Browse Topic: Engine efficiency

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Optimizing Diesel Engine Performance through Parametric Study of Fuel Injector Configurations for Enhanced Sustainability2026-26-0402To be published on 01/16/2026
The pursuit of sustainable transportation solutions requires continuous improvement in engine efficiency and performance. This study presents a comprehensive parametric analysis of high-horsepower diesel engine combustion modeling, focusing on fuel injector configurations to optimize power density and overall engine efficiency. The model was first validated with experimental data. Based on the validated model, a series of Design of Experiments (DoE) simulations were conducted, examining four distinct fuel injector hole configurations, each with four different spray inclusion angle (umbrella angle) variations. The set of different fuel injector configurations was selected through benchmarking analysis. The primary objective was to identify the most effective injector design for improved combustion characteristics and engine performance. Upon determining the superior configuration, further simulations were performed with increased injector throughflow to fine-tune the optimal design
Ailaboina, Akhil, Gandhi, Naresh, Marwaha PhD, Akshey, G, Suwarna, Chogule, Vijay, Bhat, Vishal
"Exploring the Effects of Oil Cooler Deletion on Tractor Engine Operation"2026-26-0547To be published on 01/16/2026
Cost reduction remains a significant challenge for engine manufacturers, particularly for off-highway application vehicles. An optimal engine lubrication system, encompassing engine oil and an oil cooler, is critical for thermal management and minimizing frictional losses. This system ensures adequate lubrication and cooling of engine components, thereby maintaining optimal performance. This study investigates the implications of oil cooler removal in a 45HP inline engine tractor. Various validation trials were conducted, including high ambient temperature tests under worst-case conditions, high coolant temperature scenarios, and a rigorous tractor killer test. In the latter, the tractor underwent 100 hours of operation on a PTO bench at maximum engine RPMs. Despite an observable increase in lubricant oil temperature during these tests, the tractor did not exhibit any component seizure or failure. The findings aim to determine whether the inclusion of an oil cooler is essential for the
Gupta, Deepak, Kumar, Pankaj, Singh, Manjinder, Singh, Gagandeep, Kumar, Munish, SINGH, HARPREET, Singh, Maninder
Corrosion behavioral study of Sintered materials with Ethanol-Blended Fuels - E20 and E852026-26-0277To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing adoption of ethanol-blended fuels, such as E20 (20% ethanol and 80% gasoline) and E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline), necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their compatibility with automotive engine components to ensure durability and operational reliability. Fuel compatibility is particularly critical for components in direct contact with ethanol-rich fuels, as improper material selection or insufficient testing can lead to corrosion, material degradation, and compromised engine performance. This study focuses on evaluating the behaviour of sintered materials extracted from potential fuel-contact parts of automotive engines when exposed to E20 and E85 fuels. Testing was conducted in accordance with the SAE J1747 standard, which provides a systematic approach for assessing corrosion resistance and material degradation in fuel environments. Following the exposure tests, post-test evaluations included visual inspection to identify surface changes and Scanning
Karthikeyan, C., Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar
A computational approach to Fretting Wear prediction of Steel Gaskets under Thermo-Mechanical load using Archard's wear model2026-26-0455To be published on 01/16/2026
Internal Combustion (IC) Engine is the heart of an Automobile. The failure in any critical component of the engine will affect the vehicle performance. The gaskets are vital parts of an engine that are essential in ensuring appropriate sealing to maintain optimal engine efficiency. The exhaust manifold gaskets are one of the most critical components which prevents the leakage of hot exhaust gases. The gaskets endure very high mechanical loads such as bolt loads, exhaust manifold sliding and banana-shaped bending brought on by thermal expansion, as well as extremely high thermal loads. As the gaskets are made of steel materials, due to the above Thermo-Mechanical loads, there are very high chances for wear out of the gaskets, which affects the performance characteristics & thus efficiency of the engine. Studying wear in gaskets is challenging due to nonlinear material behavior, complex geometries, and multi-layer designs. The wear in gaskets is an area which has not been studied
Reddy, Rajavardhan, R B, Govind, Kulkarni, Sanjeev, Palve, Chandrakant, Mueller, Frank Oliver
Engine compartment front end module layout placements to achieve maximum volumetric efficiency2026-26-0588To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing demand for electric vehicles has led to design considerations prioritizing visual brand consistency across both electric vehicles (EV) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Front grille is one such area where efforts are taken to have similar looking features between both EV and ICE. This has lead to low front grille opening and low air flow through the front. A critical consequence of this design trend: the suboptimal thermal performance, high engine bay and air intake temperatures of snorkel-type air intake systems in ICE vehicles when paired with front grille designs intended to mimic EV aesthetics. Factors such as snorkel positioning, airflow patterns must be optimized to maintain cooler intake air. Effective system design ensures that the engine receives air at an optimal temperature, improving combustion efficiency, throttle response, and reducing the likelihood of knock. This paper emphasizes the importance of controlling intake air temperature through
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kolhe, Vivek M, Singh, Nil Kanth
Engine oil fluctuation study in HLA gallery and impact of VVT cam phasing on oil fluctuation.2026-26-0559To be published on 01/16/2026
Oil pressure, the most fundamental to engine's performance and longevity, is critical as it ensures that the engine components are properly lubricated, cooled, and protected against wear and contamination, ultimately contributing to reliable engine performance. Due to several factors of engine, such as speed and load, there are fluctuations in oil pressure, which can be controllable and sometimes unpredictable. Controlled oil pressure fluctuations are essential for engine efficiency and adaptability, such as adaptive lubrication, temperature compensation, and hydraulic component functioning like variable valve timing, VVT, and hydraulic lash adjuster, HLA. But excessive or irregular fluctuations can indicate serious issues like excessive or sudden drops, unstable engine performance, valve train noise, improper lifter operation, VVT malfunctions, overheating, and increased wear. In this paper, HLA gallery pressure fluctuations are studied, and its impact was assessed on valve train
Kumar, Ashok, Choubisa, Manas, Kumar, Ravi, pathak, Mehul
Ammonia Combustion with Active Pre-Chamber Spark Plug - a CO2-free Combustion Process2025-01-0527To be published on 11/25/2025
As a zero carbon fuel, ammonia has the potential to completely defossilize combustion engines. Due to the inert nitrogen present in the molecule, ammonia is difficult to ignite or burn. Even if the ammonia can be successfully ignited, combustion will be very slow and there is a risk of flame quenching, i.e. the flame going out before the ammonia-air mixture has been almost completely converted. Both the difficult flammability and the slow combustion result in high ammonia slip, which should be avoided at all costs. The engine efficiency is also greatly reduced. Safe ignition and burn-through can be achieved by drastically increasing the ignition energy and/or using a reaction accelerator such as hydrogen. The planned paper will use detailed 1D and 3D CFD calculations to show how high the potential of ammonia combustion in an internal combustion engine is when an active pre-chamber is used as the ignition system. As a result of the flare jets penetrating into the main combustion chamber
Sens, Marc, von Roemer, Lorenz, Rieß, Michael, Fandakov, Alexander, Casal Kulzer, Andre
Feasibility of Ammonia as a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel: Strategies for Combustion Stability and Engine Efficiency2025-01-0531To be published on 11/25/2025
Ammonia (NH3) is a promising energy carrier and a potentially alternative fuel to selected sectors due to its carbon-free nature and its relatively high energy density. However, its low reactivity and slow flame propagation pose significant challenges for a direct use in an internal combustion engine, and stable operation at all engine’s conditions. This study investigates three combustion strategies for utilizing NH3 in an adapted four-cylinder 2L turbocharged, compression-ignition engine, adapted for spark-ignition (SI) operation. Initially, the engine was tested using pure ammonia as fuel, obtaining high efficiencies and acceptable stability at medium/high loads. Nevertheless, intense combustion instabilities could not be avoided below a minimum load level (which increases with engine speed), making engine operation unfeasible in approximately 30% of its operating map. To address these limitations, two enhancement strategies are explored: Firstly, hydrogen (H2) doping pre-mixed with
Karageorgiou, Dimitrios, Myslivecek, Matej, Gaillard, Patrick, Gomez-Soriano, Josep, González-Domínguez, David, Lujan, Jose, Alcarria Laserna, Gerardo
In-Flight Evaluation of Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels in Compression Ignition Aircraft Engines2025-01-0533To be published on 11/25/2025
With global air traffic projected to increase significantly in the coming decades, reducing the associated climate impact requires scalable solutions. While alternative propulsion technologies such as electric and hybrid-electric systems might offer long-term potential, their current applicability remains limited due to low energy density, limited range and scalability, and system complexity. Consequently, thermodynamic propulsion systems—such as gas turbines and piston engines—are expected to remain dominant in the medium term. In this context, sustainable hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels represent a practical and necessary solution. Certified sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) pathways are currently approved exclusively for use in gas turbines, with certification standards tailored to turbine-specific requirements. Consequently, fuel properties such as cetane number and evaporation behavior are not included in existing specifications. However, when SAF-kerosene blends are used in
Kleissner, Florian, Hofmann, Peter, Vogd, Philipp, Vauhkonen, Ville, Käkölä, Jaana, Greve, Alina
Cooling System Design Approach for Off-Road Vehicles Using 3D CFD and 1D Tools2025-28-026011/06/2025
The average product development cycle spans 3-5 years, involving extensive virtual and physical testing of the machine. Advances in simulation tools have significantly enhanced our ability to identify product solutions early in the design phase. Tools like 1D KULI and Creo Flow Analysis (CFA) offer faster solutions in less time, thereby accelerating the product development cycle. Cooling systems are crucial components of off-highway tractor machines, directly affecting engine efficiency and overall machine functionality. An optimized cooling system ensures the engine operates within safe temperature ranges, preventing overheating and potential damage. Thus, designing an effective cooling system is a vital aspect of machine engineering. 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are essential for evaluating cooling system performance. These high-fidelity simulations provide detailed insights into fluid flow and heat transfer, enabling engineers to predict and enhance cooling
Ukey, Snehal, Tirumala, Bhaskar, Nukala, Ramakrishna
Effective Power Management on Diesel Engine Using Electrified Turbocharger2025-28-024211/06/2025
The growing demand for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions in diesel engines has led to significant advancements in power management technologies. This paper presents a dual-mode functional strategy that integrates electrified turbochargers to enhance engine performance, provide boost and generate electrical power. This helps in optimizing the overall engine efficiency. The engine performance is enhanced with boosting mode where the electric motor accelerates the turbocharger independent of exhaust flow, effectively reducing turbo lag and provides immediate boost at low engine speeds. This feature also improves high altitude performance of the engine. Conversely, in generating mode, the electric turbocharger recovers or harvest energy from exhaust gases depending on engine operating conditions, converting it into electrical energy for battery recharging purpose. Advanced control systems enable real-time adjustments to boost pressure and airflow in response to dynamic driving
Borle, Shraddha, Prasad, Lakshmi, Couvret, Sebastien, Fournier, Hugo, Chenuet, Laurent
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Turbocharger Aerodynamics and Thermal Behaviour in Automotive Applications2025-28-022911/06/2025
Turbocharging is a vital technology for enhancing internal combustion engine (ICE) performance and efficiency while enabling engine downsizing to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This research analyzes turbocharger systems by examining their components—turbine, compressor, intercooler, and waste-gate—and their roles in boosting engine efficiency. It explores how exhaust energy drives the turbine to compress intake air, improving power output. The study evaluates turbocharger impact on fuel economy, emissions, and engine response under various driving conditions. It also considers wheel design, material selection, and durability under high temperatures and speeds. Advanced simulations using CFD and FEA analyze airflow, pressure, and thermal behavior to optimize performance. This research affirms turbocharging’s role in creating high-performance, fuel-efficient, and environmentally sustainable engines, offering insights that support the design of next-generation automotive
Chandrashekar, B. Aditya, Bhaduria, Abhishek
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-004611/03/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 42.5% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO2 emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit and NOx reductioon than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH2 project, a novel approach was
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Model-Based Design and Numerical Analysis of a Downsized Centrifugal Pump for Engine Cooling Applications2025-32-007811/03/2025
The water pump is the crucial component of the engine cooling system. It is usually designed considering as rated conditions the ones evaluated when the engine delivers its maximum power. This results in an overdesign of the pump, considering that almost never the engine delivers the maximum power, in usual operation. At these conditions, in fact, flow rate and pressure delivered reach the maximum values, which are not needed to cool the engine in most probable operating conditions. In fact, considering the real operating conditions during a typical driving mission or a homologation cycle, the mechanical power is far away from the maximum datum, as well as the cooling flow rate and pressure delivered by the pump. To a so unbalanced design for the pump corresponds a low efficiency of it, being the technology oriented to use a centrifugal type, whose efficiency is quite dependent on speed of revolution and flow rate delivered. Hence, modifying the design point of the pump causes a
Di Battista, Davide, Deriszadeh, Ali, Di Prospero, Federico, Di Giovine, Giammarco, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Fatigati, Fabio, Cipollone, Roberto
Reactivity Retention of Modern Converters for Stringent Emission Control2025-01-040110/07/2025
The growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainability has resulted in increasingly stringent emission regulations for automotive manufacturers, as demonstrated by the upcoming EURO 7 and 2027 EPA standards. Significant advancements in cleaner combustion and effective aftertreatment strategies have been made in recent decades to increase the engine efficiency while abiding by the emission limits. Among the exhaust aftertreatment strategies, three-way catalyst has remained the primary solution for stoichiometric burn engines due to its high conversion efficiency and ability to simultaneously allow both oxidative and reductive reactions in a single stage with spatial separation due to the oxygen storage capabilities of ceria. However, fuel and lubricant-borne sulfur and phosphorus compounds have been shown to have a significant long-term effect on the activity of three-way catalysts, particularly during the lean-rich transitions and oxygen storage processes. In the present
Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Jiang, Chuankai, Ting, David, Zheng, Ming
Toward Sustainable Heavy-Duty Transport: Evaluating Charge Dilution and Advanced Corona Ignition System Effects on SI Natural Gas Engine Efficiency and Combustion Characteristics2025-24-002409/07/2025
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector is a significant challenge. A multi-technology approach is the most practical and sustainable solution for minimizing the environmental impact of road transport. Alternative gaseous fuels derivable from bio sources have the potential to significantly cut equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2eq) emissions from a Well-to-Wheel (WtW) perspective, and the development of technologies that allow to improve the efficiency of natural gas-powered Heavy Duty (HD) Spark Ignition (SI) engines is of strategic importance. In such applications, charge dilution strategies might have the potential to increase engine efficiency at a relatively low implementation cost. Diluting the in-cylinder charge can reduce fuel consumption by decreasing wall and pumping losses, and increasing the Heat Capacity Ratio (γ). The coupling with innovative technologies aimed at enhancing ignition energy, influencing combustion development, could be a promising
Di Domenico, Davide, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Papi, Stefano, Ricci, Federico, Golini, Stefano, Rapetto, Nicola, Giordana, Sergio, Beatrice, Carlo
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Pre-Chamber Igniter for Enhanced Low Load Stability in Internal Combustion Engines2025-24-000209/07/2025
Developing innovative ignition technologies offers a crucial opportunity to improve the performance of internal combustion engines while significantly reducing harmful emissions, contributing to a more sustainable future. The replacement of the standard spark plug with a pre-chamber igniter is a well-known combustion accelerator for externally ignited engines for passenger vehicles. An increase in engine efficiency, especially at high loads, can be realized. However, pre-chamber ignition technology has not yet been widely adopted in the market, primarily due to the difficulty of achieving stable operation at lower engine loads. A better understanding of the flow and mixture conditions is needed to improve the combustion stability with the pre-chamber igniter in low-load operating conditions. The gas exchange in the passive pre-chamber was studied using a combination of numerical modelling and experimental methods. Accessing those parameters experimentally requires a high effort in test
Fellner, Felix, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte, D'Elia, Matteo, Burgo Beiro, Marcos, Nambully, Suresh Kumar, Rothbauer, Rainer
Combustion System Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Hydrogen Engines via 3DCFD Simulations and Single Cylinder Engine Measurements: Injector Cap, Injection Strategy and Intake Duct Design2025-24-000809/07/2025
The development of hydrogen fueled engines has dramatically accelerated in recent years. They have gained much in operating reliability and the specific power outputs is at least comparable to those of current natural gas engines. This has been made possible by combining specific development tools derived from the development of compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines. These include jet visualization techniques (Schlieren, PIV, and LIF), video endoscopy on engine, and 3-D fluid dynamics simulations. In hydrogen engines for commercial vehicles, efforts have so far been made to keep engine components as unchanged as possible from similar diesel or gasoline versions. Similarly, some manufacturers have favored the port fueled injection (PFI) solution because it is easier to implement than the in-cylinder (DI) injection one. The present work concerns the evaluation of the further improvement potential made possible by using direct injection (DI) technology, and intervening on both
Gaballo, Maria Rosaria, Iacobazzi, Marino, Burtsche, Thomas, Cornetti, Giovanni
Advanced Plasma-Based Ignition Strategy for Future Spark Ignition Engines2025-24-002009/07/2025
Internal combustion engines will continue to play an important role in transportation for decades to come because of the high onboard energy density. For present passenger vehicles, efforts have been made to reduce the cold start emissions and improve engine efficiency. To reach such goals, lean and diluted mixtures are needed to reduce the chemical reactivity of the mixture, so a higher engine compression ratio can improve thermal efficiency. The decreased flame temperature of the lean/diluted mixtures is also beneficial for NOx reduction. Strong in-cylinder flow is needed to increase flame propagation speed for efficient and complete combustion process. Strong ignition sources are needed to provide robust ignition to support the combustion process. In this paper, the application of advanced plasma-based ignition strategies was reviewed, with special attention to the on-demand plasma energy profiling, which has flexible control over discharge duration and current amplitudes. The
Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
CFD-Driven Optimization of Diesel Injection for a Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine2025-24-004509/07/2025
Among the alternatives to the use of fossil diesel fuel, dual fuel combustion, leveraging hydrogen as the low-reactivity fuel, represents a promising approach for both reducing pollutant emissions and improving brake thermal efficiency. In addition, this innovative combustion mode requires minimal modifications to the existing Diesel engines architecture. This study was conducted on a Diesel engine (naturally aspirated, 3-cylinder, 1 L, direct injection), properly modified by the authors to operate in dual fuel mode with port fuel injection of hydrogen. A set of experimental data was used to calibrate the 1D and the 3D-CFD models for both Diesel and diesel-hydrogen dual fuel configurations. The AVL FIRE M 3D-CFD software was employed to model diesel injection and combustion, while the gas exchange process was analyzed by GT-Power. The validated 3D-CFD model was then leveraged to optimize the baseline diesel injection strategy in dual fuel mode, minimizing diesel consumption while
Rinaldini, Carlo, Pisapia, Alfredo Maria, Scrignoli, Francesco, Volza, Antonello, Rossetti, Salvatore, Mancaruso, Ezio
Waste Heat Recovery in Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engines2025-24-010809/07/2025
Waste Heat Recovery is one of the most investigated and promising technologies for energy efficiency in the transportation sector. It consents to maintain the high-level technology of the present propulsion systems, based on Internal Combustion Engines, while increasing the overall engine and vehicle system efficiency. At the same time, the use of alternative fuels, like hydrogen, has the same crucial role to reduce harmful and greenhouse emissions, without overturn the existing mature technology. A hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engine is proposed in this paper, equipped with waste heat recovery consisting in an additional radial turbine downstream the turbocharger of the engine (Turbo-Compound). The aim is to have a reduction of the specific consumption in most of the operating points of the engine, considering the effect of the recovery and the engine equilibrium rearrangement. The use of hydrogen increases recoverable enthalpy at the engine exhaust, which is intended to be
Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto, Corti, Enrico, Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo, Di Prospero, Federico, Ravaglioli, Vittorio
Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Multi-Cylinder Engine Operating on Syngas/Diesel in Dual-Fuel Mode2025-24-004209/07/2025
Despite improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency, fossil fuel reliance remains a challenge for sustainable energy. Syngas, a hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture produced from gasification, typically of carbon-based feedstocks, offers a viable transitional fuel due to its compatibility with existing combustion technologies and reduced emissions. However, its low ignition propensity elevated intake temperatures or pressures, a limitation that can be overcome through diesel pilot injection in dual-fuel engine configurations. This study extends prior single-cylinder research to a 1.6 L four-cylinder HCCI engine operating in dual-fuel mode, resembling a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine. The analysis focuses on cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation, thermal efficiency, and pollutant emissions, with particular emphasis on the influence of diesel pilot injection timing. Experimental evaluations are conducted across a range of injection timing and Syngas
El Younsi, Laila, Nelson-Gruel, Dominique
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 202525TOFHP0808/14/2025
A model of design efficiency How Cummins used modeling and other advanced design software to create its most efficient engines yet. Solving problems and seeking big ideas PACCAR's Phil Stephenson previews SAE COMVEC 2025 and offers insights into powertrain diversification, the role of AI, a software-defined future and the importance of people. Refurbishing high-voltage batteries for electric trucks Mercedes-Benz Trucks employs "like-new" reworked batteries to expand its spare parts portfolio and to inform future battery designs that are more sustainable. Editorial Hydrogen's humming in power generation Bosch invested in large-scale metal 3D printing Schaeffler optimizes rolling bearings for hydraulic and axle drives Natural gas infrastructure is scaling fast for HD fleets Cummins powers up the S17 genset SAE J3400/2 update brings quicker NACS charging Workhorse's W56 is the people's champ of electrified work vans Komatsu logs a new timber machine Product Briefs SPOTLIGHTS: Power
Comprehensive Analysis of Aero-Thermal Flow Characteristics in an Agricultural Tractor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation05-19-02-001408/01/2025
This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze airflow and thermal characteristics within an agricultural tractor, focusing on operator comfort and component safety. Initial simulations identified hotspots, such as the brake pedals, operator platform, and hand throttle, where temperatures exceeded acceptable limits (rise over ambient, ROA). A multi-step approach—including sealing air leaks, adding heat insulation materials, and optimizing the deflector guard—was implemented to mitigate excessive heat. While these modifications significantly improved temperature conditions on the right platform, the left brake pedal remained problematic. Further enhancements, such as sealing an electrical socket and modifying the shroud design, effectively reduced heat exposure. The improved shroud also led to a slight decrease in static pressure (2.21%) and an 8.61% reduction in power consumption, improving airflow efficiency. Although an alternative ring fan design reduced power
Mohan, Anand, Soni, Peeyush, Sethuraman, Sriraman, Govindan, Senthilkumar, Sakthivel, Ananth, Babu, Rathish Maller
A MODEL OF DESIGN EFFICIENCY25TOFHP08_0108/01/2025
How Cummins used modeling and other advanced design software to create its most efficient engines yet. As AI and other deep-learning tools begin to help shape the transportation industry, they also bring improvements to existing technology. Modeling and simulation software has rapidly become a crucial tool for improving the design process of new diesel engines. More than two decades after the first X15 engines rolled off the assembly line, Cummins has applied today's modeling tools to help create the HELM version of the X15. The HELM architecture (which stands for Higher Efficiency, Lower emissions and Multiple fuels) is the company's basis for a global platform capable of meeting all manners of emissions regulations while still serving customers across a wide variety of use cases.
Wolfe, Matt
Effect of Water Dilution and Homogenous Lean Operation on Combustion and Detailed Emissions in a Spark Ignited Gasoline Direct Injection Engine04-19-01-000407/10/2025
Twenty-nine percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US are produced by the transportation sector according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. The combination of increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, along with the current practical limitations of electrification motivate continued development efforts for improving internal combustion engine efficiency and emissions. Ethanol, an extensive fuel additive or drop-in replacement for gasoline, is already recognized as a promising transition fuel in decarbonization efforts. Furthermore, lean combustion in spark-ignited (SI) engines has been pursued extensively for engine efficiency and emissions improvements. Lean combustion, however, faces the challenges of decreased combustion stability and strong increases to engine-out NOx at conditions where conventional SI engines are stable (ϕ > 0.7). Water dilution, historically used as a knock inhibitor in performance engines, has shown potential for
Voris, Alex, Lundberg, Matt, Puzinauskas, Paulius
Method for Externally Controlled Availability of Lubricating Oil in Internal Combustion Engines2025-01-030207/02/2025
Reduced raw emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE) are a key requirement to reach future green-house-gas and pollutive emissions regulations. In parallel, to satisfy the need for increased engine efficiencies, the friction losses of ICEs gains attention. Measures to reduce parasitic drag inside the piston assembly such as reduced piston-ring pretension or thinner grade engine oils may increase oil ingress into the combustion chamber. The oil ingress is known to imply increased particle emissions directly counteracting the raw emission reduction target of engine development. To resolve this target conflict, the transport mechanisms of oil into the combustion chamber are the topic of current research. Specially developed research engines featuring a vertical optical window come with big potential to visualize the phenomena of the oil behavior inside the piston assembly group. Such ‘glass-liner’ engines play a pivotal role in identification and quantification of local and global
Stark, Michael, Fellner, Felix, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
A Study on Improving the Methodology for Torque Modeling Using a Virtual Engine Model2025-01-020406/16/2025
This study aims to develop an engine torque prediction model using virtual engine simulation data. Accurate torque prediction is essential for minimizing shift shock and ensuring consistent driving performance, particularly in hybrid vehicles where smooth transitions between electric motors and internal combustion engines are necessary. The Engine Control Unit (ECU) uses a physics-based torque prediction model, requiring ignition timing swing data for precise calibration. The virtual engine model, based on 1D gas dynamics, was calibrated using real engine data obtained from a small number of main operating points. The simulation data obtained from the virtual engine model showed a good correlation with the experimental data. By combining large-scale simulation data with limited experimental data, we effectively calibrated the torque prediction model in ECU and confirmed that the calibration results met the development goals. This study demonstrates the potential for efficient engine
Hur, Donghan, Paeng, Jeonghwan, Kim, Kyusup, Chang, Jinseok, Park, Jongil
Hydrogen Operation Strategies in a Turbocharged SI Engine: Challenges and Solutions03-18-04-002406/05/2025
Hydrogen is a promising fuel for internal combustion engines, offering the potential for efficient, environmentally friendly, and reliable operation. With a large number of technical challenges, there is currently no mass production of hydrogen-powered engines despite great efforts. One of the key challenges is the complexity of optimizing hydrogen combustion and its control. Despite the variety of proposed operation strategies, questions regarding their comparative efficiency, interrelation, and mutual influence remain open, particularly in turbocharged engines with direct multi-injection. To explore various hydrogen operation strategies, a mathematical simulation of a turbocharged hydrogen-powered engine was performed over its full range of loads and speeds. This study employed a modified mathematical model based on Wiebe functions, which describes the combustion of a premixed mixture in the flame front, diffusion combustion, and relatively slow combustion occurring behind the flame
Osetrov, Oleksandr, Haas, Rainer
3D-CFD Simulations of H2 ICEs: A Preliminary Evaluation of a Laminar Flame Speed Correction for Thermo-Diffusive Instability2024-32-007404/18/2025
In recent years, climate change and geopolitical instability have intensified the focus on sustainable power generation. This shift seeks alternatives that balance environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. Specifically, in transportation and power generation, electric motors face challenges against internal combustion engines due to the high cost and mass of batteries required for energy storage. This makes electric solutions less favorable for these sectors. Conversely, internal combustion engines, when properly fueled, offer cost-effectiveness and a quasi-environmentally-neutral option. To address these challenges, researchers have explored e-fuels derived from renewable sources as a carbon-neutral supply for internal combustion engines. Among these, hydrogen is particularly promising. In hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines, 3D-CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) in-cylinder models are crucial. Once validated, these models can speed up the design process. A
Sfriso, Stefano, Berni, Fabio, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Cordisco, Ilario, Leite, Caio Ramalho, Brequigny, Pierre, Foucher, Fabrice
Detecting Piston Ring–Cylinder Liner Metal–Metal Contact in a Fired Large Marine Diesel Engine Using Piezoelectric Transducers03-18-03-001704/09/2025
Shear-polarized ultrasonic sensors have been instrumented onto the outer liner surface of an RTX-6 large marine diesel engine. The sensors were aligned with the first piston ring at top dead center and shear ultrasonic reflectometry (comparing the variation in the reflected ultrasonic waves) was used to infer metal–metal contact between the piston ring and cylinder liner. This is possible as shear waves are not supported by fluids and will only transmit across solid-to-solid interfaces. Therefore, a sharp change in the reflected wave is an indicator of oil film breakdown. Two lubricant injection systems have been evaluated—pulse jet and needle lift-type injectors. The needle lift type is a prototype injector design with a reduced rate of lubricant atomization relative to pulse jet injectors. This is manifested as a smaller reduction in the reflected ultrasonic wave, showing less metal–metal contact had occurred. During steady-state testing, the oil feed rate was varied; the high flow
Rooke, Jack, Li, Xiangwei, Dwyer-Joyce, Robert S.
Control-Oriented Statistical Model of In-Cylinder Pressure, Combustion Phasing, and Torque for Compression-Ignition Engines Operating with Low Cetane Fuels2025-01-835104/01/2025
Sustainable aviation fuels are becoming more widely available for current and future engine powered propulsion systems. However, the diversity of ignition behavior in these fuels poses a challenge to achieving robust, efficient operation. Specifically, low cetane fuels with poor ignitability exhibit highly variable torque production unless fuel is injected earlier during compression. The tradeoff is that earlier injection may cause dangerously high in-cylinder pressure rise rates. Novel models that can simulate these competing behaviors are needed so that appropriate strategies may be developed for controlling combustion at low cetane fueling conditions. This work builds upon a previously developed model that simulates asymmetric combustion phasing (CA50) distributions as a function of fuel cetane, fuel injection timing, and electrical power supplied to an in-cylinder thermal ignition assist device. An extension of the model is presented in which the phasing output is used to
Ahmed, Omar, Middleton, Robert, Stefanopoulou, Anna, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Combustion and Emission Performance from the Use of Acid-Catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-844504/01/2025
Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel, the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and compared to a pure diesel
Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.
Development of a 6.7L Direct Injection, Lean Burn H2 Spark Ignition Engine for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles2025-01-839304/01/2025
This work is part of a production-intent program at Cummins to develop a 6.7L direct injection (DI), lean burn H2 spark ignition (SI) engine for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that are intended to be compliant with global VII criteria pollutants emissions standards. The engine features a low-pressure DI fuel injection system, a tumble-based combustion system with a pent-roof combustion chamber, two-stage boosting system without EGR, and dual overhead cams (DOHC) with cam phasers. The paper focuses primarily on the performance system architecture development encompassing combustion system, air-handling system, and valve strategy. Comprehensive 3D-CFD guided design analysis has been conducted to define the tumble ports, injection spray pattern, and injection strategy to optimize charge homogeneity and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). In addition, the boosting system architecture and the valve strategy have been thoroughly evaluated through 1-D system-level engine cycle
Liu, Lei, Zhang, Yu, Qin, Xiao, Hui, He, Min, Xu, Leggott, Paul
Development of the Tour Split-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine2025-01-839404/01/2025
The Tour engine is a novel split-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) that divides the four-stroke Otto cycle of a conventional ICE between two separate cylinders, an intake and compression cylinder and a second expansion and exhaust cylinder, interconnected by an innovative charge transfer mechanism. The engine working fluid, air and fuel, is inducted into the engine and compressed by a dedicated compression cylinder, transferred with minimal pressure loss via an input port to a specifically designed combined spool shuttle transfer mechanism and combustion chamber. It is then ignited and then transferred from the combustion chamber via an exit port to a separate expansion cylinder where it is expanded and exhausted from the engine. The primary advantage of the Tour engine is that it provides the engineering freedom to independently design, control and optimize the compression, combustion, and expansion processes within a slider-crank piston engine. By decoupling the compression
Tour, Oded, Cho, Kukwon, Hofman, Yehoram, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Morris, Daniel, Wahl, Michael, Bhanage, Pratik, Sivan, Ehud, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo
Innovative Use of Basic Technologies for a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Small Displacement Gasoline Engine2025-01-839204/01/2025
India, with its low per capita income vast population and growing middle class, represents a significant market for low-cost, fuel-efficient automobiles. As the largest two-wheeler market globally, a transition to four-wheelers is underway, further driving the demand for affordable vehicles. This necessitates the design and development of low-priced vehicles equipped with efficient and economical powertrains. Globally, stringent regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC), and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) are pushing manufacturers to develop fuel-efficient vehicles. India has also adopted similar regulations, including CAFE2 and Bharat Stage 6-Phase 2 (BS6-2), to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. These regulations, coupled with the growing demand for affordable vehicles, have spurred innovation in engine technology. In response to these challenges, Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) has consistently focused on
Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder
10 % Fuel Economy Benefit at Part Load and up to 33 % at Idle for a Diesel Engine via Reducing Friction. Testing the Rotating Liner Engine and an Identical Baseline Under Load2025-01-839004/01/2025
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BSL), i.e. conventional. In 2022, we published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder wall takes place with a liner speed of 1.5-2.3 m/s surface speed (283-426 rpm for the 102 mm bore) for the 850-1280 rpm crankshaft speed. The RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under load, which is a trend opposite to
Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Riley, Sebastian, Basu, Amiyo, Matthews, Ron
Development of Ultra-Fast AI-Driven Diesel Engine Model for Real-Time Optimization2025-01-839704/01/2025
Combustion engines and hybrid systems remain important in sectors like light- and heavy-duty vehicles, where performance, range, or cost limitations play a major role. Optimizing diesel engine efficiency and reducing emissions is critical. However, classical physics-based 0D/1D models are computationally demanding and are hardly applicable for real-time purposes. In this study, a calibrated 1D diesel engine model is suggested for transformation into a neural network architecture to enable real-time optimization. The model divides the engine into intake, exhaust, and combustion sections, each modeled by different neural networks. One of the advantages of this modular and layered approach is the flexibility to change individual components without needing to retrain every single model. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are used to capture transient phenomena, such as thermal inertias that arise in the combustion process and gas flow dynamics. The training data was generated by
Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Sautter, Johannes, Weller, Louis, Hagenbucher, Timo, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Achieving Ultra-Low NO x and Meeting Full Useful Life Requirement for CARB 2027 NO x and GHG 2027 Phase 2 CO 2 Regulation w/Opposed Piston 2-Stroke Engine and a Conventional ATS2025-01-839104/01/2025
Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important on-going role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty (HD) commercial vehicle engines while also reducing fuel consumption is the quickest way to achieve more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent ultralow NOx emissions requirements using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. This paper is focused on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+ full useful life requirements while also meeting the EPA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system (ATS), which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k
Kale, Vaibhav, Bako, Zoltan
Operating the Tour Split-Cycle Engine on Hydrogen/Methane Fuel Blends to Achieve High Efficiency and Reduction of Both GHG and NOx Emissions2025-01-842204/01/2025
Decarbonized or low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen/methane blends, can be used in internal combustion engines to support ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals worldwide, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. However, as the volumetric concentration of H2 in these fuel blends surpasses 30%, the in-cylinder flame propagation and combustion rates increase significantly, causing an unacceptable increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which is known to have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This rise in engine-out NOx emissions is a major concern, limiting the use of H2 fuels as a means to reduce GHG emissions from both mobile and stationary power generation engines. In this study, an experimental investigation of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of a 4th generation Tour split-cycle engine was undertaken while operating on 100% methane and various hydrogen/methane fuel blends (30%, 40%, and 50% by volume
Bhanage, Pratik, Cho, Kukwon, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo, Tour, Oded
Development of the New 2.0L In-Line 4 NA Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2025-01-839504/01/2025
Honda Motor Corporation has developed a new naturally aspirated in-line 4-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine for C segment sedans that combines high environmental performance and power output. Development time and cost were greatly reduced by utilizing basic structures and components that had previously been developed engine for hybrid vehicles. In addition to the environmental performance at which hybrid engines excel, the driving performance required from a pure gasoline engine for C segment sedans with a low environmental impact was aimed to achieve by optimizing the shape of the combustion chamber to obtain rapid combustion, adjusting intake and exhaust valve timing, employing fuel injection control and adopting a two-piece water jacket that protects the exhaust system component by lowering the exhaust gas temperature at high load. As a result, the newly developed engine achieves a maximum thermal efficiency of 40% with knock suppression effect through rapid combustion
Kondo, Takashi, Ohmori, Takeyuki, Yamamoto, Junpei, Miki, Kentaro
Probabilistic Analysis Approach to Evaluate Gear Tooth Strength in the Hypocycloid Engine03-18-02-001503/08/2025
This study introduces a probabilistic analysis approach to evaluate the gear tooth strength for the hypocycloid engines, which are particularly significant in internal combustion (IC) engine applications due to their unique design and critical requirements for both efficiency and durability. The research utilizes the stress–strength interference (SSI) theory within a “design for reliability” framework to develop a robust methodology for designing the internal gear mechanism required for the hypocycloid gear mechanism (HGM) engine, in accordance with American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) standard gear rating practices. This approach incorporates probabilistic factors to address variations in HGM component parameters, gear material properties, and engine operational conditions. To validate the design and ensure accuracy, a finite element method (FEM)-based verification is employed, to identify potential failure points and enhance the overall reliability of the HGM engine. The
ElBahloul, Mostafa A., Aziz, ELsayed S., Chassapis, Constantin
Exploring H 2 /O 2 Injection in an Active Pre-Chamber Ignition Engine03-18-02-001303/04/2025
Active fuel injection into a pre-chamber (PC) promotes high-temperature and highly turbulent jets, which ignite the cylinder gas with a very high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio, reducing emissions such as NOx. In the present study, two active PC injection strategies were designed to investigate the effect of injected hydrogen mass and PC mixture air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ on PC combustion, jet formation, and main chamber (MC) combustion. Stoichiometric or rich hydrogen/oxygen mixtures are actively injected into the PC to enhance the combustion processes in the PC and the MC. A three-dimensional numerical engine model is developed using the commercial CFD code CONVERGE. The engine geometry and parameters adopt a modified GM 4-cylinder 2.0 L GDI gasoline engine. The local developments of gas temperature and velocity are resolved with the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The turbulence of the flow is computed with the k-epsilon model of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS
Yu, Tianxiao, Lee, Dong Eun, Alam, Afaque, Gore, Jay P., Qiao, Li
Control Re-Optimization of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Fueled with High-Octane Gasoline2025-01-702801/31/2025
High-octane gasoline has the potential to improve engine efficiency but has been reported to marginally reduce and even increase vehicle fuel consumption. The objective of this study is to evaluate the fuel-saving effect of high-octane gasoline on series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) under the re-optimized powertrain control, including engine control and energy management. Firstly, a bench test was conducted on a spark ignition engine fueled with three fuels with research octane numbers of approximately 92, 95, and 98, named 92#, 95#, and 98#. Then the engine control parameter (i.e., spark advance) was re-optimized for maximum engine efficiency and acceptable particle number emissions with the knock constraint. Finally, the energy management was re-optimized for a series-parallel hybrid powertrain equipped with the engine. It was found that 95# and 98# even increased vehicle fuel consumption by 0.2% and 0.6% without the re-optimization of powertrain control compared with 92
Tan, Guikun, Li, Ji, Li, Yanfei, Wang, Changhui, Sun, Yuncai, Xu, Anzhao, Shuai, Shijin, Xu, Hongming
Prediction of Combustion Process Based on Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model2025-01-703401/31/2025
Predicting the ignition and heat release patterns during diesel combustion processes is of great significance for improving engine efficiency, reducing emissions, and enabling future low-carbon and zero-carbon flexible fuel control. However, traditional Wiebe physical models face challenges in handling the highly nonlinear nature and variable operating conditions of diesel combustion, failing to achieve accurate real-time prediction. Pure data-driven models demand large amounts of data and lack physical interpretability, while physical models based on parameter learning have restricted fitting accuracy due to structural and parameter constraints. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model. It defines data loss as the deviation between neural network predictions and measured data, and physical loss as the deviation between neural network derivatives and the differential form of the physical model. By minimizing the combined loss, which is a
Zheng, Jiaao, Song, Kang, Xie, Hui, Zhou, Shengkai, Sang, Hailang, He, Guanzhang
Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol Engine2025-01-711901/31/2025
The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side
Zhang, Zhi, Liu, Haifeng, Li, Yongzhi, Chang, Weide, Shu, Zanqiao, Ju, Chengyuan, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain, Yao, Mingfa
Efficiency Analysis of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation System Based on Organic Hydrogen Storage Solution2025-01-711701/31/2025
Organic solution is an ideal hydrogen storage and transport carrier, and the dehydrogenation of solution is an endothermic process. High dehydrogenation heat demand becomes a key factor restricting its application. Hydrogen internal combustion engine (HICE) is an ideal power device under the current background of emphasizing clean and low carbon. In this study, dibenzyltoluene (DBT) was selected as liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC), the residual heat of engine exhaust was used as the heat source of organic solution dehydrogenation, and the residual heat of engine exhaust is used as the heat source of organic solution dehydrogenation, using the combustion of dehydrogenated hydrogen products to supplement the heat absorption of hydrogen released by organic solution. Taking hydrogen internal combustion engine power generation as the application scenario, the power generation system of liquid organic hydrogen storage solution combined with hydrogen internal combustion engine (LOHC
Zhang, Yulong, Luo, Qinghe, Sun, Baigang, Tang, Hongyang
Experimental and 1D Modeling Analysis of Thermoelectric Generation to Improve the Performance of Compressed Natural Gas Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Commercial 22-Ton Trucks13-06-03-001901/27/2025
A significant amount of chemical fuel energy in internal combustion engines is wasted through exhaust heat. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems can transform the heat into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG). This work utilizes a 1D CFD model to demonstrate the potential of TEG-WHR in improving the thermal efficiency of mass-production, compressed natural gas (CNG) engines used in commercial 22-ton heavy-duty trucks. First, the TEG with heat exchanger experiments are performed to measure thermal and electrical performance data under different fin pitches and inlet gas conditions (Re number, temperature, gas flow rate). These data are used to develop and validate a TEG model, which considers user-defined functions of heat transfer and flow friction coefficients to reproduce measured thermal/electrical characteristics of the integrated TEG with its heat exchanger. The engine experiments are conducted based on the speed–torque map (51 test conditions) of the JE05 heavy
Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors03-17-08-005712/24/2024
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Lakhlani, Hardik, Kumar, Vivek, Wenbin, Yu, Bagga, Kalyan, Gundlapally, Santhosh, Di Blasio, Gabriele, Splitter, Derek, Rajendran, Silambarasan
Experimental Investigation of the Potential of Hydrogen as an Alternative to Brazilian Commercial Diesel Fuel in Current Heavy-Duty Fleet2024-36-006912/20/2024
Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate
Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Braga, Sergio Leal, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani
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