Browse Topic: Environment

Items (41,941)
Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained much attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which, in turn, dictates the controller’s performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive
Govind Raju, Sathya AswathSun, ZongxuanKim, KennethKweon, Chol-Bum
Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) systems are a substantial source of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in passenger vehicles, particularly for electrified vehicles under real-world operating conditions. Enhancing the efficiency of such systems is imperative to achieving greater energy efficiency and maintaining occupants’ comfort. In recognition of their significance, MAC systems can be classified as eco-innovative technologies under EU Regulation 2019/631, effective from 2025. This study lays the groundwork for a methodology to calculate CO₂ savings from eco-innovative MAC systems in passenger cars. The approach compares CO₂ emissions between baseline and eco-innovative vehicles under active and inactive MAC systems. Literature-derived indicative ambient conditions are applied to reflect realistic MAC usage scenarios in Europe. The testing protocol follows the WLTP procedure under controlled ambient conditions, including temperature, humidity, and solar irradiation, which can either
Di Pierro, GiuseppeCurrò, DavideGil-Sayas, SusanaFontaras, Georgios
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods. Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction
E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
This paper presents recent developments of the Euler/Lagrange wall film model which allow the efficient simulation of complete Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in diesel and newly designed H2 engines. Since release 2024R2, ANSYS Fluent is equipped with a chemistry model from recent literature to predict homogeneous chemical reactions in the film and heterogeneous reactions between gas and film occurring in SCR systems operating with aqueous urea solutions. The implementation of the chemistry model is first validated against results from Thermo–Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) measurements. The SCR–specific chemistry, combined with the Lagrangian Wall Film (LWF) model employing an improved wall–film convective heat transfer model, is then compared favorably with experimental SCR test rig measurements of urea deposits for fifty injection cycles, followed by a relaxation period. The full simulation completes significantly faster due to a new
Sofialidis, DimitriosMutyal, JayeshFaltsi, RanaBraun, MarkusBörnhorst, MarionEsch, Thomas
The automotive industry faces ongoing challenges in reducing vehicle mass and carbon emissions while ensuring structural integrity. Traditional design approaches often fail to address these issues comprehensively. This paper explores the application of generative design (GD) to optimize critical automotive components, specifically focusing on reducing mass and in turn carbon emissions. GD builds upon traditional topology optimization by employing iterative method using MELS approach to refine designs providing multiple alternative designs to choose from. MELS (Modified Extensible Lattice Sequence) specifically is used to equally spread-out points (designs) in a space by minimizing clumps and empty spaces. This property of MELS makes lattice sequences an excellent space filling DOE scheme. GD leverages the design of experiments (DOE) to vary key design variables systematically to generate and consider many potential design concepts for a given problem. It also uses artificial
Hosmath, AnjaneyBarai, JayDhangar, Vinaykumar
The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or
Cong, BinghaoLeblanc, SimonTjong, JimiTing, DavidYu, XiaoZheng, Ming
Reducing vehicle numbers and enhancing public transport can significantly cut emissions in the transport sector. Hydrogen-fueled and battery electric buses show the potential for decarbonization, but a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential to evaluate carbon emissions from energy production and manufacturing. In addition, even associated pollutant emissions, together with components’ wear, must be taken into account to evaluate the overall environmental impact. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis complements this by assessing long-term expenses, enabling stakeholders to balance environmental and economic considerations. This study examines carbon and pollutant emissions alongside TCO for innovative urban mobility powertrains (compared with diesel), focusing on Italian current and future hydrogen and electricity mix scenarios, even considering 100 % green hydrogen (100GH), the goal being to support sustainable decision-making and to promote eco-friendly transport solutions. The
Brancaleoni, Pier PaoloDamiani Ferretti, Andrea NicolòCorti, EnricoRavaglioli, VittorioMoro, Davide
The Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, also known as ASTM D5769, identifies aromatic compounds ranging from carbon groups six to twelve (C6-C12). This method provides determination in less than 15 minutes of twenty-three target aromatics, quantification of uncalibrated Indans, as well as C10, C11, and C12 aromatics using extracted ions. In contrast, the Standard Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100-MetreCapillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chromatography (ASTM D6730) offers a more comprehensive identification of compounds of multiple classes in gasoline samples also using a mass spectrometer (MS), focusing on aromatics from C6 to C14 for this research. This method uses a standard template of identified fuel components and corrects responses based on theoretical Flame Ionized Detector (FID) hydrocarbon responses
Dozier, JonathanGoralski, SarahGeng, PatReilly, Veronica
This paper investigates heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) sprays with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature on the resulting spray characteristics. The work is motivated by the need to optimize active Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to meet more stringent nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission regulations for internal combustion engines. Pre-heating DEF has the potential to improve evaporation of the injected fluid, increasing the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR at low exhaust temperatures. Experiments are carried out using the MAHLE SmartHeat fluid heater and mounted atop a DEF injector, with an incorporated thermocouple for fluid temperature. The fluid temperature established by the heater in this configuration was about 130 °C. The fluid is injected into an atmospheric environment and Schlieren imaging is used to visualize the spray evolution. CFD simulations are also carried out to validate the experimental observations and further shed light on the
Liu, ZeyangPeters, NathanBunce, MikePothuraju Subramanyam, SaiAkih Kumgeh, Benjamin
In Automobile manufacturing, maintaining the Quality of parts supplied by vendor is crucial & challenging. This paper introduces a digital tool designed to monitor trends for critical parameters of these parts in real-time. Utilizing Statistical Process Control (SPC) graphs, the tool continuously tracks Quality trend for critical parts and process parameters, predicting potential issues for proactive improvements even before parts are supplied. The tool integrates data from all Supplier partners across value chain into a single ecosystem, providing a comprehensive view of their performance and the parts they supply. Suppliers input data into a digital application, which is then analyzed in the cloud using SPC techniques to generate potential alerts for improvement. These alerts are automatically sent to both Suppliers and relevant personnel at the OEM, enabling proactive measures to address any Quality deviations. 100% data is visualized in an integrated dashboard which acts as a
Sahoo, PriyabrataGarg, IshanRawat, SudhanshuNarula, RahulGupta, AnkitBindra, RiteshRao, Akkinapalli VNGarg, Vipin
The impact of injection pressure on a split-injection energy-assisted compression-ignition (EACI) combustion strategy was studied in an optically accessible engine with a custom ribbed piston bowl design. Three injection pressures (600, 800, and 1000 bar) were investigated for three split-injection dwells (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ms) with a fixed second injection timing of -5.0 CAD. The Gaussian-shaped ribbed piston bowl design was employed to position hot combustion gases from the first injection near the centrally located injector to enable rapid ignition and mixing-controlled combustion of the second injection. At 600-bar injection pressure, as injection dwell was shortened, relocation of hot combustion gases near the injector became increasingly more difficult due to less available time for relocation and due to the higher in-cylinder densities at the start-of-injection (SOI) for the first injection. Increased injection pressure (800 and 1000 bar) improved the relocation of the first
Amezcua, EriStafford, JacobKim, KennethKweon, Chol-BumRothamer, David
Over the decades, robotics deployments have been driven by the rapid in-parallel research advances in sensing, actuation, simulation, algorithmic control, communication, and high-performance computing among others. Collectively, their integration within a cyber-physical-systems framework has supercharged the increasingly complex realization of the real-time ‘sense-think-act’ robotics paradigm. Successful functioning of modern-day robots relies on seamless integration of increasingly complex systems (coming together at the component-, subsystem-, system- and system-of-system levels) as well as their systematic treatment throughout the life-cycle (from cradle to grave). As a consequence, ‘dependency management’ between the physical/algorithmic inter-dependencies of the multiple system elements is crucial for enabling synergistic (or managing adversarial) outcomes. Furthermore, the steep learning curve for customizing the technology for platform specific deployment discourages domain
Varpe, Harshal BabsahebColeman, JohnSalvi, AmeyaSmereka, JonathonBrudnak, MarkGorsich, DavidKrovi, Venkat N
This study addresses the challenges of electrifying heavy-duty vehicle fleets, particularly school buses, by focusing on the development of dedicated depot charging infrastructure and grid resilience. A key challenge is managing recharging limitations while considering grid resilience in the electrification of school bus fleets. Using real operational data, the study introduces a two-phase approach to optimize both charging infrastructure and scheduling. In the first phase, the optimal number of chargers is determined to ensure sustainable fleet operations. In the second phase, charging schedules are refined to reduce peak power demand and improve grid resilience. Experimental results demonstrate that approximately half the fleet size is required in chargers, with distributed charging and peak shaving strategies reducing peak power demand by 20% to nearly 45%. These findings offer practical insights for fleet managers, grid operators, and policymakers on enhancing grid resilience and
Moon, JoonHanif, AtharAhmed, Qadeer
The depletion of fossil fuels and the emergence of global warming propel public sectors to explore alternative energy such as renewable electricity and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Numerous studies have demonstrated substantial environmental benefits of electric light-duty vehicles. However, research focusing on heavy-duty vehicles is still relatively scarce, and the transition to zero emissions heavy-duty trucks is facing enormous technical and economic challenges. This work investigated GHG emissions during the manufacturing and assembly phase of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), including battery electric trucks (BETs) and gaseous hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks (FCETs) using SimaPro software package with wildly accepted Ecoinvent database based on UK grid mix scenarios. A comparative analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the production phase of 700 bar- and 350 bar-H2 FCETs and their battery electric counterparts (eqBETs) was conducted under two UK
Zhao, JianboLi, HuBabaie, MeisamLi, Kang
Prior study with biodiesel and its blends with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and renewable diesel (RD) showed that a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is unable to effectively oxidize neat biodiesel (B100) or high-level biodiesel blends injected into the exhaust of a diesel engine at challenging conditions of low temperature, high exhaust flow rate and high dosing rate. In steady-state performance tests, the performance of blends up to B50 in ULSD or RD was nearly equivalent to ULSD at the lowest exhaust flow rate or for exhaust temperature over 340°C for medium and high flows. ULSD blends above 50 vol% biodiesel exhibited reduced thermal efficiency and DOC outlet temperature with increasing dosing rate and required exhaust temperatures over 400°C to achieve similar performance as ULSD. For RD blends at higher flow rates and temperatures below 300°C even B10 blends showed some loss in performance at the highest dosing rates. Data showed an increase in lightoff temperature
Lakkireddy, VenkataWeber, PhillipMcCormick, RobertHowell, Steve
Optimal control of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems is essential for maximizi ng the driving range in extreme weather conditions. Vehicles equipped with advanced heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems based on heat pumps with secondary coolant loops are more challenging to control due to actuator redundancy and increased thermal inertia. This paper presents the dynamic programming (DP)-based offline control trajectory optimization of heat pump-based HVAC aimed at maximizing thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Besides deriving benchmark results, the goal of trajectory optimization is to gain insights for practical hierarchical control strategy modifications to further improve real-time controllers’ performance. DP optimizes cabin inlet air temperature and flow rate to set the trade-off between thermal comfort and energy efficiency while considering the nonlinear dynamics and operating limits of HVAC system in addition to typically considered cabin
Cvok, IvanDeur, Josko
Decarbonized or low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen/methane blends, can be used in internal combustion engines to support ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals worldwide, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. However, as the volumetric concentration of H2 in these fuel blends surpasses 30%, the in-cylinder flame propagation and combustion rates increase significantly, causing an unacceptable increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which is known to have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This rise in engine-out NOx emissions is a major concern, limiting the use of H2 fuels as a means to reduce GHG emissions from both mobile and stationary power generation engines. In this study, an experimental investigation of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of a 4th generation Tour split-cycle engine was undertaken while operating on 100% methane and various hydrogen/methane fuel blends (30%, 40%, and 50% by volume
Bhanage, PratikCho, KukwonAnderson, BradleyKemmet, RyanTour, GiladAtkinson, ChrisTour, HugoTour, Oded
Under the background of the global dual carbon target, ammonia and hydrogen as the carbon-free fuel, have become a research hotspot for internal combustion engines. The existing researches mainly focus on the combustion characteristics influenced by equivalence ratio, hydrogen jet ignition and so on, while the relationship between combustion and emission characteristics should be also paid more attention. In this paper, the impact of combustion characteristic parameters on engine emissions is investigated by GT-power. The simulation model is based on a single cylinder engine with an active pre-chamber. Meanwhile, combustion characteristic parameters, in terms of CA50, combustion duration, CA10-CA50 and CA50-CA90 are set referred to the research of hydrogen jet ignition ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines. The results shown that there is compelling correlation between combustion parameters and specific emission profiles in ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines. Notably
Yuan, YangShang, QuanboDeng, JunLi, LiguangYin, XuemeiLai, HuilongMa, JiangliYu, FeiFeng, FengCui, HaoDu, Junchen
The use of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) powered by biofuels produced by photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and synthetic fuels produced by industrial synthetic reactions can be an effective way to reduce well-to-wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity from vehicles, including both new and legacy fleet. In this study, several lower-carbon intensity fuels that contain at least 50% of renewable components, have at least 40% lower carbon intensity compared to commercially available E10 gasoline, and meet applicable US fuel standards were evaluated in a naturally aspirated (NA) engine in the legacy fleet, a turbocharged engine in the legacy fleet, and a prototype turbocharged super lean-burn engine, to identify their effects on thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. As a result, it was confirmed that the lower-carbon intensity fuel can provide almost equivalent engine power and thermal efficiency as conventional fuel, and good
Takada, KeishiSugata, KenjiMatsubara, NaoyoshiTakahashi, DaishiVuilleumier, DavidMorlan, BrianLorenz, RobertOhta, Satoshi
The transportation sector is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. Within the sector, truck freight is responsible for a third of the associated emissions. Alternative powertrains are seen as a viable approach to significantly reduce these emissions. Prior to making a large-scale transition, it is important to consider the following questions: will the power grid support a transition to alternative powertrains?; will the transition truly reduce carbon emissions?; and will the transition impose an unnecessary economic burden on companies within the industry? The answer to these questions, however, can vary by geography, maturity/capacity of the energy distribution network or predicted vehicle load. We focus on the latter two questions, investigating the variation in estimated total cost of ownership and carbon emissions across the United States at the zip code level for both heavy-duty battery electric vehicles and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. As
Goulet, NathanSun, RuixiaoFan, JunchuanSujan, VivekMiller, Brandon
A reemergence of manufacturer interest in range-extended electric vehicles is being driven by increasing diversification of consumer interest in low carbon-intensity technologies in the passenger vehicle and other markets. A major advantage of range-extended electric vehicles is that they curtail consumer vehicle range anxiety while maintaining a lower vehicle cost when compared with battery electric vehicles (BEV). By incorporating a small liquid-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE), the range and “refueling” time of electrified vehicles can be significantly improved while overcoming issues with cost and weight faced by long-range battery packs. Compared to ICEs designed for non-hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles, the ICE in a range-extended electric vehicle has a unique set of requirements focused on compact size, low cost, and efficient operation within a limited engine map. A Range Extender (REx) 0.9L 2-cylinder engine was selected which prioritizes these attributes in a
Peters, NathanMarion, JoshuaPothuraju Subramanyam, SaiHoth, AlexanderBunce, Mike
A glow plug is generally used to assist the starting of diesel engines in cold weather condition. Low ambient temperature makes the starting of diesel engine difficult because the engine block acts as a heat sink by absorbing the heat of compression. Hence, the air-fuel mixture at the combustion chamber is not capable of self-ignition based on air compression only. Diesel engines do not need any starting aid in general but in such scenarios, glow plug ensures reliable starting in all weather conditions. Glow plug is actually a heating device with high electrical resistance, which heats up rapidly when electrified. The high surface temperature of glow plug generates a heat flux and helps in igniting the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation. Durability concerns have been observed in ceramic glow plugs during testing phases because of crack formation. Root cause analysis is performed in this study to understand the probable reasons behind cracking of the
Karmakar, NilankanOrban, Hatem
In internal combustion engines, hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising alternatives to replace fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions. In such a context, traditional injectors for hydrocarbon fuels are currently being tailored to be used with hydrogen, or a single-hole/multi-hole cap mounted at the injector tip was used to obtain better mixing and air utilization. Nevertheless, the hydrogen injection can be accompanied by the formation of highly under-expanded jets and will significantly influence the downstream mixing process. Therefore, in order to achieve a better understanding on hydrogen-air mixture, this work aims to numerically investigate the influence of the nozzle geometry on the jet behaviors in the near nozzle region. The nozzle diameter ranges from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm and the nozzle length is from 1mm to 2mm. The injection pressure ranges from 10 bar to 70 bar. As the boundary condition varied, differences in both the internal flow of different nozzle structures
Jiahui, LangLi, YanfeiXu, LubingXiao, MaShuai, Shijin
This research experimentally investigates the spray vaporization of high-pressure dimethyl ether (DME) using a single-hole research injector focusing on nominal operating conditions from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). DME is a synthetic alternative to diesel fuel, offering both high reactivity and potential reductions in particulate emissions. Because DME only features half of the energy density of diesel fuel, a specifically designed fuel system with a high mass flow rate to meet the energy delivery requirements is needed. The unique physical properties of DME, including higher vapor pressure and lower viscosity, introduce challenges like cavitation and unique evaporation characteristics that deviate from typical diesel fuel. These features are likely to lead to differences in fuel mixing and combustion. This study aims to provide detailed experimental data on DME spray characteristics under engine-like conditions, helping the development of predictive CFD models for optimal
Yi, JunghwaWan, KevinPickett, LyleManin, Julien
The heavy-duty low NOx program funded by EMA at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) evaluates a combination of engine and advanced aftertreatment systems to achieve a 0.035 g/bhp-hr tailpipe NOx standard. This work emphasizes improvements to the light-off SCR (LO SCR) model used for low NOx controls. Two key mechanisms drive these improvements: the first is a real-time feedback system that utilizes the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor for short-term corrections to the model state, and the second involves adjustments to the dosing mechanism based on long-term trends in dosing signals compared to predicted NH3 consumption, derived from LO SCR inlet and outlet NOx sensors, referred to as long-term trim. An algorithm is incorporated to differentiate the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor readings into NOx and NH3 components based on cross-correlation between inlet and out NOx sensors termed as speciation. The integration of this speciation algorithm with both short-term and long-term trim mechanisms
Chundru, Venkata RajeshAdsule, KartikSharp, Christopher
Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test
Dam, MrinmoyWarkins, JasonHe, Suhao
There is a need to reduce both the greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engines, and the reliance on traditional fossil fuels like Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). In this research, a synthetic paraffinic kerosene fuel, designated S8 and created from natural gas feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch process was investigated to determine its autoignition and combustion characteristics, emissions, and tribological properties. This fuel, S8, was found to have a Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 62, which reflects a shorter Ignition Delay (ID), and Combustion Delay (CD) compared to ULSD, which has a DCN of 48. However, due to the chemical properties of S8, it lacks sufficient lubrication qualities in comparison to ULSD, so addition of 3% methyl oleate by mass was used to improve lubricity. The shorter ignition delay of S8, initially observed in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC) and confirmed in a fired Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) experimental engine. Investigations
Soloiu, ValentinWillis, JamesNorton, ColemanDavis, ZacharyGraham, TristanNobis, Austin
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) have been used extensively worldwide as a Particle Mass (PM) / Particle Number (PN) reduction technology for various diesel applications. Based on CARB’s latest Tier 5 regulation workshop, PM emission targets are expected to become a lot more stringent; from 0.02 g/kWh to 0.005 g/kWh (75% reduction compared to Tier 4 Final (Tier 4f)). Also, CO2 emission targets are expected to be introduced for Tier 5. In parallel, EU Stage VI emission regulation standards and implementation timing could be announced sometime in late 2024. It is expected that PN emission standards will be tightened such as extending measurement range of PN from 23 nm to 10 nm. With Tier 5 and EU Stage VI regulations approaching, several OEMs are considering implementing a common aftertreatment system that can meet emission targets for both regions. High filtration efficiency and low backpressure DPFs will be required to meet PM/PN and CO2 emission standards. NGK has developed several
Fakih, HusseinElizondo, ZacheryIshikawa, HiroakiYoshioka, FumihikoKato, KyoheiSuzuki, HiroakiAoki, TakashiIto, Yoshitaka
With the increasing clarity of the CNVII emission legislation, it is foreseeable that CNVII will further tighten the emission limits of major pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Particulate Number (PN). Together with the implementation of stage IV fuel consumption legislation in July 2025, which requires engine fuel consumption reduction or thermal efficiency improvement, it will lead to further deterioration of its pollutant emissions and reduction of exhaust temperature, posing greater challenges to the After-Treatment System (ATS) in terms of NOx removal, particularly during engine cold start and N2O formation suppression. This study is an extension of our earlier investigation [1], and a novel copper-based corrugated SCR (Full Body-CuSCR, FB-CuSCR) technology was successfully applied. The results based on a modified CNVI medium duty engine indicated excellent dynamic response of the FB-CuSCR technology over cordierite which helped to improve the
Wang, YanFu, GuangxiaChen, ShuyueAberg, AndreasJiang, ShuiyanZhang, Jun
Off-highway vehicles, with their unique requirements of durability, high power, and torque density, are typically powered by diesel ignition internal combustion engines (ICEs). This reliance on ICEs significantly contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. For this reason, there is an urge to develop an energy-efficient powertrain architecture that produces fewer GHGs emissions while meeting the variable torque levels and variable speeds and performing various duty cycles with high efficiency. In order to select the energy-efficient powertrain architecture for the off-highway vehicle, different existing powertrain architectures (i.e., series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, conventional) for off-highway applications have been studied to highlight their pros and cons. This is done considering the different duty cycles and applications along with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Off-highway vehicles operate under different road/surface conditions than on-road vehicles
Abououf, HendHanif, AtharDickson, JonChandramouli, NitishAhmed, Qadeer
Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. The previous research of the research group showed that compared with SDPF coated with Cu-SSZ-13, the SDPF coated with novel selective catalytic oxidation-selective catalytic reduction (SCO-SCR) catalyst, which combined MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13, can simultaneously improve NOx reduction and soot oxidation performance. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the performance of SDPF. In this study, the effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the performance of NOx reduction and soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, as the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions first decrease and then increase, NOx conversion efficiency first increases and then decreases, and the rich-NO2 area, NH3 oxidation rate, N2O, CO, CO2
Chen, Ying-jieTan, PiqiangYao, ChaojieLou, DimingHu, ZhiyuanYang, Wenming
A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions when the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is turned on. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles, where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, refrigerant pressure and temperature across the loop, component heat rejection, etc
Natarajan, ShankarBalasubramanian, Sudharsan
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are well-suited for many passenger vehicle applications, but high cost, short range, and long recharging times have limited their growth in commercial vehicle markets. These constraints can be eliminated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which combine many benefits of BEVs with those of conventional vehicles. In this study, research was conducted to determine the optimal hybrid electric powertrain system for a Class 3, light duty commercial vehicle. The key technologies used in this hybrid powertrain include engine downsizing, P3 architecture hybridization, and active thermal management of aftertreatment. A vehicle cost of ownership analysis was conducted to determine the economic viability, a very important consideration for commercial vehicles. Several combinations of E-motor and battery pack sizes were evaluated during the cost analysis and the best possible configuration was determined. The resulting vehicle powertrain demonstrated ~60
Meruva, PrathikMichlberger, AlexanderBachu, PruthviBitsis, Daniel Christopher
Electric trucks, due to their weight and payload, need a different layout than passenger electric vehicles (EVs). They require multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions, unlike passenger EVs that often use one motor or a single-speed transmission. This involves determining motor size, number of motors, gears, and gear ratios, complicated by the powertrain system’s nonlinearity. The paper proposes using a stochastic active learning approach (Bayesian optimization) to configure the motors and transmissions for optimal efficiency and performance. Backwards simulation is applied to determine the energy consumption and performance of the vehicle for a rapid simulation of different powertrain configurations. Bayesian optimization, was used to select the electric drive unit (EDU) design candidates for two driving scenarios, combined with a local optimization (dynamic programming) for torque split. By optimizing the electric motor and transmission gears, it is possible to reduce energy
Chen, BichengWellmann, ChristophXia, FeihongSavelsberg, ReneAndert, JakobPischinger, Stefan
The challenges with electrification in the automotive industry have led to rethinking the decisions to ban internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, decarbonization of transportation remains a regulatory priority in many countries, irrespective of the energy source for automotive powertrains. Renewable oxygenated fuel components can help with the rapid decarbonization of gasoline fuels in the current fleet. Ethanol is one of the primary renewable components typically used for blending in gasoline primarily at 10% v/v but up to 20% v/v substitution which corresponds to 3.7 to 8.0% oxygen by mass. However, a range of oxygenates could be used instead of ethanol. This study aimed to determine if the engine could discriminate between different oxygenates in gasoline fuels blended at the same octane (RON) and oxygen levels. Oxygenates such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tert-butyl-ether (ETBE) were considered in this study. Blends were made using a combination of n-heptane, iso
Kalaskar, VickeyMitchell, RobertPourreau, Daniel
Renewable Gasoline Blends can deliver greater than 50% reduction in vehicle Well-to-Wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas emissions when used in current vehicles. When paired with a state-of-the-art hybrid vehicle (relative to an average vehicle on U.S. roads today), a greater than 70% reduction in WtW emissions can be achieved. Importantly, Renewable Gasoline Blends can be formulated to align with existing market standards for gasoline, thereby functioning as a drop-in fuel solution compatible with all gasoline-powered vehicles. Renewable Gasoline Blends can also be formulated with higher ethanol blend ratios to meet a variety of fuel grades and market standards. These varying formulations can result in tradeoffs across engine performance, fuel economy, and potentially cost. For example, higher ethanol blends investigated lead to slight decreases in fuel economy across FTP, HWFE, and US06 cycles (typically ~1 - 2%, despite 2 – 5% lower heating values); however, significant decreases in PM
Vuilleumier, DavidMorlan, BrianOhta, SatoshiLoeper, PaulLorenz, RobertTakada, KeishiSugata, KenjiMatsubara, NaoyoshiTakahashi, Daishi
In the United States (US), the off-road sector (i.e., agriculture, construction, etc.) contributes to approximately 10% of the country’s transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, similar to the aviation sector. The off-road sector is extremely diverse; as the EPA MOVES model classifies it into 11 sub-sectors, which include 85 different types of equipment. These equipment types have horsepower ranging from 1 to greater than 3000 and have very different utilization, which makes decarbonization a complex endeavor. To address this, Argonne’s on-road vehicle fleet model, VISION, has been expanded to the off-road sector. The GHG emission factors for several energy carriers (biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen) have been incorporated from Argonne’s GREET model for a sector-wide well-to-wheel (WTW) GHG emissions analysis of the present and future fleet. Several technology adoption and energy decarbonization scenarios were modeled to better understand the appropriate actions required to
Tripathi, ShashwatKolodziej, ChristopherGohlke, DavidBurnham, AndrewZhou, YanLongman, Douglas
Automotive seating systems have become increasingly sophisticated, providing consumers with more flexible configurations and comfort functionalities. Traditional power seating, which relied on a few motors to adjust the seat position, has evolved into more technically advanced reconfigurable systems equipped with additional feedback sensors and actuators. These advancements include features such as Easy Entry, Zero Gravity, Stadium Swivel, IP Nesting, Auto Lumbar/Bolster Adjustment and Power Long Rails. All the features indicate that the overall control of seating systems now resembles robotic arm control or multi-body control, involving numerous coordinated movements. In this paper, we propose a novel control strategy for the coordinated speed control of multiple motors. Unlike traditional seating controls, which typically use direct switches or open-loop systems, we introduce a feedback approach that incorporates Kalman-filter-based speed estimation using raw signals directly from
Yang, HanlongLi, Miranda
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) conceptually aim to offer the “best of both worlds” of battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) in terms of utilizing grid electricity to power an appreciable portion of vehicle miles travelled (VMT), as well as long driving range, fast refueling while maintaining excellent fuel economy comparable to regular (non-plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) when travelling longer distances. However, theoretical estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from PHEVs rely on several idealization assumptions, any/all of which may not necessarily be realized in the real world. With many real-world factors involved, including daily VMT profile, charging behavior, weather conditions and drive aggressiveness, all of which possibly having complex interactions, quantitative analysis of the contribution of each factor towards the real-world/attained Well-to-wheels (WtW) GHG could become a daunting task. This research proposes an approach for estimating the
Hamza, KarimLaberteaux, KennethChu, Kang-Ching
Alpha Engineered Composites’ thin profile textile composite heat shields provide thermal protection through several thermodynamic mechanisms including: radiation reflection; heat spreading; and finally heat transfer resistance. Typical under the hood automotive applications require heat shield average operational temperature up to 225°C, but newer internal combustion engines are being designed for higher operational temperatures to: increase efficiency through higher compression cycle ratios and lean burning; boost power through turbocharging; increase energy density; and support advanced emissions controls like EGR that can increase average operational temperature up to 300°C. Unfortunately, thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms negatively impact the polymer structural adhesive within a heat shield textile composite and degrade thermal protection mechanisms. High average operational temperature degradation of traditional versus next generation textile composite heat shields is
Vazquez, Mark
Decarbonizing regional and long-haul freight is challenging due to the limitations of battery-electric commercial vehicles and infrastructure constraints. Hydrogen fuel cell medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) offer a viable alternative, aligning with the decarbonization goals of the Department of Energy and commercial entities. Historically, alternative fuels like compressed natural gas and liquefied propane gas have faced slow adoption due to barriers like infrastructure availability. To avoid similar issues, effective planning and deploying zero-emission hydrogen fueling infrastructure is crucial. This research develops deployment plans for affordable, accessible, and sustainable hydrogen refueling stations, supporting stakeholders in the decarbonized commercial vehicle freight system. It aims to benefit underserved and rural energy-stressed communities by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution, and enhancing energy resiliency. This research also provides a blueprint
Sujan, VivekSun, RuixiaoJatana, GurneeshFan, Junchuan
The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles in petroleum-based fuel. However low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market currently. Onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. To reform commercial gasoline, a reformer with a spiral structure reactor and mechanical stirring air introduction was designed and prototyped based on the results of toluene reforming tests (A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 1: Development of fuel reformer to improve fuel ignitability). Using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-supported ZSM-5 as a catalyst, commercial gasoline was reformed. As a result, 25.5 liters of reformed gasoline was obtained. The hydroperoxide concentration in the entirety of our reformulated gasoline was determined to be
Matsuura, KatsuyaHashimoto, KohtaroYamada, YoshikazuAl-Taher, MaryamKalamaras, ChristosVoice, AlexanderBhadra, Kaustav
Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbo-compounding, where an additional power turbine is installed in the exhaust stream after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbo-compounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and methane (CH4) are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbo-compound model. The effects of turbine sizes and flow capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines are evaluated on the engine’s
Balazadeh, NavidMunshi, SandeepShahbakhti, MahdiMcTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd (CAERI) has completed a new vehicle aero-acoustic wind tunnel (AAWT), which is located in Chongqing, China, and has been in operation for 5 years. To help addressing the Chinese vehicle market’s need to improve fuel economy, reduce exhaust emissions, and decrease product development period, the wind tunnel was designed and implemented to achieve a high degree of automation for vehicle testing next to a high aerodynamic and acoustic test accuracy for product development. The CAERI wind tunnel was in operation in June 2019, achieving a top speed of 250 km/h. A 5-belt rolling road system with a long center belt for proper wake simulation is installed inside, a test section with very low static pressure gradient and background noise. Wind tunnel calibration and customized measurement activities can be performed with an overhead traversing system. In the present paper, the main facilities of the AAWT are described next to necessary
Xu, LeiZhu, XijiaWang, QingyangBu, HanPeng, ChaoShi, FengYang, ChaoHuang, TaoZeng, YiZeng, XiangyiWallmann, SteffenMünstermann, HenningWittmeier, FelixMercker, EdzardBlumrich, Reinhard
Shadow positions can be useful in determining the time of day that a photograph was taken and determining the position, size, and orientation of an object casting a shadow in a scene. Astronomical equations can predict the location of the sun relative to the earth, and therefore the position of shadows cast by objects, based on the location’s latitude and longitude as well as the date and time. 3D computer software includes these calculations as a part of their built-in sun systems. In this paper, the authors examine the sun system in the 3D modeling software 3ds Max to determine its accuracy for use in accident reconstruction. A parking lot was scanned using a FARO LiDAR scanner to create a point cloud of the environment. A camera was then set up on a tripod at the environment, and photographs were taken at various times throughout the day from the same location. This environment was 3D modeled in 3ds Max based on the point cloud, and the sun system in 3ds Max was configured using the
Barreiro, EvanErickson, MichaelSmith, ConnorCarter, NealHashemian, Alireza
Diesel aftertreatment (AT) systems are critical for controlling emissions of CO, HC, NOX, and PM in the on-road transportation sector. Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards throughout the AT system's lifespan requires precise prediction of various degradation mechanisms under real-world operating conditions and mitigating their impact through proper catalyst sizing and advanced controls. In the SwRI A2CAT-II consortium, a medium-duty diesel engine production aftertreatment system was subjected to full useful life aging, involving chemical poisoning with phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) species, along with hydrothermal aging following the DAAAC protocol. This study was aimed to model and predict the aging trajectory of this production AT system thereby capturing changes in system dynamics under both steady-state and transient conditions. The system, designed to meet the 0.2 g/bhp-hr standard, comprised a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), Selective
Balakrishnan, ArunChundru, Venkata RajeshEakle, ScottSharp, Christopher
On-board diagnosis (OBD) of gasoline vehicle emissions is detected by measuring the fluctuations of the rear oxygen sensor due to the time-dependent deterioration of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) contained in the automotive catalyst materials. To detect OBD in various driving modes of automobiles with an order of magnitude higher accuracy than before, it is essential to understand the OSC mechanism based on fundamental science. In this study, time-resolved dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) using synchrotron radiation was used to carry out a detailed analysis not only of the OSC of ceria-based complex oxides, which had previously been roughly understood, but also of how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metals, reducing gases (CO and H2), detection temperatures, and mileages (degree of deteriorations) affect the OSC rate in a fluctuating redox atmosphere. A fundamental characteristic was clearly demonstrated in ceria-based complex oxides
Tanaka, HirohisaMatsumura, DaijuUegaki, ShinyaHamada, ShotaAotani, TakuroKamezawa, SaekaNakamoto, MasamiAsai, ShingoMizuno, TomohisaTakamura, RikuGoto, Takashi
A diesel engine was run on off-highway cycle sequence on nine (9) fuels and blends. Number-weighted solid particle size distribution (PSD) in the size range from 5.6 nm to 560 nm was measured at inlet and outlet of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) on a sequence of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles (NRSCs). The measurements were used to correlate the fuel properties to the DPF-In concentrations and filtration of different size particles in the DPFs. The data showed an expected trend with the DPF-In emissions. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) had the highest solid particle number (SPN) concentrations and biodiesels (soy-based biodiesel (B100) and rapeseed-based biodiesel (RME)) had the lowest concentrations. The geometric number mean diameter (GNMD) of DPF-In PSD correlates with the concentrations. The calculated GNMD was the highest for ULSD and lowest for B100/RME. An opposite trend for the GNMD was observed at the DPF-Out where the
Lakkireddy, VenkataKhalek, ImadBuffaloe, Gina
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