Browse Topic: Alternative fuel engines
Due to increasing pollution and climatic cries, newly implemented BS-VI emission norms in India have stressed the reduction of emission. For which many automobiles have been shifted to alternate fuels like CNG. Also, the Indian Automotive market is fuel economy cautious. This challenges to focus on improving fuel economy but without an increase in emissions. Crankcase blow-by gases can be an important source of particulate emission as well as other regulated and unregulated emissions. They can also contribute to the loss of lubricating oil and fouling of surface and engine components. Closed Crankcase Ventilation (CCV) or Open Crankcase Ventilation (OCV) is capable to reduce particulate emissions by removing the oil mist that is caused mainly due to blow-by in the combustion chamber. This paperwork is focused, to measure the effectiveness of the CCV and OCV systems on the engine-out emissions, primarily on the particulate emissions. A comparative analysis of these crankcase ventilation
As competent and low-pollution alternative fuel, CNG has revealed its excellence over engine performance and emissions. In recent years, CNG is considered as the diesel engine alternative fuel for heavy-duty engine applications due to its lower emissions and cost effective after-treatment systems. Due to the implementation of stricter emission norms over the years, the evolution of the fuel supply system has become more robust and electronically controlled. In the case of CNG engines, most of the engines were equipped with MPFI fuel system, for its precise fuel control abilities and controlling emission parameters. However, this MPFI system encompasses severe design changes in the intake manifold and is cost worthy to OEMs over the SPFI fuel system. MPFI system adds on the overall cost of the engine unit and its maintenance when compared to SPFI system. SPFI fuel system had proved its robustness to achieve BSIV emission norms but, due to challenging test methods and stringent emission
CNG has proven to be a concrete alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel for sustained mobility. Due to stringent emission norms and sanctions being imposed on diesel fuel vehicles, OEMs have shifted their attention towards natural gas as an efficient and green fuel. Newly implemented BS VI emission norms in India have stressed on the reduction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) from the exhaust by almost 85% as compared to BS IV emission norms. Also, Indian Automotive market is fuel economy cautious. This challenges to focus on improving fuel economy but without increase in NOx emissions. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) has the potential to reduce the NOx emissions by decreasing the in-cylinder temperature. The objective of the paper is to model a CNG TCIC engine using 1D simulation in order to optimize the NOx emissions and maintain exhaust temperatures under failsafe limits. The 1D model is optimized in steady state conditions using the control parameters such as EGR flow rate, power achieved
Engine calibration involves the interaction of electronic components with various engine systems like intake system, exhaust system, ignition system, etc. Emissions are the by-products of combustion of fuel and air inside the combustion chamber. After-treatment systems generally take up the responsibility to scrape out harmful emissions from the engines. However, a good engine calibration will focus on emission reduction at source i.e., during the combustion itself. Thus, the intake of air and fuel in proper amount at each engine operating point is crucial for optimized engine performance and minimal emissions. The Intake system is an integral part of any internal combustion engine and it plays an important role to improve its performance and emission. Generally, for a SI engine, maintaining the stoichiometric A/F ratio is a challenging endeavour from an operational standpoint. Engine power, BSFC, torque and harmful emissions are much influenced by geometric aspect of intake manifold
The intensifying demand of cleaner fuelled vehicles considering current norms of BSIV and upcoming stringent norms of BSVI with low cost solutions has promoted the development of CNG and dual fuel vehicles. CNG vehicle is anticipated to discover its extensive use for environment fortification and effective deployment of energy capitals. Thus, CNG vehicles can be pretty effective in averting environment deterioration. CNG has low carbon to hydrogen ratio, this leads to very low CO2 emissions compared to gasoline and diesel vehicles. CNG engines have the potential of low NOx and particulate emissions. Natural gas vehicle development has been directed on the way to current use of direct injection and port injection with S.I. engines. Generally for low cost development, all OEMs prefer optimization of existing engines. Similarly for this project, a diesel engine was converted to S.I. engine for development of low emission CNG engine. All required changes from diesel to CNG engine have been
The evolution of engine technology has so far seen the most beneficial side of progress in the fields of transportation, agriculture, and mobility. With the advent of innovation, there is also an impact on our environment that needs to be balanced. This is where fuels like CNG, LPG, LNG, etc. outperform conventional fossil fuels in terms of pollution & operational cost. This paper enlightens on the use of innovative dual-fuel technology where diesel & CNG fuels are used for combustion simultaneously inside the combustion chamber. Dual fuel system adaptation for farm application ensures self-reliance of the farmer where he can generate Bio-CNG to use the renewable fuel for farming making him less dependent on conventional fossil fuel thus promoting a green economy. The dual-fuel system is adapted to the existing in-use diesel engine with minimum modifications. This makes it feasible to retrofit a CNG fuel system on an existing diesel engine to operate it on dual fuel mode. Major
In this study, a new system of assessment method was developed to evaluate the characteristics of urban buses based on remote online monitoring. Four types of buses, including China V emission standards diesel bus, lean-burn CNG bus, air-fuel equivalence ratio combustion CNG bus and gas-electric hybrid bus, were chosen as samples to analyze the emission characteristics of urban buses with different engine types in urban scenario. Based on the traffic conditions in Beijing, the actual emission characteristics of buses under newly-built driving conditions were analyzed. Moreover, the emission factor database of urban buses in Beijing was established to analyze the characteristics of excess emission. The research results are shown as follows. 1) Compared with other types of buses, NOX emission factor and emission rate of lean-burn CNG bus are much higher. The equivalent air-fuel ratio CNG engine combined with TWC catalytic converter and hybrid power technology can better reduce NOX
The present study depicts cubic polynomial function based parametric mapping of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine, across load sweep and gasoline energy share (GES). Based on the pilot experimental findings, the diesel (main) injection timing is determined followed by a set of experiments across the engine load sweep and GES, not exceeding 50%. Based on cycle to cycle variation of peak pressure, 50% burn crank angle (CA50) and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), engine stability values are computed. A set of RCCI engine parameters such as peak pressure, ringing intensity (RI), IMEP, CA50 etc. are normalized. The coefficients of polynomial are generated through surface fit to map all these parameters with normalized load and GES. Good conformity was observed between the predicted and modelled data. Subsequently, an operation window is proposed based on stability, combustion efficiency and thermal efficiency considerations. The proposed polynomials within the
The emissions and efficiency of modern internal combustion engines need to be improved to reduce their environmental impact. Many strategies to address this (e.g., alternative fuels, exhaust gas aftertreatment, novel injection systems, etc.) require engine calibrations to be modified, involving extensive experimental data collection. A new approach to modeling and data collection is proposed to expedite the development of these new technologies and to reduce their upfront cost. This work evaluates a Gaussian Process Regression, Artificial Neural Network and Bayesian Optimization based strategy for the efficient development of machine learning models, intended for engine optimization and calibration. The objective of this method is to minimize the size of the required experimental data set and reduce the associated data collection cost for engine modeling. This technique is demonstrated by generating engine performance models for a Dual Fuel High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) CNG
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is regarded as a promising fuel for spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engines (ICE) to improve engine thermal efficiency and reduce both carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions. Significant advantages of CNG are higher-octane number, higher hydrogen to carbon ratio, and lower energy-specific CO2 emissions compared with gasoline. More, it can be produced in renewable ways, and is more widespread and cheaper than conventional liquid fossil fuels. In this regard, the direct injection of CNG engines can be considered a promising technology for highly efficient and low-emission future engines. This work reports an experimental and numerical characterization of high-pressure methane jets from a multi-hole injector for direct injection engines. The tests were performed in a constant volume (CV) combustion chamber under a broad range of operating conditions in terms of injection pressure, in the range 1.0 - 5.0 MPa, and ambient back-pressure in between 0.05 to
The guidelines in this SAE Information Report are directed at laboratory engine dynamometer test procedures with alternative fuels, and they are applicable to four-stroke and two-stroke cycle spark ignition (SI) and diesel (CI) engines (naturally aspirated or pressure charged, with or without charge air cooling). A brief overview of investigations with some alternative fuels can be found in SAE J1297. Other SAE documents covering vehicle, engine, or component testing may be affected by use of alternative fuels. Some of the documents that may be affected can be found in Appendix A. Guidelines are provided for the engine power test code (SAE J1349) in Appendix D. The principles of these guidelines may apply to other procedures and codes, but the effects have not been investigated. The report is organized into four technical sections, each dealing with an important aspect of testing or reporting of results when using alternative fuels. The first (Section 3) deals with such issues as what
The cylinder head gasket with integrated combustion pressure sensors (CHGICPS) reported here targets advanced engine controls and in particular those based on the HCCI, PCCI, or LTC combustion principles, for gasoline, diesel, and alternative fuel engines. Due to the fiber optic combustion pressure sensor's (CPS) accuracy at low pressure during compression integrated into the CHGICPS, this device aims at in-cylinder prediction of mass air flow as well as in-cycle closed loop control of pilot fuel injection in a diesel engine. This paper reports on a replaceable CPS which allows installation and removal from the cylinder head gasket (CHG) without the need for removing the engine head. At the same time the distance layer thickness of CHGICPS is minimized to 2.5 mm and 3.4 mm, depending on the access ability and space constraints around coolant and lubrication ports in the engine. A multilayer steel CHGICPS prototype is constructed with replaceable fiber optic combustion pressure sensors
The mass ratio of air to fuel (air-fuel ratio) of an operating internal combustion engine is a very important metric for pollution control. Typically the air-fuel ratio is not directly measured, but instead the excess air factor Lambda (λ) is used. Lambda is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Commonly switching type sensors are used. Those can detect 3 states: λ =1, λ >1 and λ < 1, and are used under low and medium load conditions to keep λ in the optimum operating range for a catalytic converter. Wideband O2 sensors are exhaust analysis devices that are used to measure air-fuel mixtures over a very large range up to air. These sensors are used in more and more engines today for closed loop fueling control under all operation conditions. They are especially important for new lean-burn technologies, clean diesel applications and for alternative fuel engines. However, todays typical control methodology for these sensors has drawbacks regarding
In present days, most of researches concerned with vehicle engines have been performed to reduce vehicle emissions and to improve engine efficiency. For the requirements, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) engine which has lots of advantages such as low emission level, cheaper fuel cost and enough infrastructures has had lots of interest as an alternative fuel engine. What is more, it has a low emission level of CO2 well-known as the factor of ‘Global Warming’, thus the use of LPG engines has been increased. Especially since MPI(Multi Point Injection) type LPLi(Liquid Phase LPG injection) system was used for the fuel supply system, disadvantages of LPG engine such as low engine performance, decreased charging efficiency and cold starting difficulty have been improved and prejudices against LPG engines have been changed a lot. In light of this, the motion to use LPLi engines instead of diesel engines has been increasing. Therefore in this research, spray visualization experiment was
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the reporting of laboratory and test site data from the gaseous and evaporative emission tests of in-use light-duty trucks and passenger vehicles. This document describes the reporting of procedures, fuel specifications, and vehicle information necessary to compare the results of in-use tests. Any variations in vehicles, instrumentation, test equipment, or test program purpose should be adequately described
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the reporting of laboratory and test site data from the gaseous and evaporative emission tests of in-use light-duty trucks and passenger vehicles. This document describes the reporting of procedures, fuel specifications, and vehicle information necessary to compare the results of in-use tests. Any variations in vehicles, instrumentation, test equipment, or test program purpose should be adequately described
The guidelines in this SAE Information Report are directed at laboratory engine dynamometer test procedures with alternative fuels, and they are applicable to four-stroke and two-stroke cycle spark ignition (SI) and diesel (CI) engines (naturally aspirated or pressure charged, with or without charge air cooling). A brief overview of investigations with some alternative fuels can be found in SAE J1297. Other SAE documents covering vehicle, engine, or component testing may be affected by use of alternative fuels. Some of the documents that may be affected can be found in Appendix A. Guidelines are provided for the engine power test code (SAE J1349) in Appendix D. The principles of these guidelines may apply to other procedures and codes, but the effects have not been investigated. The report is organized into four technical sections, each dealing with an important aspect of testing or reporting of results when using alternative fuels. The first (Section 3) deals with such issues as what
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