Browse Topic: Internal combustion engines

Items (19,184)

Systematic Design Considerations of Motor Selections for EV Powertrain

2025-01-8508To be published on 04/01/2025

As one of the most important design choices in the powertrain design cycle, motor selection is conventionally performed according to given automotive requirements. Motor-related powertrain design parameters like gear ratio, power output ratio between different axles, are excluded from the motor design process. In this paper, three comparative studies are performed to investigate the impact of these motor-related powertrain design parameters on the motor performance and the weight/cost/efficiency of the entire EV powertrain. In the first study, three PM motor designs—characterized by high, medium, and low rated speeds—will be assessed for a two-axle EV using various gear ratio configurations. The same motor design will be used for both axles. In the second study, five motor designs with varying power and ratings (PM, non-PM) but identical rated speeds will be evaluated for a two-axle EV, permitting different power ratings for the front and rear axles. The design trade-offs between motor

Movahed, Ehsan, Godbehere, Jonathan, jia, Yijiang

A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 2: Gasoline Reforming and Ignitability Evaluation

2025-01-8444To be published on 04/01/2025

In petroleum-based fuels, the combination of low-octane gasoline and a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions of automobiles. The gasoline components produced by FT synthesis have a low octane number, making them suitable for this combustion concept. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires Cetane on Demand Technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. To reform commercial gasoline, a reformer with a spiral structure reactor and mechanical stirring air introduction was designed and prototyped based on the results of toluene reforming tests. Using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-supported ZSM-5 as a catalyst, commercial gasoline was

Matsuura, Katsuya, Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Voice, Alexander, Bhadra, Kaustav

Design of a high-pressure fuel system for use with Dimethyl Ether

2025-01-8441To be published on 04/01/2025

The paper documents the modeling and experimental work on a Common Rail fuel injection system for Dimethyl Ether, a potential Diesel substitute with a low Carbon Intensity signature. The DME fuel system is deployed on a light duty 2.2L compression ignition engine. The paper describes the injector optimization to shift to higher flows to account for the lower heating value and density of the DME when compared to Diesel. The type of the injection system used for the DME application is an advanced rendering of the Common Rail noted for a one-piece piston-needle injector construction, a solenoid driven spill valve featuring a pressure balanced poppet, and, a high-pressure fuel pump capable to effectively pressurize DME. The impact of these design features is a fast acting open and close injection event, reduced leakage, and, a low cavitation design. Design parameters studied include fill and spill orifices, needle lift, bias spring, and injector hole size. The model provides good

De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao)

DME-to-Propane Mixture Effects on a Light Duty Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8415To be published on 04/01/2025

Study examines the energy breakdown from the combustion of a compression ignition, 4-cylinder, 2.2L engine running with mixtures of DME-to-Propane ranging of 100%-0%, 85%-15%, 75%-25%, and 65%-35% by weight. The paper focuses on one the operating point of 2000rpm - 100Nm, important representative points in the FTP certification cycle. For each fuel mixture, conditions tested include sweep of boost, EGR and injection pressure. Tests are conducted at same combustion timing, of CA10 at -1 deg ATDC, with the engine controller operating with a real-time combustion feedback based on in-cylinder sampling of pressure. Trends of NOx, HC, and CO, are similar for range of DME-to-Propane, from 100%-0% to 75%-25%. Boost and injection pressures had the most notable impact on the heat release traces. Higher boost, from stoichiometric to lean resulted in about 3-5% increase on cycle efficiency. Fuel injection pressures resulted in about 1% gain per 200bar. EGR is effective in reducing NOx but has

De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao), Hall, Carrie, Ankobea-Ansah, King, Hassan, Hafiz Ahmad, Harrison, Christopher

Aftertreatment system for a Hydrogen fuelled Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE)

2025-01-8484To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen fuelled IC engine has gained a lot of importance in the recent years, in our journey towards carbon neutral transportation. This is especially relevant for commercial vehicles due to the advantages in total cost of ownership, refuelling time and long term durability. NOx emission from the H2-ICE remains a challenge, especially with more stringent emission norms like EPA27 and further moving towards zero emission powertrain. Due to leaner operations, engine out specific NOx emissions are of the order of 30 – 40%, compared to a similar modern diesel engine. However, transient NOx peaks, higher space velocities, residual hydrogen, higher oxygen and water content in the exhaust make it quite challenging to design an optimum aftertreatment system. The application of a complying reaction scheme for the simulation of aftertreatment system with H2-ICE exhaust is presented, including reactions specific to H2 combustion and H2-SCR. The chemical kinetics of standard and fast SCR

Srinivasan, Shankar, Andersson, Lennart

Catalyst Performance on Diesel and Renewable Fuels

2025-01-8495To be published on 04/01/2025

Prior study with biodiesel (B100) and its blends with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and renewable diesel (RDE) and a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) showed that commercial catalyst technology is unable to effectively oxidize biodiesel in the exhaust of a diesel engine at challenging conditions of low temperature, high flow rate and high dosing rate. Blends of biodiesel with ULSD and RDE also had similar performance issues at 20+ to 50+ % biodiesel concentrations. Data from past study showed an increase in lightoff temperature with an increase in biodiesel concentration in fuel blends. A limited study was conducted with other catalysts with higher catalyst volumes and catalyst loading to see if it would overcome the low performance with B100. ULSD, RDE and B100 were run on steady-state performance test with the same DOC used in past studies and a three-way catalyst (TWC). The TWC consisted of two bricks and the test was run with one and both bricks. The data showed that the

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Balance of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles (FCHVs) and Test Standard Proposal

2025-01-8153To be published on 04/01/2025

Fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) are gaining increasing interest for zero emissions and carbon neutrality. Thermal management of FCHVs is essential for fuel cell lifespan and driving performance, , but no unified test standards for FCEV thermal balance test has been approved in China. Considering differences in power configurations and heat generation of FCHV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), amendments should be applied to current thermal balance standard to develop FCHV test procedures. This study discussed thermal balance performance of ICEV and FCHVs under various regulated test cycles based on thermal balance tests in wind tunnel of two FCHVs and a ICEV. FCHV reported risk of overheat during low-speed climbing test due to insufficiency of power generation, and frequent switch between fuel cell (FC) and battery management system (BMS) was observed under dual constrains of fuel cell temperature and state of charge of BMS. Major temperature exceedance of ICEV occurred

Min, Yihang, Fang, Yanhua, HE, Chong, Ming, Chen, Mao, Zhifei

Battery Thermal Management System for PHEV by using Air Conditioning Heater System

2025-01-8172To be published on 04/01/2025

At Toyota Motor Corporation, we are pursuing an omnidirectional strategy that includes BEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs to accelerate electrification. One of the technical challenges with our xEV batteries, which feature good degradation resistance and long battery life, is that regenerative braking cannot be fully effective due to the decrease in regenerative power in some situations, such as low battery temperature. For the electrified vehicles with an internal combustion engine such as PHEVs, the solution has been starting the engine to increase deceleration through engine braking during coasting. In this context, PHEVs are expected to extend their cruising range and enhance EV driving experience as "Practical BEVs". While several manufacturers including us are increasing battery capacity and enhancing convenience, restrictions on EV driving opportunity due to low battery temperature will affect the appeal of these electrified vehicles. However, introducing a battery heater is considered

Hoshino, Yu

Experimental and CFD simulation study of heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid Spray characteristics

2025-01-8486To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper investigates heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) sprays with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature on the resulting spray characteristics. The work is motivated by the need to optimize active Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to meet more stringent NOx emission regulations for internal combustion engines. Pre-heating DEF has the potential to improve evaporation of the injected fluid, increasing the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR at low exhaust temperatures. Experiments are carried out using the MAHLE SmartHeat fluid heater and mounted atop a DEF injector, with an incorporated thermocouple for fluid temperature. The fluid temperature established by the heater in this configuration was about 130 °C. The fluid is injected into an atmospheric environment and Schlieren imaging is used to visualize the spray evolution. CFD Simulations are also carried out to validate the experimental observations and further shed light on the associated velocity

Liu, Zeyang, Peters, Nathan, Bunce, Mike, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Akih Kumgeh, Benjamin

CFD Modeling of Elastomeric Silicone Material Dispensing to Enable Equipment Design & Optimization for Efficient Automotive Manufacturing

2025-01-8318To be published on 04/01/2025

In the automotive industry, it is essential to consider not only how well specialty materials perform and are formulated, but also how efficiently and economically they can be applied during manufacturing. This becomes especially important during the early stages of development to prevent issues when these materials are used in new designs by automotive suppliers or manufacturers. With the rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs), new materials are being used more frequently, and these materials may not have been as thoroughly tested as those used in traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that these materials can be applied correctly and efficiently from the start. One way to speed up the development process is through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. CFD helps predict how materials will behave when dispensed, which is essential for developing the right equipment and conditions for applying these materials. Working with

Kenney, J. Andy, Delgado, Roberto, Hossain, Arif, Ng, Sze-Sze, Thomas, Ryan, Chyasnavichyus, Marius, Tsang, Chi-Wei, Hwang, Margaret, Wu, Lance, Dietsche, Laura, Mcmichael, Jonathan, Raines, Kevin, Nelson, Grant

Selection of Energy-Efficient Powertrain Architecture for the Application in Off-Highway Vehicle

2025-01-8524To be published on 04/01/2025

Off-highway vehicles, with their unique requirements of durability, high power, and torque density, are typically powered by diesel ignition internal combustion engines (ICEs). This reliance on ICEs significantly contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and emissions. For this reason, there is an urge to develop an energy-efficient powertrain architecture that produces fewer GHGs and emissions while meeting the variable torque levels and variable speeds and performing various duty cycles with high efficiency. In order to select the energy-efficient powertrain architecture for the off-highway vehicle, different existing powertrain architectures (i.e., series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, conventional) for off-highway applications have been studied to highlight their pros and cons. This is done keeping in view the different duty cycles and applications along with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Off-highway vehicles operate under different road/surface conditions than on-road

Abououf, Hend, Hanif, Athar, Dickson, Jon, chandramouli, Nitish, Ahmed, Qadeer

Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI operation

2025-01-8440To be published on 04/01/2025

In the pursuit of environmentally friendly transportation, there is a critical need to rapidly transition the engines in the transportation sector away from fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing their emissions. An attractive solution to achieve this goal, particularly in heavy-duty applications with demanding energy and power requirements, is the utilization of methanol. Methanol stands out as a promising alternative fuel, owing to its potential carbon-neutral production process, liquid form resulting in high energy density and easy handling, and favorable combustion properties, as well as its clean-burning characteristics. The high octane number of methanol makes it exceptionally resistant to knock, making it an ideal fuel for spark-ignited (SI) engines. Therefore, methanol was predominantly explored for use in SI passenger car engines, while heavy-duty engines, with their high power demands, still primarily rely on compression-ignition (CI) engines running on diesel. The

Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian

Downsizing 12 volts battery for EV using effective energy management strategies when vehicle is inactive

2025-01-8192To be published on 04/01/2025

On electric vehicle the low voltage (nominal 12 volt) battery serves mostly as an energy storage buffer for supporting features and actuators on the 12 volts power supply network. The power management strategies significantly influences the thermal management of the vehicle especially in power critical states. Within an EV, unlike an internal combustion engine car, as there is no cranking requirement needed to be supported by this battery, it presents a significant opportunity for downsizing. This can save from 10 kg-15 kg which could add up to 1 mile of range in combined cycle. In a premium car there are a significant number of features which inhibits the car to go into “deep sleep” and hence remains on a “stand-by” mode of operation. During this period of stand-by the low voltage energy storage system need to be sized for up to 0.4 W of continuous power drain. To sustain longer periods of stand-by mode the low voltage battery needs to have enough stored energy to maintain the

Dutta, Nilabza, Overs, Sheldon

Projection of the Perceived Cost of Ownership for Commercial Vehicles in China by 2040

2025-01-8590To be published on 04/01/2025

The rapid development of alternative fuel and energy-saving technology in China necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of commercial vehicles. This study collects data and builds a TCO model based on the evaluation of the future perceived cost of ownership for buses and trucks in China from 2020 to 2040. In addition, this study establishes a detailed database to store relevant data and creates a web-based platform for users to customize the inputs such as vehicle type, fuel type, use purpose, and year to retrieve TCO data with projections under multiple technology evolution scenarios, including optimistic, reference, and pessimistic scenarios. The study emphasizes the role of multi-scenario modeling and dynamic data updates in accurately forecasting future cost trends across different vehicle types. This study quantifies how TCO changes across various vehicle types. By 2040, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are expected to be the most cost

Tan, Xiaolu, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Wu, Shuhong, Chen, Yongjian, Lin, Zhenhong

Development and Control System Design of an Electro-Pneumatic Variable Valve Actuator to be Retrofitted to an SI Engine

2025-01-8377To be published on 04/01/2025

In a conventional cam-based valve actuation system, the valve events are tied up with the rotation of the crankshaft. In contrast, the electronic variable valve actuation system enables flexible control of valve events independent of the crankshaft rotation. The present article discusses the development and control system design of a single-acting electro-pneumatic variable valve actuation (EPVVA) system that can be retrofitted to a conventional SI engine. The EPVVA system utilizes fast switching solenoid valves which modulate the flow of pressurized air in and out of a pneumatic chamber. The control system design is conducted in MATLAB Simulink platform using model-based approach. The valve actuator model is formulated such that it simulates the trajectory of the motion of the engine valve by numerically integrating a set of coupled differential equations that govern the thermo-fluid-dynamics and applied mechanics aspects of the valve actuation of the EPVVA system. The timings of the

Satalagaon, Ajay Kumar, Guha, Abhijit, Srivastava, Dhananjay Kumar

Operating The Tour Split-Cycle Engine on Hydrogen/Methane Fuel Blends to Achieve High Efficiency and Reduction of Both GHG and NOx Emissions

2025-01-8422To be published on 04/01/2025

Decarbonized or low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen/methane blends, can be used in internal combustion engines to support ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals worldwide, including potentially carbon neutrality by 2045. However, as the volumetric concentration of hydrogen in these fuel blends surpasses 30%, the in-cylinder flame propagation and combustion rates increase significantly, causing an unacceptable increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which is known to have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This rise in engine-out NOx emissions is a major concern, limiting the use of hydrogen fuels as a means to reduce GHG emissions from both mobile and stationary power generation engines. In this study, an experimental investigation of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of a fourth generation Tour split-cycle engine was undertaken while operating on 100% methane and various hydrogen/methane fuel blends (30%, 40

Bhanage, Pratik, Cho, Kukwon, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo, Tour, Oded

Spark Ignition Optimization – Quantifying Energy Transfer from Spark to Gas at Different Phases

2025-01-8402To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents novel studies on energy deposition from spark to gas at different phases during a single spark event. Additionally, it discusses how different ignition control parameters, spark plug geometries, and gas pressure interplay in facilitating energy transfer from ignition source to the gas medium. Experiments are conducted in a 10-millilitre closed vessel, also known as calorimeter. An inert non-combustible gas – Nitrogen is used as a fluid in the chamber. The experimentation employs a state-of-the-art DC capacitive ignition system, capable of independently controlling both spark current and duration. The spark plugs used in the experiments are of dual nickel standard J-gap design of different electrode gaps and center electrode diameters. First, experimental results of energy transfer efficiency from spark to gas at different phases will be discussed. The energy deposition to the gas is calculated from the pressure rise inside the calorimeter during a spark event. The

Saha, Anupam, Tunestal, Per, Aengeby, Jakob, Andersson, Oivind

Impact of Oxygenated Fuel Components on Engine Performance and Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Blends

2025-01-8446To be published on 04/01/2025

The challenges with electrification of the automotive industry have led to rethinking the decisions to ban internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, decarbonization of transportation remains a regulatory priority in many countries, irrespective of the source of energy for automotive powertrains. Oxygenated fuel components can help with the rapid decarbonization of gasoline fuels by lowering the carbon content and introducing renewable components in conventional fuels. Renewable ethanol is one of the primary renewable components typically used in types of gasoline with up to 20% v/v substitution which corresponds to 8% oxygen by mass. However, a range of oxygenates could be used instead of ethanol. The goal of this study was to determine if the engine could discriminate between different oxygenates in gasoline fuels blended at the same octane (RON) and oxygen levels. Oxygenates such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether and ethyl-tert-butyl-ether were considered in this study. Blends were made

Kalaskar, Vickey, Mitchell, Robert, Pourreau, Daniel

A Transient Friction Rig Capable of Showing Lubricant Differentiation Effects for High Pressure Fuel Pump Friction in Gasoline Engines; with Friction Comparisons Using the Same Engine Running a Standard Internal Combustion Engine Transient Cycle, alongside Two Types of Hybrid Electric.

2025-01-8467To be published on 04/01/2025

As the global energy transition moves to increased levels of electrification for passenger cars, then the number and role of hybrid electric vehicles, (HEVs) are currently increasing rapidly. For these, the power reaches the road from an internal combustion engine ICE and/or an electric motor, with several switches between these three modes, over a typical drive-cycle. Consequently, this comes with a large increase in the number of significant engine stop and start events. Such events are potentially challenging for the HEV engine lubricant, as by comparison, for standard ICE cycles there is almost continuous relative movement of the two lubricated surfaces, for most areas of the engine. Based on both field and test cell observations, a challenging area for the lubricant within the gasoline direct injection engine (GDI) is the high pressure (HP) fuel pump, typically driven by a cam and follower, whilst lubricated by engine oil. From engine start, the speeds are low and the pump loads

Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Lambert, Bertie

Assessment of Knock Tendency in a Hydrogen-Fuelled High-Performance Internal Combustion Engine: a Chemistry-Based Numerical Study

2025-01-8429To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen is a viable option to power high-performance internal combustion engines while reducing pollutant emissions thanks to its high lower heating value (LHV) and fast combustion rate. Furthermore, if compared to gasoline, hydrogen is characterized by a higher ignition delay time, which makes it more knock-resistant under the same thermodynamic conditions. In this paper, hydrogen potential as a fuel in a high-performance PFI naturally aspirated engine under stoichiometric conditions and high load regimes is investigated through zero and three-dimensional simulations. The analyses show that a stoichiometric hydrogen mixture reaches higher pressure and temperature values during compression than iso-octane at the same operating conditions, hence limiting the maximum engine compression ratio to avoid undesired ignitions throughout the combustion process. Additionally, hydrogen low density causes a reduction in terms of trapped energy inside the cylinder. Thus, despite its LHV is almost

Madia, Manuel, Vaccari, Marco, Dalseno, Luca, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Corrigan, Daire, Villa, Davide, Fontanesi, Stefano, Breda, Sebastiano

Numerical study on the effect of SCO-SCR catalyst coating strategy on the synergistic effect of NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in diesel engine SDPF

2025-01-8490To be published on 04/01/2025

Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction (SCO/SCR) catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the synergistic purification performance of SDPF. In this study, MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13 were combined to obtain a novel SCO-SCR catalyst, and a multi-physics field SDPF model was constructed. The effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the synergistic effect between NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, When the inlet gas temperature is 200~400℃, the soot cake layer pressure drops of C50, C75, and C100 are very similar. Increasing the inlet gas temperature or expanding the catalyst coating area can increase the NH3 oxidation rate. As the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and

Chen, Ying-jie, TAN, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming

Correlation of Total Aromatics and Speciated Aromatic Analysis by ASTM D5769 (Determination of Aromatics) and ASTM D6730 (Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis) of US Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8453To be published on 04/01/2025

The Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, also known as ASTM D5769, provides the identification of aromatic compound speciation’s, carbon group six through carbon group twelve (C6-C12). The enhanced detail hydrocarbon analysis in The Standard Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100-Metre Capillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chromatography), also known as ASTM D6730, provides a more thorough identification of all known compounds in gasoline samples, with aromatics ranged C6-C14. The differences of the two methods on the identification of total aromatics and the speciation of C10+ aromatics has increased. ASTM D5769 provides a rapid determination with less than 11 minutes. The method is based around internal standards and target component analysis which targets 23 known aromatics, and uncalibrated Indans, C10, C11, and C12

Dozier, Jonathan, Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Reilly, Veronica

Efficient Modeling of SCR Urea Deposits Formation Using ANSYS Fluent

2025-01-8485To be published on 04/01/2025

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in diesel engines and newly designed H2 engines, are pushed for efficiency by strict emission regulations and requirements for fuel efficiency in road vehicles, ships and power stations. To reduce costs and time during the development process of such systems, CFD is an adequate tool to investigate and improve geometrical designs. Such CFD models require coupled physics like turbulent gas flow, liquid sprays that impinge on hot walls considering complex splashing regimes and formed wall-films driven by gas shear and gravity. All these sub-flow systems exchange momentum, energy and mass via vaporization and chemical reactions. SCR aftertreatment is prone to solid deposit formation on the walls, which hinders heat transfer and causes increased pressure losses. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to predict deposition locations and rates and optimize vaporization of water-urea droplets and mixing of gaseous

Sofialidis, Dimitrios, Mutyal, Jayesh, Faltsi, Rana, Braun, Markus, Börnhorst, Marion, Esch, Thomas

Comprehensive Investigation of Combustion Characteristics, Emissions, and Tribological Properties of Synthetic Kerosene (S8) in a CVCC and CRDI Research Engine

2025-01-8443To be published on 04/01/2025

There is a need to reduce both the greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engines, and the reliance on traditional fossil fuels like Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD). In this research, a synthetic aviation fuel created from natural gas feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch process was investigated to determine its autoignition and combustion characteristics, emissions, and tribological properties. This fuel, S8, has a Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 62, which reflects a short Ignition Delay (ID) and Combustion Delay (CD) compared to ULSD, which has a DCN of 48. However, due to the chemical properties of S8, it lacks sufficient lubrication qualities in comparison to ULSD, so addition of 3% methyl oleate by mass was used to improve lubricity. The shorter ignition delay of S8, initially observed in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC), was also observed in the instrumented Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine. Investigations with an He-Ne laser apparatus with Mie

Soloiu, Valentin, Willis, James, Norton, Coleman, Davis, Zachary, Graham, Tristan, Nobis, Austin

Combustion Characterization and Heat Release Rate Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2025-01-8418To be published on 04/01/2025

Introducing hydrogen (H2) as a gaseous fuel into the intake air of diesel engines provides a near-term approach to reduce tailpipe CO2 emissions from heavy-duty commercial vehicles. The premixed hydrogen results in a complex H2-Diesel dual fuel (H2DF) combustion process, where H2 participates in both the non-premixed diesel combustion and premixed H2/air combustion. These interactions influence engine combustion characteristics, including heat release rate (HRR), performance, and emissions, with the extent of the impact dependent on the amount of H2 introduced (H2 energy share ratio - HES) and engine operating conditions. To optimize the HES ratio under different conditions, it is crucial to understand how H2DF combustion differs from diesel combustion and how this limits engine operation and affects emissions. This paper reports on a comprehensive analysis of the in-cylinder pressure (ICP), HRR, and corresponding combustion performance metrics (combustion phasing, duration and

Farzam, Reza, Guan, Mang, Gmoser, Raine, Steiche, Patrick, Kirchen, Patrick, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon

Regional Analysis for an Economically and Environmentally Viable Transition to Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Alternative Powertrains

2025-01-8597To be published on 04/01/2025

The transportation sector is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. Within the sector, truck freight is responsible for a third of the associated emissions. Alternative powertrains are seen as a viable approach to significantly reduce these emissions. Prior to making a large scale transition, it is important to consider the following questions: will the power grid support a transition to alternative powertrains?; will the transition truly reduce carbon emissions?; and will the transition impose an unnecessary economic burden on companies within the industry? The answer to these questions, however, can vary geographically. We focus on the latter two questions, investigating the variation in estimated total cost of ownership and carbon emissions across the United States at the zip code level for both heavy-duty battery electric vehicles and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. As a benchmark, we compare estimated emissions and costs of alternative

Goulet, Nathan, Sun, Ruixiao, Fan, Junchuan, Sujan, Vivek, Miller, Brandon

Optimizing Hybrid Powertrains for Light Duty Commercial Vehicles

2025-01-8544To be published on 04/01/2025

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are well-suited for many passenger vehicle applications, but high cost, short range, and long recharging times have limited their growth in commercial vehicle markets. These constraints can be eliminated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which combine many benefits of BEVs with those of conventional vehicles. In this study, research was conducted to determine the optimal hybrid electric powertrain system for a Class 3, light duty commercial vehicle. The key technologies used in this hybrid powertrain include engine downsizing, P3 architecture hybridization, and active thermal management of aftertreatment. A vehicle cost of ownership analysis was conducted to determine the economic viability, a very important consideration for commercial vehicles. Several combinations of E-motor and battery pack sizes were evaluated during the cost analysis and the best possible configuration was determined. The resulting vehicle powertrain demonstrated ~60

Meruva, Prathik, Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Combustion and Emissions Improvement of Engine Idling via Advanced Ignition Strategies

2025-01-8404To be published on 04/01/2025

Future transportation requires a variety of propulsion systems, using sustainable and renewable energy sources with low carbon footprints. Spark ignition engines remain effective power systems for automotive applications, especially for light and medium-duty applications. However, SI engines are susceptible to excess emissions during engine cold start, as the in-cylinder temperature is low, which leads to unstable ignition and incomplete combustion. More effective and more reliable ignition sources, e.g., with properly modulated and elevated energy, become more favorable for engine cold start. The research results from the author’s lab show that the spark current boost is an effective way to stabilize the spark plasma, increase the discharge energy, and improve the flame kernel development. In addition, recent research results from the author’s lab indicate that the current boost ignition system can provide robust ignition control under low load and lean limit conditions, where

Yu, Xiao, Chen, Guangyun, Qian, Jin, Leblanc, Simon, Wang, Linyan, Zheng, Ming

Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications

2025-01-8540To be published on 04/01/2025

As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus significantly improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages the electric power and the mechanical power, enabling

Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh, Gitapathi, Ajinkya

Numerical Model of the Heat-Wait and Seek and Heating Ramp Protocol for the Prediction of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

2025-01-8127To be published on 04/01/2025

Interest in Battery-Driven Electric Vehicles (EVs) has significantly grown in recent years due to the decline of traditional Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, malfunctions in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) can lead to catastrophic results such as Thermal Runaway (TR), posing serious safety concerns due to their high energy release and the emission of flammable gases. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential for reducing risks and mitigating its effects. In this study, a digital twin of an Accelerated Rate Calorimeter (ARC) under a Heat-Wait-and-Seek (HWS) procedure is developed using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework. The CFD model simulates the heating of the cell during the HWS procedure, pressure build-up within the LIB, gas venting phenomena, and the exothermic processes within the LIB due to the degradation of internal components. The model is validated against experimental results for an NCA 18650 LIB under similar conditions, focusing on LIB

Gil, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Guaraco-Figueira, Carlos

Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part I: Engine test results and WtW CO2 emissions estimation

2025-01-8442To be published on 04/01/2025

The use of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) powered by biofuels produced by photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and synthetic fuels produced by industrial synthetic reactions can be an effective way to reduce well-to-wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity from vehicles, including both new and legacy fleet. In this study, several lower-carbon intensity fuels that contain at least 50% of renewable components, have at least 40% lower carbon intensity compared to commercially available E10 gasoline, and meet applicable US fuel standards were evaluated in a naturally aspirated (NA) engine in the legacy fleet, a turbocharged engine in the legacy fleet, and a prototype turbocharged super lean-burn engine, to identify their effects on thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. As a result, it was confirmed that the lower-carbon intensity fuel can provide almost equivalent engine power and thermal efficiency as conventional fuel, and good

Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi, Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Lorenz, Robert, Ohta, Satoshi

Next Gen Automotive Heat Shield with Improved Thermo-Oxidative Properties

2025-01-8152To be published on 04/01/2025

Alpha Engineered Composites’ thin profile textile composite heat shields provide thermal protection through several thermodynamic mechanisms including: radiation reflection; heat spreading; and finally heat transfer resistance. Typical under the hood automotive applications require heat shield average operational temperature up to 225ºC, but newer internal combustion engines are being designed for higher operational temperatures to: increase efficiency through higher compression cycle ratios and lean burning; boost power through turbocharging; increase energy density; and support advanced emissions controls like EGR that can increase average operational temperature up to 300ºC. Unfortunately, thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms negatively impact the polymer structural adhesive within a heat shield textile composite and degrade thermal protection mechanisms. High average operational temperature degradation of traditional versus next generation textile composite heat shields is

Vazquez, Mark

A study into the engine oil performance on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through an on-road fleet test under extreme cold environmental condition

2025-01-8471To be published on 04/01/2025

In pursuit of reducing carbon emissions and to fulfill the customers’ needs for fuel-saving and environmentally friendly cars, car manufacturers have been increasingly offering different choices of electrified cars to their customers. Among those different powertrain solutions, with a balance of energy source between on-board electricity and fossil fuels, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are becoming a choice for more and more end users, particularly in regional car markets such as China in recent years. Owing to the diversified vehicle operating conditions, new challenges are brought to the engine oil to protect the hardware from issues such as piston deposit, water/oil emulsification, oil thinning caused by fuel dilution, stop-start bearing wear and corrosion. This technical paper seeks to understand the impact of different operating modes of PHEV on engine oil performance. One key finding is that extreme conditions were needed to accumulate water content in the oil. When the

Zhang, Ruifeng, Rhiann, Andrew, Martin, Etienne, Hu, Gang

The Development of JASO GLV-2: Next Generation Specification for Ultra-High Viscosity Index Gasoline Engine Oils

2025-01-8468To be published on 04/01/2025

Carbon neutrality has become a global initiative, and automobile manufacturers are introducing electrified vehicles such as HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs. Although interest in BEVs is growing, it is expected that HEVs, PHEVs, and other vehicles with internal combustion engines will continue to be used in regions where conversion to BEVs is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil is one of the important ways to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. In addition, high-efficiency engines installed in electrified vehicles and other vehicles have lower engine oil temperatures than conventional engine vehicles because the thermal loss of these engines to coolant and engine oils is lower. The reduction of viscous resistance in the mid- to low-temperature range below 80°C is considered significant to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices at the high temperature. To achieve both

Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi, Yoshida, Satoru, Matsui, Noriyuki

Initial Assessment of Component Sizing and Power-Split for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks

2025-01-8550To be published on 04/01/2025

This work presents a computationally inexpensive but effective method for an initial assessment of component sizing and power-split for fuel cell hybrid electric heavy-duty trucks. As a first step, the proposed method employs a prototypical longitudinal vehicle model to generate power demand at every instant of a representative drive cycle. Subsequently, six fuel cell and battery sizing combinations, each providing a peak continuous system power of 400 kW, are identified based on drive cycle power demands, commercially available fuel cell sizes, and Department of Energy (DOE) sizing targets. Ultimately, for each sizing combination, a proportional-integral (PI) controller with anti-windup is implemented to split power between the fuel cell and battery. In this study, the controller is tuned to reduce hydrogen consumption while meeting the instantaneous power demand and maintaining the battery state-of-charge (SOC) between 0.3 and 0.7. The results indicate that increasing the fuel cell

Mandviwala, Ali, Yesilyurt, Serhat, Stefanopoulou, Anna

Increasing Energy Efficiency of Vehicles Using Combined Electromechanical Engine-Transmission Systems

2025-01-8527To be published on 04/01/2025

The emergence of electric and hybrid vehicles with separate axle or wheel drives offers the potential to control torque distribution between the front and rear wheels. The stepless, smooth control of electric motors enables the continuous operation of both axles, even on roads with high rolling resistance. This ensures an optimal torque distribution, enhancing the vehicle's overall efficiency. A synergistic effect in hybrid vehicles can be achieved by optimizing the control of both the internal combustion engine and electric motors, minimizing energy consumption during movement. Analysis indicates that hybrid vehicles' dynamic properties and handling can be improved by using the internal combustion engine for steady-state driving and electric energy for acceleration. Maintaining the internal combustion engine at a constant speed is a key factor in increasing energy efficiency, making the vehicle more responsive during acceleration. The proposed method facilitates the selection of the

Podrigalo, Mikhail, SERGYJOVYCH, Oleksandr Polianskyi, Kaidalov, Ruslan, Dubinin, Yevhen, Abramov, Dmytrii, MOLODAN, ANDRII, Andrey, Korobko, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Omelchenko, Vasyl, Krasnokutskyi, Maksym

Investigation of Dimethyl Ether Injection Characteristics in High-Pressure Direct Injection Systems

2025-01-8464To be published on 04/01/2025

The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or

Cong, Binghao, Leblanc, Simon, Tjong, Jimi, Ting, David, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming

Evaluating the Potential of a Turbo-compound System for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine: A Modelling Study

2025-01-8355To be published on 04/01/2025

Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbo-compounding, where an additional power turbine is installed in the exhaust stream after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbo-compounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and methane (CH4) are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbo-compound model. The effects of turbine sizes and flow capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines are evaluated on the engine’s

Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon

Research on Turbocharger Surge Identification and Prediction Based on Acoustic Signal

2025-01-8253To be published on 04/01/2025

This study presents a non-intrusive method for detecting surge in diesel engine turbochargers using acoustic signal analysis. We introduce an innovative surge identification approach that leverages multi-domain composite features derived from these acoustic signals. The research involved conducting controlled turbocharger surge experiments, which provided the data necessary to develop a comprehensive surge acoustic signal database. From this database, eighteen acoustic features were meticulously selected and extracted across both time and frequency domains. Their relevance to surge detection was evaluated using a random forest algorithm, enabling the identification of key features critical to accurate detection. These essential features were then integrated into a multi-domain composite feature set, which served as the sensitive indicator for turbocharger surge detection. During the model development phase, we systematically compared the performance of various machine learning

Zhu, Jiaxu, Zheng, Hongyu, Zong, Changfu

Technology Package Optimization for Power, Cost, and Efficiency in a Dedicated Range Extender Engine for Electrified Vehicles

2025-01-8373To be published on 04/01/2025

A reemergence of manufacturer interest in range-extended electric vehicles is being driven by increasing diversification of consumer interest in low carbon-intensity technologies in the passenger vehicle and other markets. A major advantage of range-extended electric vehicles is that they curtail consumer vehicle range anxiety while maintaining a lower vehicle cost when compared with battery electric vehicles (BEV). By incorporating a small liquid-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE), the range and “refueling” time of electrified vehicles can be significantly improved while overcoming issues with cost and weight faced by long-range battery packs. Compared to ICEs designed for non-hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles, the ICE in a range-extended electric vehicle has a unique set of requirements focused on compact size, low cost, and efficient operation within a limited engine map. The MAHLE Range Extender (REx) is a dedicated engine design for such applications, prioritizing these

Peters, Nathan, Marion, Joshua, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Hoth, Alexander, Bunce, Mike

A Computational Investigation of Hydrogen Pre-Chamber and Spark-Ignition Combustion Engines at Different Load Conditions

2025-01-8406To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient powertrains are now critical in the pursuit of a net-zero emissions future. Hydrogen has emerged as a leading alternative fuel due to its superior combustion characteristics, such as fast flame speed, and its potential to support clean, sustainable energy systems. In hydrocarbon premixed combustion, pre-chamber technology has shown significant potential by improving system ignitability, enhancing turbulence and mixing, and mitigating knock tendency. However, in the context of hydrogen combustion—where the inherent fast flame speed may overshadow these advantages—the effectiveness of pre-chamber technology remains unclear. As a result, its application must be carefully scrutinized and compared with conventional spark ignition systems. Direct injection is the preferred fueling method for hydrogen, as it maximizes power density while addressing safety concerns. However, strong stratification in fuel-air distribution can arise, where the enhanced mixing from highly-turbulent pre

Menaca, Rafael, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong

Effect of Geometrical Manipulation of the Pre-Chamber Design Parameters on the Combustion Performance of an Argon Power Cycle Engine

2025-01-8405To be published on 04/01/2025

Most of the power produced in the United States is via combined heat and power (CHP) systems, with most CHP installations using reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE). RICE CHP systems offer several advantages, such as low installation and operational costs, high performance, load flexibility, and adaptability to various applications spanning from kilowatt to megawatt scales. Noble Thermodynamic Systems' (NTS) core technology, the Argon Power Cycle (APC), is a revolutionary, new power generation system that boosts the efficiency of RICE CHP generation systems while emitting zero greenhouse gasses or producing zero air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx). The APC uses the noble gas argon, a monatomic gas, which dramatically increases the specific heat ratio of the working fluid, resulting in a significantly higher ideal Otto cycle efficiency. The APC presents a promising solution to reach a carbon-neutral future for the energy needs of pivotal industries such as

Sharma, Eshan, Kim, Joohan, Strickland, Tyler, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Beardsell, Guillaume, Nilsen, Christopher, Sierra Aznar, Miguel

On the Characterization and Optimization of Machining Chip Washing System Using Multi-Variable Response Surface and Gradient Descent Method

2025-01-8637To be published on 04/01/2025

The final step in manufacturing high-precision parts for internal combustion engines, such as cylinder heads and blocks, is the removal of machining chips from the finished parts. This step is crucial because the machining chips and cutting oil left on the surface after machining can cause quality issues in the downstream engine assembly and affect the cooling system’s performance during engine operation. This chip removal step is especially critical for parts with internal cavities, such as the water jackets in cylinder heads, due to the difficulty of removing chips lodged in the narrow passages of these internal channels. To effectively remove chips from the water jacket, machining chip washing systems typically utilize multiple high-velocity water jets directed into the water jacket, creating flows with substantial kinetic energy to dislodge and evacuate the machining chips. For machining chip washing systems equipped with dozens of water nozzles, optimizing washing efficiency

Jan, James, Torcellini, Sabrina, Khorran, Aaron, Hall, Mark

Development of a Detailed Ignition Model with Energy Deposition and its Application to Full Engine Simulation

2025-01-8360To be published on 04/01/2025

A multi-dimensional model of the spark ignition process for SI engines was developed as a user-defined function (UDF) integrated into the commercial engine simulation software CONVERGE CFD. The model presented in this paper simulates energy deposition from the ignition circuit into the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder. The model is based on interaction and collision between electrons in the plasma arc and the gas molecules inside the cylinder using parameters from the ignition circuit and gas inside the cylinder. Full engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD with the developed ignition model including the ignition circuit model, arc propagation model, and energy deposition model were performed to evaluate the validity and performance of the model and to compare with the ignition model provided by CONVERGE CFD. Two engines with different characteristics were used for comparison, a low turbulent port fuel injected single-cylinder CFR engine and a high turbulent direct injected engine

Kim, Kyeongmin, Hall, Matthew, Joshi, Sachin, Matthews, Ron

Ion Current Formation Mechanism of Methane End Gas Auto-Ignition Based on One-Dimensional Flame Ionization Model

2025-01-8356To be published on 04/01/2025

In future spark-ignition internal combustion engines, characterized by high compression ratios, issues such as knocking and super-knocking have increasingly emerged as major factors limiting thermal efficiency improvements. Ion current detection technology, with its advantages of not altering engine structure, low cost, and maintenance-free operation, is considered as one of the most promising methods for in-cylinder combustion detection. However, the mechanism of ion current formation under end gas auto-ignition conditions remains unclear, and the matching law between the ion current signal and the combustion state can only be obtained by experimental and statistical methods so far, posing challenges for abnormal combustion diagnostics and control based on ion current detection technology. To analyze the signal characteristics of ion current under abnormal combustion from a more intrinsic perspective, this paper develops a one-dimensional flame ionization model using MATLAB. The model

Zhou, Yanxiong, Dong, Guangyu, Ni, Xiaoci, Xu, Jie, Li, Xian, Li, Liguang

Impact of Preload and Amplitude on the High-Frequency Behavior of Rubber Bushings in Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Study

2025-01-8254To be published on 04/01/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly susceptible to high-frequency noise, with rubber eigenmodes significantly influencing these noise characteristics. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs experience pronounced variations in dynamic preload during torque rise, which are substantially higher. This dynamic preload variation can markedly impact the high-frequency behaviour of preloaded rubber bushings in their installed state. This study investigates the effects of preload and amplitude on the high-frequency dynamic performance of rubber bushings specifically designed for EV applications. These bushings are crucial for vibration isolation and noise reduction, with their role in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) management being more critical in EVs due to the absence of traditional engine noise. The experimental investigation examines how preload and excitation amplitude variations influence the dynamic stiffness, damping properties, and overall performance of

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava

Virtual Evaluation of Ceramic Glow Plug Design using Multiphysics Simulation Approach

2025-01-8367To be published on 04/01/2025

A glow plug is generally used to assist the starting of diesel engines in cold weather condition. Low ambient temperature makes the starting of diesel engine difficult because the engine block acts as a heat sink by absorbing the heat of compression. Hence, the air-fuel mixture at the combustion chamber is not capable of self-ignition based on air compression only. Diesel engines do not need any starting aid in general but in such scenarios, glow plug ensures reliable starting in all weather conditions. Glow plug is actually a heating device with high electrical resistance, which heats up rapidly when electrified. The high surface temperature of glow plug generates a heat flux and helps in igniting the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation. Durability concerns have been observed in ceramic glow plugs during testing phases because of crack formation. Root cause analysis is performed in this study to understand the probable reasons behind cracking of the

Karmakar, Nilankan, Orban, Hatem

Numerical study of the hydrogen/air mixing in a high performance 2 stroke opposed piston engine

2025-01-8365To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is the most promising candidate for the achievement of the zero-emissions target fixed by the European institutions for sport-cars application. The development of a high specific power hydrogen engines is not trivial considering the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen. Furthermore, the necessity to reduce the engine encumbrance in favour of fuel on-board storage makes particularly attractive alternative engine architecture such as the 2 stoke opposed piston one. A numerical study is carried out to numerically evaluate the potential of such architecture finding in hydrogen/air mixing a critical aspect to be optimized for the achievement of the performance target. An extensive 3D-CFD study is performed analysing the impact on mixture formation and combustion evolution/efficiency of the hydrogen injector location, orientation and injection phasing with the final aim to define design guidelines for the development of this new engine

Marini, Alessandro, Volza, Antonello, Baudone, Antonio, Mattarelli, Enrico, Fontanesi, Stefano, Di Sacco, Michele, Tonelli, Roberto, Breda, Sebastiano

A Novel Co-Simulation Framework for Optimizing Human Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption

2025-01-8191To be published on 04/01/2025

A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, blower power, etc. 1D-3D co-simulation approach is used for modeling the cabin. Berkeley human comfort model has been used in recent times to get a subjective

Natarajan, Shankar, Balasubramanian, Sudharsan

Data-driven Modeling and Control for Multi-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8349To be published on 04/01/2025

Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained a lot of attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which in turn, dictates the controller's performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive

Govind Raju, Sathya Aswath, Sun, Zongxuan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum

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