The intake and exhaust valve motion have, as known, a pivotal role in determining engine operation and performances. When dealing with high specific power engines, especially at high rpm, the dynamic behavior of the valve can differ from the kinematic one defined during the design phase. This is related to the high acceleration and forces to which the valve and the other components of the valvetrain system are subjected. In particular, the valve can detach from the cam profile at the end of the opening stroke, and it can show a bouncing behavior during the closing stroke. In addition, all the elements of the valvetrain system are not infinitely rigid and aspects such as the timing chain elongation, the camshaft torsion and the valve stem compression can determine a change in phase with respect to the kinematic one. Since the high complexity level of valvetrains, advanced numerical simulations are mandatory to deeply analyze the behavior of the whole mechanism and each subsystem. The

Tarchiani, Marco, Romani, Luca, Raspanti, Sandro, Bosi, Lorenzo, Ferrara, Giovanni, Trassi, Paolo, Fiaschi, Jacopo

Techniques and Analysis Methods Used in Development of 13.4kW Horizontal Water-Cooled Diesel Engine

2024-32-0116

04/18/2025

Horizontal water-cooled diesel engines are single-cylinder engines equipped with all the necessary components for operation such as a fuel tank and a radiator. Due to their versatility, there are used in a wide range of applications in Asia, Africa, South America, etc. It is necessary to comply with strengthened emissions regulations year by year in countries where environmental awareness is increasing such as China, India, etc. We have developed a new compact and high-power 13.4kW(18HP) engine which meets these needs. We realized a high-power density by using our unique expertise to maintain an engine size and increase a displacement. In addition, by optimizing a layout of crankcase ribs through structural analysis, we have achieved a maximum bore and “Reduction of the weight of the crankcase and lubricating oil consumption (LOC), and reduction of friction with narrow-width low-tangential load piston rings”. Furthermore, by designing an intake port using 3D CFD, we have optimized a

Shiomi, Kenta, Hosoya, Ryosuke, Komai, Yoshinobu, Takashima, Yusuke, Kitamura, Takahiro, Fujiwara, Tsukasa, Suematsu, Kosuke

Improvement of Lean Burn Characteristics with Ozone Addition in a Diesel Micro-pilot Natural Gas Engine

2024-32-0104

04/18/2025

Ozone (O3) was introduced into the intake air in a natural gas fueled engine ignited by micro-pilot of diesel fuel, to utilize the reactive O-radicals decomposed from the O3 for the promotion of the combustion and for improvements in the thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder engine to elucidate the effects of the ozone addition under the lean burn conditions. A supercharger was employed to increase the intake air amount and vary the equivalence ratio of natural gas. The experimental results showed that the O3 addition has a limited effect on the ignition of the diesel fuel injected near top dead center, while the heat release during the flame propagation in the natural gas/air mixture was increased at the lower equivalence ratio of natural gas. Further the ignition of natural gas was promoted, resulting in the increase of the combustion efficiency and the degree of constant volume heat release. The cooling loss and the NOx emissions

Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Miyata, Shoki, Kawahara, Nobuyuki, Inagaki, Ryuya

Enhancing Dual Fuel Combustion Simulation: A Novel Geometric Approach for Accurate Flame Entrainment Estimation

2025-01-8366

04/01/2025

Maritime transportation plays a vital role in the economy and is one of the most energy-efficient modes of transportation. However, it is a growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. A potential solution to lower carbon emissions from maritime transport is to use renewable fuels in marine engines. Hydrogen or methanol can serve as the primary energy source in internal combustion (IC) engines. However, their high autoignition temperatures require an external ignition source to start combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. The Dual Fuel (DF) approach offers an effective method for incorporating these fuels. To accurately simulate dual fuel combustion, certain parameters need to be carefully addressed. One crucial parameter to investigate is estimating the flame entrainment area, as it directly affects the mass burning rate. In this work, a novel geometric approach is developed to estimate the evolution of the flame entrainment area. This model is integrated into a multi-zone

Parsa, Somayeh, Daenens, Arthur, Verschaeren, Roel, Dierickx, Jeroen, Verhelst, Sebastian

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine

2025-01-8424

04/01/2025

Nowadays, hydrogen (H2) is rising as a key solution to fuel internal combustion engines (ICE) since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, ICE fueled with H2 can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline fueled ones. In stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen shows higher flame speed, lower ignition energy and lower quenching distance than gasoline. Mainly for these reasons, H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (i.e. knock and pre-ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the wide flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach, experimental and numerical, to assess the benefits of three mixture dilution methods. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived high specific power gasoline Single Cylinder Engine (SCE

Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo

Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential Via Water Direct Injection in a Single-Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-8427

04/01/2025

In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion, and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. In this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate the hydrogen and the water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved the direct injection of hydrogen using a wall-guided gasoline direct injector and the direct injection of water into the combustion chamber using a diesel injector. This approach utilizes the

Kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, Kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo

Experimental Study of Glow Plug Assisted Methanol Compression Ignition

2025-01-8412

04/01/2025

Methanol can be produced renewably and used in compression ignition (CI) engines as a replacement for fossil diesel. However, methanol is a low cetane fuel, creating challenges in achieving stable operation, particularly at low load. One potential solution is through surface ignition via a glow plug. In this work, experiments were conducted on a methanol-fueled 2.1 L single cylinder engine instrumented with a glow plug. The engine was designed for alcohol combustion with an elevated compression ratio (26:1) and a narrow injector umbrella angle (120 degrees) compared to standard diesel compression ignition hardware. As such, no plume was directly intercepted by the glow plug. A representative low load case of two conventional mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) strategies (single injection and pilot-main) and three kinetically controlled advanced CI strategies (homogenous charge compression ignition, split injection, partially premixed combustion) were tested with and without

Gainey, Brian, Svensson, Magnus, Verhelst, Sebastian, Tuner, Martin

10 % Fuel Economy Benefit at Part Load and up to 33 % at Idle for a Diesel Engine via Reducing Friction. Testing the Rotating Liner Engine and an Identical Baseline Under Load

2025-01-8390

04/01/2025

The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BSL), i.e. conventional. In 2022, we published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder wall takes place with a liner speed of 1.5-2.3 m/s surface speed (283-426 rpm for the 102 mm bore) for the 850-1280 rpm crankshaft speed. The RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under load, which is a trend opposite to

Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Riley, Sebastian, Basu, Amiyo, Matthews, Ron

Impact of Oxygenated Fuel Components on Engine Performance and Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Blends

2025-01-8446

04/01/2025

The challenges with electrification in the automotive industry have led to rethinking the decisions to ban internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, decarbonization of transportation remains a regulatory priority in many countries, irrespective of the energy source for automotive powertrains. Renewable oxygenated fuel components can help with the rapid decarbonization of gasoline fuels in the current fleet. Ethanol is one of the primary renewable components typically used for blending in gasoline primarily at 10% v/v but up to 20% v/v substitution which corresponds to 3.7 to 8.0% oxygen by mass. However, a range of oxygenates could be used instead of ethanol. This study aimed to determine if the engine could discriminate between different oxygenates in gasoline fuels blended at the same octane (RON) and oxygen levels. Oxygenates such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tert-butyl-ether (ETBE) were considered in this study. Blends were made using a combination of n-heptane, iso

Kalaskar, Vickey, Mitchell, Robert, Pourreau, Daniel

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Prediction of WLTC Mode Drive Fuel Consumption for Vehicles Running on Blended Gasoline

2024-01-4291

11/05/2024

It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding the EGR amount from 0 to the maximum value that allows stable combustion at the theoretical air-fuel ratio. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for three types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, and Series-HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model in OpenModelica to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was

Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Kawakami, Sota, Wang, Zhiyuan

Experimental Investigation on Combustion Strategy of Light Duty GCI Fueled High Reactivity Gasoline Fuel

2024-01-4282

11/05/2024

Diesel engines are largely used as power units with high fuel efficiency. Conversely, they have an adverse impact on the environment and human health as they emit high NOx and particulate matter emissions. As more stringent regulations for emissions are introduced, low temperature combustion strategy such as Gasoline Compression Ignition evolved and demonstrated the potential to reduce the particulate matter and NOx emissions by operating engines under a Partially Premixed Combustion mode. Therefore, a 0.55 mm single cylinder engine (Gasoline Direct Injection), was tested over range of engine loads with constant speed (1500 rpm) using RON80 without oxygenates. Different operating parameters such as injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) etc. were used to control combustion phasing and mixture stratifications. At low loads, rebreathing of hot exhaust gas produced low levels of NOx and smoke emissions. It reduced NOx by 60% and smoke levels below 0.20 FSN when it is coupled with low

Qahtani, Yasser Al, Sellnau, Mark, Yu, Xin

Powertrain NVH Optimization of Single Cylinder CI Engine

2024-28-0001

10/17/2024

With increasing pursuit for comfort in mobility NVH characteristics are becoming more important than ever. Achieving a benchmark beating NVH behavior involves optimizing source, transfer paths as well as target location mechanical characteristics. In ICE vehicles, powertrain accounts for major source of noise and vibration. This work encompasses NVH refinement strategies for a single cylinder compression ignition engine. The work starts with setting target values for NVH characteristics based on competitive benchmark data analysis. A complete development strategy involving extensive testing and CAE correlation is presented here. Contribution analysis in component level for optimization of NVH behavior is carried out employing NVH testing in anechoic chamber supported by CAE simulations. This paper describes the later phases of the entire development process which are decisive for engine NVH; the combustion and mechanical development phase and the NVH development and refinement phase

Kunde, Sagar, Thakur, Sunil, Wagh, Sachin, Bhangare, Amit, Prabhakar, Shantanu

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion at Varying Engine Speed on a Single Cylinder Engine

2024-24-0044

09/18/2024

In this study, dual fuel combustion process has been investigated numerically and experimentally in a single cylinder research engine. Two engine speeds have been investigated (1500 and 2000 rpm) at fixed BMEP of 5 bar for both engine speeds. For each engine speed two operating points have tested with and without EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the tumble intake port inlet and a small amount of diesel fuel has been introduced directly in the cylinder through two injections strategy: one pilot injection occurring Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) and one main occurring around the Top Dead Center (TDC). The dual-fuel combustion model in GT-SUITE has been used first to calibrate the combustion model by using the Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) model. This step allows the calibration of the combustion model to predict in-cylinder combustion processes. Simulations have been performed at varying mass distribution of injected diesel

Maroteaux, Fadila, SEBAI, Salim, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Schembri, Patrick, Radja, Katia, Barichella, Arnault

Numerical Investigation of Injection and Mixture Formation in Hydrogen Combustion Engines by Means of Different 3D-CFD Simulation Approaches

2024-01-3007

07/02/2024

For the purpose of achieving carbon-neutrality in the mobility sector by 2050, hydrogen can play a crucial role as an alternative energy carrier, not only for direct usage in fuel cell-powered vehicles, but also for fueling internal combustion engines. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of high-pressure hydrogen injection and the mixture formation inside a high-tumble engine with a conventional liquid fuel injector for passenger cars. Since the traditional 3D-CFD approach of simulating the inner flow of an injector requires a very high spatial and temporal resolution, the enormous computational effort, especially for full engine simulations, is a big challenge for an effective virtual development of modern engines. An alternative and more pragmatic lagrangian 3D-CFD approach offers opportunities for a significant reduction in computational effort without sacrificing reliability. The detailed and the lagrangian approach are both validated against optical measurements

Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre, Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco

Effect of Ethanol and Iso-Octane Blends on Isolated Low-Temperature Heat Release in a Spark Ignition Engine

04-17-03-0016

05/17/2024

Low-temperature heat release (LTHR) is of interest for its potential to help control autoignition in advanced compression ignition (ACI) engines and mitigate knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Previous studies have identified and investigated LTHR in both ACI and SI engines before the main high-temperature heat release (HTHR) event and, more recently, LTHR in isolation has been demonstrated in SI engines by appropriately curating the in-cylinder thermal state during compression and disabling the spark discharge. Ethanol is an increasingly common component of market fuel blends, owing to its renewable sources. In this work, the effect of adding ethanol to iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) blends on their LTHR behavior is demonstrated. Tests were run on a motored single-cylinder engine elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures were adjusted to realize LTHR from blends of iso-octane and ethanol without entering the HTHR regime. The blends were tested with inlet temperatures of 40

White, Samuel Philip, Bajwa, Abdullah Umair, Leach, Felix

TOC

99-06-02-0TOC

04/15/2024

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Ducted Fuel Injection: Confirmed Re-entrainment Hypothesis

2024-01-2885

04/09/2024

Testing of ducted fuel injection (DFI) in a single-cylinder engine with production-like hardware previously showed that adding a duct structure increased soot emissions at the full load, rated speed operating point [1]. The authors hypothesized that the DFI flame, which travels faster than a conventional diesel combustion (CDC) flame, and has a shorter distance to travel, was being re-entrained into the on-going fuel injection around the lift-off length (LOL), thus reducing air entrainment into the on-going injection. The engine operating condition and the engine combustion chamber geometry were duplicated in a constant pressure vessel. The experimental setup used a 3D piston section combined with a glass fire deck allowing for a comparison between a CDC flame and a DFI flame via high-speed imaging. CH* imaging of the 3D piston profile view clearly confirmed the re-entrainment hypothesis presented in the previous engine work. This finding suggests that a DFI retrofit for this

Svensson, Kenth, Fitzgerald, Russell, Martin, Glen

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of an Ammonia-Hydrogen Engine under Passive- and Active-Jet Ignition

2024-01-2109

04/09/2024

In the context of carbon neutrality, ammonia is considered a zero-carbon fuel with potential applications in the transportation sector. However, its high ignition energy, low flame speed, and high natural temperature, indicative of low reactivity, make it challenging to be applied as a sole fuel in engines. In such a scenario, the use of another zero-carbon and highly reactive fuel, hydrogen, becomes necessary to enhance the combustion of ammonia. Furthermore, jet ignition, a method known for improving engine combustion performance, may also hold potential for enhancing the combustion performance of ammonia engines. To explore the applicability of jet ignition in engines, this study conducted experimental research on a single-cylinder engine. Two ignition methods were employed: passive jet ignition of premixed ammonia-hydrogen at a compression ratio of 11.5, and active jet ignition of pure ammonia using hydrogen jet flame at a compression ratio of 17.3. Experimental results indicated

Qi, Yunliang, Wang, Wei, Wang, Zhi

Elucidation of Deteriorating Oil Consumption Mechanism Due to Piston Top Ring Groove Wear

2024-01-2269

04/09/2024

The piston and piston ring are used in a severe contact environment in engine durability tests, which causes severe wear to the piston ring groove, leading to significant development costs for countermeasures. Conventionally, in order to ensure functional feasibility through wear on the piston top ring groove (hereinafter “ring groove”), only functional evaluations through actual engine durability testing were performed, and there was an issue in determining the limit value for the actual amount of wear itself. Because of this, the mechanism that may cause wear on the ring groove was clarified through past research, but this resulted in judgment criteria with some leeway from the perspective of functional assurance. To establish judgment criteria, it was necessary to understand both functional effect from ring groove wear and the mechanism behind it. For this research, the functional effect from wear on the upper surface of the ring groove and the mechanism that may cause this were

Yoshii, Kenta, Takahashi, Katsuyuki, Sato, Kenji, Hitosughi, Hideshi, Nakada, Fumihiro

Next Generation High Efficiency Boosted Engine Concept

2024-01-2094

04/09/2024

This work represents an advanced engineering research project partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Ford Motor Company, FEV North America, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory collaborated to develop a next generation boosted spark ignited engine concept. The project goals, specified by the DOE, were 23% improved fuel economy and 15% reduced weight relative to a 2015 or newer light-duty vehicle. The fuel economy goal was achieved by designing an engine incorporating high geometric compression ratio, high dilution tolerance, low pumping work, and low friction. The increased tendency for knock with high compression ratio was addressed using early intake valve closing (EIVC), cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), an active pre-chamber ignition system, and careful management of the fresh charge temperature. Engine weight reduction measures were implemented throughout the engine system making use of composite materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and architectural

Shelby, Michael H., Case, Mark E., Chesney, Lynn A.

Development of a Turbulent Jet-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Concept Using Spray-Guided Stratification for Fueling a Passive Prechamber

03-17-04-0031

01/24/2024

Improving thermal efficiency of an internal combustion engine is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce life cycle-based CO2 emissions for transportation. Lean burn technology has the potential to reach high thermal efficiency if simultaneous low NOx, HC, and CO emissions can be achieved. Low NOx can be realized by ultra-lean (λ ≥ 2) spark-ignited combustion; however, the HC and CO emissions can increase due to slow flame propagation and high combustion variability. In this work, we introduce a new combustion concept called turbulent jet-controlled compression ignition, which utilizes multiple turbulent jets to ignite the mixture and subsequently triggers end gas autoignition. As a result, the ultra-lean combustion is further improved with reduced late-cycle combustion duration and enhanced HC and CO oxidation. A low-cost passive prechamber is innovatively fueled using a DI injector in the main combustion chamber through spray-guided stratification. This concept has been

Yu, Xin, Zhang, Anqi, Baur, Andrew, Engineer, Nayan, Cleary, David

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Single-Cylinder Methanol Port-Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine for Heavy-Duty Applications

2024-26-0072

01/16/2024

With the increasing focus on reducing CO2 emissions to combat global warming and climate change, the automotive industry is exploring near zero-emission alternative fuels to replace traditional fossil-based fuels like diesel, gasoline, and CNG. Methanol is a promising alternative fuel that is being evaluated in India due to its easy transportation and storage, as well as its production scalability and availability potential. This study focuses on the retro-fitment solution of M100 (pure methanol) SI port-fuel injection (PFI) mode of combustion. A heavy duty single-cylinder engine test setup was used to assess methanol SI combustion characteristic. Lean operation strategy has been investigated. At lean mixture conditions a significant drop in NOX and CO emissions was achieved. The fuel injection techniques and the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the conventional stoichiometric combustion process is highlighted. Increase of the EGR ratio at stoichiometric operation led to 3

Singh, Inderpal, Güdden, Arne, Raut, Ankit, Dhongde, Avnish, Emran, Ashraf, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin

Intake and Exhaust System Optimization of a Single Cylinder Engine Using 1D Simulation Approach

2024-26-0212

01/16/2024

Reducing vehicular noise has become a crucial step in product development to meet stringent legislation and improve passenger experience. Smaller vehicles like three-wheelers and compact cars are often powered by a single cylinder engine due to product cost, packaging and weight constraints. Unlike a multi-cylinder engine where cylinders fire one after another which helps to reduce noise levels by destructive interference of pressure waves, a single cylinder engine produces higher noise levels due to firing of a single cylinder. Intake and exhaust flow noise is one of the dominant sources of vehicular noise. This study focuses on using CAE tools to reduce intake and exhaust flow noise levels to meet target noise requirements. One dimensional (1-D) gas dynamics simulation provides a good trade-off between accuracy and run-time, allowing for evaluation of multiple design iterations with acceptable accuracy in a relatively short time frame. A system level optimization was performed on the

Paranjape, Sumeet, Thakur, Sunil, Emran, Ashraf, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay

DESIGN OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE CAM SHAPE USING COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS AND SIMULATION

2023-36-0072

01/08/2024

Computational tools have become indispensable in the development of cam profiles, aiding designers in achieving optimal performance. This paper explores the application of computational tools in the design of cam profiles for a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE) prototype under development with a direct-acting mechanism. The primary objective is to present a comprehensive design process, encompassing kinematic analysis and Quasi-Dynamic Analysis (QDA), to enable designers to generate preliminary cam profiles based on design requirements. The VT-Design® software, a part of the GT-SUITE package, is employed for simulations in this study. Key design considerations, such as lift, velocity, and acceleration curves, are discussed, emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuity in the acceleration curve. The design process involves optimizing the acceleration curve to minimize negative acceleration and improve dynamic response. The paper also highlights the significance of contact

Strapasson, Matheus, dos Santos, Igor Rodrigues, Metzka Lanzanova, Thompson D., Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos

Influence of Passive Pre-Chamber Nozzle Diameter on Jet Ignition in a Constant-Volume Optical Engine under Varying Load and Dilution Conditions

03-17-04-0028

12/20/2023

Despite the growing prominence of electrified vehicles, internal combustion engines remain essential in future transportation. This study delves into passive pre-chamber jet ignition, a leading-edge combustion technology, offering a comprehensive visualization of its operation under varying load and dilution conditions in light-duty GDI engines. Our primary objectives are to gain fundamental insights into passive pre-chamber jet ignition and subsequent main combustion processes and evaluate their response to different load and dilution conditions. We conducted experimental investigations using a light-duty, optical, single-cylinder engine equipped with three passive pre-chamber designs featuring varying nozzle diameters. Optical diagnostic imaging and heat release analysis provided critical insights. Findings reveal that as load decreases, fuel availability and flow conditions deteriorate, leading to delayed and suboptimal jet characteristics impacting main chamber ignition and

Lee, Dong Eun, Yu, Tianxiao, Alam, Afaque, Iyer, Claudia, Wooldridge, Steven, Qiao, Li, Yi, Jianwen J.

Comparing Real Driving Emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP Vehicles Running on E0 and E10 Gasoline Blends

2023-01-1662

10/31/2023

Several governments are increasing the blending mandate of renewable fuels to reduce the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the road transport sector. Currently, ethanol is a prominent renewable fuel and is used in low-level blends, such as E10 (10 %v/v ethanol, 90 %v/v gasoline) in many parts of the world. However, the exact concentration of ethanol amongst other renewable fuel components in commercially available fuels can vary and is not known. To understand the impact of the renewable fuel content on the emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP emissions specification vehicles, this paper examines the real-driving emissions (RDE) from four 2020 to 2022 model-year vehicles run on E0 and E10 fuels. CO, CO2, NO, and NO2 were measured through a Portable Emissions Measuring System (PEMS). In addition, N2O, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other gaseous and particulate tailpipe emissions were measured and categorized in cold-start, urban, rural, and motorway

Shankar, Varun, Usen, Ime, Molden, Nick, Willman, Christopher, Leach, Felix

High-Load Engine Simulation of Renewable Diesel Fuel Using A Reduced Mechanism

2023-01-1620

10/31/2023

According to the Annual Energy Outlook 2022 (AEO2022) report, almost 30% of the transport sector will still use internal combustion engines (ICE) until 2050. The transportation sector has been actively seeking different methods to reduce the CO2 emissions footprint of fossil fuels. The use of lower carbon-intensity fuels such as Renewable Diesel (RD) can enable a pathway to decarbonize the transport industry. This suggests the need for experimental or advanced numerical studies of RD to gain an understanding of its combustion and emissions performance. This work presents a numerical modeling approach to study the combustion and emissions of RD. The numerical model utilized the development of a reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for RD’s fuel chemistry. The final reduced mechanism for RD consists of 139 species and 721 reactions, which significantly shortened the computational time from using the detailed mechanism. Both zero-dimensional (0D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational

Cung, Khanh, Jha, Prabhat Ranjan, Briggs, Thomas, Smith, Edward, Michlberger, Alexander, Abidin, Zainal, Bitsis, Chris

Experimental Study of Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of Pre-Chamber Induced HCCI Combustion

2023-01-1623

10/31/2023

It is a well-known fact that HCCI combustion offers the possibility of achieving high efficiency with low emissions, but with the challenges in combustion control and ability to adjust to changing environmental conditions. To resolve the aforementioned challenges, a pre-chamber induced homogeneous charge compression ignition (PC-HCCI) combustion mode was experimentally tested with aim of providing initial operating boundaries in terms of combustion stability and obtaining initial performance results. The single cylinder engine equipped with active pre-chamber and compression ratio (CR) of 17.5 was fueled by gasoline. The initial experiments were performed at the engine speed of 1600 rpm with intake air temperatures varied from 33°C to 100°C to verify the possibility of achieving the PC-HCCI combustion mode and to compare the achieved engine performance and emission results with both PCSI and pure HCCI combustion modes used as reference cases. The results showed that PC-HCCI combustion

Ugrinić, Sara, Krajnovic, Josip, Sjeric, Momir, Kozarac, Darko

Simulation Study on the Effect of In-Cylinder Water Injection Mass on Engine Combustion and Emissions Characteristics

2023-01-7004

10/30/2023

The rapid development of the automobile industry has brought energy and environmental issues that scholars are increasingly concerning about. Improving efficiency and reducing emissions are currently two hot topics in the internal combustion engine industry. Direct water injection technology (DWI) can effectively reduce the cylinder temperature, which is due to the absorption of the heat by the injecting liquid water. In addition, lower temperature in the cylinder will reduce the formation of NO. In this paper, a CFD simulation of DWI application in a lean-burning single-cylinder engine with pre-chamber jet ignition was carried out. And the engine was experimentally tested for the simulation model validation. And then the effect of DWI strategy with different injecting water mass on the combustion and emissions characteristics are analyzed. Physically, injected water not only absorbs heat but also provides heat insulation. The results are shown under the rotating speed of 2800 r/min

Guan, Jun, Shang, Quanbo, Hu, Yinuo, Lu, Ye, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun

Modeling of Diluted Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline Alternative Fuels Using Single Cylinder Engine

2023-01-1839

10/24/2023

For the survival of internal combustion engines, the required research right now is for alternative fuels, including drop-ins. Certain types of alternative fuels have been estimated to confirm the superiority in thermal efficiency. In this study, using a single-cylinder engine, olefin and oxygenated fuels were evaluated as a drop-in fuel considering the fuel characteristic parameters. Furthermore, the effect of various additive fuels on combustion speed was expressed using universal characteristics parameters.

Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Wang, Zhiyuan

Measurement of Liquid Fuel Film Attached to the Wall in a Port Fueled SI Gasoline Engine

2023-01-1818

10/24/2023

Liquid fuel attached to the wall surface of the intake port, the piston and the combustion chamber is one of the main causes of the unburned hydrocarbon emissions from a port fueled SI engine, especially during transient operations. To investigate the liquid fuel film formation process and fuel film behavior during transient operation is essential to reduce exhaust emissions in real driving operations, including cold start operations. Optical techniques have been often applied to measure the fuel film in conventional reports, however, it is difficult to apply those previous techniques to actual engines during transient operations. In this study, using MEMS technique, a novel capacitance sensor has been developed to detect liquid fuel film formation and evaporation processes in actual engines. A resistance temperature detector (RTD) was also constructed on the MEMS sensor with the capacitance sensor to measure the sensor surface temperature. The response and the sensitivity of the

Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Yoshihashi, Tsukasa, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Nakabeppu, Osamu, Takayama, Satoshi

Effects of Hydrocarbon with Different Ignition Properties and Hydrogen Blended Fuels on Autoignition and Combustion in an IC Engine

2023-01-1802

10/24/2023

Hydrogen has attracted attention as one of the key fuels for making internal combustion engines carbon neutral. However, the combustion characteristics of hydrogen differ greatly from those of conventionally used hydrocarbons. Therefore, in order to develop next-generation internal combustion engines that operate on hydrogen, it is first necessary to have a thorough understanding of the combustion characteristics of hydrogen. Engines that can take maximum advantage of those characteristics should be developed on the basis of that knowledge. Toward that end, the purpose of this study was to investigate the fundamental combustion characteristics of hydrogen in a test engine. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the effects on low-temperature oxidation reactions and autoignition when hydrogen was blended into dimethyl ether (DME) [1, 2], a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel. Combustion experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder engine, and chemical kinetic simulations were

Kuwabara, Kenta, MANABE, YUSUKE, Mito, Shinji, YAMAGIWA, REO, Yamaguchi, Takahiro, Yoshihara, Shintaro, MIYAMOTO, Sekai, Iijima, Akira

Turbo Compounding of a Naturally Aspirated Single Cylinder Diesel Engine – A Simulation and Experimental Study

2023-01-1845

10/24/2023

Almost one-third of the fuel energy is wasted into the atmosphere via exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine. Despite several advancements in waste heat recovery technology, single-cylinder engines in the market that are currently in production remain naturally aspirated without any waste heat recovery techniques. Turbocharging is one of the best waste heat recovery techniques. However, a standard turbocharger cannot be employed in the single-cylinder engine due to technical challenges such as pulsated flow conditions at the exhaust, phase lag in the intake and exhaust valve opening. Of late, the emphasis on reducing exhaust emissions has been a primary focus for any internal combustion engine manufacturer, with the onset of stricter emission norms. Thus, the engine designer must prioritize emission reduction without compromising engine performance. Current work focuses on enhancing the power output of a 0.6-litre, single-cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine by employing

Ramkumar, J, Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A

Numerical Study of Dual Fuel Methanol/Diesel Combustion under Engine-like Condition

2023-32-0121

09/29/2023

Alternative fuels such as methanol can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). This study characterized the combustion of methanol, methanol/diesel, and methanol/renewable diesel numerically. Numerical findings were also compared with engine experiments using a single-cylinder engine (SCE). The engine was operated under a dual-fuel combustion mode: methanol was fumigated at the intake port, and diesel was injected inside the cylinder. The characteristic of ignition delay trend as methanol concentration increased is being described at low temperature (low engine load) and high temperature (high engine load) conditions.

Cung, Khanh, Jha, Prabhat, Briggs, Thomas, Bitsis, Chris, Smith, Edward, Abidin, Zainal

Effect of Olefin Content in Gasoline on Knock Characteristics and HCHO Emission in Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine

2023-32-0083

09/29/2023

In transportation sector, higher engine thermal efficiency is currently required to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. In spark ignition (SI) engine, lean-burn strategy is the promising approach to improve thermal efficiency and lower emissions. Olefins are the attractive component for gasoline additives, because they are more reactive and have advantage in lean limit extension. However, owing to lower research octane number (RON), it is expected to exhibit the drawback to reducing the anti-knock performance. The experiments were performed using a single-cylinder engine for 6 fuel types including gasoline blends which have difference in RON varying between 90.4 and 100.2. The results showed that adding olefin content to the premium gasoline provided unfavorable effect on auto-ignition as the auto-ignition happened at unburned gas temperature of 808 K which was 52 K lower at excess air of 2.0. Thus, it reduced anti-knock performance. Additional oxygenated fuels such as

Shinabuth, Dittapoom, Ohmori, Yuya, Kitajima, Katsuki, Ono, Tomoya, Sakaida,, Satoshi, Sakai, Yasuyuki, Konno, Mitsuru, Tanaka, Kotaro

Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Engine Performance Using Cyclopentanone and Anisole as Neat Fuels and as Blends with Gasoline

2023-32-0050

09/29/2023

The dilution of the cylinder charge using excess air enables both an increase in the net indicated efficiency and a decrease in the engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides. The maximum excess air dilution capability in a spark-ignition engine depends on both the ignition of the charge and the flame propagation. These two aspects can be influenced by the fuel properties, which draw attention to the laminar burning velocity of alternative fuels to extend the lean limit. Cyclopentanone and anisole show promising values regarding the laminar burning velocity. However, there is a lack of engine investigations using these two fuels. To this end, both fuels were assessed in an engine application using experimental and numerical investigations. Cyclopentanone and anisole were investigated as neat components and as mixtures with conventional gasoline fuel, resulting in seven investigated fuels. The engine performances of all seven fuels were assessed in variations of the excess air ratio at net

Burkardt, Patrick, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan

Comprehensive quasi-dimensional model to predict combustion process, knock likelihood and cycle-by-cycle variability in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine

2023-32-0171

09/29/2023

Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (ICEs) exploiting exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and lean-boosted combustion can be a viable solution to abate all criteria pollutants while simultaneously almost zeroing tailpipe CO2. However, the optimization of hydrogen-fueled ICE to fully exploit the fuel’s potential is a challenging task considering its characteristics, that on one side make hydrogen a desirable fuel for the future generation of ICEs, and on the other side are responsible for the risk of abnormal combustion. Therefore, the development of a simulation tool capable to predict the H2 combustion process and its anomalies is of paramount importance to accelerate the engine development process. In this context, the present work assesses the potential of a comprehensive quasi-dimensional model for the prediction of the combustion process, knock likelihood and cycle-by-cycle variability (CCV) specifically developed for a hydrogen-fueled ICE. The SITurb combustion model

A., Piano, F., Millo, G., Quattrone, F., Pesce, A., Vassallo

Effect of Olefin Component Mixed to Gasoline on Thermal Efficiency in EGR Diluted Conditions Using Single-Cylinder Engine

2023-32-0084

09/29/2023

In internal combustion engine development, the ongoing research can be mainly classified into two categories based on the purpose: limiting exhaust emissions and searching for alternative fuels. One of the effective approaches reduce emissions is the improvement of thermal efficiency. Certain types of alternative fuels derived from renewable resources were estimated to confirm the thermal efficiency. This study uses a single-cylinder engine added with olefin and oxygenated additive fuel, such as 1-hexene, ethanol, and ETBE, to evaluate the parameters that affect thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the effects of various additive fuels are summarized and essential information is provided for determining next- generation fuel composition.

Wang, Zhiyuan, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya

Comparison on Combustion and Emissions Performance of Biodiesel and Diesel in a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine: NO _X , Particulate Matter, and Particle Size Distribution

2023-32-0100

09/29/2023

Low carbon emissions policies for the transportation sector have recently driven more interest in using low net-carbon fuels, including biodiesel. An internal combustion engine (ICE) can operate effectively using biodiesel while achieving lower engine-out emissions, such as soot, mostly thanks to oxygenate content in biodiesel. This study selected a heavy-duty (HD) single-cylinder engine (SCE) platform to test biodiesel fuel blends with 20% and 100% biodiesel content by volume, referred to as B20, and B100. Test conditions include a parametric study of exhaust gas recirculating (EGR), and the start of injection (SOI) performed at low and high engine load operating points. In-cylinder pressure and engine-out emissions (NOX and soot) measurements were collected to compare diesel and biodiesel fuels. Exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions were collected to assess solid particle mass and particle size distribution (PSD) using a micro-soot sensor (MSS) and a Cambustion different mobility

Cung, Khanh, Buffaloe, Gina, Michlberger, Alex, Briggs, Thomas, Bitsis, Chris, Smith, Edward, Khalek, Imad

1-D Numerical Model of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Methanol for Off-Grid Charging Stations

2023-24-0098

08/28/2023

The road transportation sector is undergoing significant changes, and new green scenarios for sustainable mobility are being proposed. In this context, a diversification of the vehicles’ propulsion, based on electric powertrains and/or alternative fuels and technological improvements of the electric vehicles charging stations, are necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The adoption of internal combustion engines operating with alternative fuels, like methanol, may represent a viable solution for overcoming the limitations of actual grid connected charging infrastructure, giving the possibility to realize off-grid charging stations. This work aims, therefore, at investigating this last aspect, by evaluating the performance of an internal combustion engine fueled with methanol for stationary applications, in order to fulfill the potential demand of an on off-grid charging station. In addition, the possibility to recover the thermal power from the exhaust gas for cogeneration

Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa, Falbo, Luigi, Bova, Sergio, D'Epiro, Clino

Assessment of Dilution Options on a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

2023-24-0066

08/28/2023

The hydrogen internal combustion engine is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based engines, which, in a short time, can reduce the carbon footprint of the ground transport sector. However, the high heat release rates associated with hydrogen combustion results in higher NOx emissions. The NOx production can be mitigated by diluting the in-cylinder mixture with air, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or water injected in the intake manifold. This study aims at assessing these dilution options on the emissions, efficiency, combustion performance and boosting effort. These dilution modes are, at first, compared on a single cylinder engine (SCE) with direct injection of hydrogen in steady state conditions. Air and EGR dilutions are then evaluated on a corresponding 4-cylinder engine by 0D simulation on a complete map under NOx emission constraint. On the SCE at 3000rpm and 10.7bar IMEP, air and EGR dilutions allow a high dilution rate, leading to a significant NOx reduction: from 2.8g

Rouleau, Loic, Nowak, Ludovic, Duffour, Florence, Walter, Bruno

Effect of Start of Injection in a Hydrogen-Fueled DISI Engine: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

2023-24-0015

08/28/2023

Nowadays, hydrogen is one the most interesting candidates for fuel for internal combustion engines as an alternative to fossil fuels, in order to reduce GHG emissions. In this paper, the authors have, firstly carried out an experimental investigation on a single-cylinder engine fueled with hydrogen and equipped with a high-pressure direct injector. The experimental campaign shows that the Start of Injection (SOI) has a remarkable effect on the mixture combustion characteristics. Secondly, the software CONVERGE was used to set up a comprehensive 3D CFD model to investigate these engine operating conditions, starting from an injector validation in a constant volume vessel and then simulating the engine cycle including injection, combustion and knock modeling. The combustion model makes use of detailed chemistry to predict the laminar flame speed and auto-ignition delay of the mixture. The simulations show a remarkable difference in terms of mixture homogeneity between the three cases

Mortellaro, Fabio Santi, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Medda, Massimo, D'Elia, Matteo, Viswanathan, Veeraraghavan, Rothbauer, Rainer

Experimental and 3D-CFD Analysis of Synthetic Fuel Properties on Combustion and Exhaust Gas Emission Characteristics in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

2023-24-0052

08/28/2023

Synthetic fuels can significantly improve the combustion and emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel engines toward decarbonizing heavy-duty propulsion systems. This work analyzes the effects of engine operating conditions and synthetic fuel properties on spray, combustion, and emissions (soot, NOx) using a supercharging single-cylinder engine experiment and KIVA-4 code combined with CHEMKIN-II and in-house phenomenological soot model. The blended fuel ratio is fixed at 80% diesel and 20% n-paraffin by volume (hereafter DP). Diesel, DP1 (diesel with n-pentane C5H12), DP2 (diesel with n-hexane C6H14), and DP3 (diesel with n-heptane C7H16) are used in engine-like-condition constant volume chamber (CVC) and engine experiments. Boosted engine experiments (1080 rpm, common-rail injection pressure 160 MPa, multi-pulse injection) are performed using the same DP fuel groups under various main injection timings, pulse-injection intervals, and EGR = 0-40%. Once the 3D-CFD model is

Shimizu, Kunihiro, Narushima, Tomoki, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin

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