexts namely motorways for ADAS and lower speed roadways for ADS. As more advanced systems are entering the roadways and their operating conditions are expanding, it remains an ongoing challenge to assess the safe operation of vehicles with automation in different roadway contexts and leverage lessons learned from real-world incidents to create safer and more robust systems. As of August 2025, the NHTSA’s Standing General Order on Crash Reporting offers systematic data on such incidents, providing at least a cursory overview of where and how they occur. From this source, a total of 2,263 crash records were extracted—472 for ADAS systems and 1,791 for ADS systems. Through the application of association rule mining and a novel metric termed influence, patterns in ADAS- and ADS-related

Astle, W. Abram, Haus, Samantha

Lap Time Performance Sensitivity to Tire Model Parameters: An Optimal Control Framework for Model Selection and Calibration

2026-01-0214To be published on 04/07/2026

The push for vehicle development through virtual prototyping and testing in motorsports highlights the critical challenge of tire model selection and calibration, especially when vehicle dynamics must be accurately captured. The calibration process for tire models such as the Pacejka Magic Formula (MF) relies on parameter identification and experimental data fitting. While optimization algorithms have been implemented to calibrate tire models, few studies explore the effects of parameter selection on overall vehicle performance, complicating prioritization for the vehicle’s modeling and simulation strategy. To bridge this gap, this paper leverages optimal control methods to quantify how the variability of MF tire model parameters propagates to the overall vehicle model and impacts lap time prediction accuracy. To achieve this, a subset of parameters critical to combined slip of the MF tire model are varied through a Design of Experiments (DOE). These variations are executed on a flat

Zarate Villazon, Angel M., Brown, Ian, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri

Role of Advanced Polishing Techniques in Enhancing Al–Cu Diffusion Bonding: Eliminating Impurities and Voids for High-Performance Conductive Joints

2026-01-0235To be published on 04/07/2026

The demand for lightweight, high-efficiency components in electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the critical need for reliable Al-Cu joints with superior electrical and thermal conductivity. While diffusion bonding has emerged as a promising approach, interfacial impurities and voids often degrade joint quality and conductivity. In this work, we introduce a novel integration of electropolishing pretreatment with ultra-thin copper foil (<50 µm) assisted diffusion bonding to achieve cleaner, void-free interfaces. Electropolishing effectively removes surface contaminants and oxides, enabling intimate atomic contact during bonding and minimizing the formation of brittle intermetallic phases. A systematic investigation of bonding parameters temperature, pressure, and time was conducted using a custom-designed graphite clamping system. Microstructural analyses reveal that polishing plays a pivotal role in producing uniform, impurity-free interfaces, resulting in reduced intermetallic thickness

Abbasi, Hossein, Liu, Yi, Su, Jinrong, WANG, Andy, xiao, Yaohong, Wang, Qigui, CHEN, LEI

Machine Learning Modeling for Compressive Property Prediction of Foams

2026-01-0512To be published on 04/07/2026

Foam material models for automotive structural analysis typically require tensile and compressive data at multiple strain rates. The testing is costly and may require a long time to complete. For many applications, foams of similar chemistry are used and the foam structural responses, such as stiffness and compression force deflection, are controlled by the foam density. In such cases, Machine Learning (ML) lends itself as an ideal tool to detect the trends in material response based on density and strain rate. In this paper, five microcellular polyurethane (PU) foams of different densities were tested at four strain rates ranging from 0.01/s to 100/s. A ML model capable of predicting compressive stress-strain response for a range of densities was developed. The model demonstrated good prediction capability for intermediate strain rates at all foam densities and in extrapolating stress-strain curves at higher densities at all strain rates. The strain rate trends for a density outside

M, Gokula Krishnan, Kavimani, Harish, Muppana, Sai Siddhartha, Savic, Vesna, Chavare, Sudeep, V S, Rajamanickam

In-Use Life Digital Twin and Swappable Use Case for Battery Durability

2026-01-0397To be published on 04/07/2026

In-Use Life Digital Twin and Swappable Use Case for Battery Durability By: Patricia Laskowsky, Josue Albarran, Justin Bunnell, and Andrew Zettel Abstract The UN GTR 22 is required as part of the Environmental Protection Agency’s legislative rulemaking for multi-pollutants emission standards for model years 2027 and later light-duty and medium duty vehicles. The EPA claims it has the right to govern requirements on ZEVs and BEVs. ZEVs, in their viewpoint, are “emission related” because it enables the vehicle to produce zero emissions. With the adoption by the EPA under its Tier 4 regulations of the UN GTR 22, comes several new tracking DIDs, Data Identifiers. These DIDs are tied battery durability and energy tracking They track conditions and usages of electric vehicles that may accelerate the loss of electric range and/or loss of efficiency of the propulsion energy storage and delivery. More specifically, tying these trackers to EPA emission related discussion, the loss of electric

Laskowsky, Patricia, Bunnell, Justin, Zettel, Andrew, Albarran, Josue

Operational Feasibility of Battery Swapping in U.S. Transit: A Case Study of King County Metro

2026-01-0402To be published on 04/07/2026

Battery swapping technology has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional plug-in charging for electric bus fleets, offering rapid turnaround times and improved vehicle availability. This paper investigates whether battery swapping can be integrated into U.S. public transit bus operations without disrupting existing timetables. A Seattle based public transit agency- King County Metro is taken as a case study in this paper. Using General Transit Feed Specification data from King County Metro, a MATLAB model was built that reconstructs blocks and layovers, extracts dwell-time opportunities, and performs block distance and block time analyses to understand operational rhythms. A mathematical energy model was developed that maps route mileage, efficiency, and layover availability to swap decisions, using a look-ahead rule that defers exchanges whenever the next feasible layover can still be reached while respecting a minimum state-of-charge. The workflow estimates how many swaps

Vadlapatla, Taraka Rishi, Jankord, Gregory, D'Arpino, Matilde

AI model creation and System Verification of “Telemotion” Infrastructure-Cooperative Autonomous Driving System using Digital Twin

2026-01-0255To be published on 04/07/2026

The concept of the vehicle has changed as a result of many innovations over the last decade in the fields of connected, autonomous/automated, shared, and electric (CASE) technologies. At the same time, labor shortages in Japan are becoming more serious due to a decline in the working population. To help resolve these issues, a remote-controlled autonomous vehicle driving system called Telemotion has been developed that automates the movement of vehicles in production plants. Telemotion is an autonomous driving and transportation system in which the recognition, judgment, and operation functions of driving are handled by a control system outside the vehicle that communicates wirelessly with the vehicle. This system utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced technologies to realize safe unmanned autonomous driving, and is already in operation in production plants. Currently, efforts are under way to build a digital twin environment and conduct AI learning using computer

Hatano, Yasuyoshi, Iwazaki, Noritsugu, Nagafuchi, Yuhei, Iwahori, Kento, Tanaka, Atsushi, Uezu, Satoru, Kanou, Takeshi, INOUE, Go, Okamoto, Yuki, Oka, Yuhei, Kakuma, Daisuke, Chiba, Hiroya, Egashira, Kazuki, Ishikuro, Megumi, Sawano, Takuro

A decision-making framework for field manufacturability of vehicle parts in expeditionary environments

2026-01-0143To be published on 04/07/2026

Expeditionary environments (such as remote exploration missions, forward military operations, and disaster response zones) demand adaptive manufacturing solutions to support vehicle sustainment in the absence of traditional supply chains. This work introduces a conceptual mathematical framework for modeling the constraints and trade-offs inherent to expeditionary manufacturing, with a focus on vehicle repair and spare parts fabrication using low-energy and simple automated systems including desktop-scale 3D printers and CNC machines. The model integrates key variables such as energy availability, material transport cost, fabrication time, and environmental limitations to support rapid decision-making on part manufacturability and in-field feasibility. A case study involving the on-demand production of some common wear and failure parts on a vehicle, including suspension components and the water pump, is used to demonstrate how this framework can guide the selection of suitable

Mollan, Calahan, Pandey, Vijitashwa, Patterson, Albert E.

Progressive optimization path planning method for intelligent mobile agent in unstructured environment

2026-01-0253To be published on 04/07/2026

Due to the presence of cluttered obstacles and irregular road edges in most operation scenarios, this poses significant challenges for the autonomous mobile operation of intelligent agents. To address the challenges of such unstructured scenarios, this study proposes a progressive optimization path planning method for intelligent mobile agents. Firstly, to eliminate the blind search behavior of the traditional RRT algorithm, a dynamic target bias function is introduced to guide the RRT to search as close to the target point as possible, obtaining the initial planned path. Secondly, to improve the comprehensive performance of the path planning, an iterative artificial potential field optimization algorithm is developed to iteratively update the initial planned path to obtain a progressively optimized path. Finally, different scale scenarios are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the method proposed in this study can significantly improve

Zeng, Yongping, Zeng, Dequan

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Electified Vehicle Options in Drayage Fleets

2026-01-0454To be published on 04/07/2026

The transition of drayage fleets from diesel to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) poses both opportunities and uncertainties, especially regarding long-term economic viability. While total cost of ownership (TCO) is a useful benchmark, fleet operators and investors are equally concerned with investment performance metrics such as payback period and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), which better reflect financial risks and investment return timelines. This study proposes a comprehensive framework to evaluate the economic feasibility of transitioning from diesel to BEVs, jointly analyzing TCO parity conditions, payback periods, and IRRs under different technology, cost, and operational scenarios. Building on a previously developed cost modeling tool, the analysis incorporates evolving battery prices, energy costs, vehicle performance characteristics and other assumptions from 2025 to 2050. Real-world duty cycle data from a Class 8 drayage fleet at the Port of Savannah is used to capture

Sun, Ruixiao, Sujan, Vivek, Goulet, Nathan, Wang, Qixing

Culture Clashes: LLM Support in the Engineering of Safety-Critical Systems

2026-01-0110To be published on 04/07/2026

The proven usefulness of large language models (LLMs) as tools for software development and the recent rapid increase in their capabilities have made it possible and attractive to extend their scope of application to almost all tasks in the engineering of complex and even safety-critical systems. Although their application may be economically attractive, LLMs are prone to errors and the generated engineering artifacts may not meet the stringent quality requirements for safety-critical systems. In our paper, we systematically analyze the various potential uses of LLM in the engineering lifecycle of safety-critical systems and identify associated risks and approaches to risk mitigation. We classify these uses and compare them with approaches to mitigating the risks associated with traditional design automation. In addition, we address cultural and psychological aspects of the trust placed in LLMs as engineering tools and reliance on their results. Our analysis shows that, despite their

Thomas, Carsten, Wagner, Michael

Quantifying Accuracy and Robustness to Guide Fidelity Selection for Multi-fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Models

2026-01-0149To be published on 04/07/2026

Accurate and reliable simulation models are essential for design, development, and performance evaluation during virtual vehicle testing. However, fidelity assessment and validation remain a challenge. While error metrics are used to evaluate simulations, they alone do not capture how reliable predictions are, or how robust models are to varying driving scenarios and modeling assumptions. This work develops a systematic quantitative approach for evaluating vehicle dynamics model fidelity, moving beyond traditional visual or qualitative comparisons. A dimensionless fidelity metric is proposed that integrates error and uncertainty into a single measure, enabling objective accuracy assessment of variable-fidelity simulations. This framework supports fidelity selection in vehicle dynamics, providing clearer insight into tradeoffs between computational cost and achievable accuracy, and advancing the goal of reliable virtual testing. This approach is demonstrated on an open-loop vehicle

Emara, Mariam, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri

Digital Twin Aerodynamics Model Validation for HALO Wind Tunnel

2026-01-0610To be published on 04/07/2026

A simulation-based aerodynamics model of the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio (HALO) Wind Tunnel, a three-quarter open-jet (ground plane) configuration opened in 2022 for full-scale automotive testing, is under development to support data fusion for more accurate surrogate models in vehicle engineering programs. The objective is to demonstrate that a matched set of boundary values between the physical wind tunnel and the three-dimensional numerical model yield correct responses for several key flow field quantities, starting with the baseline empty tunnel case: (1) streamwise static pressure distribution, (2) evolution of the free shear layers downstream of the nozzle exit plane, and (3) ground-plane boundary layer development. Pressure-based measurement probes were deployed in these regions using a four-axis overhead traverse to acquire validation data in the large facility, including instrument verification between a 14-hole probe and Pitot-static rake. Detached eddy simulation

Patel, Sajan, Disotell, Kevin, Eagles, Naethan

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