Browse Topic: Management and Organizations

Items (50,641)

Innovative High-Performance Active Dampers for Effective Mitigation of Helicopter Main Rotor Vibrations

2025-01-0163To be published on 04/25/2025

Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics

Bertolino, Antonio Carlo, Sorli, Massimo, Porro, Paolo Giovanni, Galli, Claudio

Interconnected and Data-Driven Aircraft Cabin Systems: Consistent Integration of ARINC 853 Messaging Standard into Model-Based Aircraft Systems Development

2025-01-0174To be published on 04/25/2025

Increasing digitalization of the aircraft cabin, driven by the need for improved operational efficiency and an enhanced passenger experience, has led to the development of data-driven services. In order to implement these services, information from different systems is often required, which leads to a multi-system architecture. When designing a network that interconnects these systems, it is important to consider the heterogeneous device and supplier landscape as well as variations in the network architecture resulting from airline customization or cabin upgrades. The novel ARINC 853 Cabin Secure Media-Independent Messaging (CSMIM) standard addresses this challenge by specifying a communication protocol that relies on a data model to encode provided and consumed information. This paper presents an approach to integrate CSMIM-specific communication concepts into a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) framework using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This enables a streamlined

Giertzsch, Fabian, Blecken, Marvin, God, Ralf

Machine Learning-Based Vision Mapping and Planning for Flexibility in High-Mix Robotic Manufacturing

2025-01-0157To be published on 04/25/2025

Industries that require high-accuracy automation in the creation of high-mix/low-volume parts, such as aerospace, often face cost constraints with traditional robotics and machine tools due to the need for many pre-programmed tool paths, dedicated part fixtures, and rigid production flow. This paper presents a new machine learning (ML) based vision mapping and planning technique, created to enhance flexibility and efficiency in robotic operations, while reducing overall costs. The system is capable of mapping discrete process targets in the robot work envelope that the ML algorithms have been trained to identify, without requiring knowledge of the overall assembly. Using a 2D camera, images are taken from multiple robot positions across the work area and are used in the ML algorithm to detect, identify, and predict the 6D pose of each target. The algorithm uses the poses and target identifications to automatically develop a part program with efficient tool paths, including

Langan, Daniel, Hall, Michael, Goldberg, Emily, Schrandt, Sasha

Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation

2025-01-0148To be published on 04/25/2025

In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard

Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar

Integration of an Automated Statistical Process Acceptance (SPA) System into Automated Manufacturing to Optimize Automation Inspection Through-put, Costs, and Quality.

2025-01-0166To be published on 04/25/2025

Abstract Within the aviation industry there are increasing automation applications in concert with technology development. Automation processes by the nature of the rigid machine design have excellent accuracy and repeatability. As such, with proper utilization of the data output, the data can be used to demonstrate capability to design requirements and process control. Further the data output can be used to better address anomalies and optimize the processes. This consistency can facilitate the incorporation of inspection sampling which can significantly reduce manufacturing costs by improving product through put and labor costs. While a common heuristic is that one cannot reduce costs, and improve schedule and quality at the same time, effective use of automation and its data is an exception. However, while automation technology has developed rapidly within aviation manufacturing, industry has been less effective in 1) understanding how to set up an automated statistical control and

Hall, Thomas D.

Determining Worst-Case Execution Time Bounds for Multi-core Processors

2025-01-0155To be published on 04/25/2025

Demonstrating deadline adherence for real-time tasks is a common requirement in all safety norms, including ISO 26262 and DO-178C. Timing verification has to address two levels: the code level (worst-case execution time) and the scheduling level (worst-case response time). Determining which methodology is suited best depends on the characteristics of the target processor. All contemporary microprocessors try to maximize the instruction-level parallelism by sophisticated performance-enhancing features that make the execution time of a particular instruction dependent on the execution history. On multi-core systems, the execution time additionally is influenced by interference effects on shared resources caused by concurrent activities on the different cores, which are not controlled by the scheduling algorithm. In the avionics domain, the new FAA AC 20-193 / EASA AMC 20-193 guidance documents formalize predictability aspects of multi-core systems and derive adequate measures for timing

Kaestner, Daniel, Huembert, Christian, Gebhard, Gernot, Pister, Markus, Wegener, Simon, Ferdinand, Christian

Approach to Optimize the Airplane Boarding Process by using Image Recognition and Stochastic Simulation to Predict Overhead Bin Fill Levels

2025-01-0164To be published on 04/25/2025

In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, this often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items, which delays the boarding process and reduces operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigating this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning. In this work the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into categories such as handbags, backpacks and suitcases. This data is then linked to passenger information stored in the NoSQL database MongoDB, which included seat assignments and the number of carry-on items per passenger. Stochastic simulation is applied to predict the occupancy levels of overhead storage bins across

Bergmann, Jacqueline, Hub, Maximilian

Image Processing-Based Chip Detection by KIZKI Algorithm and Its Optimization

2025-01-0168To be published on 04/25/2025

The process of producing aircraft parts involves the drilling of aluminum alloys. This creates a large amount of chips, which are removed using air, but sometimes they still remain within the holes. This is checked by inspectors through visual inspection. However, the quality of human inspection varies based on skill level and fatigue. Thus, image-based inspection should be used to stabilize and further improve inspection quality. This study aims to build a framework for chip detection based on image processing. Taking into account on-site implementation, the system must have low installation and running costs and be standalone. Therefore, we adopt the KIZKI algorithm, which satisfies these conditions. KIZKI means awareness in Japanese. This is a model of human peripheral vision and saccades. It does not require training like AI and can achieve high-speed and high-performance detection using a low-performance computer. In other words, there is no need for a computer with an expensive

Iinuma, Marin, Sato, Junya, Tsuji, Masahiko

AI-Driven Design Optimization of Engineering Systems: A Case Study on Turboshaft Engines

2025-01-0173To be published on 04/25/2025

In the pursuit of optimizing complex engineering systems, the exploration and thorough understanding of the design space become imperative, particularly when dealing with multi-objective systems characterized by an array of independent variables. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the design space mapping of such intricate systems, utilizing a turboshaft engine as a representative case study. The initial phase of our methodology involves the employment of a physics-based model to generate a synthetic dataset. This dataset reflects the intricate interplay of various system parameters that underpin the engine's operation. The synthesized data serves as a foundation for the subsequent development of a Machine Learning or Deep Learning-based surrogate model. This surrogate AI model is meticulously crafted to encapsulate the multiple inputs and outputs inherent in the turboshaft engine's functioning, thereby facilitating an efficient and accurate exploration of the design space

PANKAJ, PEEYUSH, Thokala, Satish

MBSE Framework for Developing Data-Driven Passenger Services in Aircraft Cabins

2025-01-0171To be published on 04/25/2025

The aircraft cabin plays a crucial role in airline differentiation strategies, particularly when introducing novel business and operational processes. These processes aim to enhance passenger experience during flight and to improve cabin crew efficiency in order to reduce workload and to ensure continued growth of airline revenue. Digitalization and extensive exchange of information across the entire aircraft transport system have emerged as key enablers for these processes. The development of aircraft and aircraft systems implementing these processes is characterized by a multi-level development process. Various development levels are considered to initially identify the functions of an aircraft in the air transport system, refine its systems and break them down into their components until a level of detail is reached that allows the implementation of the component functions. In addition to the high complexity, a major challenge in this development is to ensure traceability and

Blecken, Marvin, Giertzsch, Fabian, Hintze, Hartmut, God, Ralf

Enhancing Airworthiness Security: SysML-Based Approach to Modelling Security Scope Definitions

2025-01-0172To be published on 04/25/2025

Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions

Hechelmann, Adrian, Mannchen, Thomas

Sustainable Design of Automotive Batteries

2025-01-0001To be published on 04/18/2025

A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO₂ emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life-cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples the paper will explain what are the main parameters necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and life-time of the battery. Finally it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future

Braun, Andreas, Rothbart, Martin

Driving Under the Influence: A Review of Fitness to Drive, Drug-Induced Impairments, and Simulation Testing

2025-01-8666To be published on 04/01/2025

This literature review examines the concept of fitness to drive and how it can be affected by drugs consumption. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology is used to analyse the Literature, exploiting Scopus, Consensus and Elicit databases. Firstly, the paper presents research across mechanical engineering and related fields to establish a comprehensive and multidisciplinary understanding of how fitness to drive is evaluated. This includes a definition of the term and the identification of the protocols used for its assessment. Secondly, the emphasis is on the impact of drug use on driving performance, excluding alcohol and cannabis. Driving simulators represent a valid possibility for analysing such effects in a safe, controlled and replicable environment. They are presented considering their most relevant characteristics and the measurements collected for the driver's state analysis. Key findings reveal a lack of a comprehensive taxonomy for fitness to drive, resulting in

Uccello, Lorenzo, Nobili, Alessandro, Pasina, Luca, Novella, Alessio, Elli, Chiara, Mastinu, Gianpiero

Highly accurate Machine Learning models for Automotive Crash applications using CAE centric AI/ML Platform

2025-01-8719To be published on 04/01/2025

In the automotive industry, there have been many efforts of late in using Machine Learning tools to aid virtual simulation and decrease product development time and cost. As the simulation world grapples with how best to incorporate ML techniques, two main challenges are evident. There is the risk of not knowing if the trained model is sound enough to drive the design. In addition, the complexity of porting simulation data back and forth to a ML software can make the process cumbersome. We would like to put forth a highly accurate and comprehensive one-stop ML workflow that has been implemented within a commercially available CAE driven platform called DEP MeshWorks. MeshWorks is used for rapid concept CAE and CAD model generation and parametrization. The AI platform within Meshworks leverages the inherent best-in-class parameterization capability to help rapidly generate data for training purposes. It is relatively quick to set up a fully parameterized CAE model and vary design

Krishnan, Radha

Commercial Vehicle Proximal Load Monitoring through measuring Spring Deflection

2025-01-8718To be published on 04/01/2025

In the realm of commercial vehicles, particularly in developing countries where they are primarily used for transporting goods, Overloading presents significant risks, such as vehicle imbalance, severe accidents, and substantial financial losses. This problem is particularly pronounced in developing markets, contributing to frequent incidents of overloading. Such conditions not only lead to structural damage but also heighten the danger to all road users. Efficient load monitoring systems are crucial for maintaining vehicle stability by balancing cargo loads and preventing accidents related to overloading. Ensuring proper load distribution and monitoring is essential for maintaining operational safety and efficiency in commercial vehicles. Current methods for monitoring cargo loads often rely on manual checks or complex sensors, providing limited feedback and reactive solutions to prevent overloading incidents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel approach that

Katta, Eva, Maji, Kundan, Saha, Satya, Tiwari, Sanjay

Examination of the Data Structures of the Bendix Data Recorder

2025-01-8712To be published on 04/01/2025

Bendix® EC-80™ and certain EC-60™ ABS control units contain an event data recorder called the Bendix® Data Recorder (BDR). Raw BDR data is obtained using commercially available software, however, the translation of the raw data into an event report has only been performed by the manufacturer. In this paper, the raw data structures of the commercially available datasets are examined. It is demonstrated that the data follows uniform and repeatable patterns. The raw BDR data is converted into a conventional report and then validated against translation reports performed by the manufacturer. The techniques outlined in this research allow investigators to access and analyze BDR records independently of the manufacturer and in a way previously not possible.

DiSogra, Matthew, Hirsch, Jeffrey, Yeakley, Adam

Driver’s Pedal Control for Detecting Pedal Misapplication

2025-01-8675To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers sometimes operate the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal due to driver error, potentially resulting in serious accidents. Acceleration Control for Pedal Error (ACPE) has been developed, a system that detects such errors and controls vehicle acceleration to prevent these incidents. The United Nations is already considering regulations for this technology. If ACPE can detect errors based on the operations of the accelerator pedal at various driving speeds, the system will be even more effective in terms of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the operation characteristics of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal, focusing on the pedal operation characteristics of pedal stroke speed and pedal force speed used as thresholds for the operation of ACPE. We believe that if there is a significant difference in the operations of the accelerator pedal and brake pedals while driving, it can be used as a threshold for judging misstep. In this study, we utilized a

Natsume, Hayato, Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

Analysis of the design space for battery and fuel cell powered electric trucks

2025-01-8600To be published on 04/01/2025

A diverse set of solutions will likely be needed to decarbonize the commercial truck sector in US. Battery powered vehicles definitely has a predominant role in this, but there are several areas where fuel cell trucks are more advantageous for the consumer. This study examines several prominent medium and heavy duty applications, designed for different driving range requirements to identify the design space where battery and fuel cell trucks are attractive. The impact of purchase price, fuel cost, vehicle usage are also considered in this analysis. Since future costs cannot be accurately predicted, this study includes parametric sweeps with certain high and low values to examine the uncertainty of the observations. This work examines the top 10 truck classes based on vehicle population, fuel usage and driving distances. It also considers some of the bus applications such as coach, transit and school buses. The vehicle usage information taken from VIUS as well as inputs from the 21CTP

Vijayagopal, Ram, Birky, Alicia

Modern Simulink DevOps Integration

2025-01-8077To be published on 04/01/2025

Model-based developers are turning to DevOps principles and toolchains to increase engineering efficiency, improve model quality and to facilitate collaboration between large teams. Mature DevOps processes achieve these through automation. This paper demonstrates how integrating modern version control (git) with collaborative development practices and automated quality measures can streamline workflows for large teams using Simulink. The focus is on enhancing model consistency, enabling team collaboration, and development speed.

Mathews, Jon, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Ferrero, Sergio, Sauceda, Jeremias

Freedom from Interference Challenges for Adaptive Autosar Based Platform

2025-01-8074To be published on 04/01/2025

Keyword - Autonomous & Connected Vehicles, Functional Safety, ISO26262, Freedom from Interference, Adaptive Autosar, Operating System, Safety mechanisms, Hypervisor, MPU, MMU, PHM. Adaptive AUTOSAR is extensively utilized in the development of autonomous and connected vehicles, where functional safety is paramount. This framework ensures that critical safety requirements are met, providing a reliable and secure platform for advanced vehicular functionalities. The paper delves into challenges and mechanisms for ensuring Freedom from Interference in Adaptive AUTOSAR-based platform, emphasizing strategies for managing complexities and adhering to ISO 26262 standards. This study focuses on managing Memory, Timing, and Execution challenges within Adaptive AUTOSAR-based Platform. In Classic AUTOSAR, robust safety mechanisms ensure Freedom from Interference (FFI). Memory protection is achieved through Memory Protection Unit configuration and memory partitioning. Timing Protection mechanisms

Jain, Yesha

A Sensitivity Study of Frequency Response Method for Setting Bearing Preload Due to Uncontrollable Parameters

2025-01-8520To be published on 04/01/2025

Roller bearings are used in many rotating power transmission systems in the automotive industry. During the assembly process of the power transmission system, some types of roller bearings (e.g., tapered roller bearings) require a compressive preload force. Those bearings' rolling resistance and lifespan strongly depend on the preload set during the installation process. Therefore, accurate setting of the preload can improve bearing efficiency, increase bearing lifespan and reduce maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle. A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for both high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings

Gruzwalski, David, Mynderse, James

Proposed Solutions to Improve Green Hydrogen Production for Cars

2025-01-8601To be published on 04/01/2025

Recently, global interest in hydrogen as a powerful, promising and clean source of energy has increased. Green hydrogen production is considered one of the most important modern projects worldwide, as it is the way to achieve a clean and sustainable environment. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, the most famous of which are: 1) Electrochemical separation of water; 2) Heating waste plastic at a high temperature using low-carbon emission technology. However, both methods still suffer from complexity and high cost, which calls for the search for scientific solutions to reduce economic costs and make hydrogen available to everyone at reasonable prices. While the first method is considered the best and easiest to produce high-purity hydrogen, but it faces challenges in collecting hydrogen on the surface of the positive electrode (cathode) in a way that is suitable for collecting it in a safe and less expensive way, so that it can be used in multiple applications, especially

Hamed, Maryam Salah, Ali, Salah H. R.

Evaluation of Thermal Performance of the MGU-K for 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations

2025-01-8007To be published on 04/01/2025

The 2026 Formula One (F1) power unit (PU) regulations introduce significant changes, particularly in the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), allowing for increased energy recovery under braking and greater energy deployment per lap. These changes are expected to lead to higher heat generation within the electric motor during the energy recovery and deployment phases. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the thermal performance of the MGU-K under the 2026 regulations, with a comparative analysis against the 2024 powertrain configuration. A hybrid F1 powertrain model, coupled with rule-based control logic, was developed in GT-Drive, adhering to both FIA 2024 and 2026 regulations. Validation of the powertrain model was performed using 2023 Q3 data. The heat loss data derived from the simulations were integrated into a hybrid thermal model, combining lumped parameter networks with finite element thermal analysis, to predict temperature increases. Based on these findings, the

Bayram, Berke, Samuel, Stephen

Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective

2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025

This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging

Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae

A Novel Hybrid Approach for Segmenting Driver Based on their Driving Style

2025-01-8205To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers present a diverse landscape with their distinct personalities, preferences, and driving habits influenced by many factors. While drivers exhibit a wide range of behaviors, identifiable patterns in driving styles enable the classification of drivers into discrete segments. Discrete segmentation provides a practical and effective way to categorize and address the differences in driving style. The segmentation approach offers many benefits, including simplification, measurement, proven methodology, customization, and safety. Numerous studies have investigated driving style classification using real-world vehicle data. These studies employed various methods to identify and categorize distinct driving patterns, including naturalist differences in driving and field operational tests. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach for segmenting driver behavior based on their driving patterns. We leverage vehicle acceleration data to create granular driver segments by combining event

Chavan, Shakti Pradeep, Chinnam, Ratna Babu

Validation of Product Requirements - Specifications Using Field Data and Next Generation Vehicle Design Strategy Using a Calibrated Digital Twin

2025-01-8344To be published on 04/01/2025

The engineering design process employs an iterative approach in which proposed solutions are conceived, evaluated and refined until they satisfy a priori requirements - specifications. This iterative cycle generally uses computer aided designs (CAD), engineering analysis (CAE), numerical simulations per operating scenarios, and laboratory or field prototype testing. The availability of product data can be applied to assess the vehicle requirements – specifications to facilitate the next generation design. However, the calibration and use of a digital twin facilitates exploration of tradeoffs between engineering design, product manufacturing, and business demands, plus a desire to shorten the overall time. For instance, digital twin technology enables the swift evaluation of vehicle performance in various configurations and operating conditions. The question arises of how to best integrate digital twin technology into the design process. This paper will review the engineering design

Manvi, Pranav, Suber II, Darryl, Griffith, Kaitlyn, Turner, Cameron, Castanier, Matthew P., Wagner, John

Real-time Terrain Analysis for Off-road Autonomous Vehicles

2025-01-8343To be published on 04/01/2025

One challenge for autonomous vehicle control is the variation in road roughness which can lead to deviations from the intended course of loss of road contact while steering. The aim of this work is to develop a real-time road roughness estimation system using a Bayesian-based calibration routine that takes in axle accelerations from the vehicle and predicts the current road roughness of the terrain. The Bayesian-based calibration method has the advantage of providing posterior distributions and thus giving a quantifiable estimate of the confidence in the prediction that can be used to adjust the control algorithm based on desired risk posture. Within the calibration routine, a Gaussian process model is first used as a surrogate for a simulated half-vehicle model which takes vehicle velocity and road surface roughness (Gd) to output the axle acceleration. Then the calibration step takes in the observed axle acceleration and vehicle velocity and calibrates the Gaussian process model to

Lewis, Edwina, Parameshwaran, Aditya, Redmond, Laura, Wang, Yue

A Review of Off-Road Datasets, Sensor Technologies and Terrain Traversability Analysis

2025-01-8339To be published on 04/01/2025

Autonomous ground navigation has advanced significantly in urban and structured environments, supported by the availability of comprehensive datasets. However, navigating complex and off-road terrains remains challenging due to limited datasets, diverse terrain types, adverse environmental conditions, and sensor limitations affecting vehicle perception. This study presents a comprehensive review of off-road datasets, integrating their applications with sensor technologies and terrain traversability analysis methods. It identifies critical gaps, including class imbalances, sensor performance under adverse conditions, and limitations in existing traversability estimation approaches. Key contributions include a novel classification of off-road datasets based on annotation methods, providing insights into scalability and applicability across diverse terrains. The study also evaluates sensor technologies under adverse conditions and proposes strategies for incorporating event-based and

Musau, Hannah, Ruganuza, Denis, Indah, Debbie, Mukwaya, Arthur, Gyimah, Nana Kankam, Patil, Ashish, Bhosale, Mayuresh, Gupta, Prakhar, Mwakalonge, Judith, Jia, Yunyi, Mikulski, Dariusz, Grabowsky, David, Hong, Jae Dong, Siuhi, Saidi

A drive anti-slip and lateral stability control technique for distributed three-axis drive vehicle

2025-01-8303To be published on 04/01/2025

The research object of this project is the longitudinal and lateral control of the distributed three-axis drive tractor. Which is different from the traditional four motors power system layout is that the third axel have two motors while the second axel only have one motor. Compared with the traditional design, it can reduce the dependence on battery performance and maintain motor operation in high efficiency range by switching different working model. For example, when driving at high speed, only the two-axis motor works, which can improve motor efficiency. When accelerate or climb, all motors work to provide a large power output. In the research, established the vehicle model in Simulink firstly, and then Co-simulated with Trucksim. The longitudinal control identified the optimal slip rate of the road firstly, then used the adaptive sliding mode control to obtain the driving torque of each wheel, which can achieve well control effect under various road conditions and motion modes

Shen, Ruiteng, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu

Correlation of Subjective Assessments and Objective Metrics for On-Center Feeling

2025-01-8287To be published on 04/01/2025

Steering feeling plays a critical role in the driving experience and is one of the most significant topics during a new vehicle development process. To reach a consensus for the customers’ satisfaction in both the subjective and objective characteristics in a particular market segment, there have been several studies to investigate the correlations between subjective and objective evaluations of on-center steering feeling. However, it is still not clear how to determine the steering characteristic based on the correlations. In this paper, a series of new correlation between subjective and objective evaluations are built, which focus on steering effort, on-center feel, torque ripple, torque dead band etc. Firstly, we extract a set of objectives metrics from on-center handling test based on ISO 13674-1 2023, which are followed by professional test drivers or tuning experts. Secondly, we list numerical on-center handling tests of vehicles to test and verify the representativeness and

Jin, Ankang, Luo, Kaijie, Yang, Jianyuan, Zheng, Yue

Comprehensive mechanical characterization of prismatic lithium-ion cells

2025-01-8129To be published on 04/01/2025

As electric vehicles (EVs) become increasingly prevalent, ensuring the safety of their battery systems is paramount. Lithium-ion batteries present unique safety challenges due to their high energy density and the potential for failure under certain conditions. There is an extensive amount of research on pouch and cylindrical cells, however, prismatic cells have not received similar attention. This study presents an extensive series of experimental tests conducted on prismatic cells from two different manufacturers. These tests include flat punch, hemispherical punch, axial compression and three-point bending tests, all designed to assess the cells’ mechanical properties and failure behavior. A model was developed simulating the behavior of the cell under local loading scenarios. While this paper focuses primarily on testing methodologies, initial findings and an introductory FEA model, future work will incorporate these experimental results into detailed FEA models across all loading

Patanwala, Huzefa, Song, Yihan, Sonar, Mahesh, Belur Sheshadri, Anantharam, Sahraei, Elham

Lattice based Localized Energy Absorber for Improved Vulnerable Road User Performance for a Vehicle

2025-01-8723To be published on 04/01/2025

A passenger vehicle hood is designed to meet Vulnerable Road User (VRU) regulatory requirements and Consumer metric targets. Generally, hood inner design and its reinforcements, along with deformable space available under the hood are the main enablers to meet the Head Impact performance targets. However, cross functional balancing requirements like hood stiffness and packaging space constraints can lead to higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC) scores, particularly when secondary impacts are present. In such cases, a localized energy absorber is utilized to absorb the impact energy to reduce HIC within the target value. The current localized energy absorber solutions include the usage of flexible metal brackets, plastic absorbers etc. which has limited energy absorbing capacity and tuning capability. This paper focuses on usage of a novel 3D printed energy absorbers, based on various kind of lattice structures. These absorbers are either sandwiched between hood inner and the outer or are

Kinila, Vivekananda, Agarwal, Varun, V S, Rajamanickam, Tripathy, Biswajit, Gupta, Vishal

Accuracy of Time Stamps in Digital and Network Video Recorders

2025-01-8690To be published on 04/01/2025

Video analysis plays a major role in many forensic fields. Many articles, publications, and presentations have covered the importance and difficulty in properly establishing frame timing. In many cases, the analyst is given video files that do not contain native metadata. In other cases, the files contain video recordings of the surveillance playback monitor which eliminates all original metadata from the video recording. These “video of video” recordings prevent an analyst from determining frame timing using metadata from the original file. However, within many of these video files, timestamp information is visually imprinted onto each frame. Analyses that rely on timing of events captured in video may benefit from these imprinted timestamps, but for forensic purposes, it is important to establish the accuracy and reliability of these timestamps. The purpose of this research is to examine the accuracy of these timestamps and to establish if they can be used to determine the timing

Molnar, Benjamin, Terpstra, Toby, Voitel, Tilo

Model-Driven Systems Engineering Automation with Artificial Intelligence for Robustly Writing Automotive System Requirements

2025-01-8658To be published on 04/01/2025

The intensive use of software applications in modern vehicles has highlighted the critical role of Systems Engineering (SE) in the automotive industry. These “computers on wheels” are thoroughly interconnected, by their own connections and with the cloud, due to the advancement of Electronic Control Units (ECU) technologies and the widespread use of sensors transmitting real-time data. This interconnectedness and the level of software abstraction that are known today, significantly escalates the complexity of these systems. This has made it necessary to adopt an approach that is flexible to change, structured, agile, and traceable. The modern approach to SE, now model-based, offers numerous advantages over the previous paradigm, which was predominantly document-based. MBSE (Model-Based Systems Engineering) emerges as a contemporary approach, providing the scalability needed for engineering teams to develop robust products. Its “model-based” essence ensures that the model acts as the

Mendes de Oliveira, Arthur Hendricks, Reis, Pedro Almeida, Anunciação, Gabriel, Vinícius Carlos de Lima, Jonathan, Sarracini Júnior, Fernando, Garcia, Matias Ezequiel

Exploring Compatibility Limits for Lubricating Greases Formulations.

2025-01-8469To be published on 04/01/2025

Grease compatibility is thought to be an important consideration for both grease manufacturers and end-users. When switching from one grease to another, the supplier is typically asked if the two greases are compatible. Two incompatible greases could be detrimental to the equipment and even cause failure in extreme cases. However, provided due care is taken, switching from one grease to another is quite possible. Grease incompatibility is a multicomplex issue that can occur due to interactions between the thickeners, the base oils or the additives. Almost 70% of the global grease demand is based on lithium thickener chemistry. Due to the increasing debate on the gradual decrease on lithium greases reliance, the interchangeability between other types of thickeners is becoming more and more relevant. The aim of this study is to investigate the compatibility of various commercially available grease formulations that could replace lithium-based greases – namely aluminum complex, polyurea

Dodos, George S., Kaframani, Nora

An experimental investigation of the liquid jet breakup characteristics in a vaporizer under equivalent operating conditions of a microturbine combustion chamber.

2025-01-8458To be published on 04/01/2025

This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq=2300-3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg=4-10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution

Ha, Nguyen, Quan, Nguyen, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan

Regression Model based Method for Stiffness Design of Laminated Glasses

2025-01-8320To be published on 04/01/2025

There has been a growing interest in laminated sidelites (or door glasses) in automotive for the benefits of both security and comfort. Current standard products are a 2.1/0.76/2.1 mm construction with soda-lime glass symmetrically distributed on each side of a PVB layer. Due to low shear stiffness of PVB, the standard laminate has a significantly reduced flexural rigidity in comparison to a monolith with the same total thickness. A novel lightweight laminate concept with ultrathin chemically strengthened glass was developed by Corning [1]. This concept considered asymmetrical designs with thinner (0.5 – 1.1 mm) chemically strengthened Corning® Gorilla® Glass laminated to relatively thick outer ply of conventional soda-lime glass and was found to provide enhanced stiffness over standard symmetrical laminate designs of same total thickness. It is known that flexural rigidity of laminated glass depends on multiple variables, such as shape, load distribution and boundary constraining

Yu, Chao, Cleary, Thomas, Joubaud, Laurent, kister, Evan, Fisher, W Keith

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483To be published on 04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7, China 7, and EPA Tier 4 regulations are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions extensively. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. The conventional 0D/1D GPF models can be effective for basic pressure drop and filtration efficiency prediction, but have their limitations. Previous studies have proven that 3D CFD model can provide more comprehensive data on soot distribution in and on top of GPF wall substrate. This paper continues utilizing 3D CFD to investigate the effects of washcoating and ash accumulation on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of GPFs during the soot loading process

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

A Torque Distribution Strategy for the Six-Wheeled Lunar Rover

2025-01-8308To be published on 04/01/2025

As a crucial tool for lunar exploration, lunar rovers are highly susceptible to instability due to the rough lunar terrain, making control of driving stability essential during operation. This paper focuses on a six-wheel lunar rover and develops a torque distribution strategy to improve vehicle handling stability. Based on a layered control structure, firstly, the strategy establishes a two-degree-of-freedom single-track model with front and rear axle steering at the state reference layer to compute the ideal yaw rate and center of gravity side slip angle. In the desired torque decision layer, a sliding mode control-based strategy is used to calculate the desired total driving torque. In the torque distribution layer, optimal control allocation is employed to maximize tire stability margins. Finally, a multi-body dynamics model of the six-wheel lunar rover is built using the open-source multi-physics simulation engine Chrono, exploring its dynamic behavior on soft terrain. Various

Liu, Pengcheng, Zhang, Kaidi, Shi, Junwei, Yang, Wenmiao, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation

2025-01-8252To be published on 04/01/2025

Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers

Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio

Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-lubricant

2025-01-8312To be published on 04/01/2025

Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and

Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant K.

A systematic review about heat shrink materials using nanomaterials for the automotive industry

2025-01-8329To be published on 04/01/2025

Heat shrink polymer sleeves are a type of material used in various industries for their ability to contract and fit snugly around objects when heat is applied. These tubes are typically made from materials like polyolefin or fluoropolymers, which have the property of shrinking when heated. Nanomaterials present many applications and its usage is a remarkable tool aiming to improve many properties of materials. Then, many improvements including increase of performance and price reduction may be done due to its unique properties when nanomaterials are used into heat shrink polymer sleeves. This work presents a systematic review of the state of the art on heat-shrinkable materials for the automotive industry. As a methodology, articles from the last 10 years on the subject were selected. The keywords “heat shrink” AND “nanomaterial” AND “tubes OR sleeves” were used in three different databases. “Scopus”, “Web of Science” and “MDPI”. After using the keywords, articles only in English were

Kerche, Eduardo F., Polkowski, Rodrigo, Horiuchi, Lucas, Goncalves, Everaldo

Evaluation of additively manufactured thermoplastic composite magnetic field shielding for stepper motors

2025-01-8201To be published on 04/01/2025

As stepper motors become more and more widely used in engineering systems (vehicles, 3-D printers, manufacturing tools, and similar), the effects of their induced magnetic fields present a concern during the packing and orientation of components within the system. For applications requiring security, this is also a concern as the background electromagnetic radiation (EMF) can be captured at a distance and used to reproduce the motion of the motor during operation. One proposed alternative is to use customized non-magnetic plastic shields created using additive manufacturing. Some small studies have been completed which show some effectiveness of this approach but these studies have been small-scale and difficult to reproduce. To seek a more rigorous answer to this question and collect reproducible data, the present study used full factorial design of experiments with several replications. Three materials were used: Polylactide (PLA), PLA with 25% (weight) copper powder, and PLA with 15

Hu, Henry, Patterson, Albert E., Karim, Muhammad Faeyz, Porter, Logan, Kolluru, Pavan V.

Modeling Virus Infection Risks in Automobile Cabin

2025-01-8176To be published on 04/01/2025

In the post Covid era, risk of infection in conditioned space is getting attention and has generated a lot of interest for the design of the new systems and strategies for the management and operations of the existing HVAC systems. Risk management plays a key role where the amounts of outside air and recirculated airs can be used to mitigate the propagation of the virus within the conditioned space. In other words, ventilation plays a huge role within the conditioned space along with strategies based on UV irradiation, ionization and use of highly efficient filters. Different air purification systems have been created by the researchers based on the titanium oxide-based UV photocatalysis system, filters with MERV ratings higher than 13 (ASHRAE Standard 52.2) and HEPA filters. Recent ASHRAE standard 243 (2023) on infectious diseases recommends using high ventilation rates within the conditioned space to reduce virus concentration, and hence, to reduce the risk of infection. Determining

Mathur, Gursaran

Impact of Thermal and Electrical Dissimilarities on Battery Module Aging

2025-01-8173To be published on 04/01/2025

Battery cell aging and loss of capacity are some of the many challenges facing the widespread implementation of electrification in mobility. One of the factors contributing to cell aging is the dissimilarities of individual cells connected in a module. This paper reports the results of several aging experiments using a mini-module consisting of seven 18.2 Ah 21700 Lithium-ion battery cells connected in parallel. The aging cycle comprised a constant current-constant voltage charge cycle at a 0.7C C-rate, followed by a 0.2C constant current discharge, spanning the useful voltage range from minimum to maximum according to the cell manufacturer. Charge and discharge events were separated by one-hour rest periods and were repeated for four weeks. Weekly reference performance tests were executed to measure static and pulse power capacity as well as discharge impedance. All diagnostics were normalized with respect to their starting numbers to achieve a percentage change over time. Both

Swarts, Andre, Salvi, Swapnil S., Juarez Robles, Daniel

Utilizing Generative Adversarial Networks for Secure Communication in Software-Defined Vehicles

2025-01-8135To be published on 04/01/2025

The increasing complexity of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) necessitates robust and secure communication protocols to protect against cyber threats. This paper explores the utilization of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to enhance the security of communication protocols in SDVs. GANs, consisting of a generator and a discriminator network, are employed to create and evaluate secure communication sequences, ensuring that unauthorized access and potential attacks are effectively mitigated. In this study, we develop a GAN-based framework that generates secure communication protocols tailored for the dynamic environment of SDVs. The generator is trained to produce communication sequences that are indistinguishable from authentic, secure sequences, while the discriminator is tasked with identifying any anomalies or potential vulnerabilities. By iteratively improving both networks, the framework learns to produce highly secure and resilient communication protocols. The performance of

Namburi, Venkata Lakshmi

A Study on the Influence of Compression Pads on the Safety and Life of a Lithium-ion Cell Module

2025-01-8132To be published on 04/01/2025

The demand for eco-friendly electric powertrains has increased significantly in recent years. Cells are the most crucial component of a battery pack, directly influencing the dimensions, range, lifespan, performance, and cost of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells outperform other cell chemistries due to their higher energy density, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs while providing longer operational ranges. It is crucial that lithium-ion cell packaging complies with assembly requirements to maximize its lifespan and ensure operational safety. Assembly force requirements of lithium-ion cells are critical to ensure optimal cell performance throughout its lifetime & enhance the longevity of the battery pack. The compression pad between cells ensures appropriate cell assembly pressure. The service life is how long a lithium-ion cell can operate effectively, while the cyclic life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles before cell functional degradation. The cell

Varambally, Vishakha, Sithick basha, Abubakker, Chalumuru, Madhu, Sasikumar, K

Telematics-based Managed EV Charging: A pilot case study for utility bulk and distribution grid services

2025-01-8122To be published on 04/01/2025

Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern for electric utilities' ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed that can keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two Distributed Energy Resource (DER) aggregators, the OVGIP (recently formed as ChargeScape) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. This pilot was launched in Summer 2022, with approximately 1,200 EVs enrolled over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM electric vehicles. The goal of this pilot was to evaluate the business case for mitigating EV grid impacts and delivering additional grid services providing both EV drivers and the

Liddell, Chelsea, Schaefer, Walter, Dreffs, Kora, Moul, Jacob, Kay, Carol, Aswani, Deepak

Reproduction of Real-World Scenarios in CARLA: An Extension of CARLA Functionality

2025-01-8059To be published on 04/01/2025

Reproducing driving scenarios involving near-collisions and collisions in a simulator can be useful in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles, as it provides a safe environment to explore detailed vehicular behavior during these critical events. CARLA, an open-source driving simulator, has been widely used for reproducing driving scenarios. CARLA allows for both manual control and traffic manager control (the module that controls vehicles in autopilot manner in the simulation). However, current versions of CARLA are limited to setting the start and destination points for vehicles that are controlled by traffic manager, and are unable to replay precise waypoint paths that are collected from real-world collision and near-collision scenarios, due to the fact that the collision-free pathfinding modules are built into the system. This paper presents an extension to CARLA’s source code, enabling the replay of exact vehicle trajectories, irrespective of safety implications

Ai, Yan, Adhikari, Bikram, Park, Chung-Kyu, Kan, Cing-Dao, Wijesekera, Duminda

Different methods-based Curvature estimation and its effect on the Lane centering performance

2025-01-8055To be published on 04/01/2025

ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) lateral feature performance heavily depends on inputs from the surroundings as well as vehicle state information/signals. One critical piece of vehicle state information is curvature, which significantly impacts performance. Vehicle curvature is often used as an input for lateral trajectory generation and is also a component of the lateral motion controller. However, obtaining vehicle curvature information is not straightforward, as there is rarely a sensor that directly measures vehicle curvature. Instead, various vehicle signals and information are used to calculate curvature, sometimes employing advanced estimation methods. In this paper, we investigate the impact on lateral feature performance when vehicle curvature is estimated from different source signals. We examine the issues and benefits associated with different techniques for obtaining ego vehicle curvature. Additionally, we present a method to address these issues and discuss how

Awathe, Arpit, Varunjikar, Tejas, Jain, Arihant

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