Browse Topic: Engines

Items (43,146)

Effects of Double Injection Strategy in a Diesel-Ammonia Dual-Fuel Engine

2025-01-0206To be published on 06/16/2025

This study investigates the application of a double injection strategy in a single-cylinder marine diesel-ammonia dual-fuel engine retrofitted for experimental analysis. Diesel micro-pilot (MP) injection was used to ignite ammonia combustion, with diesel and ammonia injected separately into the cylinder through dedicated injectors. The first MP injection timing was fixed at -20 CAD before ammonia injection timing, and both early and late double MP injection strategies were implemented to evaluate their effects on ammonia combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. Under all conditions, the ammonia injection timing remained constant. Early double injection strategies, with the second MP injection occurring before the first, enhanced premixed diesel combustion by raising in-cylinder temperature and pressure. However, this early heat release was ineffective for ammonia evaporation and combustion due to poor timing alignment. In contrast, late double injection strategies, with

Park, Chansoo, jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Gyeongtae

Sound Granular Synthesis Method for Science Fiction Sound Quality of Electric Vehicles

2025-01-0253To be published on 06/16/2025

Since the powertrain systems of electric vehicles (EVs) lack the traditional engine sound, their NVH performance differs from that of conventional fuel-powered vehicles, making the use of active sound design (ASD) systems increasingly common to provide compensatory sound. With the increasing demand for ASD systems, sci-fi sounds are emerging as a design direction to enhance the acoustic feedback of powertrain systems and to elevate the futuristic and immersive driving experience of vehicles. A method for generating sci-fi soundscapes using a granular synthesis algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, a sci-fi sound is designed based on the characteristics of sci-fi sounds, which serves as the target sound for the synthesis algorithm. Then, it is proposed that sound grains are generated using the adaptive main frequency method, and granular synthesis is achieved through the overlap-and-add (OLA) method. In addition, a method for optimizing the composite cosine window function based

Liu, Dezhu

Ultra low engine-out particle emissions from gas fuelled engines through lube oil formulation: evidence from an experimental campaign and machine learning based approach for data analysis

2025-01-0249To be published on 06/16/2025

The transportation industry has undergone major changes in the past years, switching from traditional fossil fuels supply to alternative and cleaner ones. This is true especially in the field of heavy-duty (HD) engines, where Compressed Natural Gas is currently the most valid substitute of Diesel for off-road and transport applications. The upcoming stringent limits on sub-23 nm particles emissions will regard also gas fuelled engines; their compliance with future regulations requires great technological effort. The present work is addressed to the investigation of strategies to reduce particles emitted from HD gas engines. In particular, focus of the activity is the study of the potentiality offered by lubricant oils formulation in particle number (PN) emissions control. Indeed, particle emissions from gas engines come mainly from the combustion of lubricant oil leaking into the engine combustion chamber. An extensive experimental campaign on an HD SI engine with different lubricants

Guido, Chiara, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Arpino, Alfonso, Cerbone, Daniele, Di Domenico, Davide, Beatrice, Carlo, Bozza, Fabio

Numerical Simulation and Parametric Optimization of Engine/Powertrain Mounts: Identifying Key Design Variables to Reduce NVH Noise

2025-01-0251To be published on 06/16/2025

Abstract: Introduction: Engine and powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and reducing the transmission of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) from the engine to the vehicle structure. Despite technological advancements, addressing NVH issues related to tribological factors continues to pose significant challenges in automotive engineering. Aim: This study aims to systematically identify and optimize design parameters of engine/powertrain mounts to minimize NVH levels using CAE tools and parametric optimization techniques in Abaqus and Isight, respectively. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between various design parameters of powertrain mounts and their impact on NVH characteristics. Specific attention is focused on noises such as clunking, banging, or thumping that emerge from the engine bay under dynamic conditions like acceleration, braking, or turning. These sounds often occur as the engine moves excessively due to worn mounts

GANESAN, KARTHIKEYAN

Investigating lubricants base oils reactivity in ammonia/hydrogen engines via accelerated aging

2025-01-0240To be published on 06/16/2025

As a carbon-free molecule, ammonia is more and more considered as a relevant fuel for long distance and off-road applications. However, this gas has different combustion characteristics compared to conventional fuels, challenging the suitability of lubricants to such engines. In this work, the evolution of lubricants under conditions mimicking ammonia combustion was assessed. Mineral and polyester lubricant base oils were exposed to oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia in a pressurized reactor under stirring. Oil aliquots were sampled at regular intervals, and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity and total oxygen and nitrogen contents measurements. Exposure to air containing nitrogen oxides resulted in quicker accumulation of oxidation products compared to neat air, for both the mineral and complex polyester base oil. Besides, exposure to gaseous ammonia in air resulted in a slower oxidation rate for both oils, compared to neat air. A global

Doncoeur, Carole, Giarracca, Lucia, Cologon, Perrine, Rousselle, Christine

Combustion and emission characteristics of marine Ammonia-Diesel dual fuel single-cylinder engine with MP injector change

2025-01-0235To be published on 06/16/2025

Recently, as regulations on greenhouse gas emissions due to global warming have tightened, there has been growing interest in engines that use environmentally friendly fuels. In this context, ammonia is gaining attention as a potential alternative to fossil fuels in the future. However, due to the unique fuel characteristics of ammonia compared to traditional fuels, research is being conducted on using diesel as an ammonia ignition source. In this study, combustion and exhaust characteristics were compared according to the characteristics of micro-pilot diesel injectors in the marine ammonia-diesel dual fuel single-cylinder engine. Various injectors with different hole numbers and sizes were examined (Injector A: more holes and larger size, Injector B: fewer holes and smaller size). To maintain a constant energy ratio between ammonia and diesel at a steady load, the injection duration was adjusted, and the MP injection timing varied in 5 CAD intervals to evaluate performance and

Jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Chansoo, Kim, Yongrae, Park, Gyeongtae, Lee, Jeongwoo

Innovative testing methodology for investigating H2 combustion influenced by lube oil

2025-01-0250To be published on 06/16/2025

The path to a climate-neutral future requires innovative solutions and technological openness in the question of future propulsion systems. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines can provide a solution, particularly for long-distance and heavy-duty transport as well as for mobile machinery. The controllability of hydrogen-based combustion is a major challenge due to its unique properties. Latter promotes the typically stochastic occurrence of irregular combustion phenomena such as knocking or pre-ignition. Both types of abnormal combustion can lead to significantly increased peak pressures and thus to a considerable limitation of the optimization potential and the long-term stability of components. Lube oil from various oil loss sources is considered one of the triggering factors in the formation path of irregular combustion phenomena. Oil-induced pre-ignitions result from the interaction of many different influencing factors and local sub-processes in the combustion chamber. For

Schneider, Michael, Wilfling, Kevin, Eder, Markus, Grabner, Peter, Philipp, Harald, Lurf, Gottfried

Design and optimisation of pre-chamber ignition system for heavy-duty hydrogen engine at lean conditions

2025-01-0229To be published on 06/16/2025

Strict regulations and legislation for carbon emissions and pollution from heavy-duty engines are pushing towards carbon-free fuels such as Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Moving towards this goal, the engine design needs to fully comply with Hydrogen’s unique characteristics to achieve optimum performance and efficiency. One of the aspects that has the potential to improve combustion efficiency and emissions is adopting the pre-chamber ignition strategy in large bore engines at lean conditions. The pre-chamber is a small cavity, usually 3-6% of the total engine volume, installed on the cylinder head, housing the initial combustion event, which would then be injected into the main chamber via nozzles placed at the bottom of the pre-chamber. This ignition strategy would provide multiple flame fronts into the main chamber, accelerating combustion speed and enhancing engine performance. However, the pre-chamber must be designed dedicatedly for Hydrogen combustion to

Keshtkar, Hossein, Feng, Yizhuo, Zhao, Hua, Wang, Xinyan

Analysis of Combustion Characteristics of a Small 2-Stroke Opposed Piston Engine Using an Optically Accessible Engine and Numerical Analysis

2025-01-0223To be published on 06/16/2025

As global warming becomes more serious, decarbonization of internal combustion engines, which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide, is being promoted. It is predicted that many vehicles will still be equipped with engines in 2035, and a variety of powertrains will be required in the future. Therefore, we focused on the opposed-piston engine as an internal combustion engine specialized for power generation applications. The opposed-piston engine is characterized by its light weight due to the absence of a cylinder head, low S/V ratio due to the ultra-long stroke, reduced cooling loss due to the long stroke, and reduced vibration due to the offsetting of the reciprocating inertial forces of the left and right pistons. We believe that the engine for power generation can achieve the required high efficiency operation and vibration reduction. Therefore, in this study, combustion analysis of a two-stroke opposed-piston engine with features of low vibration, high efficiency, and high output

Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Iijima, Akira, Liu, Jinru, Otaki, Yusuke, Watanabe, Sou, Okawara, Ikumi

Performance evaluation of a turbocharged spark-ignition engine operating on various H2-gasoline blend ratios

2025-01-0227To be published on 06/16/2025

The transportation sector's significant contribution to global carbon emissions has intensified the search for cleaner alternative fuels, with hydrogen (H2) emerging as a promising candidate. Its high energy density, clean combustion characteristics, and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine (ICE) technology make it particularly attractive as an alternative to conventional fuels. While pure H2-fuelled ICEs still face numerous technical challenges, H2-gasoline dual fuel systems present a practical transitional approach, offering the benefits of hydrogen combustion while utilizing existing fuelling infrastructure. This study presents an experimental investigation of a turbocharged spark-ignition (SI) engine operating on various H2-gasoline fuel blends. The port-injection engine, which serves as the core test unit in UTM-LoCARtic's facility, has been extensively tested under various operating conditions (steady-state, transient, and drive cycles) and different

Rajoo, Srithar

Commercial vehicles exhaust front pipe reliability improvement through virtual simulation and experimental Validation

2025-01-0209To be published on 06/16/2025

Exhaust front pipe is an important structural component of any commercial vehicle. It requires to be reliable enough to ensure leak proof flow of exhaust gases into exhaust after treatment system and at the same time it must withstand engine as well as frame vibrations. To isolate engine and frame vibrations, front pipe is equipped with flex connector having ability to withstand several displacements at certain frequency level. The position of flex connector with respect to engine crank axis plays an important role in its structural reliability during its services life. This paper presents a comparison between existing design with horizontal position versus modified design with vertically positioned flex connector evaluated with excitation of 25 mm lateral displacement at 8 Hz frequency and a correlation has been established between virtual simulation and experimental validation. Virtual and experimental results conclude that there is 70% of increase in front pipe life when flex

Paroche, Sonu, Chandel, Kushal, NAMDEV, AKHILESH, Jain, Shailendra, Patil, Keyur

Effects of Injection and Intake Timing on Spray development and Combustion in a Hybrid GDI Optical Engine under the Low-Speed, Low-Load Condition

2025-01-0203To be published on 06/16/2025

With the growing trend of hybridization in modern engines, hybrid gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are typically designed for high-load, mid-to-high-speed operation to achieve optimal fuel economy. However, these engines inevitably operate under low-speed, low-load conditions where insufficient intake air often leads to poor air-fuel mixing and weak turbulence, resulting in suboptimal combustion. Adjusting intake and injection timing presents a simple and effective approach to optimizing the combustion process in hybrid GDI engines. In this study, an optical engine with a combustion system geometry identical to that of an advanced hybrid GDI engine is used. The engine features a compression ratio of 15.0:1 and is equipped with a variable timing camshaft for intake timing control and an electronically controlled system for injection timing. High-speed color imaging, using transparent pistons and cylinder liners, captures the in-cylinder spray development and combustion processes

Cui, Mingli, Fu, Jinhong, Man, Xingjia, Nour, Mohamed, Zhang, Weixuan, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min

A study on improving the methodology for Torque modeling using a virtual engine model

2025-01-0204To be published on 06/16/2025

This study aims to develop an engine torque prediction model using virtual engine simulation data. Accurate torque prediction is essential for minimizing shift shock and ensuring consistent driving performance, particularly in hybrid vehicles where smooth transitions between electric motors and internal combustion engines are necessary. The Engine Control Unit (ECU) uses a physics-based torque prediction model, requiring ignition timing swing data for precise calibration. The virtual engine model, based on 1D gas dynamics, was calibrated using real engine data obtained from a small number of main operating points. The simulation data obtained from the virtual engine model showed a good correlation with the experimental data. By combining large-scale simulation data with limited experimental data, we effectively calibrated the torque prediction model in ECU and confirmed that the calibration results met the development goals. This study demonstrates the potential for efficient engine

hur, Donghan, Paeng, Jeonghwan, Kim, Kyusup, chang, Jinseok, park, Jongil

Applied Full-Bridge MEMS Type to High Pressure Sensor for GDI/HEV System

2025-01-0220To be published on 06/16/2025

High pressure sensors are essential for internal combustion engines and hybrid engine systems. Most high pressure sensors measure the displacement of the metal-diaphragm according to pressure, and are mainly composed of Half-bridge type MEMS elements of the piezo-resistive method. This time, we would like to introduce a high pressure sensor that uses a Full-bridge type MEMS element. This is cheaper than the existing one and can provide higher performance with reliability.

Lim, SeungGu, Lee, DongYoung, Kim, JungTaek, Shin, MoonSung

Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis of a Flat Engine Lubrication System

2025-01-0215To be published on 06/16/2025

This study presents a comprehensive, transient, 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of a multi-cylinder flat engine's lubrication system, simulated using Simerics-MP+. Engine lubrication system is crucial for reducing friction, cooling, and cleaning engine components. Understanding its performance is essential for optimal engine operation. The model was applied to the lubrication system of a 4-cylinder, reciprocating internal combustion engine. The computational domain includes the positive displacement gear pump, pressure regulation valve, bearings, piston pins, piston cooling jets, oil cooler, oil filter, and other relevant components. Bearing deformation and orbiting due to force imbalance were prescribed in the simulations. A series of simulations were conducted under both fixed and time-dependent gear pump rotation speeds. For fixed speeds, the simulated flow pressure distributions closely matched experimental data. For time-dependent speeds, the predicted pressure buildup

Shiyi, Pan, Nan, Zhang, Jing, Liu, Mingliang, Liu, Wei, Wang

Analysis of Diesel-Ethanol Blends: Impact on Spray Behavior and Combustion Properties under Various Injection Parameters in Compression Ignition Settings

2025-01-0208To be published on 06/16/2025

With rising fuel consumption across road transportation, there is growing interest in expanding the market share of renewable fuels, such as ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from raw materials from various starch-rich plants. In compression ignition engines, ethanol cannot be utilized on its own, largely due to its low cetane number. In this study, a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) is employed to investigate the effects of adding ethanol in diesel with different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% in volume) on the spray, combustion, and flame characteristics. Optical techniques, such as shadowgraph and flame self-illumination direct photography using high-speed imaging methods, were employed to reveal the spray and flame development process. This thesis examines the effects of varying fuel injection pressures (50, 80, and 110 MPa) and ambient pressures (1.5 and 3 MPa) on diesel-ethanol (DE) fuel blends. The study emphasizes the impact of DE blending ratios on the spray’s

Putra, I Komang Gede Tryas Agameru

Development of After-treatment Systems and Control Strategy for a Hybrid-dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine

2025-01-0217To be published on 06/16/2025

Lean-burn gasoline engines can improve fuel economy thanks to the higher specific heat ratio of the mixture and the reduced cooling loss during the combustion process. In addition, when combined with hybrid technology, the technology can achieve more synergies by overcoming obstacles such as limited operating conditions. However, the challenge of this technology is to reduce exhaust emissions to a level suggested by future stringent regulations. In lean-burn gasoline engines, nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are difficult to convert using conventional three-way catalysts (TWCs). Therefore, developing an effective NOx after-treatment system has been a key technology in the development of lean-burn engines. In addition, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also challenging because they increase under lean combustion conditions, while the lower exhaust temperature under lean conditions makes them hard to oxidize. Therefore, a catalyst technology capable of effectively converting HC, even at a low

Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, kiseon, Lim, SeungSoo, Park, Jongil, Park, Minkyu, Kang, Hyunjin, Han, Donghee, Lee, Kwiyeon, Song, Jinwoo

Development of Combustion System for a Hybrid-dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine

2025-01-0216To be published on 06/16/2025

This study explores methods to extend the lean combustion limit, improve efficiency, and reduce engine-out emissions in a hybrid-dedicated homogeneous lean combustion engine. Under lean combustion conditions, slow laminar flame speed restricts flame kernel growth, leading to instability and limiting the lean combustion threshold. To address this challenge, a combustion system was developed that leverages the engine’s internal flow to enlarge the spark channel at the spark gap and promote the formation of a larger-scale flame kernel. The combustion chamber was optimized by redesigning the intake port geometry and piston bowl to generate a high tumble flow. This new design significantly increased airflow around the spark plug gap, accelerating the initial combustion process and effectively expanding the lean combustion limit. Additionally, multiple ignition was implemented to prevent spark channel shortening caused by increased electrical resistance, further enhancing combustion

Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, Kiseon, Park, Jongil, Kim, Taekyun, Kang, Hyunjin, hong, Seungwoo, Han, Donghee, Kim, Dokyun

Comparison of HRD and Petro Diesel in Industrial Engine Applications

2025-01-0243To be published on 06/16/2025

Renewable fuels are seen as a key enabler on the path to a lower carbon future. A low greenhouse gas fuel of particular interest is hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). HRD is of interest because it is a drop-in replacement to existing petroleum fuels used in diesel engines. An experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate combustion characteristics of HRD versus a standard petroleum diesel. The work was carried out using a 2.5-liter fully instrumented single-cylinder research engine. This engine was chosen because it provides a very precise view of the difference in combustion and emissions of the fuels. Results represent the difference in combustion characteristics of the fuels, rather than potential differences in engine performance seen in a production engine, as each particular engine model will react a bit differently to the changes in combustion. The engine was operated according to three ISO 8178-4 test cycles: C1, D2, and

Bardell, Michael, Abi-Akar, Hind, Seiler, Patrick, Nash, Brady, McMahon, Donna, Ioannou, Marios

numerical investigation into the combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia direct injection mechanism

2025-01-0241To be published on 06/16/2025

Ammonia is an attractive option because of its relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, high energy density, competitive cost, and ubiquitous infrastructure for manufacturing, storage, and distribution. In this work, the optimum combustion characteristics are investigated to propose an efficient ammonia engine for future investigation. The effects of ammonia addition on diesel combustion characteristics were numerically investigated in a CI engine. The investigation was conducted by structured 3D CFD modeling to analyze the combustion characteristics. The validation of the boundary condition was compared to the designed experimental ammonia engine. The direct injection timing of 10o-50oBTDC and injection pressure 300-800 bar was proposed to identify the optimum autoignition characteristics. The equivalence ratios 1, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 were used in order to analyze the high cetane number characteristics and the air-fuel ratio.

setiawan, ardhika

Development of Simple Models for Performance Estimation of an Ammonia Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-0238To be published on 06/16/2025

Achieving a carbon neutral society, eliminating greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important issues. Ammonia is expected as a carbon free energy source. However, the laminar burning velocity of ammonia is much slower than hydrocarbons. Then, it is common to reform a portion of ammonia and use the ammonia/hydrogen mixture as a fuel. In this research, the operating characteristics of spark-ignition engine fueled with ammonia reformed gas is investigated and construct model estimating engine performance. A four-stroke single cylinder spark-ignition engine with a stroke volume of 212 cm3 is used. Total equivalence ratio is kept at unity and ammonia equivalence ratio is changed. Also, ammonia reformed gas is simulated as follows: ammonia and hydrogen are supplied from high pressure cylinders and injected by using automobile gaseous fuel injectors. Nitrogen is supplied from high pressure cylinder and supplied 1/3 of the molar ratio to hydrogen by a mass flow controller. The test

Ichikawa, Aya, Ogura, Yuto, Yanaoka, Kazuki, Gonzalez Palencia, Juan, Kambara, Shinji, Araki, Mikiya

Evaluation of Several Jet Fuels under Compression-ignition Operation on Thermal Efficiency, NOx, Particulate Matter, and Particle Size Distribution

2025-01-0244To be published on 06/16/2025

Alternative fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet (CHCJ) are among those important sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) for future transportation. However, these alternative fuels often vary in their fuel characteristics, which depend on feedstock and fuel production processes. Therefore, a detailed analysis of combustion, emissions, and efficiency of these alternative fuels must be performed under controlled experiments to understand the impact of fuel properties and operating conditions. Using a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE), extensive operating conditions were performed to realize any difference in performance that can be fundamentally understood by fuel properties (e.g., cetane number, heat of combustion, and density) of these fuels in comparison with Jet-A. The experimental setup includes high-speed data acquisition for combustion analysis and gaseous and solid emissions benches for nitrogen oxides

Cung, Khanh, Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, Niranjan, Khalek, Imad, Hansen, Greg

Endoscopic imaging of split-injected gas jet developments in a multi-cylinder hydrogen low-pressure direct-injection spark-ignition engine

2025-01-0236To be published on 06/16/2025

Split injection is widely used in conventional spark ignition engines to control mixture formation. To utilise split injection in a hydrogen direct injection engine, it is important to understand gas jet development and its variations with injection timing. This is because prolonged duration of gaseous fuel direct injection is challenged by complex jet-flow interaction involving tumble flow, which could be more significant than the short-injected liquid fuel. The ambient air pressure and density during the gas injection also changes depending on the injection timing, adding more complexity. This study performs endoscopic high-speed imaging of gas jet laser shadowgraph in an inline four-cylinder low-pressure direct-injection spark ignition (H2LPDI) engine. Due to safety concern and its known similarity in macroscopic jet developments, helium was used as an alternative gas to hydrogen. The results showed that the gas jet development changes greatly with the split injection timing

Zhang, ChengHua, Kim, Dongchan, Kook, Sanghoon, Lee, Seung Woo

Evaluating the Impact of Displacing Injected Gasoline with Aspirated Ammonia in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-0226To be published on 06/16/2025

Replacing fossil fuels with renewable ammonia could provide a crucial step towards the decarbonisation of transport sectors. However, many challenges remain in utilising ammonia within combustion systems: the volumetric energy density of ammonia is significantly lower than that of gasoline, exposure to ammonia (including ammonia slip) can be detrimental to human health, and the production of emissions, including unregulated emissions (such as N2O), from ammonia combustion can be catastrophic for the environment if not treated appropriately. Therefore, there is a need to determine the efficacy of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines and the impact on the efficiency of energy release and the resulting exhaust emissions. A modern spark ignition engine was modified such that ammonia was aspirated through the engine intake air to incrementally displace engine gasoline and maintain a constant work output. It was found that displacing the fuel energy supplied by direct injected

Sivaranjitham, Annaniya Mitchell, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos, Millington, Paul, Alcove Clave, Silvia

Thermal efficiency improvement and emission reduction of methanol spark ignition engine using lean-burn strategy

2025-01-0224To be published on 06/16/2025

Methanol is a promising fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the transportation sector, particularly for internal combustion engine vehicles. With its high-Octane number, methanol enables higher thermal efficiency compared to gasoline engines. Additionally, its wide flammability range allows stable engine operation under lean burn conditions at low to mid-load levels. In this study, experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder engine to examine the combustion and emission characteristics under varying excess air ratios and injection timings. The results showed that the highest thermal efficiency was achieved at the highest excess air ratio, despite the lowest combustion efficiency and the longest burn duration. This outcome highlights that a larger air mass reduces heat loss and pumping loss. Furthermore, NOx emissions decreased due to the reduction in in-cylinder temperatures. However, HC emissions increased as a result of the decline in combustion efficiency

Lee, Seungwon, Kim, Hyunsoo, Hwang, Joonsik

Decarbonisation of GDI Engines Utilising On-board Hydrogen Production in an Improved Design Thermochemical Exhaust Assisted Fuel Reformer

2025-01-0186To be published on 06/16/2025

Engine intake charge enrichment with hydrogen (H2) is one way to enhance engine thermal efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions while replacing carbon-based fuel. Waste energy from hot exhaust gas can be thermochemically recovered as hydrogen in catalytic exhaust gas fuel reforming, which can then be used in combustion. This study focuses on tailoring the design of the fuel reformer, including the catalyst chemistry and coating on ceramic and metallic structures, to benefit the whole system’s fuel economy and reduce engine out emissions. The main reformer improvements focused on exhaust flow management and interaction with the engine's after-treatment system, while the final stage focused on the reformer's internal design structure. The new design iteration enabled hydrogen production improvements in the range of 78% to 86% in the critical exhaust gas temperature range of 410 oC to 520 oC with gas hourly space velocities (h-1) in highly demanding engine operating conditions ranging

Tsolakis, Athanasios, Zeraati Rezaei, Soheil, Millington, Paul, Herreros, Jose, Lee, Seung Woo, Wahbi, Ammar

A Pich Shift Synthesis Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Sound Based on Quadratic Interpolation and Continuous Sample Indexing

2025-01-0254To be published on 06/16/2025

The electric vehicle driveline generates less vibration and noise compared to a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, making it hard-er for the driver to perceive the vehicle’s operating status through driveline sounds, thereby diminishing driving engagement and experience. To compensate for the absence of engine sound in EV drivelines, Active Sound Design (ASD) technology has become a crucial method for drivetrain sound enhancement, with sound synthesis algorithms playing a key role in this process. Although pitch-shifting algorithms based on frequency variation principles can synthesize engine sounds, they suffer from spectral leakage and stuttering caused by sound splicing. To ad-dress these issues, a pitch-shifting synthesis algorithm (QCPS) is proposed in this paper, which combines a quadratic interpolation method with a continuous audio sample indexing strategy. First, the frequency variation coefficient of the sound is calculated. Based on this coefficient

Liu, Dezhu

Comparison of renewable methanol and gasoline fuel spray vaporization using direct-injection technology

2025-01-0225To be published on 06/16/2025

Considering the large opportunity to reduce net lifecycle carbon emissions through the use renewable methanol, we address spray technologies needed to overcome the challenge of wall wetting and poor vaporization for methanol and the need for improved computational modeling of these processes. High-speed extinction imaging followed by computed tomography reconstruction is utilized to provide three-dimensional liquid volume fraction for reference fuel injectors, to be used for model validation activities. The first injector is the symmetric 8-hole Spray M injector for the Engine Combustion Network, and the second injector is an asymmetric 6-hole injector designed for lateral-cylinder mounting. The degree of plume interaction and vaporization are characterized at representive injection conditions, showing substantially higher concentrations of liquid for methanol than gasoline even with preheated fuel temperatures (90 degrees C).

Wan, Kevin, Clemente Mallada, Rafael, Oh, Heechang, Dhanji, Meghnaa, Buen, Zachary, White, Logan, Pickett, Lyle

Optimization of the lubricating oil composition to reduce emissions from hydrogen engines

2025-01-0212To be published on 06/16/2025

The decarbonization of the transport sector has become a priority for governmental authorities and industrial stakeholders alike, driving regulatory measures and innovation in powertrain technologies. Among the innovative solutions, hydrogen combustion engines have gained significant attention due to their customization to diverse applications, including heavy-duty vehicles, passenger cars, generators, and even two- and three-wheelers. Hydrogen combustion, characterized by high ignitability, rapid flame speed, soot-free operation, and water as a combustion by-product, introduces distinct challenges for engine lubrication. These unique characteristics require the development and adaptation of lubricant formulations to ensure optimal engine performance and durability. Specifically, tailored lubricants play a vital role in addressing four key challenges: pre-ignition, particulate emissions, water contamination, and wear protection. This study investigates the impact of crucial formulation

Gohl, Marcus, Wulff, Robert, Scholl, Peter, Günthner, Michael, Jung, Philipp Emanuel, Chapelot, Pierre

Start-Stop Gradeability simulation and methodology development for manual transmission vehicles

2025-01-0199To be published on 06/16/2025

Grade climbing capacity establishes a vehicle's distinguishing attribute for handling uneven roads and determines its traversing capacity. Vehicle availability and the testing procedure to determine gradeability takes a lot of time. These experimental techniques have a direct influence on the time and effort required to validate the vehicles' capacity for grading. Aiming for the prediction of maximum start-stop gradeability of a vehicle and reducing the testing resources, a methodology is established replicating the test procedure. In order to forecast maximal gradeability in Forward(first) gear and Reverse gear conditions, a vehicle model is developed in GT Suite. This model uses information about the vehicle such as weight distribution, clutch characteristics, and gearbox ratios. The driver aims for the engine's launching speed profile, which progressively engages the clutch to prevent engine stalling. The benchmark is to ascend a specified distance in a predetermined amount of time

Bose, Anshuman, Salve, Siddhesh, Sirangu, Satish, Edgar, Shawn, Kaushik, Prince

An investigation of ultra-lean combustion characteristics of methanol in a rapid compression expansion machine using a multi-coil spark ignition strategy

2025-01-0200To be published on 06/16/2025

Methanol is a promising alternative fuel for engines responding to the carbon neutral era. To broaden the scope of research on the combustion of methanol engines, studies under extreme conditions are necessary. This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of methanol in a compression ignition engine with spark assistance under ultra-lean conditions with high compression ratio, focusing on various spark ignition strategies. An experiment was conducted using the RCEM research engine to demonstrate high-efficiency ignition characteristics. Methanol was introduced through direct injection, and the effects of discharge energy and discharge duration were experimentally investigated according to a spark ignition strategy based on spark coils. According to the results, the multi-coil strategy exhibited a maximum discharge energy release characteristic exceeding 189mJ/s, demonstrating more than twice that of the single-coil strategy. The single-coil strategy showed relatively

JEONG YEON, CHOI

Parametric Analysis of Injector Operational Parameters, Charge Dilution, and Intake Valve Opening on In-Cylinder Motion and Flame Development in an Automotive, Lean-Burn, Gasoline Engine with High-Tumble

2025-01-0198To be published on 06/16/2025

The effect of injection pressure, start of injection (SOI) timing, charge dilution, and valve timing on charge motion and early flame development was investigated for a pre-production automotive gasoline engine. Experiments were performed in a single-cycle optical engine designed to represent the high-tumble (Tumble ratio = 1.8), lean-burn engine. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to characterize velocity flow fields throughout the swept volume during the intake and compression strokes. Diffuse back illuminated imaging allowed for visualization and quantification of the injected liquid fuel spray and its interactions with the tumble vortex. Hydroxyl (OH*) chemiluminescence imaging was performed to image spark channel elongation and early flame kernel development. It was observed that an optimal injection timing of 320° before top dead center (bTDC) resulted in attenuation of the tumble motion and an associated reduction in compression flows that shifted the tumble

MacDonald, James, Ekoto, Isaac, Han, Donghee, Lee, Jonghyeok

Noise Management in Electric Vehicle Compressors for Superior Cabin Comfort

2025-01-0191To be published on 06/16/2025

“This research addresses the issue of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in electric buses, which can hinder their widespread adoption despite their environmental benefits. With the absence of traditional engines, NVH control in electric vehicles focuses on auxiliary components like the air compressor. In this study, the air compressor was identified as a major source of vibration, causing harsh contact between its oil sump and mounting bracket. Analyzing the vibrations revealed that the sump and bracket were not moving freely, increasing noise. Modifying the bracket design to allow more movement between the components successfully reduced both noise and vibration. The paper details the experimental process, findings, and structural damping methods to mitigate NVH in electric buses”.

Paroche, Sonu, Patel, Shubhanshi

Understanding how blending different ratios of renewable fuels with diesel impacts the toxicity of exhaust particulates to human health.

2025-01-0207To be published on 06/16/2025

The urgent need to decarbonise transport has increased the utilisation of renewable fuels with current hydrocarbons. Heavy duty vehicle electrification solutions are yet to be realised and therefore the reliance on diesel engines may still be present for decades to come. Currently, the diesel supplied to fuel stations across the UK is a 7% blended biodiesel, whilst in South Korea a 5% blend is utilised. Biodiesel is produced from renewable sources for example; crops, waste residue and oils or biomass. Particulates from diesel combustion are known to be toxic, due to the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) however there is very limited understanding of blending oxygenated fuels on the toxicity of the particulates produced. PAHs are aromatic structures that can be metabolised into chemicals which can disrupt DNA replication and potentially influence cancer mechanisms if inhaled in high quantities. Soyabean methyl-ester (SME) was blended at lower ratios, e.g., 5%, 10%, 15% and

Hailwood, Emma, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos, Leonard, Martin

Ammonia-diesel Engines Segmented Modeling approach and Simplified Combustion model Research

2025-01-0232To be published on 06/16/2025

Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines can effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Aiming at the real-time control requirements of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines, this study proposes a segmented real-time modeling method and a heat release rate model simplification strategy by linearized heat release rate curves. First, the engine working cycle is divided into three parts: intake and exhaust stage, compression and expansion stage, and combustion process. Different simulation steps and modeling strategies are designed to optimize computational efficiency while maintaining the necessary level of accuracy at each stage. Secondly, based on the calibrated heat release rate (HRR) curves, feature points are extracted to construct a simplified linear heat release model. In the absence of calibration data, the characteristic points of the HRR curves are obtained through interpolation. Compared with the commonly used combustion model, the Wiebe model, the proposed simplified model can

Li, Guangyuan

Methodology development to reduce the Manual Testing time of WLTC cycle.

2025-01-0189To be published on 06/16/2025

In the era of Electric Vehicles (EVs), range is a critical factor for market success. To mitigate range anxiety, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are equipping vehicles with larger battery packs. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, where fuel economy can be determined with a single legislative cycle run, EVs require a full battery discharge to calculate their range. These tests typically take around 20 hours, and this time increases as battery pack sizes grow. A shortened testing cycle has been developed that reduces the testing time to approximately 6 hours, leading to significant savings in time, effort, and cost. The shortened cycle consists of three phases: Dynamic Segment1, Constant Speed, and Dynamic Segment2. Despite variations in battery size and powertrain configurations, the testing duration remains consistent. A key challenge in actual testing is accurately determining the start and end points of Dynamic Segment 2 (DS2), which is an iterative process

T, LAKSHMI PRASAD, Krishnan, Karthikeyan N., S, VIVEK

On-road data truncation for deep-dive analysis with automated processing, simulation, analysis & reports

2025-01-0192To be published on 06/16/2025

The growing consumer interest in electric vehicles due to their advantages over traditional internal combustion engine cars, including instant torque and enhanced safety, comprehensive testing of these vehicles has become crucial. Engineers are faced with the challenge of managing the large amounts of data generated during testing. By automating the data processing step and focusing on instances where the data seems inconsistent, the task of transferring road data to the analysis desk can be streamlined. The focus should shift toward analyzing the data to derive more meaningful insights. Manual data processing is impractical and should be replaced by automation to improve efficiency. This process is further optimized by incorporating a 1D system simulation of the test profiles. A calibrated model, based on real-world data, runs the simulations. The results are then compiled into a report, helping engineers identify anomalies, diagnose issues, and take corrective actions. This is

S, VIVEK, T, LAKSHMI PRASAD, Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.

CFD Study of Lubrication Pump Starvation Due to Oil Pan Sloshing

2025-01-0213To be published on 06/16/2025

Dynamic vehicle operation, such as acceleration, deceleration, and tilting, can cause severe oil sloshing in the engine oil pan. This can lead to oil starvation at the pickup tube, compromising lubrication pump performance, and potentially damaging engine components. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) multiphase model of an engine oil pan and lubrication pump, simulated using Simerics-MP+. A series of numerical simulations were conducted at various pump speeds and extreme oil pan tilt angles. Time-dependent oil distributions were visualized, and real-time oil flow rates were monitored at the pickup tube to assess the impact of pump speed and pan position on oil starvation. This CFD model provides valuable insights into oil pan and pump behavior under extreme vehicle operation conditions, aiding in the design and optimization of lubrication systems to mitigate the risk of oil starvation and improve overall engine safety and performance.

Nan, Zhang, Shiyi, Pan, Jing, Liu, Mingliang, Liu, Wei, Wang

Research on Combustion Characteristics of Flash-Boiling Spray in Cylinders Based on Machine Learning Methods

2025-01-0205To be published on 06/16/2025

With the increasing number of vehicles in operation, exhaust emissions from engines have exerted negative impacts on ecological environments, prompting researchers to actively pursue cleaner and more efficient in-cylinder combustion strategies. Flash-boiling spray technology, capable of generating superior fuel atomization under relatively low injection pressures, has emerged as a promising approach for achieving performance breakthroughs in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. While current research primarily focuses on morphological characterization and mechanistic analysis of flashboiling spray, there remains insufficient understanding of flame development characteristics under flash boiling spray conditions within engine cylinders. This study systematically investigates the combustion characteristics of TPRF and PRF fuels under both subcooled and flash-boiling spray conditions through the integration of image processing and machine learning methodologies. Experimental

Zhang, Weixuan, Shahbaz, Muhammad, Cui, Mingli, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min

A Study on the Effects of Combustion Duration on Engine Behavior, Emissions, and Residual Gas in a Propane-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine under Varying Loads

2025-01-0202To be published on 06/16/2025

This study examines the effects of combustion duration on combustion behavior, pollutant formation, and residual gas fraction (RGF) in a propane-fueled spark-ignition engine across different load regimes. Experiments were conducted on a twin-cylinder research engine equipped with a dynamometer, varying the combustion duration between 40 and 80 degrees. Engine performance, emissions, and RGF were analyzed at engine loads of 25%, 50%, and 100%. The findings demonstrate distinct trends in combustion dynamics, emissions, and RGF as combustion duration and engine load change. At lower loads (25% and 50%), RGF fluctuations remain moderate, with peak values at specific combustion durations. In contrast, at 100% load, RGF shows significant deviations, indicating complex interactions between combustion and load. Additionally, variations in effective release energy (ERE), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were observed, with longer combustion

Quach, Nhu Y

Modern approach to adopt low cost EV solution on existing ICE vehicle

2025-01-0190To be published on 06/16/2025

Developing countries like India are facing major problems of inflation of oil costs and increasing carbon emission. Electric vehicle is better option to control the carbon emission and oil prices. Electric vehicles have certain advantages to overcome existing issues but at the same time it has got own challenges. Range anxiety and battery cost are the hurdles to adopt EV solution. This paper explains the unique approach to adopt EV solution at very low cost in commercial vehicle segment. Idea is to convert existing internal combustion vehicle into Electric vehicle by optimising the cost of the vehicle so as it is affordable to the end user. It also explores the challenges and difficulties faced in their adoption, such as the high cost of infrastructure, scarcity of charging stations, limited range or range anxiety, and the performance of batteries. This paper gives outline of EV adoption by using existing ICE vehicle. Challenges and opportunities are discussed in details to make this

Deshmukh, Sagar Ramchandra, Doiphode, Nilesh

Higher Content n-Butanol Blending Ratios in Diesel Fuel Spray and Combustion Characteristics: Addressing Oxygenated Fuel Challenges with Spark-Assisted Combustion Strategies

2025-01-0210To be published on 06/16/2025

This study investigates the effects of oxygenated fuel, specifically long-chain alcohols like n-butanol, on diesel spray and combustion characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines. N-butanol, among oxygenated fuels, shows significant promise as an alternative fuel due to its comparable properties with diesel and compatibility with advanced combustion modes. This research evaluates how high n-butanol blend ratios (70% to 90%, in 10% increments) affect spray dynamics and combustion behavior under varied CI engine conditions. Experiments were conducted in a constant volume chamber (CVC) and a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM), both optimized to simulate CI environments, enabling an in-depth analysis of n-butanol's impact on spray behavior and combustion performance. The study analyzed the impact of n-butanol on key parameters such as spray penetration, cone angle, in-cylinder combustion efficiency, and performance while varying injection pressure for spray assessment

Warsita, I Wayan

Effect of ignition condition and fuel octane number on knock intensity in a small 2-stroke engine

2025-01-0211To be published on 06/16/2025

The internal combustion engines are widely used on automotive transportation for its high energy storage system efficiency and the economic benefits. The 4-stroke engine has dominated all other forms to date, because the Otto cycle is much simpler to comprehend. However, the significant benefits such as, less pumping work and friction, lighter construction of 2-stroke engine, helped with applications which appreciate the simplicity and power density as well as meet the emission regulations. The disadvantages of the 2-stroke engine mainly caused by the lack of sufficient scavenging process, which limited its trapping efficiency. Also, the overlap of the intake and exhaust phases results in charge short-circuiting, more fuel consumption and high unburned hydrocarbon emissions. For the reason above, it is difficult for 2-stroke engines to realize stoichiometric combustion and unable to use three-way catalyst to control emissions. The residual exhaust gas in the cylinder makes the spark

Liu, Jinru, Iijima, Akira, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Yokota, Takumi, Kato, Hayato, Otaki, Yusuke

Comparison of spark and turbulent jet ignition in a fully ammonia-fueled engine

2025-01-0201To be published on 06/16/2025

Ammonia (NH₃) is an emerging carbon-free fuel with the potential to decarbonize the energy sector. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by challenges like low flame speed, high ignition energy, and elevated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburnt NH₃. These limitations necessitate innovative combustion strategies for efficient and stable engine operation. This study investigates the potential of turbulent jet ignition (TJI) to overcome these challenges through the implementation of a pre-chamber, a small auxiliary chamber equipped with a spark plug to create hot, reactive jets that propagate into the main chamber, promoting rapid combustion from distributed ignition sites. In this work, TJI operation is compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) in a Cummins ISB6.7 engine retrofitted for 100% ammonia operation. Experiments were conducted at 1200 and 1800 RPM across varying loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with equivalence ratio and spark timing sweeps. Combustion

Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Northrop, William

A Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Ethanol 27% Fuel Blend in a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2025-01-0245To be published on 06/16/2025

India is committed to achieving a 20% ethanol blend in petrol (E20) by 2025, as part of its national biofuels policy to reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy security, and support the agricultural economy. Building on E20's achievement in reducing GHG emissions, E27 fuel—which contains 27% ethanol in gasoline—is one of the means of advancing India's ethanol strategy and reducing dependency on fossil fuels. In line with the literature and the preliminary study, an experimental analysis utilizing fuel blends ranging from E10 to E40 was conducted. It was found that E27 provides the optimal balance of emissions reduction and performance without requiring engine modifications, complying with the government's aim to boost ethanol blending and cut carbon emissions by 2030. This study examines a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine powered passenger car that was tested using E27 fuel for a mileage accumulation of 20,000 km under real-world driving conditions. This evaluation

D R, Vigneshwar, Bhakthavachalu, Vijayabaskar, Muralidharan, M.

A Comparative Assessment of Port Fuel Injection and Direct Injection of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions

2025-01-0239To be published on 06/16/2025

With the transition toward low-carbon fuels-based transportation systems, hydrogen is becoming increasingly promising as a sustainable internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel. There are two pathways for introducing hydrogen: Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) in an engine, which greatly affects performance, efficiency, and emissions. In the Port Fuel Injection (PFI); hydrogen is introduced into the intake manifold and mixed with air before reaching the combustion chamber. This approach is preferred due to its affordability, ease of use, and compatibility with current engine configurations. Because of PFI's more uniform air-fuel mixture, combustion is smoother, and NOx emissions are reduced. On the other hand, it raises the possibility of pre-ignition, particularly when engine loads are high, and a decrease in volumetric efficiency due to a reduction in the volume of intake air as hydrogen replaces it. Direct injection gives exact control over the timing and volume of

Ahirwar, Sachin, Kumar, Naveen

Flame developments of pilot diesel ignited hydrogen jet in an optical dual direct injection engine

2025-01-0237To be published on 06/16/2025

This study aims to characterise the flame development for hydrogen-diesel dual direct injection (H2DDI) in an optically accessible heavy-duty engine through high-speed imaging of the natural combustion luminosity. A single hole, side mounted injector was used to inject H2 at 350 bar in addition to a centrally mounted eight-hole diesel injector providing the ignition source for the H2. The diesel pilot flame was examined without H2 to establish the combustion characteristics of the pilot flame. The pilot fuel energy was reduced from 1200J to 120J while examining the distribution of the pilot flame as the H2 energy fraction was increased. The flame distribution transitioned from an initial quasi-steady diesel flame at peak load (1200 J), to a piston bowl wall-centric flame distribution (840 J) and then to an injector centric flame (120 J). The pilot fuel quantity of 120 J was selected to investigate the ignition process of hydrogen main fuel mixtures supplying 90% energy (only 10% energy

Heaton, Alastar, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon

An Experimental Study on Aqueous Ammonia and Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion with Ignition Improving Additives in a Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-0231To be published on 06/16/2025

Ammonia is a potential vector of renewably produced hydrogen for combustion systems and decarbonisation of transport. However, anhydrous ammonia remains dangerous and difficult to handle due to its volatility and toxicity. Therefore, a water-based solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was proposed to investigate the potential use as a fuel in a compression-ignition engine. Ammonium hydroxide, also referred to as aqueous ammonia, is liquid phase under atmospheric conditions; therefore, the storage of such a fuel does not require high pressure. Previous work has established that ammonium hydroxide solution could contribute to energy release during co-combustion with fossil diesel. However, the presence of water reduced combustion stability and limited the extent to which aqueous ammonia could displace diesel. In addition, the characteristics of pollutant emissions of burning such a fuel remained less understood. This study therefore explores the potential of ignition improving additives

Han, Yanlin, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos

Hydrogen Jet Characteristics of an Outward-opening Injector based on Schlieren Imaging

2025-01-0228To be published on 06/16/2025

Hydrogen was considered as a promising carbon-free fuel for future society. The application of hydrogen in internal combustion engines has drawn more and more attentions. Jet performance of hydrogen injection plays a crucial role in characteristics of the hydrogen fuelled engines, in terms of mixture preparation, combustion and heat release in cylinder. In this research, an outward-opening injector was developed for hydrogen direct injection application. The jet performance was studied using high-speed schlieren imaging in a constant volume chamber and the effects of injection and ambient pressures on jet characteristics were investigated. The results show that, the hydrogen jet exhibits a conical structure in the near-field and overall presents a bell-shaped appearance under relatively low ambient pressure, which differs from irregular structure under relatively high ambient pressure. The pressure ratio, defined as the ratio of injection pressure to chamber pressure, significantly

HU, Chaoqun, HU, Longbiao, Chen, Haie, Li, Liguang, Wu, Zhijun, Deng, Jun

Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation

2025-01-0148To be published on 05/02/2025

In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard

Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar

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