Browse Topic: Engines

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Synthesis, characterization and electro active properties of poly (Meta Toudine-co-Fluro aniline) Ag dispersed nanocomposites: Shielding Composite as surface Coat or Enclose the ECU Housing for preventing signal distortion and ensuring reliable engine performance2026-28-0022To be published on 02/01/2026
A series of electroactive nanocomposites of silver dispersed poly (metatoludine-co-o-fluroaniline) copolymer has been prepared by in-situ polymerization method. The chemical molecular structures are identified by using UV–visible spectra, FTIR, X-ray diffraction instruments, SEM analysis. We propose that these composite materials possess a Electromagnetic Shielding interference coat or enclose the engine control unit (ECU) housing in the form of surface coating or moulded shell in order to prevent signal distortion and ensuring reliable engine performance in automobiles. This composite material possesses lightweight, corrosion-resistant EMI shielding solution for ECU housings. Implementation of these products significantly reduced signal interference from nearby high-power electronics, ensuring stable engine operation. The proposed system offers a cost-effective, lightweight alternative to metallic shielding in vehicular electronics in automobile industries.
Pachanoor, Vijayanand, Kumar, V
Design evolution of novel rear sub frame structure for multilink suspension and electric vehicle platform2026-28-0007To be published on 02/01/2026
As there is a major shift in customer demand for energy efficient transportation electric vehicle development has taken immediate significance worldwide as they provide pollution free, noise free mobility environment. In the current work, the authors evaluate novel Rear sub-frame assembly structure with multilink suspension and further for a born electric vehicle platform with increased rear axle weight contribution due to rear motor and battery weight. The Sub Frame is the important structural component of the chassis system. Hence designers face the challenge of providing a best-in-class optimized Rear sub-Frame in terms of cost and weight within the available vehicular boundary. Rear sub-Frame assembly is designed with unique cross member structure and novel motor mounting arrangement on the side member with the given complex hard points or attachments of the suspension linkages, to meet the electric vehicle packaging requirement. Sub frame is designed with light weight to withstand
Nidasosi, Basavraj Maruti, J, Ramkumar, NAYAK, Bhargav, MANI, ARUN, M, Sudhan
Design and Development of a Hybrid Rocket Propulsion System for Micro-Scale SAM Interceptor Missiles2026-28-0012To be published on 02/01/2026
The increasing prevalence of agile and low-signature aerial threats, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), necessitates the development of advanced and flexible air defense systems. Conventional Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) at the micro-scale are often limited by short engagement times and an inability to counter saturating threats. This paper presents the conceptual design and analysis of a novel loitering interceptor missile designed to overcome these limitations. The core innovation is the synergistic integration of a throttleable hybrid rocket propulsion system with a mission-adaptive airframe featuring morphing fins. The methodology involves the theoretical design of a HTPB-based hybrid motor capable of operating in both high-thrust boost and low-thrust loiter modes. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is employed to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the missile with its fins in both stowed (high-speed) and deployed (loiter) configurations. Preliminary results
E, Rahul
Performance Evaluation of a Novel Coolant Channel Configuration for Liquid-Based Battery Thermal Management in Electric Vehicles2026-28-0042To be published on 02/01/2026
The performance and longevity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are critically dependent on effective thermal management. As internal heat generation during charge and discharge cycles can lead to uneven temperature distribution, exceeding optimal operating limits (25 - 40°C) can significantly degrade battery performance and lifespan. This study presents a performance evaluation of a novel liquid-based Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) featuring a dual-directional coolant channel configuration designed to enhance thermal uniformity and heat dissipation. The proposed configuration combines horizontal and vertical coolant passages in an indirect cooling layout to address the limitations of conventional serpentine-type channels. A comprehensive thermal analysis was carried out under realistic loading conditions using three coolant types: water, ethylene glycol-based G48, and graphene-enhanced water nanofluids. These were evaluated for thermal conductivity
Selvan, Arul Mozhi, Periyasamy, Muthukumar, R, Thiruppathi
Enhancing combustion, performance and emission profiles using kapok methyl ester blends with hydrogen2026-28-0058To be published on 02/01/2026
This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methylester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyleter), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different load conditions at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, combustion, performance and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The results indicated that te use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced brake thermal efficiency due to
Anbarasan, ANBARASAN, M, KUMARESAN
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2026-28-0055To be published on 02/01/2026
Alcohol is being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. Although alcohol generally has lower cetane numbers, which makes them more favorable for premixed combustion, they also offer potential for lowering emissions in internal combustion engines, particularly when combined with strategies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This research focuses on enhancing the performance of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake phase. Diesel and rubber seed biodiesel were used as primary fuels and were directly injected into the combustion chamber. The findings indicated that adding ethanol to rubber seed biodiesel, along with 10% EGR, led to improved brake thermal efficiency and a reduction in NOX emissions. The ethanol injection timing and duration were optimized for effective dual-fuel operation. At full engine load, the highest
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION STUDY OF AN AUTOMOBILE RADIATOR WITH NANOFLUIDS2026-28-0020To be published on 02/01/2026
A nanofluid is the suspension of nanoparticles in a base fluid. Nanofluids are promising fluids for heat transfer enhancement due to their anomalously high thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity enhancement mechanisms of nanofluids have not been fully understood yet. In the first part of this study, a detailed literature review about the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is performed. Experimental studies are discussed in terms of the effects of some parameters such as particle volume fraction, particle size, and temperature on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Enhancement mechanisms proposed to explain nanofluid thermal conductivity are also summarized. Research about the forced convection of nanofluids is important for the practical application of nanofluids in heat transfer devices. Recent experiments showed that heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids exceeds the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids. This extra enhancement might be explained by thermal
R, GOWTHAM
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMON PEEL OIL BIODIESEL WITH DIETHYL ETHER AND ETHANOL IN A CI ENGINE: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS2026-28-0052To be published on 02/01/2026
The rising global energy demand and the adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption have intensified the search for sustainable alternative fuels. Among the various biodiesel sources, lemon peel oil (LPO) offers promising potential due to its biodegradability, availability from waste resources, and favorable combustion characteristics. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of LPO biodiesel blended with diethyl ether (DEE) and ethanol in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Three blends B5, B10, and B15 were prepared by varying the proportions of LPO, DEE, and ethanol with conventional diesel. The physicochemical properties of the blends were evaluated as per ASTM standards and found to be compatible with CI engine requirements. Experiments were conducted on a variable compression ratio (VCR) CI engine under different load conditions. Results showed that the B10 blend exhibited superior brake thermal efficiency (BTE), achieving an improvement
M, Boopathi, G, Manikandan, Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, A, Tamilselvan, K, Nithyanandhan, S, Karthik, j, Deepan Chakrawarthi, X, Leslie Peter
Experimental Analysis on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Chlorophyta Algae Oil Biodiesel Blends2026-28-0045To be published on 02/01/2026
Chlorophyta algae, also known as green algae, are rich in oils suitable for biodiesel production. They grow quickly using minimal resources and can be cultivated on non-arable land. The extracted oils can be converted into biofuels that improve engine performance and reduce emissions. This makes Chlorophyta algae a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This study presents an experimental investigation into the performance and emission characteristics of Chlorophyta algae oil biodiesel blends (A20 and A30) compared to conventional diesel (D100) in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The analysis reveals a notable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with A20 showing a 2.5% improvement and A30 demonstrating a 1.2% increase, attributed to enhanced combustion kinetics. Furthermore, brake specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreases by 4.1% and 6.8% for A20 and A30, respectively. Emission analysis indicates significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO
M, Selvam, R, Ganapathy Srinivasan, Ka, Harish, Selvamani, Muthukumar, B, Sanjai
Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Polypropylene-Derived Biodiesel Blended with Diethyl Ether2026-28-0019To be published on 02/01/2026
To solve the dual environmental issues of plastic pollution and reliance on fossil fuels, this study investigates the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene (PP) plastic into alternative diesel fuel. To improve fuel performance, the refined pyrolytic oil from PP was combined with regular diesel and 5% diethyl ether (DEE). The following three blend ratios were developed and assessed for important fuel characteristics: viscosity, density, flash point, cetane number, and calorific value: B10-DEE5-D85, B20-DEE5-D75, and B30-DEE5-D65. In order to enhance cold-start performance and ignition quality, DEE was used as an oxygenated additive. A four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine was used to test these mixes in order to evaluate their emissions and brake thermal efficiency. According to the results, the B10-DEE5-D85 mix had the most balanced performance, reducing CO and CO₂ emissions significantly when compared to pure diesel, especially while operating at full load. However, as the amount of
K S, Karthi Vinith
CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine2026-28-0043To be published on 02/01/2026
This study examines the combustion and emission characteristics of pure Spirulina microalgae biodiesel (B100) in a single-cylinder direct-injection (DI) diesel engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent. A 2D axisymmetric sector model of the engine was developed and simulated with a moving mesh to capture dynamic piston motion throughout the engine cycle. The Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to simulate spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model and RNG k-ε turbulence model were used to resolve in-cylinder combustion dynamics. The thermophysical properties of Spirulina biodiesel were defined from literature data to accurately model fuel injection, vaporisation, and ignition phenomena. The study focused on analysing in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics such as NOx, CO, and soot, and compared the results with those of conventional diesel fuel. Simulation results indicated that Spirulina biodiesel
Kumar, B Varun
Computational study on dynamic handling performance of a retro-fitted Electric Two wheeler using 125cc powered ICE reference2026-28-0047To be published on 02/01/2026
With the development in motor technology and battery manufacturing technologies, the scope for a budget working EV has been increasing in India. There remains an after-mark potential for conversion of an ICE powered two-wheeler to an EV power train. Such a move reduces the carbon footprint from the vehicle drastically and is still being explored. This study investigates the effect of replacing the ICE with an electric motor in a 125cc motorcycle, with a particular focus on vehicle handling performance using Slalom test. The two wheelers were modelled using calculated mass properties and estimated / calculated moments of inertia using CAD for both ICE and electric powertrains. The electric propulsion system took into consideration the role of a battery pack in the mass and MI calculation. The framework with degrees of freedom is well established in BIKESIMTM simulation environment. A slalom test with automatic gear shift and throttle to maintain speed of the vehicle was set-up to
Sankarasubramanian, Hariharan
ALTERNATE CATALYST FOR DOC IN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER2026-28-0016To be published on 02/01/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum or palladium and rhodium as catalyst materials,significantly inflating the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnOxCeO₂ (Manganese Oxide-Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials, with the goal of delivering effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnOx-CeO₂ catalysts are promising due to their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behaviour, which are beneficial for diesel engines operating under varied conditions. These properties help improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
Optimized Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Tractor Muffler for Enhanced Back-Pressure Control and Cost Efficiency2026-28-0004To be published on 02/01/2026
Internal combustion engines generate intense acoustic pulses during combustion, necessitating the use of exhaust mufflers to suppress noise emissions. With evolving regulations on permissible noise levels and the automotive industry's drive toward lightweight, high-performance vehicles, muffler designs must balance effective sound attenuation, minimal back pressure, and reduced mass. This study presents a comparative analysis of three muffler configurations serpentine, rectangular, and zigzag designed using SolidWorks for a light commercial vehicle (LCV) diesel engine. The models were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess their acoustic and flow performance. Each design incorporated internal baffle arrangements to enhance sound absorption while aiming to minimize back pressure. The serpentine model featured a perforated baffle layout that promoted multiple reflections and dissipated acoustic energy more efficiently. Simulation results indicated that
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, D, Ashokkumar, R, Krishnamoorthy
Effect of Gasoline as manifold fuel for Prosopis juliflora biodiesel fuelled CRDI stationary diesel Engine in Dual-Fuel Mode2026-28-0014To be published on 02/01/2026
Utilisation of non-edible biodiesel in the diesel engine has tremendously increased nowadays. This is due to its renewable nature and produces less pollution than conventional diesel, except for NOx emissions. To overcome the drawbacks, some additional fuel is added to take part in the combustion along with the biodiesel in a dual-fuel mode (DFM). In the present work, an investigation was carried out to assess the effect of gasoline as a manifold injection fuel (MIF) under 0, 10, and 20% energy share (ES) on Prosopis juliflora biodiesel (PJBD) fueled diesel engine in the DFM, and compared with single fuel mode (SFM). The diesel B0 (100% Diesel), and PJBD blends B10 (10% PJBD and 90% diesel), and B20 are used as direct injection fuel (DIF) in three fuel combinations. The experiment was carried out in a common rail direct injection, 3.7 kW stationary single-cylinder diesel engine under a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Compared to diesel SFM, the PJBD SFM shows a slightly lower brake thermal
Tamilvanan, A.
Development of Multiple level Auto Mode for Climate control in electric vehicles2026-28-0008To be published on 02/01/2026
Electric vehicles, or EVs, are significantly transforming the automotive industry as a cleaner and more environmentally friendly which finds an alternative solution for the vehicles propelled using internal combustion engines. As EV utilize the energy directly from the battery which causes customer or a user to be in panic state as charging infra is not developed well in most of the countries, thus improving vehicle efficiency and driving range requires optimizing energy consumption from battery of EVs. Apart from traction motor load for driving, major supplemental loads in electric car are climate control system, sometimes referred to as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning). HVAC systems can consume a lot of battery power, especially during severe temperatures, which can drastically reduce the vehicle's range. Range anxiety continues to be an important barrier to the general adoption of EVs, the intelligent climate management systems which helps to reduce HVAC power usage
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, SV, Master Eniyan, M, Nisshok, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Guturu, Sravankumar
EVALUATION OF DRIVELINE NVH PERFORMANCE USING LINEAR DYNAMIC FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION2026-26-0322To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive driveline design plays an important role in the NVH characteristics of the overall vehicle. Driveline systems are an integral part of delivering torque from the engine/transmission to the tires which propel the vehicle and drivelines often experience a wide frequency of excitation which poses unique NVH challenges. With the increasing trend in the automotive industry to introduce turbocharged engines with fewer cylinders while delivering the same torque / power, the driveline systems are excited with increased lower frequency torsional vibration in addition to other vibrations transmitted from powertrain and road. In this paper, we address the key design consideration for developing an optimal driveline system with consideration to NVH while keeping durability and other functional requirements in perspective. We consider the example of a front wheel drive-based vehicle architecture with independent suspension. The effect of fundamental prop shaft frequency to determine
JOSHI, ATUL KAMALAKARRAO, Subramanian, MANOJ
Experimental evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-0258To be published on 01/16/2026
HIGHLIGHTS The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.   ABSTRACT- The analysis was performed on a single Cylinder, Multivalve, Electronic Fuel Injection, high-speed motor fuelled engine with Gasoline, CNG and Hydrogen to assess energetic and exegetic performance. The engine was evaluated from 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm on each of the three fuels. All tests are led at Wide Open Throttle condition.The Gasoline and CNG
shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, SHINDE, DR BALU, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K
Simulation driven design of robust Crank-train systems for elevated In-cylinder combustion pressure2026-26-0400To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for increased in-cylinder pressure to meet the higher engine rating and stringent emissions norms requires special attention on the Main moving components torsional behaviour and the bearing performance. The work presented in this paper utilizes the 1D and 3D simulation potential of AVL EXCITE for the assessment of design changes required in Crank-Train system for the increased in-cylinder pressure from 170bar to 220bar. The key feature of the executed work was that all the design changes were accommodated with minimal changes in packaging / layout interfaces. The given work was executed on 6-Cylinder Turbocharged In-cylinder with Type V valve-train configurations. Initial brain storming & 0d calculation helped in understanding the design optimization required in each and every crank-train parts. Considering the guidelines available in terms of L/d ratio for the bearing, connecting rod length, the overall linkage specification was set up for starting with design work for
Khandelwal, Meha, Kaundabalaraman, Kaarthic, Rathi, Hemantkumar
Development of a Fuel Injector Driver for Accelerated Testing2026-26-0564To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design of a cost-effective fuel injector driver designed for accelerated testing of injectors. The driver simulates injection patterns across a wide range of vehicle operating conditions and can be programmed with injection maps for different engines, test cycles based on drawing specifications, pre-defined engine running profiles, and manual control, where the user defines PWM frequency and duty cycle. It also enables remote operation through a Wi Fi access point. An injector driver-based test setup was developed to study wear and evaluate leakage tendency in an injector design. To simulate extended field usage in a short timeframe, an accelerated operating cycle was derived using telematics data. Injector samples were tested with periodic leak rate measurements. Conducting such tests at vehicle level or on engine test bench would involve significant time and cost. This setup is an effective tool for rapid comparative analysis across supplier design, enabling
Bhatt, Pancham, Agrawal, Adheesh, Kuchhal, Abhinav
Analysis and Mitigation of Parasitic Noise in Hydraulic Engine Mounts: Addressing Cavitation and Membrane Hitting2026-26-0335To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydraulic engine mounts are widely used in automotive applications to reduce vibration and noise transmission from the engine to the vehicle body by providing high damping at low frequencies and low damping/stiffness at higher frequencies. This is achieved by allowing sufficient clearance between components inside the hydro mount, activating hydraulic damping only with sufficient amplitude inputs. However, this inherently leads to the generation of Parasitic noises emanating from hydraulic engine mounts which significantly degrades the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance of vehicles, presenting a considerable challenge in the automotive industry. This encompasses phenomena such as cavitation, arising from the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles within the working fluid due to localized pressure drops below the vapor pressure, and membrane hitting, resulting from the dynamic interaction between the fluid and the elastic membrane within the mount. Both noise
Agrawal, Adheesh, Vineeth, Sekharan, Ghosh, Chiranjit, Saxena, Akshansh, Parmar, Aashish, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Nandal, Abhishek, Dhankhar, Dinesh Singh, khan, Prasenjit
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-0267To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Design of the BIW Structure for Battery Pack Protection in Case of Side Pole Impact2026-26-0025To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered vehicles, but their battery and motor components elevate their Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), posing unique collision risks. Manufacturers strategically mount the high voltage (HV) battery packs under the passenger compartment to lower the Centre of Gravity and shield them from the front impacts. However, side impacts remain a concern, as the battery deformation in such instances could trigger fires or explosions, endangering occupants. To address this, crashworthiness designs adhere to New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) standards, particularly against side pole impact and side mobile barrier impact. Unlike the frontal section of BIW, which typically has larger crush space to absorb the crash energy, extensive design attention is required to the vehicle's side structure to absorb pole impacts without transmitting excessive force to the battery pack. Utilizing aluminium extrusions and sheet
Nivesh, Dharun, NAMANI, Prasad, Ramaraj, Rajasekar
Condition-Based Monitoring for Prompt Identification of Component Failures to Safeguard the Entire System.2026-26-0576To be published on 01/16/2026
Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a transformative approach in predictive maintenance, enabling the proactive identification of potential component failures. It offers numerous advantages like Cost Savings, Increased Equipment Lifespan, RCA of failed parts, Optimized Resource Utilization, Reduced Disruptions, Enhanced Reliability and Safety and many more making it a vital approach for effective maintenance and operational efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for monitoring and analyzing vibration trends to predict and prevent the breakdown of critical components in IC Engine in its testing phase. The good part here is that this methodology is not just limited to IC Engine but can be applied across wide range of industries and mechanical systems as from the literature and past vibration data, it was observed that before any such failure engine vibration increases. If the engine is stopped at that moment, it can be preserved, allowing for further
Gupta, Gaurav, Verma, Vivek
Acoustic Challenges in Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of HVAC Noise in EVs and ICE Vehicles2026-26-0353To be published on 01/16/2026
With the transition from ICE vehicles to EV’s, the dominant noise sources within the vehicle cabin have shifted from engine noise to auxiliary systems, especially HVAC systems. In conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE), engine noise tends to mask auxiliary noises. However, in electric vehicles (EVs), the lack of engine noise causes these auxiliary noises, such as those from the HVAC system, to become more prominent and potentially uncomfortable for occupants. The primary objective is to understand how the absence of engine noise in EVs influences the perceived HVAC noises. The research methodology involves static and on-road testing of both electric and ICE vehicle having common platform, conducted under similar testing conditions. The study aims to quantify and compare the acoustic characteristic differences of HVAC noise between ICEs and EVs, primarily focusing on cabin airflow noise, refrigerant flow noise, and AC compressor engagement/disengagement noise
Patra, Subhashree, Joshi, Rishi, Sharma, Rachit, lingampelly, Rajaprasad, Neupane, Manoj
Data analysis -Driven Calibration Enhancement for Alternative Fuel Engine Start2026-26-0123To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of improving cold-start performance in alternate fuel vehicles, data analysis has become a cornerstone for driving informed calibration decisions. Cold start is very critical for flex fuel vehicles since it has higher latent heat of vaporization and lower vapor pressure compared to gasoline. Ethanol blend fuels deteriorate engine starting at low ambient temp. This case study highlights how pivot table based analytics were effectively employed to enhance engine start strategy during the development of small commercial vehicle running on E20 and E85 fuel blends. The approach showcases how structured data interpretation can significantly support development work in Flex Fuel calibration. The analysis concentrated on various critical engine start events such as first crank success, failure to start, battery voltage behavior, and post-start stability across a range of coolant temperatures, particularly below 20°C. Real-world test data was segmented using data analysis based
Undre, Shrikant, Kulkarni, Deepak, Thonge, Ravindra, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Kanchan, Shubham
Manufacturing process advancement in CNG Exhaust Valve to prevent seat wear issue2026-26-0278To be published on 01/16/2026
Exhaust Valve CNG market share increased in India in recent years demanding for more durable and reliable CNG Engine. While in current scenario durability is one of the major concerns for CNG engine. Major issue faced in CNG powertrain is high wear at Exhaust valve CNG face due to excessive wear. In Current practice T400 Sintered material layer is deposited at Valve face which is very critical to achieve less wear at valve face. Due to manufacturing variability high level of variation is found mechanical properties of T400 deposit which is very critical for Exhaust Valve CNG performance. In this paper all important process parameters are discussed for achieving consistent Exhaust Valve CNG T400 deposit quality. Each process parameter detail impact on T400 material is studied and explained to achieve consistent quality of T400 deposit leading to robust design of Exhaust Valve CNG.
Poonia, Sanjay, KUMAR, CHANDAN, Kundu, Soumen, kumar, prabhakar, Vats, Rajesh, khan, Prasenjit, Sharma, Shailender
Virtual Prototyping: Accelerating Traction Motor Development for Commercial Electric Vehicles2026-26-0152To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the virtual prototyping of traction motor in commercial EV to make an early prediction of the performance parameters of the machine without spending an enormous cost in building a physical structure. A 48/8 slot-pole configuration of IPMSM is used to demonstrate the electromagnetic and thermal co-simulation in ANSYS MotorCad. The key dimensions were calculated on the basis of the permanent-magnet field theory, and the 2D finite element method (FEM) model of the IPM motor using Ansys MotorCad electromagnetic simulation tool. The influence of geometrical parameters on the performances of traction motor are evaluated based on FEM. The temperature distribution of the motor under rated operating condition and the condition of maximum speed were also analyzed. Alongside, the effects of saturation, demagnetization analysis, and the impact of PM flux linkage on inductances are also considered in this paper. At last, the simulation and analytical results of the IPMSM motor
Murty, V. Shirish, Rathod, Sagarkumar, Gandhi, Nikita, Tendulkar, Swati, Kumar, Kundan, Thakar, Dhruv, Sethy, Amanraj
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-0080To be published on 01/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Shah, Swapnil, Mane, Prashant, Back PhD, Arthur, Emran, Ashraf
Comprehensive Engine Testing Methodologies for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Validation with Combustion & Performance Evaluation techniques2026-26-0256To be published on 01/16/2026
Validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. This experimental analysis conducted on Ashok Leyland's 6cylinder 2V engine to evaluate the engine performance & durability with hydrogen fuel. Combustion behaviour of hydrogen ICE needs to be closely monitored during continuous operation of validation testing, due to its unique properties compared to other conventional fuels. During engine run, a pre-ignition source can cause knock event leading to instant failure of critical parts like piston assembly, spark plug, liner, valves & cylinder head. Also, hotspots inside IMF leads to backfire affecting the air intake & fuel injection assembly. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance detoriation and combustion abnormalities causing knocking
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Technologies and Strategies for High Break Thermal Efficiency Gasoline Engine to Meet the Future CO2 Emission Targets in India2026-26-0072To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian automobile industry is experiencing a significant shift, propelled by environmental necessities and national climate obligations set at the CoP26 summit, aiming for a 45% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 [1]. Transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollution; consequently, India is enhancing its regulatory frameworks with BS VI Stage 2 regulations, CAFE Phase III norms set for 2027, and CAFE Phase IV by 2032 [2]. Furthermore, the transition from MIDC to WLTP driving cycle is meant to increase the accuracy of the efficiency and emissions assessments [2]. To comply to these upcoming regulations, the automotive industry is moving toward producing high efficiency engines in India. A naturally aspirated (NA) 1.5L, 4- cylinder inline gasoline engine was selected from Indian market for this study. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of this engine is around 35%. Assessment of new technologies were performed by
Garg, Shivam, Fischer, Marcus, Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Franzke, Bjoern
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR PORT FUEL INJECTED AND DIRECT INJECTED TECHNOLOGY ROUTES USING 1D SIMULATION2026-26-0250To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are not likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in the immediate term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t base diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-Power for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Evaluation of Intercooler Effectiveness with No Fan, Single Fan, and Dual Fan: A Simulation and Experimental Study2026-26-0579To be published on 01/16/2026
Turbochargers play a crucial role in modern engines by increasing power output and fuel efficiency through intake air compression, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by allowing more air mass into the combustion chamber. However, this process also raises the intake air temperature, which can reduce charge density, lead to detonation, and create emissions challenges-such as smoke limits in diesel engines and knock in gasoline spark-ignited (GSL) engines. To mitigate this, intercoolers are used to cool the compressed air. Due to packaging constraints, intercoolers are typically long and boxy, limiting their effectiveness, especially at low vehicle speeds where ram air flow is minimal. This study investigates the use of auxiliary fans to enhance intercooler performance. Two methodologies were adopted: 1D simulation using GT-Suite and experimental testing on a vehicle under different fan configurations-no fan, single fan, and dual fans (positioned near the intercooler inlet and outlet
PATRA, SOMNATH, HIBARE, NIKHIL, Ganesan, Thanigaivel, Gharte, Jignesh Rajendra
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
p, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Design & analysis of Dual Mass flywheel during Engine startup condition in 3 Cylinder Gasoline application2026-26-0349To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations and excitation amplitudes makes more challenge in NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch are no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a great advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. but the resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading to
Jayachandran, Suresh kumar, Vijayaragavan, Thirupathi, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman
Optimizing rattle behaviour in metal-plastic interfaces for EV tail lamp assemblies2026-26-0332To be published on 01/16/2026
The seamless and sleek design of connected tail lamps adds a visually striking element to the car's exterior. It aligns with contemporary automotive trends and gives the vehicle a premium and futuristic appearance. Automakers use these lamps as a design signature to establish brand identity. Connected tail lamps improve visibility for drivers behind the vehicle. The assembly of connected tail lamps can pose several challenges, especially due to their complex design and integration requirements. Metal-plastic creak is a common concern in electric vehicles (EVs), often noticeable when driving on uneven roads. This primarily results from stick-slip behaviour at the interface of metal and plastic components, intensified by improper alignment. When the designed geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is not met in real manufacturing conditions, misalignment introduces unintended contact forces, leading to intermittent micro-sliding and frictional energy release, which manifests as an
MICHAEL STEPHAN, NAVIN ESTAC RAJA, C M, MITHUN, Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath
Corrosion behavioral study of Sintered materials with Ethanol-Blended Fuels - E20 and E852026-26-0277To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing adoption of ethanol-blended fuels, such as E20 (20% ethanol and 80% gasoline) and E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline), necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their compatibility with automotive engine components to ensure durability and operational reliability. Fuel compatibility is particularly critical for components in direct contact with ethanol-rich fuels, as improper material selection or insufficient testing can lead to corrosion, material degradation, and compromised engine performance. This study focuses on evaluating the behaviour of sintered materials extracted from potential fuel-contact parts of automotive engines when exposed to E20 and E85 fuels. Testing was conducted in accordance with the SAE J1747 standard, which provides a systematic approach for assessing corrosion resistance and material degradation in fuel environments. Following the exposure tests, post-test evaluations included visual inspection to identify surface changes and Scanning
Karthikeyan, C., Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar
3D CFD simulation methodology for safe and efficient hydrogen refueling for hydrogen internal combustion engines2026-26-0252To be published on 01/16/2026
As conventional fossil fuels are on the verge of depletion, the search for alternative fuel for automotive applications has intensified. Among these, hydrogen stands out due to its high energy content per unit mass, high octane number, and compatibility with Internal combustion engines (ICE). However, the volatility of hydrogen (H2) presents challenges, particularly during the refueling process, where uncontrolled temperature rise occurs because of negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect. This brings an alarming bell for the safety of fueling stations, vehicles and mankind. This paper investigates the physics involved in hydrogen tank filling, focusing on maintaining the hydrogen gas temperature below 85 °C during the process. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to model the temperature and pressure behavior of hydrogen during filling. The study provides insights into the optimal fill rates, temperature distribution, and the evolution of peak temperature locations
Khanna, Gourav, Veerbhadra, Swati, Sahu, Abhay Kumar
Failure Investigation and Geometric Optimization of Torsional Vibration Damper for Enhanced Durability and Noise Reduction in Automotive Drivetrain Systems2026-26-0350To be published on 01/16/2026
Internal Combustion engines exhibit multi-order vibrations caused by the inertial forces of reciprocating masses. These vibrations induce drivetrain resonance, negatively impacting occupant comfort and the durability of drivetrain components. Torsional vibrations, a critical subset of these oscillations, demand efficient damping mechanisms. Torsional Vibration Dampers are instrumental in minimizing such vibrations by tuning mass and frequency characteristics to prevent resonance. By splitting resonant frequencies into avoidable zones within the engine's operational range, TVD enhance vehicle performance and refinement by dampening the vibrations. Structurally, TVD comprise an inertia ring integrated with a damping medium, such as vulcanized rubber, which attenuates torsional oscillations by permitting controlled oscillation of the inertia ring. This study focuses on the failure investigation and the geometric optimization of oscillating masses of TVD for performance and durability
WANI, SUJIT ASHOK, S, Manickaraja, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, Vellandi, Vikraman, Patil, Dilip
Tractor Clutch wear simulation by Inhouse development2026-26-0572To be published on 01/16/2026
To develop an accelerated Clutch test simulation method at inhouse laboratory as System level of validation to replicate field phenomena in short time with controlled repeatability and increased test accuracy. Wet clutch is one of the M&M technology project for higher hp(75) tractors. Currently Mahindra having dry clutch system in higher hp tractors & presently Wet clutch development in progress for higher HP tractors for increasing clutch life & to reduce clutch pedal operation as per customer requirement, hence new test rig to be developed for validating new tractor wet clutch system as per RWUP. Previously tractor clutch system is completely evaluated through field testing on tractor level. Thus, there are several drawbacks in field testing like more waiting time to avail seasons, more testing time, evaluation of limited number of samples, non-availability of complete tractor on time, less accuracy, less repeatability of test results, unsafe conditions of rider, higher human fatigue
D, Yashwanth, Raja, R, Udayakumar, S, M, Jeevaharan, Vijayakumar, Narayanan
Mitigating Air Flow Sensor Signal Variability to Optimize Engine Operation in Passenger Cars2026-26-0512To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for advanced engine control systems has grown significantly in response to stricter emission regulations and increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient passenger vehicles. Accurate estimation of intake air flow, coupled with precise fuel control, is essential to overcoming the challenges associated with modern gasoline engine performance. Hot-wire type mass air flow (MAF) sensors are commonly used for measuring intake air flow and are typically mounted on the clean side of the air intake system to protect them from contamination and extend their operational life. Reliable air flow measurement depends on maintaining a consistent and uniform flow across various engine speeds and load conditions. However, the optimal placement of the MAF sensor is often limited by engine packaging constraints, making sensor positioning a critical factor. Incorrect installation can result in inaccurate air flow readings, which negatively impact engine performance and emissions. During the
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kale, Vishal, Kolhe, Vivek M
Analysis and optimization of noise and vibrational performance of an e-axle2026-26-0340To be published on 01/16/2026
As the electric mobility landscape evolves, there is a growing emphasis on addressing the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) challenges associated with electric drivetrains. The absence of an IC engine in EVs shifts the focus to other noise contributors such as gear meshing, electric machine operation, and structural vibrations. Despite the known influence of micro-geometry on gear dynamics, current optimization practices often rely on empirical adjustments or standard guidelines without fully utilizing advanced computational methods to predict and optimize NVH performance. There exists a pressing need for a systematic approach to analyse and optimize gear micro-geometry to reduce noise and vibration in high-speed e-axle applications. This research aims to bridge that gap by investigating the relationship between micro-geometry optimization and NVH characteristics of an e-axle. Through detailed modelling and optimization techniques, this research aims to identify optimal gear micro
Ankit, Priyadarshi, KULKARNI, KRISHNA, Momin, Vaseem
Data-Driven Modeling for Hydrogen ICE Emission Prediction and ATS Performance Benchmarking2026-26-0386To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a novel methodology for benchmarking Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2E) emissions against diesel vehicle configurations, emphasizing Real-Drive Emission (RDE) test procedures. By leveraging Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, emission profiles for legal cycles and RDE scenarios are predicted. Integrated data pipelines and physics-based modeling enable virtual evaluations of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system performance, ammonia dosing accuracy, and exhaust temperature dynamics. Key results demonstrate high prediction accuracy across models, including temperature (R² > 0.94, RMS error <25°C), air flow (92% accuracy, RMSE = 28 kg/h), upstream NOx (93% accuracy, RMSE <10 mg/s), and SCR (TP NOx accuracy = 85%, dosing accuracy = 90%). This approach significantly reduces the need for extensive on-road driving tests, as the model performs most of the work, thereby lowering development costs and supporting OEMs in
Shah, Jash Vipin, S, Manoj Kumar, Ratnaparkhi, Aditya, H, Shivaprakash
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-0316To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at driver touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, Noise Source Identification (NSI) is carried out to identify and rank airborne and structure borne noise sources at tractor level through elimination method followed by engine level testing in hemi anechoic chamber to identify the major noise radiating components by using noise and vibration measurement, sound intensity mapping tools. The outcome of NSI has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be highest
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh, Yadav, Prasad S, Bankar, Harshal
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF HYDROGEN BASED SCR TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO UREA SCR IN HYDROGEN-FUELLED ENGINES2026-26-0213To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
KASHYAP, KESHAV, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
Evaluating Thermal Control Strategies to Improve Electric Vehicle Range Using GT Suite2026-26-0362To be published on 01/16/2026
This study focuses on enhancing energy efficiency in electric vehicle (EV) thermal management systems through the development and optimization of control logic. A full vehicle thermal management system (VTMS) was modeled using GT-Suite software, incorporating sub-systems such as the high-voltage battery (HVB), e-powertrain (EPT), and an 8-zone cabin. Thermal models were validated with experimental data to ensure accurate representation of key dynamics, including coolant-to-cell heat transfer, cell-to-ambient heat dissipation, and internal heat generation. Control strategies were devised for Active Grille Shutter (AGS) and radiator fan operations, targeting both cabin cooling and e-powertrain thermal regulation. Energy consumption was optimized by balancing aerodynamic drag, fan power, and compressor power across various driving conditions. A novel series cooling logic was also developed to improve HVB thermal management during mild ambient conditions. Simulation results demonstrate
Chothave, Abhijeet, Kumar, Dipesh, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Khan, Parvej, Thiyagarajan, Rajesh, Pandey, Rishabh, S, Ananth, Anugu, Anil, Mulamalla, Sarveshwar, Gangwar, Adarsh
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-0071To be published on 01/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Flex-Fuel Technology for India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Compliance with Emerging Emission Norms2026-26-0109To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in India presents a significant opportunity to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure compliance with the country’s evolving emission norms. This paper explores the key aspects of flex-fuel technology in the context of Indian four-wheeler regulations, particularly Bharat Stage VI and potential future norms. The study begins with an overview of flex-fuel technology, detailing its advantages and associated challenges. A critical focus is placed on blend identification techniques, which play a vital role in optimizing combustion efficiency and ensuring seamless transitions between different ethanol-gasoline blends. Furthermore, the impact of ethanol blending on various fuel properties is examined, including changes in energy content, latent heat of vaporization, octane number rating, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. These factors significantly influence engine performance and emission characteristics
Balasubramanian, Karthick, KR, Prabhakar, KALLAHALLI SOMU, SANTHOSH KUMAR
Optimizing Powertrain Performance: A Customer Usage-Centric Approach2026-26-0067To be published on 01/16/2026
The optimization of new generation trucks is crucial for enhancing performance, efficiency, and compliance with regulatory standards. In the conventional product development, the manufacturer often optimises the powertrain to meet the stringent emission which might not account for the customer usage. This study uses the simulation-based approach that integrates customer usage with help of logged vehicle data across various applications, to develop a single engine platform equipped with multiple drivetrain options. Using a data driven approach, real-world usage pattern analysis is conducted to identify key performance metrics required to optimize the driveline components tailored to each application. Additionally, the impact of certification requirements on vehicle performance is examined to ensure compliance while maximizing the benefits of the proposed optimization strategies. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for manufacturers and fleet operators, enabling
Mohan, Vignesh, Darzi, Mahdi
Comprehensive Technology Framework for effective and early leveraging of test assets2026-26-0527To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is going through a tremendous technological change and its impact on the way we test the functionalities that we offer to the end consumer is continually evolving. This includes the ever-growing need to embed software-based functions to support more and more end user functionality, while at the same time retaining existing and well-established functions, all within short development timelines. This presents both opportunities and challenges, with greater potential for reuse or leverage of test assets, although the actual percentage of leverage on real world projects is practically less than anticipated for a multitude of reasons. As part of paper, we collate the various factors which effect the practical leverage of test assets from one project to another, including various workflows and the interaction across components amongst applications lifecycle management systems. Through this paper, we would describe the current practices of basis analysis in isolation
Venkata, Parameswaran, Kulkarni, Apoorva, RAJARAM, Saravanan, Ganesh, Chamarthi
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