Browse Topic: Hydrogen engines

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Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 2.1: Inter-Ring Pressure Measurements and 2D/3D Ring Dynamics Analysis Across Multiple Engine Platforms – Light Vehicle2026-01-0281To be published on 04/07/2026
The growing demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. The first part of this publication series highlights the significance of 2D simulation as a crucial and computationally efficient tool for the precise development of hydrogen Power Cylinder Units. This approach demonstrates predictive capability proofed through engine tests, achieving a reduction in lube oil consumption by 5–7 g/h during high-load operations, alongside a 28% decrease in blow-by and an 11% reduction in hydrogen flow to the crankcase. To provide deeper insights into the complexities identified in Part 1, this study employs inter-ring pressure measurements across various engine types and configurations, including light vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and large-bore applications, covering a broad range of engine displacements from 2 to almost 100 liters. This investigation in Part 2.1 focuses on understanding
Moreira, Rui, Rösch, Hannes, Ehnis, Holger, Köser, Philipp
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-0331To be published on 04/07/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to low-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study investigates the combined influence of spark plug location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty Volvo Diesel engine modified to operate in a spark-ignited mode with hydrogen fuel at low compression ratio under different load conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry, including diffusive-thermal effects, were conducted to evaluate flame development, combustion efficiency, and heat release under different loads. Model validation against combustion behavior and jet characteristics from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector is also presented. The results demonstrate that
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Characterisation of Particle Number and Size from a DI SI Engine Operating on Hydrogen: Operating Sensitivities and Filtration Effects2026-01-0378To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H₂ICEs) offer the potential for near-zero carbon emissions. However, while nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions have been extensively studied, particle number (PN) emissions, primarily resulting from lubricant oil pyrolysis due to hydrogen’s short quench distance, remain less well understood. This study investigates exhaust particle characteristics from a spark-ignition, single-cylinder research engine, based on MAHLE Powertrain’s downsizing engine combustion system, at Brunel University, London. It compares gasoline and hydrogen direct-injection strategies (central vs. side injection) across a wide range of operating conditions, including variations in engine speed, load, air-fuel ratio (λ), rail pressure, and spark timing. PN and particle size distribution were measured using Cambustion’s DMS500, paired with a catalytic stripper to isolate solid particles. To assess the impact of engine wear, tests were conducted on both a worn engine configuration
Harrington, Anthony, Zaman, Zayne, Nickolaus, Chris, Zhao, Hua, Wang, Xinyan, Hall, Jonathan
Experimental Study on the effect of Ignition Strategy on Combustion and Emissions in a Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0330To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs) are a promising pathway toward carbon-neutral transportation, but their efficiency and emissions performance are highly sensitive to ignition control strategies. This study systematically investigates the combined effects of spark timing (−10 to −26 °CA bTDC) and spark energy (25–40 mJ) on combustion characteristics in a port fuel-injected H₂ICE operating at a constant speed of 1400 r/min under low, medium, and high load conditions. Results show that spark timing advance produces load-dependent effects: at low load, it increases the peak heat release rate while delaying peak pressure and shortening combustion duration; at medium and high loads, it advances both peaks toward TDC with an optimal spark timing shifting closer to −14 °CA. Ignition delay was only slightly reduced at low load but significantly shortened—by about 3 °CA—at high load. NOₓ emissions increased nearly linearly with spark advance, while slight retardation
ZHAO, KEQIN, Lou, Diming, zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan
Ignition and Flame Characteristics of the Ultra-high Pressure Hydrogen Jets2026-01-0334To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the ignition and flame characteristics of ultra-high-pressure hydrogen jets under elevated pressure and temperature conditions, with relevance to next-generation zero-carbon propulsion systems. Experiments were conducted in a high-pressure, high-temperature optical chamber at ambient temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200 K, oxygen concentrations between 12% and 18%, and injection pressures from 200 to 600 bar. High-speed optical diagnostics were employed to resolve the multi-scale flame development process. Planar OH* chemiluminescence imaging was used to track high-temperature reaction zones, schlieren imaging provided visualization of global jet penetration and flame propagation, and natural flame luminosity recorded with a color camera revealed the visible flame evolution. The combined measurements enabled a comprehensive assessment of auto-ignition behavior, ignition delay, and subsequent flame stabilization under extreme injection conditions. Results
Cheng, Qiang, Grahn, Viljam, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Hyvonen, Jari, Vuorinen, Ville, Kaario, Ossi
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo
Advanced Multifunctional Catalysts for Emission Control in Hydrogen and Diesel Engines2026-01-0367To be published on 04/07/2026
As hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂-ICE) gain traction, optimizing exhaust aftertreatment technologies for nitrogen oxide (NOx) control has become increasingly critical. While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems remain the primary approach for NOx mitigation, oxidation catalysts are also being explored to facilitate hydrogen oxidation and improve overall exhaust treatment efficiency. This work presents a multifunctional catalyst (MFC) concept that combines supported Pd and Cu-zeolite to enable simultaneous NOx reduction and hydrogen oxidation within a single catalytic unit. Preliminary results show that hydrogen oxidation on supported Pd occurs above 300 °C, while Cu-zeolite achieves nearly complete NOx conversion. Experiments on individual components indicate that supported Pd initiates ammonia oxidation only after hydrogen is depleted. In the presence of hydrogen, ammonia conversion remains below 20%, indicating that hydrogen availability suppresses ammonia oxidation
Danghyan, Vardan, Becker, Jan Martin, Hünnekes, Edgar, Patchett, Joseph
Heavy duty hydrogen internal combustion engine emissions development to achieve ultra-low NOx2026-01-0356To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the emissions development of a heavy-duty hydrogen internal-combustion engine (H₂ ICE) targeting ultra-low NOx with a design goal of 20–35 mg/hp-hr. The approach integrates precise air–fuel-ratio control, transient-response enhancements to minimize rich/lean excursions, and advanced thermal management of the engine and aftertreatment, including an electric heater to accelerate light-off and sustain activity at low-load/idle conditions. A diesel-derived aftertreatment system (ATS) is selected to maximize practicality and component commonality, and a unified controls strategy spanning the engine and ATS is implemented to ensure emissions compliance over EPA certification and in-use testing cycles. The aftertreatment solution space is evaluated for catalyst sizing and backpressure while demonstrating particulate matter control without the need for a filter. The paper concludes with emphasis on catalyst aging and durability relative to diesel benchmarks, including long
Shakya, Bijesh, Xu, Hui, Yang, Zhao, stetter, John
Active site characterization of CuSCR catalysts under H2-ICE exhaust gas conditions2026-01-0361To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen engines (H2-ICEs) can be a bridge technology for reducing carbon emissions until fuel cells and battery systems reach full commercial readiness. Because they share similar components to diesel, allowing the use of existing components and infrastructure, making them easier to scale. At the same time, H2-ICEs can deliver diesel-like performance, durability, and reliability while maintaining the advantage of fast refueling. Lean-burn H2-ICE offers enhanced thermal efficiency while minimizing engine-out NOx emissions. One of the main challenges under lean-burn H2-ICE operation is the significant drop in turbo-out temperatures combined with higher water content and the possible presence of unburned hydrogen in the exhaust. This study examines the impact of excess water and residual hydrogen on Cu-SCR durability, active site chemistry, and stability for the case with and without an upstream oxidation catalyst, through aging tests at 450 °C and 550 °C. Changes in Cu redox cycles were
Kim, Mi-Young, Daya, Rohil, Kamasamudram, krishna
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 2.2: Inter-Ring Pressure Measurements and 2D/3D Ring Dynamics Analysis Across Multiple Engine Platforms – Heavy Duty and Large Bore2026-01-0280To be published on 04/07/2026
The growing demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. The first part of this publication series highlights the significance of 2D simulation as a crucial and computationally efficient tool for the precise development of hydrogen Power Cylinder Units. This approach demonstrates predictive capability proofed through engine tests, achieving a reduction in lube oil consumption by 5–7 g/h during high-load operations, alongside a 28% decrease in blow-by and an 11% reduction in hydrogen flow to the crankcase. To provide deeper insights into the complexities identified in Part 1, this study employs inter-ring pressure measurements across various engine types and configurations, including light vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and large-bore applications, covering a broad range of engine displacements from 2 to almost 100 liters. Part 2.1 focuses on understanding the cyclic variations
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark Ignition Engine using EGR2026-01-0325To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen is recognized as a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines as it contains no carbon, but in addition to NOx emissions during hydrogen combustion, unburned hydrogen emissions have recently emerged as an important environmental issue. In this study, a 400 cc single-cylinder direct-injection hydrogen engine based on a 1.6 L Hyundai Kappa engine was used to analyze the effects of injection and ignition timing on combustion characteristics and engine emissions. Experimental results showed that the formation state of the air-fuel mixture varied with injection and ignition timing. Under conditions where locally fuel-rich mixtures were formed, NOx emissions increased while unburned hydrogen decreased. In contrast, when the mixture was relatively homogeneous, NOx decreased but unburned hydrogen increased. These findings clearly confirmed the trade-off relationship between NOx and unburned hydrogen emissions. To address this issue, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was
Yang, Heetae, Ki, Youngmin, Kim, Jungho Justin, Kim, Jinsu
Model-based Development of a Heavy-Duty H2-ICE and Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) System2026-01-0426To be published on 04/07/2026
Changing global economic conditions and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reduce their impact on climate and public health is driving the need to develop alternative technologies to meet the demands of heavy-duty vehicles and increase propulsion system efficiency. This study combines a Hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) for its near zero CO2 emissions capability, with electrically assisted turbocharging, exhaust energy recovery, and mild hybridization to maximize propulsion system efficiency in real-world driving. The focus is on model-based integration and optimization of a technology package termed as the Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) system to demonstrate its potential for low emissions, high efficiency, and reduced cost will be demonstrated. In a previous study, a H2-ICE and aftertreatment concept for a MY2027 7.7L medium heavy-duty on-road engine was developed and evaluated through 1D simulation. The concept was to
Bustamante, Oscar, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
CFD-Guided DoE-ML Optimization Methods in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0326To be published on 04/07/2026
This study introduces a CFD-guided Design of Experiments (DoE) and Machine Learning (ML) framework for the co-optimization of piston and pre-chamber geometries in a passive pre-chamber heavy-duty hydrogen engine operating at medium and low loads. Starting from a reference configuration—an omega-type piston and a methane-optimized pre-chamber—the design space was parameterized using seven geometric variables. A Sobol sequence was employed to generate 96 randomized design variants in the DoE, each evaluated through high-fidelity 3D-CFD simulations to capture key combustion and performance metrics. The resulting dataset served as the foundation for developing and evaluating several ML regression models. A rigorous ML workflow was adopted, featuring 5-fold cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning via Bayesian optimization to ensure generalization and robustness. Model selection was based on multi-metric performance criteria including prediction accuracy, error stability, and sensitivity
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Im, Hong
Increasing the Efficiency of Hydrogen Direct Injection Internal Combustion Engines through the Use of Miller Cycles and Water Injection03-19-01-00011/31/2026
Hydrogen-fueled reciprocating engines typically feature reasonable efficiencies and low engine-out emissions but low power density, compromising their utility and economics. Previous hydrogen engine research has found efficiency and anti-knock benefits when using either Miller cycles or water injection. This article therefore studies, for the first time, a directly injected (DI), spark-ignited, heavy-duty, turbocharged and hydrogen-fueled engine operated with both Miller cycles and water injection. Miller cycles, with either early or late intake valve closure, and water injection combine to achieve high engine efficiencies approaching 50%, which is significantly higher than the same engine with standard valve timing. The increased susceptibility of hydrogen autoignition in these Miller cycles is overcome by water injection, which simultaneously increases the charge density, counteracting both lean-burn hydrogen’s and Miller cycles’ commonly observed power loss. This demonstrates that
Mortimer, Joel, Poursadegh, Farzad, Brear, Michael, Yang, Yi
Comprehensive Engine Testing Methodologies for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Validation with Combustion & Performance Evaluation Techniques2026-26-02561/16/2026
Validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. This experimental analysis conducted on Ashok Leyland’s 6cylinder 2V engine to evaluate the engine performance & durability with hydrogen fuel. Combustion behaviour of hydrogen ICE needs to be closely monitored during continuous operation of validation testing, due to its unique properties compared to other conventional fuels. During engine run, a pre-ignition source can cause knock event leading to instant failure of critical parts like piston assembly, spark plug, liner, valves & cylinder head. Also, hotspots inside IMF leads to backfire affecting the air intake & fuel injection assembly. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance detoriation and combustion abnormalities causing knocking
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen-Powered Commercial Vehicles for Cost Competitiveness with ICE and BEV2026-26-02541/16/2026
Worldwide, the automotive industry is pivoting towards electrification and zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to address greenhouse gas emissions and to meet net-zero emission goals. Although pure electric vehicles with rechargeable high-voltage batteries seem to be the most popular choice to achieve climate goals, hydrogen-powered vehicles are also seen by many as a viable technology to clean up the transportation sector. Hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell-powered vehicles have been in development for a long time, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICE) have seen rapid development in the past few years. While the technological feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells and H2 ICE is being proven, the mass adoption of these technologies depends, along with other factors such as hydrogen infrastructure, upon financial feasibility as well. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered vehicles, especially fuel cell electric vehicles. Different
Jacob, Joe, Chougule, Abhijeet
Experimental Evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline Fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-02581/16/2026
The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.
Shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K, SHINDE, DR BALU
Optimizing Hydrogen Engine Performance a Comparative Study of Lean & Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures complete combustion of the fuel-air mixture, but at the cost of higher combustion temperatures and consequently, high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Computational Study of Hydrogen based SCR Technology as an Alternative to Urea SCR in Hydrogen Fueled Engine2026-26-02131/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
Kashyap, Keshav, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
3D CFD Simulation Methodology for Safe and Efficient Hydrogen Refueling for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-02521/16/2026
As conventional fossil fuels are on the verge of depletion, the demand of alternative fuel has intensified. Among these, Hydrogen offers higher energy output per unit weight compared to conventional fuels, high octane number, and compatibility with Internal combustion engines (ICE). However, the volatility of hydrogen (H2) presents challenges, particularly during the refueling process, where uncontrolled temperature rise occurs because of negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect. This brings an alarming bell for the safety of fueling stations, vehicles, and mankind. This paper investigates the physics involved in hydrogen tank filling, focusing on maintaining the hydrogen gas temperature below 85 °C during the process. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to model the temperature and pressure behavior of hydrogen during filling. The study provides insights into the optimal fill rates, temperature distribution, and the evolution of peak temperature locations inside
Khanna, Gourav, Veerbhadra, Swati, Sahu, Abhay Kumar
Comparitive Study of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Performance for Port Fuel Injected and Direct Injected Technology Routes using 1D Simulation2026-26-02501/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in longer term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-SUITE for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of the PFI engine
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Controls Solutions for Commercial Hydrogen Engines2026-26-01121/16/2026
India’s commitment to carbon neutrality is significantly shaping the future architecture of commercial vehicle powertrains. While the use of CO₂-free technologies such as battery-electric drivetrains has already been successfully demonstrated across various applications, challenges related to limited range and the lack of high-power charging infrastructure continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly for productivity-critical commercial vehicles. This has shifted the spotlight toward sustainable fuels, which offer the advantage of fast refueling times. Among these, hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICE) have gained increasing attention in recent years. In regions such as the European Union, the primary motivation for hydrogen is CO₂ reduction. In contrast, for markets like India, hydrogen also presents a strategic opportunity for reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports. Over the past four years, multiple performance and emission development projects across various H
Arnberger, Anton, Danninger, Alois, Mannsberger, Stefan, Breitegger, Bernhard
Analysis of Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a Focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-02621/16/2026
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh Suresh, Sutavane, Ila, V, Ajay, Aghav, Yogesh
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-02671/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include a transient dynamometer with an advanced automation system for
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-26-02681/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Data-Driven Modeling for Emission Prediction and ATS Performance Benchmarking for Hydrogen and Diesel ICE Applications2026-26-03861/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive methodology for benchmarking hydrogen and diesel internal combustion Engines, with emphasis on virtual Real-Drive Emission (RDE) test procedures for diesel and hydrogen application. Emission profiles for legal cycles and RDE scenarios are accurately predicted through integration and development of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. Virtual evaluations of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system performance, Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing accuracy, and exhaust temperature dynamics enabled by integrated data pipelines and physics-based modeling are also explored for holistic prediction of output. Across models, validation demonstrates good prediction accuracy including temperature (R2 > 0.94, RMS error < 25°C), air flow (92% accuracy, RMSE = 28 kg/h), upstream NOx (93% accuracy, RMSE < 10 mg/s), and SCR (TP NOx accuracy = 91.82%, dosing accuracy = 87.73%). This approach has the potential to offer
Shah, Jash Vipin, S, Manoj Kumar, Ratnaparkhi, Aditya, H, Shivaprakash
Design Optimization of Vanity Cover for Hydrogen Engine for Product Safety Health Assessment (PSHA) Compliance using CFD2026-26-02631/16/2026
The integration of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel source in internal combustion engines (ICE) necessitates stringent design measures to mitigate leakage risks and ensure operational safety. This study focuses on the design optimization of vanity cover for hydrogen engines. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out to assess and control hydrogen leakage through fuel rail connections, injector interfaces and associated high pressure fuel system components. Detailed modelling of hydrogen flow behavior, diffusion characteristics of leaked hydrogen are simulated for worst case scenarios. Design iterations targeted improvement in ventilation pathways, strategic placement of vent holes, and internal flow management to minimize localized hydrogen buildup. The final design achieved hydrogen concentration, which was less than 4% satisfying the Product safety Hazard Analysis (PSHA) threshold for hydrogen engines. This paper validates the critical role of CFD driven design methodology in
Veerbhadra, Swati Ashvinkumar, Sahu, Abhay Kumar, Singh, Rahul
Impact of Hydrogen Electrification on Transmission Systems for Heavy-Duty Vehicles2025-36-017812/18/2025
Powertrain architecture is being reshaped by the electrification of heavy-duty military vehicles using hydrogen fuel cell technology, particularly in transmission systems. Unlike conventional internal combustion engines, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) typically use single-speed or direct-drive configurations due to the high torque of electric motors. This paper examines the impact of hydrogen electrification on military vehicle transmissions, focusing on armored multi-role models such as the VBMT-LSR, Guarani, and Leopard 1A5 of the Brazilian Army. The study compares traditional gearboxes with alternative solutions optimized for fuel cells, analyzing the trade-offs in efficiency, durability, and operational adaptability. Additionally, it explores adaptations required for hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs), considering their distinct characteristics and demands. The study employs a three-step validation methodology combining computational simulations, technical
Biêng, Ethan Lê Quang, Pontes, Guilherme Ayroso, Conrado, Guilherme Barreto Rollemberg, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Artificial Neural Network-Based Performance and Emission Prediction for Hydrogen-Combustion Multicylinder Engines2025-36-023712/18/2025
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Pasa, Bruno Roberto, Silveira, Juliano Pereira, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos, Salau, Nina Paula Gonçalves
Investigation of Active Pre-Chamber Ignition on an Optically Accessible Ultra-Lean DI Hydrogen Engine2025-01-052411/25/2025
Hydrogen is a promising alternative to conventional fuels for decarbonizing the commercial vehicle sector due to its carbon-free nature. This study investigates the ignition and flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen in a 2-liter single-cylinder optical research engine representative of the commercial vehicle sector. The main objective was to enable high power density operation while minimizing NOx emissions. For that, ultra-lean combustion was employed to lower in-cylinder temperatures, addressing the challenge of NOx formation. To counteract delayed and unstable combustion under lean conditions, an active pre-chamber ignition system was implemented. It uses a gas-purged pre-chamber with separate hydrogen injection and spark plug ignition. Turbulent hot gas jets from the pre-chamber ignite the fresh mixture in the main combustion chamber, enabling faster and more stable ignition compared to conventional spark plugs. Additionally, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen
Borken, Philipp, Bill, Daniel, Link, Lukas, Dinkelacker, Friedrich, Hansen, Hauke
Evaluation of Advanced Powertrain Technologies for Large Agricultural Tractors: Insights on Energy Consumption and Life Cycle Environmental Impact13-06-03-002511/21/2025
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, Namdoo, Yan, Ziming, Vijayagopal, Ram, Jung, Jaekwang, He, Xin
Transient Helium Jet Evolution Using High Speed Schlieren Imaging2025-32-005711/3/2025
The accelerating global shift towards decarbonised energy systems has positioned hydrogen as a highly promising carbon-free fuel. This study comprehensively investigates the macroscopic characteristics and temporal evolution of vortex ring trailing helium jets, serving as a surrogate for hydrogen, injected into a quiescent ambient environment using high-speed Schlieren imaging. This research addresses critical insights into fuel-air mixing dynamics essential for optimising hydrogen direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines. Analysis of helium jet tip’s topology revealed a three-stage evolution from an initial pressure-insensitive phase, dominated by pressure wave structures, to a momentum-driven, vortex-dependent growth stage, then to a fully developed stage. Specifically, the lower-pressure cases showed increased Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and distinct head vortex pinch-off at the final stage. Jet tip velocities transitioned from initial high, rapid pressure wave development
Dong, Shuo, Shi, Hao, Zhang, Gengxin, Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Effect of In-Cylinder Hydrogen Mixture Formation on Hydrogen Combustion2025-32-006511/3/2025
Global efforts to mitigate climate change include ambitious long-term strategies by countries to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The automotive sector is exploring carbon-free powertrains, with hydrogen emerging as a key technology. Its zero-emission potential positions it for widespread adoption in power generation, transportation, and industry. Hydrogen engines, particularly direct injection engines offering high power and efficiency, are gaining traction due to their adaptability using existing engine components. However, in a hydrogen direct injection engine, achieving proper mixing of hydrogen and air in the cylinder is challenging, making in-cylinder mixture formation a crucial factor for ensuring stable combustion. To predict hydrogen mixture formation in the cylinder, we conducted a Schlieren visualization experiment of the hydrogen jet. Based on the results, a detailed hydrogen jet model for the direct injection injector was developed. This model was then
Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Sakurai, Yota, Ichi, Satoaki
Experimental Study of hCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission2025-32-005011/3/2025
There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (hCNG). hCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh
Development of the Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine for Off-Road Applications2025-32-006611/3/2025
This paper focuses on the potential application of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (HICE) in the off-road market, examining HICE based on a diesel engine. In the transition to HICE, priority was given to compatibility with existing systems, minimizing changes from the base engine. By adopting a PFI (Port Fuel Injection) method for fuel injection, low-pressure hydrogen supply was achieved. To address the issue of backfire associated with PFI, optimization of injection pressure using a variable pressure control valve, along with adjustments to valve timing and injection timing, was implemented to suppress backflow of residual gases into the intake system and minimize hydrogen retention. Regarding pre-ignition, in addition to suppressing hotspots, the relationship between the homogenization of the air-fuel mixture and NOx emissions was examined, revealing a correlation. This engine was mounted on a generator, and efforts were made to improve the important characteristic of
Shiraishi, Kentaro, Kishi, Shinji, Kato, Daichi, Mitamura, Kenta, Murakami, Kei, Mikuni, Yusuke
Clarification of the Mechanism of Abnormal Combustion in Hydrogen Engines -Investigation of Abnormal Combustion Location by Visualization Measurement-2025-32-006411/3/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines present a promising path towards carbon neutrality, yet their development is challenged by abnormal combustion phenomena like backfire and pre-ignition. These phenomena limit engine torque and reduce component reliability. This study is aimed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these phenomena in hydrogen internal combustion engines. We utilized a multi-cylinder engine with optical access for direct high-speed imaging of in-cylinder processes to visualize backfire and pre-ignition. Initial analysis, combining visualization data with one-dimensional (1D) simulations, indicated that high temperatures of the ground electrode of the spark plug could be a key trigger factor for abnormal combustion. To investigate this hypothesis, the surface temperature of the ground electrode was measured under firing conditions using a two-color thermometry system. The measurements revealed that the electrode temperature exceeded the compressed gas temperature near Top
Muramatsu, Keiji, Tokuhara, Satoshi, Kadu, Pravin, Yoshimura, Kei, Nakama, Kenjiro
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-006111/3/2025
This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
A Study of Knocking Characteristics in a Hydrogen SI Engine under High Compression Ratio2025-32-006311/3/2025
This study investigated the knocking characteristics of a hydrogen spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency and expanding the operating range. In recent years, research focused on carbon neutrality has been vigorously conducted, and hydrogen has attracted attention as a next-generation fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs). The combustion characteristics of hydrogen are vastly from those of existing gasoline. It is essential to have a sufficient understanding of the combustion characteristics of hydrogen in order to develop next-generation ICEs designed to operate on hydrogen fuel. There are especially many aspects of the knocking mechanisms of hydrogen that are unclear. Consequently, those characteristics and mechanisms must be clarified for the purpose of expanding the operating range of hydrogen engines and enhancing their efficiency. In this study, experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder hydrogen engine that was operated at a high compression
Ishihara, Hiromasa, Kishibata, Shunsuke, Miyake, Shota, Iida, Tomoya, Kuwabara, Kenta, Yoshihara, Shintaro, Miyamoto, Sekai, Iijima, Akira
Advanced Multi-Fidelity Simulation of Piston Oil Jet Cooling in High-Performance Engines2025-32-008111/3/2025
The development of next-generation hydrogen-fueled engines introduces critical challenges related to thermal loads within the combustion chamber, particularly in high-performance applications. To address the extreme temperatures encountered, effective piston cooling strategies, such as oil jet impingement, are essential. Accurately predicting thermal stresses to prevent component failure is therefore crucial. However, numerical simulations often come with significant computational costs. This paper presents a comprehensive multi-fidelity modeling approach to predict the thermal behavior of pistons under these demanding conditions. The model integrates a simplified 3D thermal representation of the piston, a lumped-parameter mechanical model of the piston-liner assembly, and convective boundary conditions obtained at various levels of fidelity, from high-level Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to literature correlations. Additionally, the study examines the influence of
Sassoli, Andrea, Romani, Luca, Ferrara, Giovanni, Paolicelli, Giovanni, Balduzzi, Francesco
Thermal Management in Electrified Transportation: A Comparative Study of Different Powertrain Technologies2025-28-041210/30/2025
The transition towards sustainable transportation necessitates the development of advanced thermal management systems (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles (HICEVs). Effective thermal control is crucial for passenger comfort and the performance, longevity, and safety of critical vehicle components. This paper presents a rigorous and comparative analysis of TMS strategies across these diverse powertrain technologies. It systematically examines the unique thermal challenges associated with each subsystem, including cabin HVAC, battery packs, fuel cell stacks, traction motors, and power electronics. For cabin HVAC, the paper explores methods for minimizing energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort, considering factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and occupant load. The critical importance of battery thermal management is emphasized, with a focus on
K, Neelima, K, Anisha, Ch, Kavya, C, Somasundar, Satyam, Satyam, P, Geetha
Impact of Oil Composition on Pre-Ignition in a Hydrogen Engine04-18-03-001810/10/2025
Pre-ignition (PI) is a common issue in internal combustion engines (ICE) with spark ignition. While the various causes have been identified with conventional fuels (such as gasoline or gasoline blends), the causes with hydrogen in ICE are not yet fully understood. This article presents the results of investigations into the influence of seven different lubricating oils on PI in a single-cylinder hydrogen research engine. The variation of two different parameters at two engine speeds were investigated: load and air/fuel mixture. For both variations, the tests start at the same conditions and run until the operating limit of the engine is reached (peak firing pressure, or maximum intake manifold pressure). The PI and knocking PI are investigated, while classifying them according to the peak cylinder pressure. It has been observed that enleanment above λ = 2.4 can lead to higher PI rates, while simultaneously reducing the knocking PI. During the load sweep at 2000 1/min, the highest
Pehlivanlar, Benjamin, Torkler, Michael, Fischer, Marcus, Göbel, Christoph, Pischinger, Stefan, Maulbetsch, Theo, Nübling, Fritz, Neumann, Stephan
Developing Custom Engine Test and Solutions for Handling Water in Lubricants for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2025-01-040010/7/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2–ICEs) are being evaluated as a potential pathway for lowering the CO2 emissions intensity of the transportation and the power generation sectors as well as off-road applications such as agriculture and construction industry. H2–ICEs offer several advantages to the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs); such as retaining the existing engine architecture and hardware, whilst achieving a lower emissions intensity than diesel engines. Some of the key challenges for the H2–ICEs operation are managing excessive amounts of water build-up in the oil under certain operating conditions and pre-ignition which have significant impact on the engine life and durability. In the current study, the authors developed a custom test cycle using a 7.4-litre 6-cylinder turbo-charged hydrogen engine designed for combined heat and power applications. The test cycle was created with the purpose of accumulating significant amounts of water (hydration phase) in the oil
Bansal, Dinesh, Weimar, Hans-Joachim, Berlet, Peter
CFD and FE Toolset for Predicting Structural Temperatures in a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine2025-01-038310/7/2025
Hydrogen has been identified as a promising decarbonization fuel in internal combustion engine (ICE) applications in many areas including heavy-duty on- and off-road, power-generation, marine, etc. Hydrogen ICEs can achieve high power density and very low tailpipe emissions. However, there are challenges; designing systems for a gaseous fuel with its own specific mixing, burn rate and combustion control needs, which can differ from legacy products. Being able to determine the thermal distribution and temperatures of the power cylinder components has always been critical to the design and development of ICE. SAE-2023-01-1675 [1] presented an analytical FE-based tool, and validation using both FE and CFD methods for a Euro VI HD Diesel engine converted to operate on hydrogen gas using direct injection. In this study, updated methods and investigations are presented for Hydrogen ICE including applicability of the Woschni heat transfer correlation, use of CFD thermal wall functions and a
Bell, David J., Shapiro, Evgeniy, Turquand d Auzay, Charles, Hernandez, Ignacio, Hynous, Jan, Kohutka, Jiri, Osborne, Richard, Penning, Richard, Tomiska, Zbynek
Approaches for Mechanical Development and Validation of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2025-01-039810/7/2025
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H2 ICEs) are seen as a viable zero-emission technology that can be implemented relatively quickly and cost-effectively by automotive manufacturers. The changed boundary conditions of a hydrogen-fueled engine in terms of mechanical and thermal aspects require a review and potential refinement of the design especially for the 'piston bore interface' (liner honing, ring and piston design) but also for other engine sub-systems, e.g. the crankcase ventilation system. The influence of oil entry into the combustion chamber is even more important in hydrogen engines due to the risk of oil-induced pre-ignition. Therefore, investigations of the interaction between friction, blowby and oil transfer into the combustion chamber were performed and are presented in this paper. During the investigations, experimental tests were carried out on a single-cylinder engine ('floating liner') and on a multi-cylinder engine. The 'floating liner' concept allows the crank
Plettenberg, Mirko, Gell, Johannes, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Hick, Hannes
Water Injection Effects on a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Spark Ignition Engine2025-24-00509/7/2025
Hydrogen engines have gained interest recently, as they present a promising alternative for decarbonizing heavy-duty transport, aligning with carbon neutrality regulations. This study investigates the effects of inlet manifold water injection on a heavy-duty hydrogen-fueled spark ignition single-cylinder engine, focusing on moderating abnormal hydrogen combustion and its impact on performance, thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions. Water injection has been identified as a potential solution to mitigate the challenges associated with hydrogen combustion, such as pre-ignition and knock, by reducing the reactivity of the mixture (lowering temperature and increasing the dilution). The lower reactivity of the mixture allows running richer lambdas or higher compression ratios without spontaneous preignition, mitigating boosting requirements for full load and transient performance. Experimental results demonstrate that water injection significantly improves engine performance, thermal
Peñin Garcia, Alfonso Jose, Valls Claramunt, Carles, Rivas, Manuel, Birnstingl, Johannes, Wieser, Martin, Martin, Jaime, Novella, Ricardo
Exploring the Emission Spectrum of Pure Hydrogen Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines: A Comprehensive Experimental Study2025-24-00519/7/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) have shown enormous potential for zero-carbon emissions, aligning with the European zero-carbon targets in 2050. Adopting hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel offers a time- and cost-effective approach to directly replacing carbon-based and fossil fuel-powered ICEs. The study aims to provide comprehensive data on the H2ICE engine during steady-state operations of a single-cylinder spark ignition engine with a direct hydrogen injection system. It focuses on emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), utilising ultra-fast analysers positioned close to the exhaust valves to minimise signal delay. Particulate matter (PM) emissions are also measured to evaluate the potential for zero-carbon emissions from the H2ICE. Additionally, NO and NO2 emissions are analysed against air-fuel ratios (AFR) to estimate combustion temperature and NOx mechanisms. Water vapour and oxygen emissions are captured to assess their quantities
Mohamed, Mohamed, Zaman, Zayne, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Hall, Jonathan
Experimental Study of the Lubricating Oil Impact on the Unsteady Performance of an Automotive Turbocharger2025-24-00789/7/2025
Turbocharging technique is a key technology for the development of hydrogen engines, allowing high lambda values to reach low NOx emissions. In ultra-lean mixture conditions, the thermal management of the lubricating oil and its cold condition becomes a crucial aspect that cannot be neglected. Accordingly, the impact of different lubricating oils and different lubricant thermal conditions is highlighted referring to the performance of a turbocharging system for automotive application. To this aim, an experimental campaign is conducted at the test bench for components of propulsion systems of the University of Genoa. Tests are performed on a turbocharger equipped with a variable geometry turbine under both steady and unsteady flow conditions, considering different positions of the turbine regulating device. A 4-cylinder engine head was coupled to the turbocharger in order to reproduce the pulsating flow related to the opening and closing of the engine valves. The influence of the
Marelli, Silvia, Usai, Vittorio, Cordalonga, Carla
Experimental Assessment of Different NO x Storage Catalysts for Transient Emission Management in DI H 2 Fueled ICE2025-24-00799/7/2025
One of the emerging technologies to effectively decarbonize the transportation sector in the Heavy-Duty and Non-Road segment is the Hydrogen fueled Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE). Although completely free of carbon content, and therefore CO2, the H2-ICE exhaust still releases NOx as harmful byproducts of the combustion process. Furthermore, it is well known that H2-ICE NOx emissions are very sensitive to combustion air-to-fuel ratio (λ) and hence are much higher during load increase when λ is lowered (λ<2) to reach the target level of performance. Therefore, to comply with most stringent emission regulations, it is paramount to equip the H2-ICE with an aftertreatment system capable to handle the NOx peaks generated during transient operations with extremely high efficiency. The present work provides indication for the transposition of catalyst formulations well-known for compression-ignited ICE to Direct Injection H2-ICEs for effectively storing and converting NOx within their
Blangetti, Nicola, Pozzi, Chiara, Ciaravino, Claudio, Deorsola, Fabio, Galletti, Camilla
Combustion System Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Hydrogen Engines via 3DCFD Simulations and Single Cylinder Engine Measurements: Injector Cap, Injection Strategy and Intake Duct Design2025-24-00089/7/2025
The development of hydrogen fueled engines has dramatically accelerated in recent years. They have gained much in operating reliability and the specific power outputs is at least comparable to those of current natural gas engines. This has been made possible by combining specific development tools derived from the development of compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines. These include jet visualization techniques (Schlieren, PIV, and LIF), video endoscopy on engine, and 3-D fluid dynamics simulations. In hydrogen engines for commercial vehicles, efforts have so far been made to keep engine components as unchanged as possible from similar diesel or gasoline versions. Similarly, some manufacturers have favored the port fueled injection (PFI) solution because it is easier to implement than the in-cylinder (DI) injection one. The present work concerns the evaluation of the further improvement potential made possible by using direct injection (DI) technology, and intervening on both
Gaballo, Maria Rosaria, Iacobazzi, Marino, Burtsche, Thomas, Cornetti, Giovanni
Combustion Characteristics and Efficiency of a Turbocharged Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine Under Ultra-Lean, High-Load Conditions2025-24-00489/7/2025
The transportation industry seeks sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ICE) have emerged as a practical solution. They offer near carbon-free operation while integrating with existing engine technology and infrastructure. Thanks to hydrogen’s specific properties, lean combustion can be achieved, significantly reducing NOx emissions. However, operating a commercial engine under ultra-lean conditions at high load presents challenges, particularly in maintaining volumetric efficiency and power density. This study analyzes the combustion behavior, NOx emissions, and loss mechanisms in a four-cylinder, direct-injection, hydrogen-fueled engine, equipped with a variable geometry turbine (VGT). The engine was tested at three BMEP levels (8, 10, and 12 bar) under ultra-lean conditions, with lambda varied between 2.2 and 3.6. Unlike conventional approaches, fuel mass was held constant at each load, and lambda was adjusted by varying intake air
Azizianamiri, Sobhan, Tauzia, Xavier, Maiboom, Alain, Perrot, Nicolas
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