Browse Topic: Environment

Items (42,107)

Assignment Criteria Proposal for Function Allocation to Security Domains of Aviation Systems

2025-01-0156To be published on 04/25/2025

Aircraft cabin management is characterized by operational and business processes. Both are defined as a logical sequence of activities that occur during the flight. While the operational process includes activities to ensure flight safety, such as take-off, cruise and landing, the business process activities are related to adding value to the customer, i.e. the passenger. They are to be certified by the authority as a part of the aircraft type certification. These processes are defined by the airline and are described as part of the airline’s business model. While the scope of operational processes for passenger safety within the aircraft cabin should remain as unchanged as possible, the increasing competitive pressure on airlines is leading to a constantly rising number of services in the cabin. To prevent compromising cabin safety from increased cabin crew workload during the cruise phase, there is a growing trend toward digitizing operational and business processes. The digitized

Hintze, Hartmut, Blecken, Marvin, God, Ralf, Pereira, Daniel

Sustainable Design of Automotive Batteries

2025-01-0001To be published on 04/18/2025

A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO₂ emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life-cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples the paper will explain what are the main parameters necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and life-time of the battery. Finally it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future

Braun, Andreas, Rothbart, Martin

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480To be published on 04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

A Comparative Analysis of Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles for Aggressive Driving Styles and Fuel Economy Test Cycles

2025-01-8605To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient and sustainable transportation in urban environments depends on understanding driving behaviors, and their implications. This study explores into the distinction between aggressive and non-aggressive driving patterns, leveraging an on-road driving dataset provided by an automotive company. By contrasting this data with established Fuel Economy cycles from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and employing curve-fitting techniques, the research not only reveals driving patterns but also predicts potential behaviors in unfamiliar scenarios. Results show significantly different acceleration profile patterns between different driving behaviors which has serious impact in fuel economy and environmental wellness. The findings highlights the environmental impact of driving behaviors, paving the way for environmentally responsible policy recommendations and sustainable driving practices.

Padmanaban, Gandhimathi, Feng, Fred, Dai, Edward, Saini, Ankit, Hu, Guopeng, Zhao, Yanan

A Fault Prediction Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Based on Adaptive Dynamic Thresholds

2025-01-8117To be published on 04/01/2025

The surge in electric vehicle usage has expanded the number of charging stations, intensifying demands on their operation and maintenance. Public charging stations, often exposed to harsh weather and unpredictable human factors, frequently encounter malfunctions requiring prompt attention. Current methods primarily employ data-driven approaches or rely on empirical expertise to establish warning thresholds for fault prediction. While these approaches are generally effective, the artificially fixed thresholds they employ for fault prediction limit adaptability and fall short in sensitivity to special scenarios, timings, locations, and types of faults, as well as in overall intelligence. This paper presents a novel fault prediction model for charging equipment that utilizes adaptive dynamic thresholds to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reliability. By integrating and quantifying Environmental Influence Factors (EF), Scenario Influence Factors (SF), Fault Severity Factors (FF), and

Wang, Hao, Wang, Ning, Li, Yuan, Tang, Xinyue

Driver Distraction Recognition Based on the Information Bottleneck Theory and Graph Convolutional Networks

2025-01-8112To be published on 04/01/2025

Driver distraction remains a leading cause of traffic accidents, making its recognition critical for enhancing road safety. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the Information Bottleneck (IB) theory with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to address the challenge of driver distraction recognition. Our approach introduces a 2D pose estimation-based action recognition network that effectively enhances the retention of relevant information within neural networks, compensating for the limited data typically available in real-world driving scenarios. The network is further refined by integrating the CTR-GCN (Channel-wise Topology Refinement Graph Convolutional Network), which models the dynamic spatial-temporal relationships of human skeletal data. This enables precise detection of distraction behaviors, such as using a mobile phone, drinking water, or adjusting in-vehicle controls, even under constrained input conditions. The IB theory is applied to optimize the trade

Zhang, Ji, Bai, Yakun

Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.0

2025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025

The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made for ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine

Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla

Proposed Solutions to Improve Green Hydrogen Production for Cars

2025-01-8601To be published on 04/01/2025

Recently, global interest in hydrogen as a powerful, promising and clean source of energy has increased. Green hydrogen production is considered one of the most important modern projects worldwide, as it is the way to achieve a clean and sustainable environment. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, the most famous of which are: 1) Electrochemical separation of water; 2) Heating waste plastic at a high temperature using low-carbon emission technology. However, both methods still suffer from complexity and high cost, which calls for the search for scientific solutions to reduce economic costs and make hydrogen available to everyone at reasonable prices. While the first method is considered the best and easiest to produce high-purity hydrogen, but it faces challenges in collecting hydrogen on the surface of the positive electrode (cathode) in a way that is suitable for collecting it in a safe and less expensive way, so that it can be used in multiple applications, especially

Hamed, Maryam Salah, Ali, Salah H. R.

How carbon quota policy guides the sustainable and rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry

2025-01-8606To be published on 04/01/2025

The sustainable and healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry requires the support and guidance of relevant policies, but at present, China's automotive industry is facing problems such as subsidy regression and points redundancy. In order to better guide the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry and support the realization of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, it is necessary to explore new policies. Carbon quota policy is considered to be an effective measure to realize the dual-carbon goal. In this context, this study discusses the incentive mechanism of carbon quota policy for technological innovation in new energy vehicles and makes recommendations for policy implementation. First, this study applies multinomial Logit theory to analyze consumers' car purchase choice behavior, and establishes a market share prediction model for passenger cars of different power types based on three key attributes: range, acquisition and usage cost, and

Zhao, Jiaqi

Dynamic Tailgate Water Management Simulation Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

2025-01-8625To be published on 04/01/2025

Tailgate opening can cause rain that has settled on its surfaces to run off onto the customer or into the rear load space, causing annoyance. Relatively small adjustments to tailgate seals and encapsulation can effectively mitigate these effects. However, these failure modes tend to be discovered relatively late in the design process as they, to date, need a representative physical system to test – including ensuring that materials used on the surface flow paths elicit the same liquid flow behaviours (i.e. contact angles and velocity) as the production vehicle surfaces. In this work we describe the development and validation of an early-stage simulation approach using a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Code (PreonLab). This includes its calibration against fundamental experiments to provide models for the flow of water over automotive surfaces and their subsequent application to a tailgate system simulation which includes fully-detailed surrounding vehicle geometry. This approach

Gaylard, Adrian Philip, Weatherhead, Duncan

Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective

2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025

This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging

Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae

Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector

2025-01-8539To be published on 04/01/2025

Medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles and off-road equipment make one of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the MD, HD, and off-road equipment categories has significantly expanded in recent years. Along with that, a growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. With this rapid growth of electric vehicles in the market, reliable operation and performance data on electric MD and HD vehicles/equipment is needed to provide insights on usage and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from a

Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, Makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Thomas, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, Alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela

On the potentially misleading evaluation of CO2 emissions for hybrid-electric vehicles

2025-01-8537To be published on 04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532To be published on 04/01/2025

The ever-growing push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has been challenging vehicle manufacturers globally. In the USA, multi-pollutant emissions standards finalized recently by EPA, for model years 2027 and later aim to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032. The NMOG+ and NOx are also required to be reduced by 60 – 76% by 2032 from 2026 levels. Europe is also aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study investigates the benefits and challenges of various hybrid architectures suitable for a pickup truck application

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Real-time Terrain Analysis for Off-road Autonomous Vehicles

2025-01-8343To be published on 04/01/2025

One challenge for autonomous vehicle control is the variation in road roughness which can lead to deviations from the intended course of loss of road contact while steering. The aim of this work is to develop a real-time road roughness estimation system using a Bayesian-based calibration routine that takes in axle accelerations from the vehicle and predicts the current road roughness of the terrain. The Bayesian-based calibration method has the advantage of providing posterior distributions and thus giving a quantifiable estimate of the confidence in the prediction that can be used to adjust the control algorithm based on desired risk posture. Within the calibration routine, a Gaussian process model is first used as a surrogate for a simulated half-vehicle model which takes vehicle velocity and road surface roughness (Gd) to output the axle acceleration. Then the calibration step takes in the observed axle acceleration and vehicle velocity and calibrates the Gaussian process model to

Lewis, Edwina, Parameshwaran, Aditya, Redmond, Laura, Wang, Yue

A Review of Off-Road Datasets, Sensor Technologies and Terrain Traversability Analysis

2025-01-8339To be published on 04/01/2025

Autonomous ground navigation has advanced significantly in urban and structured environments, supported by the availability of comprehensive datasets. However, navigating complex and off-road terrains remains challenging due to limited datasets, diverse terrain types, adverse environmental conditions, and sensor limitations affecting vehicle perception. This study presents a comprehensive review of off-road datasets, integrating their applications with sensor technologies and terrain traversability analysis methods. It identifies critical gaps, including class imbalances, sensor performance under adverse conditions, and limitations in existing traversability estimation approaches. Key contributions include a novel classification of off-road datasets based on annotation methods, providing insights into scalability and applicability across diverse terrains. The study also evaluates sensor technologies under adverse conditions and proposes strategies for incorporating event-based and

Musau, Hannah, Ruganuza, Denis, Indah, Debbie, Mukwaya, Arthur, Gyimah, Nana Kankam, Patil, Ashish, Bhosale, Mayuresh, Gupta, Prakhar, Mwakalonge, Judith, Jia, Yunyi, Mikulski, Dariusz, Grabowsky, David, Hong, Jae Dong, Siuhi, Saidi

Improved three-way catalyst with the ignition layer for reducing cold emissions

2025-01-8482To be published on 04/01/2025

Exhaust gas regulations, such as Tier4, Euro7, and China7, are being strengthened. In addition to the regulated values during specified driving patterns, emissions must be minimized under various usage scenarios. Since vehicle catalysts have been using higher amounts of precious metals to satisfy these requirements, there is increasing demand to decrease the usage of these metals from the perspective of environmental protection. The exhaust gas emission is divided into cold emission and hot emission. Recently, improvements of cold emission have become a focus. This research focused on improving catalyst warm-up activity by positioning the palladium (Pd) layer above the rhodium (Rh) layer. At the same time, to resolve the decrease in gas utilization in the Rh layer, connectivity was enhanced, and the influence of sulfur components was suppressed through the optimization of the Pd support. As a result, the usage of precious metals has successfully lowered.

Nishio, Takahiro, Takagi, Nobuyuki, Tojo, Takumi, Fujita, Naoto, Mori, Mizuho, Toda, Yosuke

Fundamental science on oxygen storage capacity of cerium complex oxides for advanced on-board diagnostics (2) Quantitative observation of oxygen released from cerium complex oxides

2025-01-8476To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, increasingly stringent emissions regulations have forced automakers to further improve emission control catalysts and to upgrade on-board diagnostics (OBD). For gasoline-powered vehicles, OBD detects the degradation of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of the automotive catalysts over time, but the detection limits are becoming stricter. Therefore, we conducted research to gain a deeper understanding of OSC in catalysts. In general, cerium complex oxides (ceria) releases oxygen from the crystal lattice into the gas phase due to the change in valence in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, as shown in the following formula. (formula) Ce^(4+) O_2 ⇄〖Ce^(4+)〗_(1-x) 〖Ce^(3+)〗_x O_(2-x/2) + (x/4) O_2 In this study, we directly quantified the amount of oxygen released from the ceria crystal lattice under various reducing gas conditions and temperatures using a micro thermogravimetric analyzer (μ-TG) that can measure as small as 1 μg (1 × 10^-6 g). In addition to ceria

Hamada, Shota, Uegaki, Shinya, Tanabe, Hidetaka, Nakayama, Tomohito, Jinjo, Itsuki, Kurono, Seita, Oishi, Shunsuke, Narita, Keiichi, Onishi, Tetsuro, Yasuda, Kazuya, Matsumura, Daiju, Tanaka, Hirohisa

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine

2025-01-8424To be published on 04/01/2025

Nowadays Hydrogen (H2) fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be considered a promising solution for high performance applications since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, H2-ICE can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline engines. Compared to gasoline, Hydrogen combustion, in stoichiometric conditions, shows a higher flame speed, a lower ignition energy and a lower quenching distance. Mainly for these reasons H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (Knock and Pre-Ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the high flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach experimental and numerical in order to assess the benefits and the disadvantages of each method. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived

Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo

Effects of Injection Timing and Pressure on Combustion Performance and Emissions in Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine

2025-01-8421To be published on 04/01/2025

As the demand for cleaner and more efficient propulsion systems increases, hydrogen internal combustion engines have emerged as a promising solution due to their high thermal efficiency and zero-carbon emissions potential. Achieving ultra-lean combustion conditions (lambda > 2.8) in hydrogen engines significantly improves thermal efficiency while maintaining combustion stability and reducing knock intensity. However, hydrogen injection timing and pressure are crucial factors influencing the combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen engines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen injection timing and pressure on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection hydrogen engine under different load conditions. Experimental tests were conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with a hydrogen direct injection system, focusing on part-load operation to explore the interplay between injection parameters and engine performance. Results show

Du, Jiakun, Wu, Guangquan, Chen, Hong, Sun, Fanjia, Xie, Fangxi, Li, Yuhuai, Sun, Yao, Qi, Hongzhong, Li, Yong

The numerical study of methane flame characteristics in the ammonia/air environment at sub-atmospheric pressure

2025-01-8450To be published on 04/01/2025

The low emission of carbon and minimum level of soot formation in combustion engines and turbines strategy is adopted by many countries to counteract global warming and climate change. The combustion and emission characteristics of methane coflow flame were studied at low pressure and air polluted by ammonia conditions. The results showed that a significant decline in carbon formation was observed when ammonia was boosted, 5-10%. The impact of sub-atmospheric pressure, 90-70 KPa, on COx development was higher than that of NH3 addition, 0-5%, thanks to the lower formation of hydroxymethylium, formaldehyde, and aldehyde radical. The sub-atmospheric pressure had more impact on the reduction of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide, and ammonia impact was greater on the increment of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide. The maximum reduction and increment in the profile of nitric oxide were observed ~ 42.1% at 5% NH3 and 182% at 80 KPa. The acetylene species was more affected by sub

Hina, Anam, Akram, M Zuhaib, Shafa, Amna, Akram, M Waqar

Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition

2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025

With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides

Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James

High-Efficient and Cost-Effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8528To be published on 04/01/2025

China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after

Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Gao, Bojun, Li, Dacheng, Liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8502To be published on 04/01/2025

As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23)and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Blends Oxidation by Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

2025-01-8500To be published on 04/01/2025

Soy-based mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids is the most common biodiesel fuel used in the United States. Other renewable fuels such as renewable diesel (RDE) is also popular, especially in the state of California. All the renewable and alternative fuels are being evaluated for their performance and performance transparency with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) to be used a substitute to ULSD. Previous research with biodiesel, showed an elevated lightoff temperature on diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and worse DOC efficacy in oxidizing fuel blends with fuel blends with more than 20% biodiesel. A similar study was conducted with RDE to gage the performance of the fuel blends of B100 and RDE. The same DOC used in past study was used to evaluate fuel blends of 100% RDE to 40% RDE (B60R40) in decrements of 10%. The performance of the DOC was evaluated on steady-state performance cycle and transient lightoff curve. Similar to the results in past study, the performance of the DOC is

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve

Formation and Decomposition of Ammonium Sulfate Species over a Small Pore Cu/zeolite Catalyst

2025-01-8493To be published on 04/01/2025

Cu/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are used globally to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. These catalysts can achieve high NOx conversion efficiency, and they are hydrothermally durable under real world diesel exhaust environments. However, Cu/zeolite catalysts are susceptible to sulfur poisoning and require some type of sulfur management even when used with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). In the present study, the authors seek to better illuminate the chemical processes responsible for ammonium sulfate formation and decomposition occurring in Cu/zeolite SCR catalysts. Reactor-based experiments are first conducted with a real-world concentration of SO2 (0.5 ppmv) and a typical diesel exhaust water vapor concentration (8 vol.%) to quantify progressive effects of ammonium sulfate formation. BET surface area is used to measure the impact of ammonium sulfate on the Cu/zeolite catalysts’ physical properties. A second group of experiments probe the chemical

Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald

Analysis of Trapped Gases Within an Aftertreatment System Reacting Over a TWC After Engine is Stopped.

2025-01-8499To be published on 04/01/2025

Measurements of Hydrogen emissions from vehicle exhaust have been often substituted for prediction models, partly due to the lack of Hydrogen analyzers targeted for combustion gases. A previous study using a Hydrogen mass spectrometer revealed that the ratio of Hydrocarbons entering a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and Hydrogen leaving the catalyst was inconstant throughout a standardized driving cycle. Although Hydrogen by itself is not currently a target of emission regulations, its omission during catalyzer optimization may disrupt the intended performance of the integrated aftertreatment system. The highest emissions of unwanted gases are commonly seen during vehicle cold start. Thus, this study focuses on intermittent operation of an engine, such as that of full hybrid vehicles. In particular, this study measures how the gases trapped in the aftertreatment system continue to react over the TWC as it cools down after the engine stops. Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, NH3 and H2 are measured

Lamas, Jorge Eduardo, Lacdan, Ma Camille, Hara, Kenji, Otsuki, Yoshinori

Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE

2025-01-8498To be published on 04/01/2025

With the tightening of emission regulations, electrically heated catalytic converters (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the challenges of cold start and RDE emission reduction. This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (DOC+SDPF+SRR-ASC) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 ℃ when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The CO emission value of diesel vehicles is 67.5 mg/km, the THC emission value is 49.8 mg/km, the NMHC emission value is 42.5 mg/km, and the NOx emission value is 28.7 mg/km, which is far below the limit requirements of CHINA VI B. Among them, the average urea injection rate increased by 1.1 mg/s, and the overall NOx conversion efficiency increased

Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou, Diming

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483To be published on 04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7, China 7, and EPA Tier 4 regulations are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions extensively. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. The conventional 0D/1D GPF models can be effective for basic pressure drop and filtration efficiency prediction, but have their limitations. Previous studies have proven that 3D CFD model can provide more comprehensive data on soot distribution in and on top of GPF wall substrate. This paper continues utilizing 3D CFD to investigate the effects of washcoating and ash accumulation on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of GPFs during the soot loading process

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

The development of a zeolite-based (HC Trap type) cold-start catalyst（CSC） for the future more stringent vehicle tailpipe emission standards, part III

2025-01-8481To be published on 04/01/2025

This is a follow-up report (part III) of the two precedents [1&2] about the development of a zeolite-based (HC Trap type) cold-start catalyst（CSC）for the future more stringent vehicle tailpipe emission standards. The vehicle tests under the low temperature (-7℃) were performed. The CSC was able to decrease significantly amount of cold-start NMHC under -7℃ more than in the standard room temperature WLTC test and clarify the concerns of the potential interference caused by extra condensed water at low temperature in reducing cold-start NMHC of this type of catalyst. The CSC was aged for 240 hours at 800℃ which is above the maximum temperature (760℃) in the after treatment system during the standard road cycle (SRC) test of a targeted HEV vehicle. It was capable to retain significant amount of capability in decreasing cold-start NMHC although not as effective as aged under 750℃ reported in our precedent reports, and it is concluded that this CSC can be applied to different locations in

Xu, Lifeng, Zhao, Fucheng, Wei, Hong, Zhao, Pengfei, Zhao, Jiajia, Ma, Ruibo, Newman, Philip, Wang, Lin, Qian, Wangmu, Qian, Menghan

Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon neutral Fuels

2025-01-8470To be published on 04/01/2025

Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. As part of our efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, we have developed low friction bearings that contribute to reduced fuel consumption, and high load capacity bearings for increased engine output and longer service life. Meanwhile, Countries around the world are also considering engines that use carbon-neutral (CN) fuels, such as hydrogen and e-fuel, as part of their efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. It was reported that CN fuels differ significantly from gasoline and diesel in the chemical composition of gases produced after combustion. In particular, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines generate more water during combustion than gasoline engines, and nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) have also been observed under some combustion conditions. Dissolution of these substances in engine oil is expected to create a corrosive environment

Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi

Effects of Ambient and Injection Conditions on a High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet for Direct Injection in ICE

2025-01-8466To be published on 04/01/2025

The transport sector is responsible for about one third of the global CO2 emissions. To align to the net zero emission scenario, the transportation sector needs the implementation of policies aimed to reduce as much as possible the highly emitting transport options and, at the same time, the use of new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of transport methods whose emissions cannot be entirely eliminated. An exploitable solution for the internal combustion engine (ICE), even in the nearest future, would be to use hydrogen as a fuel in these engines. This is supported by the fact that H2-ICE is the only ICE technology currently capable of meeting the standards imposed by the European Union for 2035. Due to the possibility of different injection strategies as well as the variation of in-cylinder back pressure, the comprehensive knowledge of hydrogen injection jet behavior and characteristics is fundamental for improving the combustion process in direct injection H2-ICE. In

Montanaro, Alessandro, Mancaruso, Ezio, Meccariello, Giovanni, Allocca, Luigi

Development of Non-Road Spark Ignited H2-ICE with Port Fuel Injection for Fixed Speed Applications

2025-01-8435To be published on 04/01/2025

The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) is an attractive solution for decarbonizing heavy duty equipment. The paper describes the development of a heavy-duty 6-cilinder spark ignited (SI) hydrogen internal combustion engine using port fuel injection (PFI) of hydrogen. The H2-ICE targets non-road application and STAGE V emission legislation. The paper presents a development methodology using results from experimental combustion research on a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine combined with detailed numerical analysis. Single-cylinder experimental combustion research results are used to determine key engine design parameters, such as the compression ratio, together with base engine operating conditions. Here, focus is on extension of the low engine-out NOx load range. CFD simulations, considering PFI system configuration and injection strategy are used to optimize the in-cylinder charge mixture homogeneity. Results are used to define full engine hardware, such as piston

Seykens, Xander, Doosje, Erik, Bekdemir, Cemil, Wezenbeek, Peter

Dynamics Analysis and Stability Control of a Lunar Unicycle Self-Balancing Robot

2025-01-8301To be published on 04/01/2025

The one-wheeled self-balancing mobile system has superior mobility and flexibility due to its unique configuration and single-wheel grounding feature, and can autonomously perform exploration and delivery missions on narrow, rough and unstructured surfaces. In this paper, a one-wheeled self-balancing robot traveling on the lunar surface is proposed for autonomous exploration on the lunar surface. Firstly, a multi-body dynamics model of the robot is derived using the quasi-coordinate-Hamilton equations. Wheels in soft ground not only generate velocity deviations due to slip and slide, but also introduce additional travel resistance moments at the dynamics level due to soil deformation during wheel sliding. Therefore, a three-dimensional terramechanics model is used to characterize the coupling between the robot wheel and the soil. To achieve stability control of the robot's attitude, a series PID method is used for pitch self-balancing and velocity control. A model predictive control

Shi, Junwei, Zhang, Kaidi, Duan, Yupeng, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

Numerical Investigation of Fuel Injection Strategies for Ammonia-Diesel Dual-fuel Engine

2025-01-8368To be published on 04/01/2025

This study numerically investigates ammonia-diesel dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty engine. Detailed and reduced reaction mechanisms are validated against experimental data to develop injection timing maps aimed at maximizing indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) while mitigating environmental impacts using stochastic reactor model (SRM). The equivalence ratio, ammonia energy share (AES), injection timing, and engine load are varied to optimize combustion efficiency and minimize emissions. The results demonstrate that advancing injection timing reduces ITE due to heightened in-cylinder temperatures, resulting in increased heat losses through walls and exhaust gases. Maximum chemical efficiency is observed at an equivalence ratio near 0.9 but decreases thereafter, influenced by ammonia’s narrow flammability range. Emission analysis highlights significant reductions in Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) with higher AES, driven by decreased CO2 and nitrogen

Karenawar, Shivraj Anand, Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Neural Network Based Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Reduction in Diesel Emissions

2025-01-8369To be published on 04/01/2025

The paper illustrates the process and steps in the development of a neural network-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for reducing diesel engine feed gas emissions. This MPC controller performs fuel limiting and modifies intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate set-points to the inner loop air path controller to reduce engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Soot emissions. We examine two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) options for a control-oriented emissions model which are based on a multi-layer perception (MLP) architecture and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. These RNN models are trained for use as prediction models in MPC. Both models are defined in input-output form, assuming that measurements/estimates of current values of NOx and Soot are available. We discuss and compare their training using PyTorch. The formulation of economic MPC is detailed, including the definition of the cost function and soft constraints

Zhang, Jiadi, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato

Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation

2025-01-8252To be published on 04/01/2025

Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers

Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio

Real-world emissions in a high-altitude city: A comparison between LPG and gasoline- fueled cars

2025-01-8494To be published on 04/01/2025

To study the real driving emissions characteristics of light-duty vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline in the high-altitude city, experimental investigations were performed on two LPG taxis and three gasoline passenger cars in Lhasa using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results reveal that the emission factors of CO2, CO, NOx, and HC of LPG taxis are (159.19±11.81), (18.38±9.73), (1.53±0.46), and (1.27±0.99) g/km, and those of gasoline cars are (223.51±23.1), (1.51±0.68), (0.27±0.16), and (0.06±0.04) g/km, respectively. The emissions show strong relationships with driving modes, which are considerably affected by driving behaviors. Furthermore, as vehicle speeds increase, the emission factors of both LPG taxis and gasoline cars decrease. The emission rates of both types of vehicles are low and change slightly at vehicle specific power (VSP) of 0 kW/t or below; after that, these rates slowly increase initially, and then increase rapidly with

Lyu, Meng, Xu, Yan, Huang, Meihong, Wang, Yunjing

Comprehensive Prediction of Deposit Formation in SCR Systems Using Integrated 1D Heat Transfer Model with Empirical Data from 3D CFD Simulations

2025-01-8491To be published on 04/01/2025

Urea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are widely used to meet stringent NOx emission standards in industrial diesel engines. However, suboptimal design of the urea-water solution (UWS) mixing pipes in SCR systems can lead to the formation of urea-derived solid deposits, which may adversely affect the system performance and reliability. Although recent advancements in deposit simulation technology using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D CFD) have significantly improved the performance and compactness of mixing pipes, assessing deposit formation across all operating and environmental conditions remains challenging due to high simulation costs. This study introduces a novel computational method for predicting the formation and temperature of permanent liquid films from UWS injection which are closely related to deposit formation, along with new deposit evaluation criteria based on them. This proposed method integrates a one-dimensional heat transfer model

Sugimoto, Kazuma, Kawabe, Ken

Potential for Reduction in NRMM Real-World Emissions

2025-01-8489To be published on 04/01/2025

The pollutant emission regulation for Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) is currently under consideration, both in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). In Europe a Stage V review is expected within 2025 and in the US, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) has released their Tier 5 proposal in late 2024. It is expected that there will be further focus on covering a wide variety of operation conditions in actual use cases, including continuous low load scenarios. In addition, CO2-neutral fuels are being investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of NRMM Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which remains an important powertrain for the sector. The objective of the work presented is to assess the potential for emissions reductions in the future, both NOx and CO2. A simulation study is conducted, modelling a 9l class engine with 8-10 g/kWh engine-out NOx emission level. Three different emission control systems are investigated: an enhanced stage V system with single SCR, a

Demuynck, Joachim, Bosteels, Dirk, Michelitsch, Philipp, Noll, Hannes

Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis

2025-01-8417To be published on 04/01/2025

Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the

Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer

2025-01-8411To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.83 L and a compression ratio of 16.5: 1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 6.5% lower fuel consumption (in

Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian

Exploring the effects of varying pre-chamber geometry in a heavy-duty natural gas optically accessible engine under dilution conditions

2025-01-8407To be published on 04/01/2025

Pre-chamber combustion (PCC) is an advanced ignition strategy that has been shown to enhance spark ignition (SI) engine combustion stability by providing distributed ignition sites from turbulent jets. PCC has been proven especially advantageous compared to SI in dilute and ultra-lean operating conditions. This work involves experimental and computational investigation of the effects of varying pre-chamber geometry on pre-chamber and main chamber combustion under simulated exhaust gas recirculation dilution conditions in a heavy-duty, single-cylinder, optically accessible natural gas engine at stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Pre-chambers with varying nozzle number (5 – 12), diameter (1.3 – 2.5 mm), and nozzle angle (0 – 20°) are examined, keeping the nozzle area to pre-chamber internal volume (A/V) ratio constant. Pressure-based diagnostics are used to probe pre-chamber and subsequent main chamber combustion, and optical diagnostics including high-speed OH* chemiluminescence and

Dhotre, Akash, Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Varma, Arun, Singh, Satbir, Northrop, William, Srna, Ales

Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions

2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming

Experimental Investigation into Abnormal Combustion Behaviour in a Pure Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine

2025-01-8399To be published on 04/01/2025

The hydrogen internal combustion engine technology, with its potential for almost full carbon emissions reduction and adaptability to a wide range of fossil fuel-based internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms, offers a promising future. This potential underscores the importance of the research, which aims to address the challenges, such as abnormal combustion phenomena, that come with this innovative technology. These challenges, including intake backfire in the port fuel injection (PFI) and preignition, require further investigation to fully understand and predict the engine's performance. This study comprehensively investigates the main abnormal combustion behaviour in a spark ignition (SI) downsized boosted hydrogen engine. It examines both direct and port fuel injection (DI and PFI) systems, evaluating in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressures in the crank domain. The study provides a direct comparison at steady-state conditions between abnormal and normal cycles over 200 cycles

Mohamed, Mohamed, Mirshahi, Milad, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Peckham, Mark

The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China

2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long

Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin

Theoretical Study of Electrically Assisted Two-Stage Turbocharger Boost System Applied to Large-Bore Gas SI ICE

2025-01-8354To be published on 04/01/2025

Large-bore gas SI ICEs are supposed to operate under more strict conditions in terms of NOx level and potentially using new generation of fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia) in the near future. Currently, the TA Luft norm is being considered while typical BMEP levels are between 22-28 bar. It is expected that NOx will have to drop significantly (down to 20% or even below 10% of the amount based on TA Luft) while engine BMEP is supposed to be increased above 30 bar. The paper is based on 0-D/1-D simulations while using the experience gained from older research projects concerning similar engines. The main goal is to study the influence of different operating conditions (e.g., NOx level, BMEP level, control means, ambient conditions) on both ICE performance and turbocharger operation while comparing classical 2-stage system with 2 electrically assisted ones (e-turbo, e-booster) – steady state performance is of the main focus while transient one is also considered. Complex optimizations were

Vitek, Oldrich, Macek, Jan, Mares, Bohumil, Klima, Jiri, Vacek, Martin

Comparison of Gasoline Particulate Indices Using U.S. Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8449To be published on 04/01/2025

Simulated distillation (SimDis) uses wide bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) to provide a detailed volatility profile of blended gasoline. The boiling point distribution from SimDis analysis is correlated to the hydrocarbon contents of spark ignition fuels and provide the resolution necessary to characterize the compositions of the fuel. Recent publications on simulated distillation applied to spark ignition fuel reveal the merits of indexing a gasoline fuel so that it can be correlated to the tendency of particulate emissions from vehicles. With this in mind, SimDis can be a useful and quick tool in assessing the PM-formation potential of market gasolines. Heavy aromatic compounds are compounds identified as having at least 10 Carbons and 1 aromatic ring. These compounds that are present in spark ignition fuels are major contributors to vehicle particulate emissions. These compounds can be found in the higher boiling portion (T70+) of the distillation profiles. As demonstrated in

Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Dozier, Jon, Butler, Aron

Combustion and Emission Performance from the use of Acid-catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8445To be published on 04/01/2025

Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel EN 590 (on-road), and the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and

Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.

A study on cetane on demand technology part 1 - Development of fuel reformer to improve fuel ignitability-

2025-01-8447To be published on 04/01/2025

The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles in petroleum-based fuel. Also, gasoline components produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis exhibit low octane numbers, rendering them suitable for this combustion concept. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires Cetane on Demand technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. It is known that the ignition property of fuel is enhanced when the fuel is oxidized to generate peroxides. Moreover, the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst promotes peroxide generation at low temperatures. The objective of this

Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Matsuura, Katsuya, Kudo, Tomohide, Chishima, Hiroshi, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Albashrawi, Reem

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