As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of

Harry, Evan, Eandi, Giacomo

NoiseSphere: An AI-Based Approach for Dynamic and Large-Scale Noise Mapping

2026-01-0719

6/20/2026

Noise pollution is a major environmental and health challenge, yet its strong spatial and temporal variability makes comprehensive mapping highly complex. Current approaches under the European Noise Directive (END) provide only partial coverage and often lack temporal dynamics. The NoiseSphere project, funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG, develops an AI-based methodology for dynamic, large-scale noise prediction and mapping. A machine learning model is trained on heterogeneous data sources, including semantically enriched open Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, OpenStreetMap road data and existing noise maps. The model is refined through integration of noise emission data and validated using targeted in-situ measurements. A case study in an urban environment (Graz, Austria) demonstrates the model’s applicability. By combining remote sensing, traffic dynamics, and machine learning, NoiseSphere enables predictive noise mapping even in regions not covered by current

Girstmair, Josef

Vibration Synthesis and Seat Dynamics Compensation for Single-Axis Seat Vibrations in Driving Simulators

2026-01-0673

6/20/2026

Realistic seat vibration reproduction is essential for delivering authentic haptic cues and enhancing driver immersion in driving simulators. Unlike direct playback of road recordings, simulator applications require vibration synthesis that responds interactively to driver inputs and vehicle dynamics. Reproducing these vibrations at the seat is often complicated by actuator bandwidth limitations and the dynamic behaviour of the seat structure itself, which can alter the intended target response. This work presents vibration synthesis and seat dynamics compensation strategies implemented on a single-axis seat vibration reproduction system equipped with a vertical actuator. Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) were measured to characterise the system dynamics under single-axis excitation. Run-up and coast-down tests were conducted on the seat and compared to target responses measured on an actual vehicle under operational conditions. Several seat dynamics compensation strategies were

Muthu Chaiphas, Joshua Daniel, Cuenca, Jacques, Bianciardi, Fabio, Colangeli, Claudio, Deckers, Elke, Denayer, Hervé, Janssens, Karl

AI-Based Package Tray Design Method for Controlling Acoustic Modes in a Sedan

2026-01-0716

6/20/2026

In this study, we propose a methodology for predicting the acoustic modes and natural frequencies of a sedan using artificial intelligence and demonstrate the feasibility of controlling its acoustic characteristics by modifying the hole distribution of the package tray. In typical sedan structures, the cabin cavity and trunk cavity are acoustically coupled through holes in the package tray. The distribution of these holes significantly affects the natural acoustic modes and frequencies of the vehicle. However, once the exterior shape of the vehicle is finalized during the design stage, options for structural modifications to mitigate noise issues caused by these modes become extremely limited. To address this challenge efficiently, we develop a deep learning-based neural network model trained on data derived from a simplified acoustic analysis model of a sedan that includes a package tray. Finite element analysis is performed to generate acoustic modes and natural frequencies, which

Lee, Jin Woo, Cho, Jaeho, Nam, Younsic, Han, Yongha

A Self-Learning Framework for NVH CAE Analysis

2026-01-0718

6/20/2026

The vibro-acoustic performance of a vehicle is a critical factor in customer perception of quality and comfort, yet optimizing for Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)—specifically road noise—presents a persistent challenge in the modern automotive development cycle. While advanced Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis is essential, the increasing complexity and volume of CAE simulation data often overwhelm manual interpretation, potentially leading to prolonged development times or compromises in final comfort quality. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the application of CDH/ACE (Autonomous Computational Experiments), a framework that integrates conventional CAE simulation workflows with advanced machine learning in an iterative, cyclic process. This creates an exceptionally user-friendly and self-correcting system that autonomously defines, performs, and learns from computational experiments. By leveraging machine learning algorithms to build robust predictive models

Visser, Rene

Active Learning Supported Metadata Extraction from NVH Simulations

2026-01-0720

6/20/2026

Simulations can only be searched, reused and leveraged as training data for machine learning methods if suitable metadata are related. Manually obtaining these metadata is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge. Consequently, there often is a lack of metadata and this prohibits the reutilization of simulation data. Therefore, automated frameworks for metadata extraction are essential to obtain metadata information quickly, effortlessly and cost-efficiently. At present, there are no toolboxes for Finite-Element-Simulation data. Nevertheless, machine learning methods are a promising solution for this task. Training classical supervised machine learning methods for metadata generation often faces the lack of labeled data since manual labelling can be very costly. Therefore, rule-based extraction algorithms are used as an alternative for fundamental metadata extraction. For more enhanced tasks they are often not feasible. Active Learning is a suitable technique to overcome this

Luegmair, Marinus, Gröttrup, Sören

Bridging Simulation and Reality: Incorporating Seal Contact Detachment Into Stick–Slip Prediction

2026-01-0714

6/20/2026

Noise phenomena in automobiles caused by the stick-slip effect are increasingly among the most frequent reasons for customer complaints and therefore represent a critical vehicle quality attribute. To proactively address such issues, stick-slip testing of contacting material pairs is commonly applied during development. However, the predictive capability of current stick-slip test methods remains limited, particularly when highly flexible materials and realistic, stochastic excitation conditions are involved. The flexibility of sealing systems often allows the actual relative motion at the contact interface to be accommodated through adhesion and elastic deformation, thereby delaying or even preventing sliding. To date, this effect has not been represented by any characteristic parameter in conventional stick-slip testing. Instead, existing evaluations focus exclusively on the analysis of occurring stick-slip oscillations. For the initiation of stick-slip phenomena, however, not only

Strangfeld, Martin, Fritz, Susanne, Weber, Jens, Rosell, Anneli

NVH Design and Refinement of Dedicated Hybrid Engine on Range-Extended Electric Vehicle

2026-01-0688

6/20/2026

Simplicity and electrification of the propulsion system are one of the most important trends in vehicle development and integration process. The complexity of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) design and refinement is the core challenge to this process. Customers’ expectations of an unnoticeable engine during driving make this challenge more critical [1]. Apart from the overall sound pressure level, the sound quality is even more important due to the lack of noise masking effects [2]. Therefore, the development team has reached an internal consensus that NVH attributes are the top priority in engine development. This paper describes the NVH development process of a dedicated hybrid engine for the range extender electric vehicle (REEV) application, beginning with an introduction to REEV system as well as the operating condition data of long-distance road tests. Based on the road test data, the engine technical specification is defined accordingly and broken down into design targets

Wang, Hao, Zhang, Guiqiang

Validation of an Adaptive Order Finite Element Model for Transmission Loss Simulation of Trimmed Automotive Structures

2026-01-0707

6/20/2026

Vehicle electrification and increasing demands for driving comfort present significant challenges for designing effective noise control treatments (NCTs) in modern vehicles. Lightweight, low-emission designs often compromise acoustic efficiency. A popular and efficient way of compensating for this is through the use of multi-layer ‘trim’ material configurations to noise radiating surfaces to mitigate noise across a wider frequency range. Traditional 3D finite element models, while accurate and even needed to capture the full dynamic behaviour, become computationally prohibitive for complex automotive structures like firewalls, which feature intricate shapes, high curvature, and material compression. This computational burden limits design exploration and timely noise performance predictions. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents an innovative adaptive higher-order finite element method to evaluate the sound transmission loss (STL) of automotive, including the effect of

Van Genechten, Bert, Vansant, Koen, Purohit, Bimal, Effinger, Veronika

A Modular Method for Certified Virtual Validation of NVH Performance in Automotive Platforms

2026-01-0684

6/20/2026

This work presents a modular engineering methodology (DiPhyBa - Digital Physical Balance) for the virtual validation of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance in automotive development. The approach addresses the inefficiency of repeated physical testing across vehicle variants by introducing a structured two-phase process—Launcher and Reskin—centered on quantitative performance indicators with formal acceptance thresholds. In the Launcher phase, a digital replica of the base vehicle is built and iteratively correlated with physical test data. Validation is governed by objective indicators of confidence, conformity, and correlation, each evaluated against predefined thresholds. Once validated, the model becomes a certified reference, enabling its reuse across derivative configurations in the Reskin phase. Physical testing is only required if indicators fall below threshold, with a final gate test on pre-series vehicles ensuring industrial robustness. DiPhyBa formalizes the

Celiberti, Lucia, Camia, Andrea

Automating Component NVH Characterization: A Systematic Approach for Component Test Bench Characterization

2026-01-0704

6/20/2026

Vehicle electrification and accelerated development cycles create a need for virtual Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) development tools which are fast, precise and, seamlessly interchangeable between development sites, suppliers and OEMs. Component-based Transfer Path Analysis (C-TPA), standardized in ISO 20270:2019, enables independent component characterization and integration with virtual models to predict sound and vibration in new assemblies, referred to as Virtual Prototype Assemblies (VPA). However, conventional measurements are labor-intensive, typically restricted to a small number of samples, and overlook production variability. This paper introduces a fully automated, ISO 20270-compliant C-TPA system for non-rigid test benches, featuring a pre-instrumented test fixture with multiple vibration shakers and sensors automatically linked to a data acquisition system for immediate processing. Components can be characterized within minutes, with blocked forces directly

Sturm, Michael, Wienen, Kevin, Brandstetter, Markus, Sorber, Eric, Corbeels, Patrick, Verrecas, Bart, Gonçalves, Vinícius

Standardized Equivalent Tire Load Measurements Delivered by Suppliers to an OEM Enabling Consistent and Comparable Simulation Input

2026-01-0699

6/20/2026

Part- or component-level tests are commonly performed by Tiers and OEMs to investigate the NVH behavior and loading mechanisms. However, because test bench dynamics differ from those of the actual vehicle environment, correlating measured sound, acceleration and forces between bench and vehicle often proves challenging. Blocked forces offer a way to address this issue, as they provide test bench and vehicle independent load representations. This effectively enables different Tiers to deliver consistent load data, which OEMs can then use to better tune excitation and noise transmission on their vehicles. This paper focuses on 2 test bench compensation techniques, involving pure test and a simulation models of the tire to obtain accurate blocked-forces. The compensation techniques are validated on four testbenches of different companies.

Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Additive Manufacturing Certified for Aerospace

135736/19/2026

When aircrafts are lighter, they use less fuel and are easier to maintain. That's why major airline manufacturers are increasingly using titanium and carbon in their construction. Norsk Titanium is the only high deposition rate additive manufacturing company that is FAA-approved and OEM-qualified for structural titanium parts--and their wire-based manufacturing process reduces material waste by up to 50%. Listen in as we sit down with Philip Riegler, Product Quality Manager, to explore how additive manufacturing is transforming aerospace production, from lightweight titanium structural components to large-format printed parts for commercial and defense aircraft. From serial production programs with Airbus and Boeing to future applications in aerospace, defense, and space, this conversation dives into the realities of certifying 3D-printed flight hardware, scaling additive manufacturing globally, and why titanium supply chain pressures are pushing the industry toward a new era of

Patterson, Lori

Framing Rules of the Road Compliance for Driving Automation Systems from an Engineering Standpoint

DRRC-WP-01-20266/18/2026

Rules of the road were created to enable safe, predictable, and efficient road use by governing both individual vehicle operation and interactions among road users. Driving automation systems must be capable of complying with rules of the road to operate lawfully on public roads. Human drivers often rely on simplified guidance, such as state driver’s handbooks, together with tacit knowledge developed through experience and social norms to generalize behavior across jurisdictions. By contrast, driving automation systems must reasonably and explicitly account for the substantial volume of applicable legal requirements within its operational design domain (ODD). Accordingly, relevant legal requirements must be converted into explicit objective logic that can be utilized by driving automation systems. This paper proposes a method to address how driving behavior-related rules of the road can be consistently applied in engineering practice in a harmonized fashion across industry

Digital Road Rules Consortium

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Coming Soon: The Humanoid Revolution

135726/16/2026

Are humanoid robots moving from science fiction to reality? The answer is yes, and it may be faster than anyone predicted. Listen in as we sit down with David Kehr, President of Humanoid Robotics at Schaeffler, to discuss how the company is leveraging decades of expertise to power the next generation of physical AI. From deploying humanoids in manufacturing plants to advancing actuator technology and AI-powered simulation through NVIDIA Omniverse, this conversation dives into the real-world challenges and opportunities shaping the robotic revolution. Whether it's scaling humanoids safely or the future of dexterous robotic hands, you'll learn why automotive manufacturing expertise matters, and how humanoids could eventually move beyond factories into logistics, healthcare, and even the home. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we

Patterson, Lori

811P2 Commercial Aircraft Information Security, Part 2, Risk Assessment Methodology

ARINC811P2 (Current)6/15/2026

The purpose of this standard is to provide airline operators with a structured and practical framework for conducting cybersecurity risk assessments of ground-based systems that interface with or support e-enabled aircraft. By establishing consistent methodologies and practices, the standard aims to ensure that operators can effectively identify, assess, and mitigate cybersecurity risks, thereby safeguarding the safety and airworthiness of their aircraft operations.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Direct Delivery Authorization Guidance for Aerospace Companies

AS9107 (Current)6/12/2026

Limited to the commercial aerospace industry where a request is made for a PO to have Direct Delivery Authorization (DDA), which includes an Appropriate Arrangement (AA) between the PO and the Design Organization (DO). In this process, the DO is responsible for ensuring the continuous updating of approved design data to the PO, whilst the PO is responsible for assurance that the manufactured article conforms to approved design data. The PO is responsible to provide airworthiness release documentation.

SAE Committee

Delegated Product Release Verification

AS9117A (Current)6/12/2026

This standard specifies requirements for DPRV to establish common product/service requirements for use at all levels of the supply chain. This standard shall apply when an organization elects to delegate product release verification by contractual flow down to their supplier (reference 9100 and 9110 standards) to perform product acceptance on their behalf. The delegating organization shall use this standard as the baseline for establishing a DPRV process, although they may include additional contract requirements to meet their specific needs.

SAE Committee

ARP4754B Clarification Notice

AIR4757 (Current)

6/11/2026

The purpose of this AIR is to provide additional information on some areas of ARP4754B/ED-79B that may need additional clarification in order to be put into practice. This document should be used in conjunction with ARP4754B/ED-79B. The contents are recommendations and should not be construed to be regulatory requirements. This document may be revised with additional information as ARP4754B/ED-79B is put into practice.

S-18 Aircraft and Sys Dev and Safety Assessment Committee

Ergonomic Assessment of Glove-Box Design in Passenger Vehicles for the Indian Scenario

15-19-02-0009

6/10/2026

Passenger vehicles experience severe packaging constraints around the instrument panel, rendering glove-box operation a critical yet ergonomically underexplored interaction. Although glove-box interaction occurs frequently during routine vehicle use, its potential implications for ergonomic risk remain largely unexamined in existing automotive research. To isolate the influence of driver-side packaging constraints from component-level design effects, this study adopts a comparative evaluation of driver and co-driver glove-box interaction as a built-in control condition. This study introduces a discomfort-based evaluation framework that integrates Digital Human Modeling with India-specific anthropometric datasets. A composite loss-function scoring model is developed to quantify functional usability differences across four glove-box configurations, defined by variations in latch placement (center or side) and storage-bin mechanisms (fixed or rotating). Indians are utilized to assess

Jujjavarapu, Sreeram, Rajakumaran, Sriram, Kota, Srinivas, Kotkunde, Nitin, Jasti, Naga Vamsi Krishna

A Review of Welding Techniques in Metal Additive Manufacturing: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

05-19-04-0029

6/10/2026

The present review evaluates recent advances in the development of Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing (WBAM) technologies using arc, high-energy density, solid-state, and hybrid welding systems by providing an interdisciplinary assessment of technological aspects, sensing, process optimization, and multi-process strategies. It is concluded that, in spite of considerable progress in process optimization and control, there exist numerous paradoxes associated with relationships among process conditions, structure, and properties, especially those related to heat input effects on material microstructure and performance. An important finding is the fragmentation of predictive modeling approaches, where physics-based and data-driven methods remain inadequately integrated, limiting generalizability and accuracy. Another important conclusion is related to the dominance of the effect of thermal history and multi-physical phenomena on the mechanical performance of the material produced by WBAM

Santhana Babu, A.V., John Rajan, A., Mishra, Aishwary, Chakravarthy, P., Jayabalakrishnan, D.

Identification and Assessment of Damage to Composite Aircraft Structures Training Document

AIR6825 (Current)

6/10/2026

Individuals who complete the applicable modules aligned with this training document will be able to define the type of damage, define the extent of damage, determine if further inspection is required, evaluate the damage against published allowable damage limits, and provide accurate documentation of the damage. The intended outcome of the training is increased safety such that no aircraft is released with unknown damage and that the aircraft meets continued airworthiness requirements. The goal is to change the culture from damage discovery to damage reporting while also reducing or eliminating flight delays due to incorrect or insufficient information. Teaching levels have been assigned to the curriculum to define the knowledge, skills, and abilities graduates will need. Minimum hours of instruction have been provided to ensure adequate coverage of all subject matter including lecture and practical exercise. These minimums may be exceeded and may include an increase in the total

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Conducting Measurement Systems Analysis for Rotor Balancing Tasks

AIR6966 (Current)

6/10/2026

This AIR provides a general guideline on how to perform effective measurement systems analysis study (MSA) for rotor balancing tasks. The document also includes applicable data analysis methods and result interpretation.

EG-1A Balancing Committee

Digital Model for AS9100D Quality Management Systems - Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense Organization

SA-DIG-00008

6/9/2026

This digital standard is a digital model of AS9100D Quality Management Systems - Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense Organization. This file contains an MBSE model in a mdzip file for use in modeling applications.

Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework

2026-37-0017

6/9/2026

Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with

Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej

Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle

2026-37-0003

6/9/2026

An increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. It was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. This study investigates the mechanism of cooling-loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle, through in-cylinder combustion observations, two-color method image analysis, and local heat-flux measurements. High-speed combustion visualization was conducted to capture the growth of luminous flames. Radial profiles of the mean and standard deviation were computed at each crank angle to quantify spatial temperature non-uniformity. Furthermore

Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru

Requirements Extract for AS13001A Delegated Product Release Verification Training Requirements

SA-DIG-00006

6/9/2026

This digital standard is a requirements extract of AS13001A Delegated Product Release Verification Training Requirements. This file contains a general requirements extraction as well as files that are optimized for use with Doors Classic, Siemens Polarian, and PTC.

Optimal Charging Planning with Energy Consumption Simulation for Battery Electric Long-Haul Trucks

2026-37-0019

6/9/2026

Vehicle fleet decarbonization is a key objective for the coming years, with electrification representing the primary pathway to achieving the targets set by the European Union. The share of battery electric trucks in new registrations has been gradually increasing especially in light and medium size trucks. The replacement rate of diesel long-haul trucks with zero emission trucks is still low due to challenges posed by added complexity and limitations of battery charging. Depot overnight charging is not sufficient to cover the energy needs of a truck covering large distances and careful planning of the route using public charging infrastructure is crucial for an optimized route minimizing extra costs and range anxiety. The current work aims to develop a methodology to propose the optimal charging locations for a given route of a battery electric truck based on nearby stations along the route. Our study uses an open-source optimization algorithm for the fixed route vehicle charging

Perdikopoulos, Michail, Doulgeris, Stylianos, Livitsanos, Georgios, Kazakis, Thomas, Mellios, Giorgos, Ntziachristos, Leonidas

An Open-Source Framework to Automate Virtual Optimization of Internal Combustion Engine Calibration Maps through Shape-Based Strategy

2026-37-0001

6/9/2026

The automotive industry is facing increasingly stringent regulatory constraints, driving the need for faster and more efficient powertrain development. This results in higher systems complexity, making internal combustion engine calibration progressively more challenging to meet performance and emissions targets. This, combined with the manual nature of traditional calibration workflows, leads to a time-consuming process that heavily relies on human expertise. Although virtualization can reduce development time and costs, the overall workflow remains largely dependent on manual decision-making and iterative refinement. In this context, this work presents a virtual calibration framework based on a genetic algorithm, aimed at the automated optimization of engine calibration maps to satisfy performance and emissions constraints, while reducing manual effort. Each calibration map is represented through a polynomial parameterization. Specifically, a generic three-dimensional polynomial with

Romano, Gianvito, Aglietti, Filippo, Spedicato, Tonio, Cozza, Ivan Flaminio, Capra, Andrea

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