Browse Topic: Engines

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Feasibility study on the mechanical adjustment of the vibration behaviour of a powertrain test rig for validating longitudinal vehicle shuffle2026-01-0735To be published on 07/01/2026
Vehicle manufacturers use Hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) approaches to validate overall vehicle characteristics, including those dependent on the powertrain, at an early stage of vehicle development. A powertrain test rig is a typical example. In the specific setup, the vehicle engine and side shafts are mechanically coupled to the load machines of the test rig, eliminating the physical influence of the rims, tires and vehicle body. Adapting a specimen to the test rig changes some characteristics. This affects the specimen's vibration behaviour, making it more challenging to validate comfort-related characteristics. A particular example is longitudinal vehicle shuffle; the powertrain's first torsional natural frequency causes it. The natural frequencies of the real vehicle and device under test differ significantly, so a road-matching approach is not directly feasible. To account not only for tire-road contact but also for the missing vehicle mass, some scientific studies propose a purely
Hübner, Carl, Prokop, Günther
Experimental Investigation into Port Water Injection on the Transient Behavior of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0743To be published on 07/01/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines are a potential carbon-free propulsion solution for high-power applications such as construction machinery and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. However, compared to conventional diesel engines, hydrogen engines exhibit limitations in transient operation and at full load, primarily due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. In spark-ignited hydrogen engines, combustion anomalies represent the main constraint during performance-oriented operation, particularly during transient phases that require mixture enrichment to meet dynamic torque demands. Water injection is investigated in this study as a means to mitigate these limitations. The paper describes the implementation of a port water injection system on a heavy-duty commercial hydrogen engine and evaluates its influence on engine performance with a focus on transient operating conditions. A combustion anomaly evaluation method developed in-house is applied to quantify the effect of water
Schneider, David, Christoforetti, Paul, Kappacher, Peter, Kapeller, David, Schutting, Eberhard, Eichlseder, Helmut, Trapp, Christian
Experimental study of warm-up and startability operations in a spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol gasoline blends2026-01-0738To be published on 07/01/2026
Thermal transients during warm-up phase influence fuel consumption and combustion stability. Moreover, during engine warm-up, tailpipe emissions are the highest since the catalytic converter has not reached the light-off temperature yet. Therefore, reducing warm-up time would be beneficial for both performance and emissions. In this work, an experimental investigation is carried out on a naturally aspirated four-cylinder spark ignition engine with a displacement of 1.2 liter, equipped with a port fuel injection system. The study compares conventional gasoline with an E30 (i.e. 30% ethanol in gasoline). Tests are performed starting from cold engine conditions and stopped when a fully warmed state is reached. The experimental campaign is conducted at a fixed operating condition of 2000 rpm and 20 Nm load, representative of typical warm-up operation. The analysis focuses on the warm-up duration, defined as the time required to reach steady thermal conditions, and on engine performance
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Synergistic Integration of Advanced Combustion and Air-Path Technologies to Maximize ICE Efficiency in Hybrid Applications2026-01-0733To be published on 07/01/2026
This work investigates the efficiency potential of reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) for light-duty vehicle propulsion within the current state of the art and a five-year technological horizon. A validated one-dimensional engine model was extended to integrate multiple advanced technologies, including active prechambers for ultra-lean gasoline combustion, thermal coating, an electric turbocharger capable of supplementary turbine work recovery, variable compression ratio, and variable valve timing implementing a Miller cycle. These enhancements are systematically evaluated to explore their individual and combined effects on engine performance and efficiency. Parametric studies quantify the influence of heat transfer, air–fuel ratio, compression ratio, and other key variables on engine output, enabling the generation of enhanced engine performance maps. These maps reflect synergistic interactions between parameter sets and serve as predictive tools for assessing optimized
Pla, Benjamin, Dolz, Vicente, Serrano, Jose R., Gómez-Vilanova, Alejandro, Oliva, Fermin, Cardenas, Maria, Ariztegui, Javier
Efficient Powertrain Control via Stochastic Signal Decomposition: Utilizing ARIMA Constituents for Real-Time knock detection in Internal combustion engines.2026-01-0737To be published on 07/01/2026
Knocking combustions in an Internal Combustion engine (ICE) are engine damaging combustions and hence reliable detection of every knocking event is very important. Engines typically rely on piezo-electric knock sensors to monitor structure-borne noise; which outputs a complex, continuous time series signal, thus differentiation of knocking vs knocking signal (signal to noise ratio) is difficult without computation intense signal processing such as Fast Fourier Transforms(FFT) or Wavelet transforms followed by manual calibration. In this research we propose an alternative to replace traditional knock detection with more reliable time-domain alternative using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique. Here we decompose the raw sensor signal into seasonality, trend and residue, and analyze the residue signal to differentiate knocking or non-knocking combustion, as the residual component is seen to retain abnormalities in the signal during knocking combustion. Further
Parulekar, Tushar A., Chilukuri, Sandeep, Mahmood, Haneefa
Multiphysical modeling of a direct-cooled litzwire winding for a PMSM using surrogate models2026-01-0731To be published on 07/01/2026
In permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) ohmic losses occur in the stator windings. Reducing these losses contributes to a higher efficiency and increases the vehicles range. An effective approach to reduce frequency-dependent AC conduction loss is the use of litz wires. In addition, direct cooling helps to reduce DC conduction loss and winding temperatures. Therefore, this work presents a multiphysical modeling approach of a direct-cooled litz wire winding in a PMSM. It combines loss modeling of the winding with novel thermal and hydraulic calculation methods. AC conduction loss due to skin and proximity effect and DC conduction loss are modeled temperature dependent. Scaled-down conjugate heat transfer simulations are used to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) between wires and coolant. Additionally, the pressure drop is derived and converted into parameters for use in a porous media model. The derived parameters are used to generate surrogate models to enable
Blaschke, Wolfgang Maximilian, Mengoni, Leonard, List, Adrian, Kulzer, André Casal
Numerical Analysis of Directly Injected Hydrogen into a High-Pressure Chamber2026-01-0745To be published on 07/01/2026
Due to the historical use of fossil fuels, the transportation sector has been one of the major producers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and harmful pollutants. Because of its high specific energy content and the potential for zero carbon-based emissions, Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines have emerged as an option for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation. However, injecting high-pressure gas into pressurized combustion chambers induces complex compressible flow phenomena, including choked flow and under-expanded supersonic jet structures, which challenge conventional modeling approaches. Accurate prediction of the resulting fuel-oxidizer mixing process is critical for optimizing engine performance and emissions. This study conducts a numerical investigation of transient hydrogen injection into a high-pressure argon environment, benchmarking a 2D axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model against high-fidelity experimental optical measurements. Utilizing Ansys Fluent
Castilla Batun, Uriel Isaac, Alzahrani, Fahad
Improved Thermal Management for Operating a Battery Electric City Bus under Real Driving Conditions2026-01-0758To be published on 07/01/2026
The goal of reducing the global CO2 emissions requires actions especially for the transportation sector. To achieve the goal, electric traction motors are frequently implemented in passenger vehicles as well as in commercial vehicles like heavy-duty trucks or buses. Particularly electric city buses have the potential to reduce the local emissions in urban areas and provide local exhaust-emission-free mobility. While their number of registrations rises, research focusses on the improvement of the overall system in order to increase the energy efficiency. High importance is gained by the thermal management of the whole system. This research describes and investigates a simulative approach to improve the thermal management and therefore the energy efficiency of an electric bus system. The different thermal components of an electric city bus like drive system, battery system and heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC system) are modelled. Their thermal behaviour has been
Schäfer, Henrik, Hellberg, Tobias, Meywerk, Martin
NOx Formation Characteristics of Lean Hydrogen Combustion: From 0D Analysis to Comprehensive 3D-CFD Engine Investigations2026-01-0732To be published on 07/01/2026
The transition toward climate-neutral transportation requires powertrain concepts that combine high efficiency with low pollutant emissions. In this context, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines represent a promising solution when hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources. Owing to its specific molecular properties, hydrogen offers new possibilities for influencing and optimizing the combustion process and reducing the emission formation. This paper presents a numerical approach for characterizing the NOx formation in a single-cylinder research engine equipped with port fuel injection and a passive pre-chamber ignition system. The single-cylinder is operated over a wide range of engine loads and speeds, covering air-to-fuel ratios from λ=1.5 to 2.5 and achieving up to 23 bar indicated mean effective pressure. The study focuses on the influence of engine load and mixture composition on NOx emissions. A dedicated look-up table approach in combination with several reaction
Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Numerical Analysis of Pre-Ignition Factors in Hydrogen Engines2026-01-0740To be published on 07/01/2026
Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate abnormal combustion, a major challenge in efforts to improve hydrogen engine efficiency. Focusing on two factors that induce abnormal combustion—surface reactions and lubricating oil—numerical analysis examined the potential for each to trigger abnormal combustion. Furthermore, since it was confirmed that the self-ignition prediction using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism deviates from experiments at temperatures around 800K, attempts were made to improve this issue. As a result, it was confirmed that surface reactions affect the chemical species ratio near the wall surface but have little effect on flame propagation. Regarding lubricating oil, two possibilities were investigated: the lubricating oil itself self-igniting and becoming an ignition source for the hydrogen mixture, and deposits generated from the lubricating oil generating heat and becoming an ignition source. We investigated two possibilities: the lubricating oil
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yamane, Taichi, Wang, Zhiyuan, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Biofuel Effect on Regeneration Capability and Soot Reactivity in SCRoF Systems2026-01-0750To be published on 07/01/2026
Biodiesel blends (B7, B20, B100) were evaluated in a Stage V-compliant SCR on Filter (SCRoF) system for heavy-duty applications to quantify soot reactivity and filter regeneration capability. Compared to conventional diesel (B7), B20 showed slightly faster regeneration performance under real-driving conditions, while B100 resulted in reduced particulate formation and higher soot reactivity, with more intense exothermic events requiring careful management. These differences are attributed to the distinct physical-chemical properties of the fuels (oxygen content, lower heating value) and their interaction with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)/SCRoF. All tests were conducted on an engine dynamometer with a Cursor 9 FPT (Fiat Powertrain). Findings are discussed in the context of EU Stage V limits and practical control strategies for heavy-duty applications.
Costa, Simone
Multi-Scale Modelling of Localized Battery Degradation in Heavy-Duty Series Hybrids: From Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Powertrain and Battery Pack Performance2026-01-0747To be published on 07/01/2026
The operational efficiency of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is intrinsically linked to the health and power capability of the battery pack. Traditional battery management systems often rely on bulk State-of-Health (SOH) metrics, failing to account for localized degradation and the resulting current imbalances within parallel-connected modules. Recent literature emphasizes that cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients can lead to a 6% reduction in accessible energy and a 5.2% acceleration in degradation rates due to heterogeneous current distribution. This study addresses these gaps by presenting a multi-scale modelling framework that translates cell-level electrochemical degradation features into system-level powertrain optimization. Initially, a thorough experimental campaign was conducted on LFP cells, using accelerated cyclic and thermal aging at 25°C and 60°C. High-fidelity battery parameters were extracted from EIS data using fractional-order equivalent circuit
Safavi, Seyed Reza, Homayouni, Hooman, Shoa, Tina, Wang, Jason, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
A Comprehensive CFD‑Driven Approach to Battery Thermal Modeling and Cooling System Optimization2026-01-0752To be published on 07/01/2026
In recent years, the thermal management batteries for automotive applications has become a key factor to further improve their performance and ensure their efficiency, durability and safety. As a matter of the fact, an overheat of these devices can result in various issues, including degradation of insulation materials, decreased efficiency, shortened lifespan, and even failure and consequent thermal runaway. In this context, this work aims to improve the comprehension of heat dissipation in batteries and to model the cooling circuit through the integration of CFD, in order to provide guidelines for the optimization of the overall system. To this scope, a novel OpenFOAM solver is introduced, capable of computing electric quantities along with losses inside the battery cells, consequently assessing heat generation across various components. The combined thermodynamic and electric analysis of the battery, which predicts the heat sources and temperature distribution under the effective
Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Tariq, Muhammad Hasnain, Bonetti, Elisa
Spatial Optimisation of Inner Dash Acoustic Performance Using Reciprocal Holography2026-01-0712To be published on 06/20/2026
As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of
Harry, Evan, Eandi, Giacomo
Application of Tone-to-Noise Ratio for Early Diagnosis and Control of Electric Drive Whine2026-01-0686To be published on 06/20/2026
High-frequency whine from electric drive systems has become a critical issue restricting the improvement of vehicle sound quality. Traditional evaluation methods struggle to accurately identify masked whine risks in the early research and development (R&D) phase, due to incomplete hardware of prototype vehicles and high interior background noise. This often leads to problems being delayed until the mass production stage, resulting in high rectification costs. To address this issue, this paper proposes and validates an early risk assessment method based on the Tone-to-Noise Ratio (TNR). First, the generation mechanism of Electric Drive (E-Drive) whine is systematically analyzed, identifying the electromagnetic noise of the electric motor and the gear whine of the reducer as the two dominant noise sources. To address this bottleneck, the TNR psychoacoustic metric is introduced to quantify the perceptual salience of tonal noise relative to background noise, which effectively mitigates the
Yun, Zhao, Hui, Hui, Gao, Pan, Xiao, Zhongdi, Zan, Chen, Teng, Charlie
Vibroacoustic Analysis and Optimisation of an Electric Refrigerant Scroll Compressor2026-01-0722To be published on 06/20/2026
In electrified vehicles, auxiliary components can represent a dominant source of noise, one of which is the refrigerant scroll compressor. Compared with vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines, electrified vehicles require larger refrigerant compressors, as thermal management is needed not only for the passenger compartment but also for the battery and electric drive components. Excitation mechanisms within the compressor, arising from the cyclic compression process and the eccentric motion of the scroll, induce housing vibrations and result in airborne sound radiation. To investigate the vibroacoustic noise generation mechanisms of a scroll compressor, operational vibrations were analysed using accelerometers and three-dimensional laser scanning vibrometry. In addition, the radiated sound was characterised using microphones and near-field sound intensity measurements. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between surface vibrations and airborne sound radiation, with
Saur, Lukas, Beer, Gabriel, Fritzsche, Marco, Becker, Stefan
Psychoacoustic Annoyance Models Assessment for Automotive Fan-Systems2026-01-0672To be published on 06/20/2026
Because of automotive electrification, fan system noises previously hidden by the internal combustion engine could become key contributors to the overall noise behavior. Metrics like overall sound pressure level or Loudness are first order metrics enabling noise ranking. Yet, second order factors, that are relevant to assess annoyance, are not correctly described using a single criterion. This paper studies the applicability of various psychoacoustic annoyance models in an attempt to address the subjective perception of sound quality. Based on pairwise comparisons through a jury test with a set of 8 noises at similar overall levels, the combined impact of several psychoacoustics metrics was previously determined. This computation includes a signal modulation metric, a frequency content balance and a tonal criterion. To complete this approach, the correlation for fan system noise annoyance ranking based on this jury test is compared with several psychoacoustic annoyance criteria. These
Scouarnec, Denis, Bennouna, Saad
Analytical Magnetic Circuit Modeling and Parameter Estimation of a PMSM for Spatial Harmonics and Radial Forces Characterization2026-01-0677To be published on 06/20/2026
This paper presents an analytical model for three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) based on Magnetic Equivalent Circuits (MECs). The approach combines a reduced magnetic network, formulated in the complex domain to simplify the mathematical development, with an offline parameter estimation procedure systematically applied for different harmonic orders. This enables the model to capture the spatial dependence of permeance variations and reproduce inductance and magnetic flux nonlinearities, while maintaining generality, physical interpretability, and computational efficiency. Numerical simulations are compared with Finite Element (FE) results to validate the model’s ability to predict current and torque harmonics and the resulting radial electromagnetic forces, demonstrating its suitability for fast Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) analysis and vibroacoustic optimization.
Luciano, Ludovica, Doria-Cerezo, Arnau, Salamone, Nicolò
Influence of Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Techniques on High-Frequency Sideband Vibrations in IPMSM Drives for EVs2026-01-0695To be published on 06/20/2026
Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) induces common-mode voltage (CMV) in three-phase voltage-source inverters, producing steep voltage edges that can lead to high leakage currents. In electric drive applications, these currents accelerate motor bearing degradation and may cause winding insulation failure. Active-zero-state PWM (AZSPWM) and near-state PWM (NSPWM) have been proposed as alternative modulation strategies to mitigate CMV and reduce drive degradation. This paper investigates the noise, vibration, and harshness performance of AZSPWM and NSPWM in comparison with conventional SVPWM. The proposed CMV reduction schemes are evaluated in terms of both CMV mitigation and their impact on high-frequency sideband vibration harmonics. Experimental results demonstrate that the CMV reduction strategies are highly effective in lowering CMV levels relative to SVPWM; however, this benefit is accompanied by an increase in vibration levels, which may adversely affect the mechanical
Khamis, Mahmoud Aly, Tatar, Andrei Alexandru, Repecho, Victor, Doria-Cerezo, Arnau
A High-Performance Computing Strategy for Acoustic Encapsulation Modeling of Electric Vehicle Subsystems Using Coupled BEM–PEM–FEM Methods2026-01-0694To be published on 06/20/2026
Electric vehicle subsystems, including powertrains, electric motors, and gearboxes, pose new challenges in achieving stringent acoustic performance targets for both interior and exterior noise. These challenges are intensified by increasingly demanding customer expectations regarding interior acoustic comfort, which encompasses the reduction of intrusive noise sources and the enhancement of overall sound quality across a broad frequency spectrum. A primary concern associated with electric vehicles subsystems is the generation of high-frequency tonal noise, commonly referred to as whine noise, which can significantly impact acoustic performance and passenger comfort. High-frequency whine noise propagates through multiple transmission paths and can be effectively attenuated at the source through encapsulation strategies, which also contribute to broadband noise reduction across a wide frequency spectrum. To predict the acoustic performance of encapsulation, a coupled simulation approach
Amichi, Kamel, Calloni, Massimiliano
Rib Design of Electric Drive Unit Housings for Reduced Noise Radiation2026-01-0687To be published on 06/20/2026
Although propulsion noise often constitutes a minority of the overall noise in electric vehicles, it remains an important quality indicator due to its high-frequency tonal character, which is undesirable even at low levels. There are many factors that influence the interior car levels of propulsion noise, i.e. gear whine and electric motor whine. The primary ones to consider are the electric drive units (EDU) internal forces, but also secondary properties such as EDU housing design and encapsulation, vehicle sound pack and mount isolation play important roles. This work focuses on EDU housing design and more particularly on the housing ribs that enables attachment point stiffness and housing strength, but which can also cause problems in terms of noise radiation. Numerical parameter studies on geometrical properties such as length dimensions, thickness and curvature were performed on single ribs of different types. For each design iteration, the key performance indicators radiated
Lennström, David, Malm, Oskar, wurzinger, Jakob, Cederlund, Johan
High-Fidelity NVH Analysis Model Development Process for EV Traction Motors Based on Experimental Correlation2026-01-0685To be published on 06/20/2026
This study presents a high-fidelity NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) analysis model development process for EV traction motors. The proposed process consists of two main components: Path advancement through structural stiffness tuning, and Source advancement, focused on the motor’s excitation mechanisms. Model accuracy was validated through comparison of simulation results with dyno experiment data, with particular focus on the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration observed in an 8-pole, 48-slot motor. Path advancement was achieved through modal correlation between experimental results and finite element (FE) analysis. Nine modal experiment and simulation stages were conducted, ranging from individual components to the complete motor assembly. Mode shapes were compared using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC), and natural frequencies were matched within a 5% error margin by adjusting FE material properties. For the 24th-order electromagnetic vibration, simulation results agreed with
Kim, Donghee, Kim, Dong-Jun, Lee, SangHan, Kim, Seon Hyeong, Hwang, Seung Gyu, Valente, Giorgio, Parisouz, Shahriar, Halse, Christopher
NVH Aspects of DC Charging2026-01-0703To be published on 06/20/2026
The deployment of high-power DC charging infrastructure for electric vehicles introduces new challenges in managing noise, particularly in public environments where acoustic comfort and regulatory compliance are essential. Noise emissions from both charging stations and vehicles during charging are a concern for operators of charging parks regarding customer experience and noise immission regulations. AVL employed a structured three-step approach to develop a non-expert tool for assessing the noise radiation of charging stations and vehicles during the charging phase. In a first step, AVL characterized the noise emissions with sound power measurements. Secondly, the measurement results were transferred to the virtual domain. To achieve this, the vehicles and charging station were characterized in the simulation with multiple monopole sources supported by transfer function measurements. This simulation model was validated against the sound power measurement results. After successful
Gojo, Josef, Polanz, Markus, Graf, Bernhard, Langjahr, Paco, Mehrgou, Mehdi
NVH Design and Refinement of Dedicated Hybrid Engine on Range-Extended Electric Vehicle2026-01-0688To be published on 06/20/2026
Simplicity and electrification of the propulsion system are one of the most important trends in vehicle development and integration process. The complexity of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) design and refinement is the core challenge to this process. Customers’ expectations of an unnoticeable engine during driving make this challenge more critical [1]. Apart from the overall sound pressure level, the sound quality is even more important due to the lack of noise masking effects [2]. Therefore, the development team has reached an internal consensus that NVH attributes are the top priority in engine development. This paper describes the NVH development process of a dedicated hybrid engine for the range extender electric vehicle (REEV) application, beginning with an introduction to REEV system as well as the operating condition data of long-distance road tests. Based on the road test data, the engine technical specification is defined accordingly and broken down into design targets
Wang, Hao, Zhang, Guiqiang
Simulation and Analysis of Flow and Acoustic Induced Structural Vibration2026-01-0696To be published on 06/20/2026
For analysing flow and acoustic induced structural vibration, a fully run time coupled framework combining a hybrid CFD-CAA approach with a modal response simulation was validated and presented at the ISVNH 2022 (SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0938). In this paper i We apply this CFD–CAA–modal coupling method to a series-representative bonnet geometry and demonstrate its capability to capture flow and aeroacoustically driven vibration with two-way coupling. ii We analyse the modal properties of the bonnet and show that confined air volumes beneath the bonnet can introduce significant fluid loading effects, which are already embedded in experimentally validated FE modal models and must therefore be treated carefully in two-way coupled simulations. iii We validate the fully coupled aeroelastic simulation against wind-tunnel measurements with undisturbed inflow, show close agreement with the measured vibration response and analyse that the dominant excitation is in this case from below the
Schwertfirm, Florian, Ocker, Joerg, Hartmann, Michael
A Modeling and Experimental Study of the Argon Power Cycle Using Mixing-Controlled Combustion2026-01-50436/19/2026
The closed-cycle hydrogen-fueled argon power cycle is a zero emissions concept that combines a carbon-free fuel with argon as a diluent replacement for nitrogen. The lack of nitrogen in the argon power cycle results in zero NOx emissions on an internal combustion engine platform. There is also massive efficiency improvement because argon is monatomic and has a very high ratio of specific heats. However, this will also result in combustion temperatures and pressures exceeding those normally achieved on an air-standard engine platform. The literature shows conflict between modeling, which promises incredibly high efficiency gains, and experiment, which show more modest efficiency gains. This work combined thermodynamic modeling, literature analysis, and experiments to understand this discrepancy and ultimately understand what level of efficiency gain can be expected for the argon power cycle. It was found that while low compression ratio engines stand to see the largest relative
Gainey, Brian, Ahrling, Christoffer, Tunestal, Per, Tuner, Martin
Study of Hot Air Recirculation in Engine Compartment of a Newly Developed Sport Utility Vehicle03-19-03-00136/17/2026
During idling tests of a newly developed sport utility vehicle (SUV) under tropical high-temperature conditions, the condenser surface temperature exceeded the allowable range, degrading the air-conditioning system’s cooling performance. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the engine compartment flow field was established using STAR-CCM+. The results reveal that under idling conditions, the kinetic energy of hot air passing through the cooling module was insufficient to overcome the pressure difference between the front and rear sections, thus inducing hot air recirculation (HAR) and increasing the overall compartment temperature. To address the unfavorable flow field characteristics, four structural improvements were proposed and simulated for both flow and temperature fields. Through comparative analysis, the optimal scheme was determined: installing a flow guide baffle above the engine. Simulation results show that the airflow velocity
Shi, Huojie, Rao, R.H., Chen, J., Zheng, Z.L.
Gland Design Criteria and Dimensions for Dynamic Radial O-Ring Seal Applications Specifically for Engine and Engine Control Systems Operating at 1500 psi MaxARP1233B (Current)6/12/2026
This document recommends standard gland design criteria and dimensions for dynamic radial O-ring seal applications specifically for engine and engine control systems operating at pressures up to a maximum of 1500 psi (10342.14 kPa) and provides recommendations for modifying these glands in special applications. There are no provisions in this document for anti-extrusion devices. NOTE: The criteria set forth here are similar to but not identical with those in MIL-G-5514 and AS4716. This document is not intended to replace MIL-G-5514 or AS4716 for hydraulic applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: June 202626TOFHP066/11/2026
Hitting the road in the all-new VNR Volvo Trucks' revised VNR brings updated safety tech, improved fuel economy and driver comfort features to the regional haul segment. In fuel control How to ensure off-highway combustion systems operate with sufficient control to meet tightening emissions standards and evolving fuel landscapes without sacrificing reliability. Keeping industrial vehicles secure in a digital landscape OEMs, integrators and suppliers must continuously process, assess and identify platform vulnerabilities to prioritize and implement updates that protect systems from cyberattacks and data breaches. Editorial Diversification key for sustainable fleets ACT 2026: Uncertainty still exists over EPA 2027 NOx limit ZF bets big on hybrid transmissions Moog simplifies off-highway electrification Bosch shows off its first U.S. electrolyzer Microvision fast-tracks adoption of Luminar tech; eyes defense, industrial sectors Future-ready, customizable connectivity powers precision
Impact of High Compression Ratios on Ethanol Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition2026-01-50386/10/2026
Ethanol requires elevated intake temperatures to initiate autoignition in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) as a high-octane single-stage fuel. To leverage the high thermal efficiency, low engine-out NOx, and near-zero soot inherent to HCCI with ethanol, a custom piston design was developed to enable high compression ratios (CR) up to 22.5:1. This study investigates HCCI combustion with ethanol at three CRs of 17.5, 20.0, and 22.5 through equivalence ratio and boost sweeps performed to assess the reduction in the intake temperature requirement at high CRs and the emissions and efficiency trade-offs. Results indicate a clear benefit with reduced intake temperature requirements with increasing CR. However, a combustion efficiency penalty was observed at high CRs. Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with a detailed chemistry model to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the combustion
Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Motwani, Rahul, Datar, Aditya, Gainey, Brian, Lawler, Benjamin
Development of a Load Responsive Mechanical Shifting Mechanism and its Benefits for Battery Electric Vehicles2026-37-00266/9/2026
Many high-end electric vehicles use an automatic two-speed transmission. The ability of the drivetrain to switch between two gear ratios improves vehicle performance and increases driving range. The aim of the presented research work is to transfer these advantages to small and lightweight battery-electric vehicles, which face significant cost and weight constraints and therefore cannot rely on highly sophisticated electric motors. Direct-drive systems are widely used in this vehicle class due to their simplicity and high baseline efficiency. However, they offer limited flexibility in adapting the operating point of the electric motor under varying load conditions. A two-speed transmission can overcome this limitation by enabling load point shifting, allowing the motor to operate closer to its optimal efficiency region during both urban and extra-urban driving. This results in improved energy consumption without adding substantial system complexity. Currently, only actuated
Napetschnig, Christof, Tromayer, Juergen, Stückler, David
A Novel Looped-Freezing Mean Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) Based Approach to Evaluate Underhood Cooling Performance of Commercial Vehicles02-19-03-00186/9/2026
A novel looped-freezing mean approach based on Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) approach is developed in context of assessing underhood cooling performance in heavy-duty vehicles. The method involves computing a temporally averaged flow field from DES simulations, which is then frozen and used by the energy solver to predict temperature distributions. This process is iteratively repeated until a statistically steady-state temperature field is achieved. It is demonstrated that traditional DES approach demonstrates superior accuracy in capturing forced convection heat transfer compared to the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method. The validation against experimental data for flow over a heated sphere at a Reynolds number of 105 shows that DES yields Nusselt numbers with better correlation than RANS. However, it is observed that DES approach captures unsteady flow features that introduce temporal fluctuations in heat transfer. In the context of underhood cooling evaluations where
Holay, Sarang, Sankar, Hari, Dixit, Pritish, Singh, Ramanand
Methane Emission Mitigation in Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engines via Negative Valve Overlap Diesel Injection: Thermochemical Pathways and Reactivity Control2026-37-00456/9/2026
Low-load natural gas–diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in medium-speed marine engines is constrained by an insufficient charge thermal state. This limitation leads to partial fuel oxidation, producing high methane emissions. This work evaluates the use of negative valve overlap (NVO) combined with NVO diesel injection as an in-cylinder reactivity enhancement strategy. The simulation study was performed using the University of Vaasa’s advanced thermo-kinetic multi-zone model (UVATZ), extended for reactive simulations during NVO. The extended framework was validated against test-bench data from a prototype Wärtsilä 6L20 dual-fuel engine operating in RCCI mode. The baseline low-load operating point for reforming simulations was defined by reducing the intake manifold temperature to replicate conditions close to partial misfire with 52% combustion efficiency. The parametric sweeps of NVO injection timing and ratio showed that the strategy can be used for in-cycle
Soleimani, Amir, Nurmi, Mikael, Hunicz, Jacek, Kim, Jeyoung, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-00286/9/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine, equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-SUITE software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at various operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Investigating the Potential of Two Individually Controlled Injectors per Rotor for a Direct Injection Hydrogen Wankel Engine2026-37-00086/9/2026
Hydrogen-fueled rotary engines offer a promising zero-emission solution for compact commercial powertrains. This study reports experimental results from the further development of a naturally aspirated, direct-injection hydrogen rotary engine by HTM. Initial applications, such as an airport baggage tractor, demonstrated technical feasibility but revealed pre-ignition that limited maximum torque. To address this, mixture formation was investigated using an experimental setup with two independently controlled injectors feeding a single rotor injection channel. The effects on operating behavior, efficiency, and NOx emissions were evaluated. The dual-injector configuration significantly shortens injection duration and improves spatial distribution of hydrogen within the combustion chamber. Enhanced mixture control suppresses pre-ignition and enables higher mean effective pressure. Systematic variation of injection timing under representative steady-state conditions also shows potential for
Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Herold, Tim, Lavall, Philipp, Schmidt, Marvin, Hofmann, Silas, Kahl, Jonas
Numerical Simulation of Spark-Ignited Flame Kernels towards Prospective Application to Hydrogen SI Engines2026-37-00156/9/2026
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its flame propagation model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then, the
Dotteschini, Enrico, Pretto, Marco, Giannattasio, Pietro, Gadalla, Mahmoud
On Natural Gas Combustion Split into Diesel Like Architecture of a Compression Ignition Engine Retrofitted for Spark Ignition Operation2026-37-00296/9/2026
In commercial areas that no longer favor diesel engines, such as Europe, it might be interesting to convert an existing compression ignition engine to the spark ignition operation and to use natural gas (NG) because of its advantages: availability of still abundant supplies worldwide and environmental benefits compared to conventional liquid fossil fuels. This paper first presents experimental results on NG combustion inside such a converted engine with diesel-like architecture dedicated to light-duty vehicles and passenger cars. Particularly, our study carried out at the engine test bed revealed that in certain operating points (low speed and load, stoichiometric mixture and rather high spark advance), the combustion is split into two distinct events (first, a fast combustion inside the cylinder and piston bowl and then, a slower combustion occurring outside the bowl-in combustion chamber, in other words, in the squish region), which is not specific to the standard spark ignition
Clenci, Adrian F., Popa, Robert, Berquez, Julien, Iorga-Siman, Victor, Magheru, Catalin, Punov, Plamen, Niculescu, Rodica
Alcohol-Based Energy Carriers in Transportation: Status, Standards, and Outlook2026-37-00426/9/2026
The global transport sector accounts for approximately 30 % of total final energy consumption and 15.9 % of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with road transport alone accounting for the largest share at 11.8 %. Decarbonizing this sector requires energy sources that combine scalable generation from renewable sources with compatibility with various modes of transportation and existing infrastructure. Methanol and ethanol emerge as promising alternative energy carriers that can leverage existing logistics infrastructure while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Global methanol production reached 112 million metric tons, and global ethanol production totaled approximately 93.5 million metric tons in 2024, compared to more than 2 billion metric tons of gasoline and diesel produced annually. The review assesses production pathways and cost trajectories for both alcohols, evaluates fuel requirements across multiple transport modes, including passenger vehicles, light- and heavy-duty
Fitz, Patrick, Fellner, Felix, Rößlhuemer, Raphael, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
Experimental Investigation on Cold Start and Warm-Up Phases for an Ethanol Fueled SI Engine2026-37-00316/9/2026
The reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions represents a key challenge for the transportation sector, requiring the adoption of renewable fuels capable of ensuring both environmental benefits and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine technologies. In this context, bioethanol emerges as a viable solution for Spark Ignition (SI) engines, offering a low life-cycle CO₂ footprint and favorable combustion characteristics. Nevertheless, despite its well-known advantages under steady-state operation, the widespread use of high-ethanol-content fuels is still limited by critical issues during engine cold start. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the influence of ethanol content on cold-start behavior and idle warm-up transient operation of a Naturally Aspirated (NA), Port Fuel Injected (PFI) SI engine. The experimental campaign was carried out under idle conditions using four fuels with increasing ethanol content, namely commercial gasoline (E5), E30, E60
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Low-Voltage Electric Vehicle with a Reconfigurable Powertrain Architecture for Urban and Extra-Urban Mobility2026-37-00256/9/2026
This paper presents a novel concept for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), referred to as the low-voltage reconfigurable electric vehicle (LVREV). The LVREV is designed to bridge the gap between L- and M-class vehicles by adopting a <60 V multi-phase powertrain combined with a swappable battery system, maintaining the overall vehicle mass below one ton. This configuration enables adaptable driving range, optimized energy consumption in urban environments, and enhanced safety. The LVREV features two distinct operating modes. Frugal mode is intended for urban use and employs a smaller battery pack to maximize efficiency and reduce vehicle mass, while Dual mode is tailored for longer extra-urban trips through the use of a dual-battery configuration. The key innovations of the LVREV concept include a reconfigurable vehicle architecture capable of meeting both urban and extra-urban mobility requirements, thus providing a highly versatile transportation solution. In addition, the low-voltage
Tramacere, Eugenio, Favelli, Stefano, Galluzzi, Renato, Tonoli, Andrea
Combined EGR-Air Dilution Effects on Performance, Combustion and Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-37-00096/9/2026
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) have emerged as a promising solution for decarbonisation of the transport sector, due to low cost and potential for rapid deployment. However, abnormal combustion and high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions limit stoichiometric operation, making dilution strategies essential. While lean combustion has been widely studied, combined dilution strategies of air and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) require further investigation. This work presents experimental results from a boosted 0.5-litre spark-ignition direct-injection single-cylinder research engine equipped with high-tumble ports and cooled high-pressure EGR. Relative air–fuel ratios (lambda) of 1 to 3 and EGR rates of 0 to 40% are evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 bar of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) at 2000 rpm to assess effects on net indicated thermal efficiency (nITE), combustion, and emissions. A peak nITE of 43.5% is achieved at 10 bar IMEP, λ = 2.5, and 30% EGR, which can be
King, Aidan, Islam, Reza, Pickering, Simon, Yuan, Hao, Mudge, Henry, Giles, Karl, Goyal, Harsh, Jones, Peter, Akehurst, Sam, Esposito, Stefania
Evaluation of Flamelet-Based Combustion Models for Hydrogen-Ammonia Spark-Ignition Engines2026-37-00276/9/2026
Besides the electrification of the transport sector, the growing interest in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines represents a promising pathway to effectively decarbonize transportation over the coming decades. Predictive combustion models implemented within CFD frameworks are a critical tool to guide the design of next-generation internal combustion engines fuelled with alternative fuels. Accurate prediction of the combustion heat release process is influenced by multiple interacting parameters, requiring combustion models that can reliably adapt to variations in fuel chemical properties and operating conditions. In this study, two well-established combustion models considered to model combustion development in Spark-Ignition engine, namely the Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM) and the G-equation model, are compared to assess their capability to adapt to changes in fuel chemical composition. Both models, based on the flamelet formulation are deliberately tested beyond
Sola, Riccardo, Baratta, Mirko, Misul, Daniela, Rousselle, Christine, BREQUIGNY, Pierre, Colin, Olivier
Nitrogen-Based Emissions from Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine2026-37-00326/9/2026
Ammonia (NH3) is a carbon-free fuel with strong potential for spark-ignition (SI) engine applications. However, the engine can produce complex nitrogen-based emissions not adequately captured by conventional engine models. This study consolidated the results of experimental and numerical studies on the use of neat NH3 combustion in a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine converted to spark-ignition operation, first for a sweep of equivalence ratios (ϕ) from 0.7 to 1.0, and another from varying the energy substitution ratio of methane (CH4)– NH3 blends from neat CH4 to neat NH3 at constant ϕ = 0.8. Two 0-D two-zone SI engine models with detailed chemistry (called “original” and “extended”) predicted engine thermodynamics and emissions. While the original model reproduced in-cylinder pressure and combustion phasing, it failed to capture the effect of fuel composition or operating condition on NO trends, both under- and over-predicting them for neat NH3 and CH4-rich operations. An
Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Alvarez, Luis F., Akkerman, Vyacheslav, Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework2026-37-00176/9/2026
Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with
Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej
Investigation of Influential Parameters on the Integrated Hydrogen Argon Power Cycle2026-37-00126/9/2026
This study investigates hydrogen combustion in an argon–oxygen environment for argon power cycle application using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical framework, developed based on previously validated model, is applied to examine the influence of key operating parameters on combustion efficiency and indicated efficiency under constant cycle pressure conditions. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of excess oxygen ratio, argon rate, start of injection, and injector discharge coefficient on ignition characteristics, combustion efficiency, and engine performance. The results indicate that less fuel injection improves combustion efficiency but leads to a significant reduction in engine load. Increasing the argon rate enhances engine thermal efficiency, primarily due to the higher specific heat ratio of argon, which improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. However, elevated argon concentrations significantly reduce combustion efficiency because of
Chitsaz, Iman, Ahammed, Sajid, Kakoee PhD, Alireza, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Andwari, Amin, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Impact of Compression Ratio and Stroke on Hydrogen Requirement for Emission-Optimized Operation of an Ammonia-Fuelled Spark-Ignition Engine2026-37-00306/9/2026
Ammonia (NH3) fuelled engines have emerged as a promising route toward net-zero emission targets due to NH3’s carbon-free nature, ease of storage, and established handling infrastructure. However, the low laminar burning speed and narrow flammability limits of NH3 pose a significant combustion challenge, which can be addressed through hydrogen (H2) co-fuelling. For practical implementation, on-board H2 production via thermal catalytic cracking of NH3 is an attractive solution, as it eliminates the need for external H2 storage and associated handling and capital costs. Previous studies by the present authors identified a lean operating strategy that achieves an equimolar ratio of NOx and unburned NH3 (α NH3NOx ≈ 1), enabling complete conversion to nitrogen and water vapour when coupled with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system. This strategy was further validated using cracked NH3 derived H2 in place of bottled H2 through an on-board cracker, thereby representing a practical
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Gopakumar Suja, Gagan, Birch, Alexander, Cairns, Alasdair, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan
CFD Modelling of an Asymmetric Hydrogen Injector Cap for Direct Injection Applications: Design Impact on Jets Structure and Momentum Flux2026-37-00116/9/2026
The adoption of hydrogen as a carbon-neutral sustainable fuel for internal combustion is regarded as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. In this framework, the injection system plays a crucial role, being responsible for delivering a large amount of fuel to the combustion chamber. Currently, low-pressure direct injection is considered one of the best solutions to ensure the appropriate fuel delivery. The use of caps has proven particularly effective, as they enable a potentially unlimited range of geometries while minimizing modifications to the injector hardware. Experimental campaigns and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used together as complementary tools to speed up the development process and explore multiple combinations of parameters, thereby optimizing the overall design of both the engine and the caps. In the present paper, a single-hole GDI-derived hydrogen prototype injector equipped with a two-hole asymmetric cap
Pavan, Nicolo, Breda, Sebastiano, Duni, Andrea, Martino, Manuel, Fontanesi, Stefano, Postrioti, Lucio
Development and Validation of a One-Dimensional Model for an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine Generator with Parametric Analysis2026-37-00216/9/2026
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) are emerging as a promising technology for next-generation hybrid and electrified transportation systems due to their high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. However, due to eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control, and optimization, limiting the further development and application of OFPEGs. Existing researches lack a comprehensive numerical model that integrates detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic process with control system of linear generator, and quantitative analysis of the effect of piston motion trajectory on system performance remains insufficiently
Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong
Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle2026-37-00036/9/2026
An increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. It was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. This study investigates the mechanism of cooling-loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle, through in-cylinder combustion observations, two-color method image analysis, and local heat-flux measurements. High-speed combustion visualization was conducted to capture the growth of luminous flames. Radial profiles of the mean and standard deviation were computed at each crank angle to quantify spatial temperature non-uniformity. Furthermore
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru
Hybridized Diesel Powertrains - An Important Enabler for Commercial Applications on the Long Journey towards Full Electrification2026-37-00226/9/2026
The ongoing efforts for reduction of the traffic-related greenhouse gas emissions and, at the same time, the mitigation of harmful pollutant emissions from vehicle exhaust emissions are important development tasks for the entire automotive industry worldwide according to demand to provide clean and efficient products. Further tightened fleet average FE standards and ultra-low limits for exhaust emissions require the continuous development of new propulsion system types. Due to the given reluctance of the end customer and corresponding low acceptance of fully electrified vehicles, especially in the commercial vehicle segment, new and innovative topologies are needed to meet regulatory requirements and maintain the high versatility of today’s dominating solutions. For further optimization of operating conditions with enhanced fuel efficiency, the technical strategy is also determined by uplifting the attractiveness of electric driving incl. the avoidance of areas with poor ICE efficiency
Koerfer, Thomas
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