The aim of this study is to compare possible approaches that support the goal of achieving a carbon-neutral society in the mobility sector, with a specific focus on the two-wheel segment of the mobility sector. One of the key considerations in the mobility sector is the transition from a fossil fuel-based energy mix to a more renewable one. While there are numerous options available for achieving a carbon-neutral society in the four-wheel scenario, the two-wheel sector presents a different challenge due to a smaller number of available options. This study introduces a new comparison between full electric, gasoline, and ethanol-powered two-wheeled vehicles. It suggests that ethanol is a feasible solution for reducing carbon emissions in the two-wheel sector. The study includes an analysis of CO2 emissions for two-wheel vehicles using a life cycle approach, focusing on the technologies of full electric motorcycles, motorcycles with flex-fuel internal combustion engines running on

Pereira, Thaynara K. E., Lima, Flavio, Uema, Fabio K., Sambuichi, Eduardo M.

Transit Bus System Electrification Transition Planning Review

2024-36-0067

12/20/2024

The world’s commitment towards the mitigation of climate changes has driven many sectors into an effort to reduce their carbon footprint. The transit bus sector, which currently strongly relies on diesel fueled buses, is challenged to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as to reduce the emission of criteria pollutant and noise, which negatively affect the world cities’ population, especially those living nearby the large transit bus corridors. In this context, the Battery Electric Buses (BEB), has been set as the transit sector’s workhorse for reaching the global, regional and local environmental targets. However, despite the relative maturity level of both the electric powertrain and the energy storage devices (ESD) technologies, the bus electrification transition is a disruptive process, from both a technological, operational and managerial standpoint, which might take into account both the (electrical) infrastructure, as well as the operational customization requirements. Moreover

Barbosa, Fábio Coelho

Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment

2024-36-0160

12/20/2024

In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a

Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger

Performance and Emissions Analysis Using Ducted Fuel Injection in Compression Ignition Engine with Load Variation

2024-36-0154

12/20/2024

Despite the increasing electrification of current vehicles, Diesel engines will continue to be used for several decades to come. There is still a need to introduce emission control technologies, especially those that show good potential and do not require extensive engine modifications. The increasing focus on reducing pollutant emissions and improving energy efficiency has prompted engine manufacturers to continuously strive for technological progress. The aim is to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and the fulfillment of social expectations. Specifically, new Diesel engine projects face the challenge of minimizing both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions, which requires significant investiment in research to develop innovative combustion methods and exhaust gas treatment. One of these innovative methods is Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI), which aims to reduce emissions by improving spray development to obtain a better mixture at flame upstream. This study presents an

Dias, Fábio Jairo, dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Rufino, Caio, Garcia, Ezio Castejon, Lomonaco, Raphael, Argachoy, Celso, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Experimental Investigation of the Potential of Hydrogen as an Alternative to Brazilian Commercial Diesel Fuel in Current Heavy-Duty Fleet

2024-36-0069

12/20/2024

Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate

Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Braga, Sergio Leal, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani

Zonal Architecture: A Way of Using of the CAN Protocol

2024-36-0127

12/20/2024

In the automotive industry, the zonal architecture is a design approach that organizes a vehicle’s electronic and communication systems into specific zones. These zones group components based on their function and physical location, enabling more efficient integration and simplified communication between the vehicle’s various systems. An important aspect of this architecture is the implementation of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. CAN is a serial communication protocol developed specifically for automotive applications, allowing various electronic devices within a vehicle, such as sensors, actuators, and Electronic Control Units (ECUs), to communicate with each other quickly and reliably, sharing information essential for the vehicle’s operation. However, due to its limitations, there is a need for more efficient protocols like Automotive Ethernet and Controller Area Network Flexible (CAN FD), which allow for higher transmission rates and larger data packets. To centralize

Santos, Felipe Carvalho, Silva, Antônio Lucas, Paterlini, Bruno, Pedroso, Henrique Gomes, Alves, Joyce Martins, Milani, Pedro Henrique Pires, Klepa, Rogério Bonette

Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell: A Comparative between the Gas and Liquid State and Storage

2024-36-0128

12/20/2024

It is emerging the need to take action to reduce the greenhouse effect, which is one of the major causes of climate change and environmental disasters that has been occurring frequently in recent decades throughout the planet. The burning of fossil fuels for electricity and energy generation are the main concerns and those that have greater incentives for its reduction, as its by-product of the reaction of burning CO2, which among the greenhouse gases is primarily responsible for its aggravation. The transport sector excels in CO2 emissions, emits about 20% of gas, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a scientific organization linked to the United Nations (UN). A promising solution to reduce the impact of this sector would be the use of hydrogen fuel cell, which if carried out through renewable energies, the electrolysis of hydrogen has zero CO2 emission throughout the cycle. However, one of the biggest challenges to make viable the use of hydrogen as fuel

Alves, Joyce, Silva, Antônio, Paterlini, Bruno, Santos, Felipe, Pedroso, Henrique, Henrique, Pedro, Milani, Pedro

Experimental Analysis of Mixtures Diesel -Hydrogenated Biodiesel Applied in Dynamometer with Diesel Engine 4T BD-5.0

2024-36-0180

12/20/2024

Society in actual engineering must promote sustainable developments in new renewable technologies in the transport sector, with resiliency and low greenhouse gas emissions produced. Pollutant emissions must be reduced to obtain an environmental equilibrium and stabilize part of the world’s climate change. With this, the principal objective of this research is to do different blends of diesel- biodiesel and diesel-hydrogenated biodiesel in proportions of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% to evaluate the performance of these samples of fuels in the internal combustion engine (ICE) diesel, model BD 5.0, connected to dynamometer XL43, located in the engines laboratory of University UFVJM, in Diamantina MG- Brazil at 1384 MASL, to obtain torque and power in different conditions of rotation. These tests were performed with blends of diesel-biodiesel and biodiesel- diesel with bubbling hydrogen (H2). The obtained data were developed with different comparisons, and results showed a positive influence

Barón Pinilla, José D., Silva, N. S., Melo, R. A. A., Santos, Alexandre S., Nery, M. C., Junqueira, H. H. B.

Integrating Agenda 2030 with Lean practices and Industry 4.0 Technologies: Case Study in an Automotive Industry

2024-36-0043

12/20/2024

Competitive companies constantly seek continuous increases in productivity, quality and services level. Lean Thinking (LT) is an efficient management model recognized in organizations and academia, with an effective management approach, well consolidated theoretically and empirically proven Within Industry 4.0 (I4.0) development concept, manufacturers are confident in the advantages of new technologies and system integration. The combination of Lean and I4.0 practices emerges from the existence of a positive interaction for the evolutionary step to achieve a higher operational performance level (exploitation of finances, workload, materials, machines/devices). In this scenario where Lean Thinking is an excellent starting point to implement such changes with a method and focus on results; that I4.0 offers powerful technologies to increase productivity and flexibility in production processes; but people need to be more considered in processes, in a context aligned with the Industry 5.0

Braggio, Luis, Marinho, Osmar, Soares, Luis, Lino, Alan, Rabelo, Fábio, Muniz, Jorge

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Sustainable Aviation Fuel – An Effective Tool for Complying with the Aviation’s Global Environmental Commitment

2024-36-0066

12/20/2024

The (commercial) aviation sector (passenger and freight), which is strongly engaged with the world efforts to mitigate the carbon emissions and their inherent climate change effects, has accounted in 2018 for 2.4 % of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (pre-pandemic levels). Despite the reductions in air travel demand during the 2020 pandemic, with a reduction of up to 80% in passenger travel during the peak pandemic period, the air travel demand has already recovered to around 80% of the pre-pandemic level, with aviation emissions in 2022 reaching around 800 Mt CO2, accounting for 2% of the global energy related CO2 emissions. Moreover, the demand for air travel is expected to double by 2040, growing at an annual average rate of 3.4%, which means that. despite the efficiency improvement trend (average 2%/year), will almost double the aviation’s greenhouse (GHG) emissions, with a significant increase in its relative GHG share, compared to the other transport modes. Meanwhile the

Barbosa, Fábio Coelho

Model Based Emissions and NVH Optimization

2024-36-0059

12/20/2024

Throughout the years, the legislations which drive the vehicle development have experimented constant evolutions. Especially when it comes about pollutant emissions and NVH ( Noise, Vibration & Harshness). However, it is complex to understand which calibration strategy promotes the best balance about lowest levels of emissions, vibrations, and noise if considered the number of inputs to be explored, becoming the searching for the optimum calibration a huge challenge for the development engineering team. This work proposes a methodology development in which complex problems can be solved by model based solutions regarding the best balance finding of emissions reduction and noise attenuation. The methodology is based in machine learning approach which provides a virtual behavior of engine phenomena making possible a wider comprehension of the problem and hence the opportunity to explore enhanced solutions. The study case scenario used to apply the method was a 6.4 liters engine which

Ruiz, Rodrigo Peralta Moraes, Santos, Lucas Resende, Nascif, Gabriel Nobre Alves, Oliveira Ribeiro, Douglas, Pereira, Willyan

Response Surface Methodology-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Biofuel-Powered Engine Response Map Development under the Steady-State Operating Conditions

03-17-08-0063

12/20/2024

The twin challenges of the automotive industry namely petroleum dependence and environmental pollution paved way for the development of an environmentally friendly and feasible substitute for diesel, possessing power characteristics equivalent to those of a diesel engine. Biofuel has potential as a renewable energy source, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, it does come with some challenges, such as varying quality and combustion properties. To enhance its performance, engines can be fine-tuned by adjusting fuel injection parameters, such as timing, pressure, and duration. Accordingly, this research article focuses on optimizing the fuel injection parameters for a CRDi engine powered by D+LPO (20% lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) biofuel, with the goal of improving both performance and emission characteristics. The experimental design matrix was generated using Design Expert-13 software, employing the I-optimal technique. Utilizing response

Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

Campus Bus Station Layout Planning in Mountainous Universities Based on User Needs

13-06-01-0006

12/13/2024

The planning of mountain campus bus routes needs to take into account user demand, convenience, and other factors. This study adopts a comprehensive research method that combines quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. From the perspective of university students, this article studies the demand of campus public transportation and proposes the layout of campus bus routes in mountainous universities to meet the needs of users. The psychological needs questionnaire was used to investigate college students’ expectation of bus station service function. Taking three mountain universities as examples, the integration and selectivity of campus road networks are evaluated by using space syntax analysis, which provides valuable insights into the quality of bus stop areas. This article discusses the correlation between psychological needs assessment of college students and objective conditions of campus road network. The study concludes with the following findings: (1) The pedestrian environment

Duan, Ran, Tang, Rui, Wang, Zhigang, Zhao, Yixue, Wang, Qida, Yang, Jiyi, Su, Jiafu

Hierarchical-Level Rain Image Generative Model Based on GAN

2024-01-7034

12/13/2024

Visual perception systems for autonomous vehicles are exposed to a wide variety of complex weather conditions, among which rainfall is one of the weather conditions with high exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a model that can efficiently generate a large number of images with different rainfall intensities to help test the visual perception system under rainfall conditions. However, the existing datasets either do not contain multilevel rainfall or are synthetic images. It is difficult to support the construction of the model. In this paper, the natural rainfall images of different rainfall intensities were first collected and produced a natural multilevel rain dataset. The dataset includes no rain and three levels (light, medium and heavy) of rainfall with the number of 629, 210, 248 and 193 respectively, totaling 1280 images. The dataset is open source and available online via: https://github.com/raydison/natural-multilevel-rain-dataset-NMRD. Subsequently, a

Liu, Zhenyuan, Jia, Tong, Xing, Xingyu, Wu, Jianfeng, Chen, Junyi

Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling

EPR2024030

12/12/2024

In today's world, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing a remarkable boom with increasing global demand. With it, comes the surging and unprecedented need for EV batteries. Recycling these batteries has become of crucial importance, as it not only plays a vital role in ensuring the security of the battery supply chain but also serves as a key measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still several issues that remain unresolved in this domain. Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling delves deep into these issues, thoroughly exploring the current state of the industry and potential solutions to drive sustainable EV battery recycling. By addressing these challenges, we can strive towards a more sustainable future in the EV sector. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Lin, Xiao, Saputra Lase, Irdanto

Fuel Efficiency Evaluation of an Off-Road Diesel Engine with an EGR Pump and High-Efficiency Turbocharger across Various Drive Cycles

02-17-04-0023

12/10/2024

As regulations become more stringent, engine manufacturers are adopting innovative technologies to reduce emissions while maintaining durability and reliability. One approach involves optimizing air handling systems. Eaton developed a 48 V electric exhaust gas recirculation pump (EGRP) to reduce NOx and CO2 emissions while improving fuel efficiency when paired with a high-efficiency turbocharger. This study integrates an electric EGRP and a high-efficiency turbocharger onto a 13.6L John Deere off-road diesel engine to evaluate the impact on fuel efficiency and NOx emissions across various drive cycles including the nonroad transient cycle (NRTC), the low load application cycle (LLAC), the constant speed–load acceptance (CSLA) test, and the ramped modal cycle (RMC). The study highlights the benefits and limitations of the prototype EGRP on an off-road engine. Since the setup did not include aftertreatment systems, engine-out emissions were analyzed. Experiments were conducted at

Willoughby, Audrey, Adekanbi, Michael, Kakani, Raghav, Ahmad, Zar Nigar, Shaver, Greg, Holloway, Eric, Haaland, Eric, Evers, Matthew, Loesch, Adam, McClurg, Josiah, Bagal, Nilesh, McCarthy, James, Coates, Michael

Characterization of Graphene and Titanium Carbide Reinforced Magnesium Alloy Composite for Transmission Housings in Automobile

2024-01-5231

12/10/2024

This study presents the mechanical characterization studies on 3 wt.% graphene (Gr) filled magnesium matrix composite reinforced with different weight fractions (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wt.%) of titanium carbide (TiC) particles. The matrix is AZ91 alloy, and the nano magnesium composite (NMC) is fabricated via a squeeze casting approach. The lightweight NMC is a potential solution for the automobile industry, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to environmental sustainability. Gr is added to enhance the composite's thermal endurance and mechanical strength. Mechanical and corrosion studies are performed as per the ASTM standards. The inclusion of Gr and 16 wt.% TiC tends to enhance the mechanical durability and corrosion resilience of the NMC when compared with other fabricated composites and cast alloys. The uniform dispersal of NC and TiC and better mould properties lead to better strength. Higher inclusion of TiC (20 wt.%) leads to brittleness, thereby decreasing the

Senthilkumar, N.

Assessment of Emission Reductions in a Diesel Engine using Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Muskmelon Waste Seed Biodiesel Blends

2024-01-5240

12/10/2024

This research investigates the potential of muskmelon waste seed biodiesel (MWSB) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study focuses on transesterifying waste seed oil from muskmelon fruits to produce biodiesel suitable for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The addition of GO nanoparticles serves as a combustion enhancer, aiming to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. The test fuels included pure diesel, MWSB, and MWSB blends with 10 ppm and 20 ppm of GO nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in emissions when GO nanoparticles were added to the MWSB. Specifically, the MWSB+GO20 ppm blend achieved reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 16.66%, 26.19%, and 45.33%, respectively, compared to diesel at maximum brake power (5.5 kW). However, this blend also resulted in a 7.4% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at maximum brake

Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S.

Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emission Metrics in a Diesel Engine Operated with Hydrogen Induction and Cassia fistula Biodiesel

2024-01-5221

12/10/2024

The current study investigates the influence of exhaust gas recirculation technique on the hydrogen (10lpm) inducted diesel engine using Cassia fistula derived biodiesel fuel. The focus is on evaluating the emission characteristics of the engine, with a particular emphasis on reducing NOx emissions. The study also examines the impact of varying the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) flow rate 10 and 20% on the aforementioned parameters. The novelty of this investigation lies in the comprehensive evaluation of emission metrics, particularly when combining Cassia fistula biodiesel with hydrogen induction. The experiment carried in Kirloskar TV1-V4A engine with blends consists 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume of CFME blends with diesel. The inducted hydrogen at 10 lpm caused increased NOx which were discussed to suppress by EGR applications. Among the tested fuels, a blend containing 40% cassia fistula methyl ester (CFME) and 60% diesel (CFME40D60) showed the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emissions

Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Madhu, S., De poures, Melvin Victor, Palani, Kumaran

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance with Silica Coated Pistons and Cassia Fistula Biodiesel Blends: A Pathway to Cleaner and Efficient Energy

2024-01-5222

12/10/2024

This study investigates the influence of Silica-Diamond-Like Carbon (Si-DLC) coated pistons on performance metrics of diesel engine fuelled with various blends of Cassia Fistula biodiesel (CFBD10, CFBD20, CFBD30, and CFBD40). The primary focus is on key performance metrics, including Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC), and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). The results demonstrated improvement in BTE and EGT, alongside a reduction in BSEC across all biodiesel blends compared to conventional diesel. Specifically, at full engine load, CFBD10 exhibited a BTE of 33.41%, which is 3.17% higher than neat diesel in the stock engine. At part load and no-load scenarios, improvements of 2% and 0.51% over neat diesel were recorded. During no-load conditions, the BSEC for CFBD10 was measured at 9.901 MJ.kW-hr, 0.738 MJ.kW-hr lower than that of neat diesel. Further increases in Cassia fistula blends resulted in higher BSEC values due to lower calorific content

Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, De Poures, Melvin Victor, Madhu, S., Palani, Kumaran

Cracking Activity and Characterization of Magnesium Titanium Dioxide - Silicon Dioxide Catalysts

2024-01-5241

12/10/2024

Purified nickel and a large number of MgTi2 / NiO2 catalysts with various MgTi2 loadings were produced using the traditional incipient wetness method. X-ray crystallography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the catalysts. To understand the material's microstructure better, the researchers investigated oxygen adsorption at 90K. The amine titration method was used to investigate the acidic characteristics of these catalysts. In a study on cumene cracking, these catalysts were employed. The catalyst was found to be amorphous up to a loading of 12 weight percent MgTi2, but at higher loadings, crystalline MgTi2 phase formed on an amorphous silica substrate. When NiO2 is doped with more MgTi2, there are significant differences in the structure, surface acidity, and catalytic activity of the catalysts. Catalysts with a higher MgTi2 loading are noticeably more acidic than those with a lower MgTi2 loading. A correlation between the amount of cracking activity and

Ashok Kumar, B., Dhiyaneswaran, J., Selvaraj, Malathi, Pradeepkumar, M., Shajeeth, S.

Evaluation of Waste Transformer Oil Biodiesel Blend with n-Heptane Additives for Engine Performance under Variable Injection Pressure and Timing

2024-01-5223

12/10/2024

This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy

Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Palani, Kumaran, De Poures, Melvin Victor, Madhu, S.

Automotive Grade Coaxial Cable Performance Specification

USCAR29 (Historical)

12/06/2024

This document specifies dimensional, functional and visual requirements for Automotive grade coaxial cable. This material will be designated AG for general-purpose automotive applications or AG LL for low loss applications. It is the responsibility of the user of this cable to verify the suitability of the selected product (based on dimensional, mechanical, electrical and environmental requirements) for its intended application. It is the responsibility of the supplier to retain and maintain records as evidence of compliance to the requirements detailed in this standard

USCAR

Development of Lubricants Using Re-Refined Base Stocks—An Effort toward Circular Economy

04-18-02-0008

12/06/2024

Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I

Maloth, Swamy, Joshi, Ratnadeep S., Mishra, Gopal Swaroop, Samant, Nagesh N., Bhadhavath, Sanker, Seth, Sarita, Bhardwaj, Anil, Paul, Subinoy, Arora, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Performance Evaluation of Common Rail Direct Injection Engine Run on Biodiesel of Used Temple Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

03-17-08-0062

12/06/2024

Diesel engines produce more smoke and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Hence, one has to develop a new technique that reduces these emissions besides works satisfactorily with alternative fuels in place of diesel. In this work, used temple oil biodiesel (BTO) is a candidate to replace diesel to run diesel engine. Also, common rail direction injection (CRDi) is a technique that injects fuel at a higher pressure than conventional injectors of diesel engines that produce fine fuel droplets suitable for highly viscous biodiesel. This work also uses the design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling approach to evaluate the performance of CRDi engine with three operating parameters namely injection timing (IT), injection pressure (IP), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the study, it could be concluded that CRDi engine showed better performance at IT of 9°bTDC, IP of 855 bar with EGR of 20% but with little reduction in thermal efficiency. The study has

Shaikh, Sardar Mansoor, Khandal, Sanjeevkumar V.

Development of an Automated Testbench for Functional Testing of Dosing Unit

2024-28-0202

12/05/2024

Increasingly stringent emission regulations continue to be legislated around the world to significantly minimize pollutants released to the air by internal combustion engines. After Treatment Systems (ATS) meant for reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust into non-harmful species have evolved at a rapid pace over the past two decades. Stringent emissions requirements have driven complex ATS architecture through sensors to measure delta-pressure, NOx, and temperatures. Accurate and precise performance of individual components as well as the integrated ATS is required to ensure regulatory compliance and efficient performance. Both of which require substantial amounts of performance and validation testing. Manufacturers have been developing the ability to accurately and efficiently test the ATS components. To meet the norms for tail pipe or stack emissions of NOx in ‘as new’ condition and during the entire ‘emissions useful life (EUL)’ of the ATS, all components of an ATS must

Raut, Pratiksha C, Ottikkutti, Pradheepram, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Magar, Vijay A.

Multiple Pathways to Decarbonize India PV Sector

2024-28-0127

12/05/2024

The cumulative accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) historically has resulted in the current problem of global warming. This is further compounded by developed nations, therefore, to fill this gap enhanced global actions are decided. Considering Country’s development need, available resources, government boost for agriculture, A holistic approach for 4W PVs is taken considering well to wheel emissions, as there are other ways to reduce tank to wheel emissions but may not be very effective for overall country’s GHG reduction. Major emissions in vehicle use are calculated based on Carbon intensity of various fuels & optimum pathway for Indian scenario is prepared & discussed in the paper considering all aspects CO2 reduction, development & motorization need. This paper explains multiple pathways for Passenger Vehicle (PV) Sector to be considered to meet country’s GHG needs

Sarna, Nishant, Jaiswal, Harsh, Rani, Abha, Dwivedi, Vipin, Vashisth, Ajay, Bhat, Anoop, Bhat, Anoop

Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine

2024-28-0134

12/05/2024

Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and

Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul

Impact of Time Aligned Measurement Parameters on Brake Specific Emissions

2024-28-0132

12/05/2024

As per global emissions legislation requirements running test cycles and reporting brake specific emissions is the key requirement. Engine gaseous emissions measurement is mandatory requirement for ON Highway and OFF Highway applications for transient duty cycles during testing at test cells. To meet the stringent emission limits is one of the challenging tasks considering the nature of transient duty cycles with accurate measurement of lower emission values. Calculating accurate results is critical since there are several factors which impacts the accuracy of calculated results especially for transient tests measurement as various engine measurement parameters are involved in calculating the brake specific emission results and time alignment of the various parameters are needed. As per latest regulatory test methods (Euro VI, BS VI, EPA), there is guidance on measuring the time lag through an experiment method and accounting the same during the results calculation, however during

Patil, Rahul Chandrakant, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Mudassir, Mohammed, Mokhadkar, Rahul, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Bharambe, Niraj, Dhuri, Santosh

An Approach to Reduce Noise Generated by Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

2024-28-0211

12/05/2024

Electric vehicles are transforming the future of transportation for the world while achieving the goal of sustainable development. While the concept and use of battery-powered vehicles has also penetrated the logistics and supply chain industry, it has also brought upon new challenges during its development. As OEMs strive to develop BEVs with extended range, the components within the propulsion and drivetrain system tend to demand a higher power output from the energy storage systems. This results in BEVs generating higher levels of thermal heat energy, which must be dissipated / rejected for optimal performance and safety. Consequently, to reject this heat, BEVs must utilize thermal management systems with higher capacities. This increase in size is accompanied by the inclusion of many parts that generate noise and contribute to increased noise levels in BEVS. In today’s market, optimization of noise levels is a significant factor when ensuring passenger comfort, while also showing

Shedge, Atharva Vikas, Shalgar, Sandeep, Srivastava, Sarvesh, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V

Machine Learning Approach to Control Thermal Strategies and Mitigate Sensor Failure Penalty on Emissions

2024-28-0170

12/05/2024

As vehicle emission standards are becoming stringent worldwide because of the looming climate crisis, it is important to control the pollutants that vehicles emit. To achieve the stringent emission target, it has become a priority to enhance the capability of Emission Control System (ECS) which consist of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) sub-systems. One of the bottlenecks is the limited operating temperature range of the after-treatment system. In modern emission control systems, the temperature characteristics should always be optimized to have the best efficiency involving chemical conversions. To achieve this optimal operating temperature, different thermal control strategies are followed in the Engine and emission control unit. Temperature sensor values are one of the primary inputs for thermal management strategies. In the event of temperature sensor malfunction, the ECS performance is affected due to

Kumar, Amit, V H, Yashwanth, Kumar, Raman, Hegde, Karthik, Manojdharan, Arjungopal

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 42109