Browse Topic: Boost pressure

Items (513)

Redundant Brake Boost Control Strategy of Integrated Electro-hydraulic Braking System

2024-01-7038

12/13/2024

The traditional braking system has been unable to meet the redundant safety requirements of the intelligent vehicle for the braking system. At the same time, under the change of electrification and intelligence, the braking system needs to have the functions of braking boost, braking energy recovery, braking redundancy and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study the redundant braking boost control of the integrated electro-hydraulic braking system. Based on the brake boost failure problem of the integrated electro-hydraulic brake system, this paper proposes a redundant brake boost control strategy based on the Integrated Brake Control system plus the Redundant Brake Unit configuration, which mainly includes fault diagnosis of Integrated Brake Control brake boost failure, recognition of driver braking intention based on pedal force, pressure control strategy of Integrated Brake Control brake boost and pressure control strategy of Redundant Brake Unit brake boost. The designed control

Dexing, Lao, Luping, Yan, Qinghai, Sui, Long, Cao, Shang, Gao, Zhigang, Chen, Mingxing, Ren, Zhicheng, Chen

Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels

2024-01-4286

11/05/2024

A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the

Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki

Miller Cycle and Internal EGR in Diesel Engines Using Alternative Fuels

2024-01-3020

07/02/2024

The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary exhaust valve lift (SEVL) on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realizing internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behavior. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under

Knost, Friedemar, Beidl, Christian

Benefits of Supercharger Boosting on H ₂ ICE for Heavy Duty Applications

2024-01-3006

07/02/2024

The fast acceleration of GHG (CO2 in particular) emitted by human activities into the atmosphere is accelerating the average temperature increase of our globe causing heavy climate change. This phenomenon has triggered a strong pressure on GHG emission reduction in all the human activities including the transportation sector which contributes for the 29% to the total emissions in EU [1]. A mitigation to this tendency can come from synthetic fuels: when produced by using clean energy, they can be considered CO2 neutral. H2 is the building block of synthetic fuels and can be used in spark ignited engines where releases the energy accumulated during its production. This solution is particularly attractive for HD applications thanks to the high energy density. H2 can be burned in a quite wide range of λ, but staying on 2,2 the amount of engine out NOx will be low enough for the use on a 13L engine with a relatively simple aftertreatment system. This λ value is difficult to maintain in the

Andrisani, Nicola, Bagal, Nilesh

1D Modeling of a High-Performance Engine Fueled with H ₂ and Equipped with a Low NO _x After-Treatment Device

2024-37-0009

06/12/2024

Hydrogen engines are currently considered as a viable solution to preserve the internal combustion engine (ICE) as a power unit for vehicle propulsion. In particular, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigations, due to their reduced emission levels and high thermodynamic efficiency. Lean charge is suitable for the purpose of passenger car applications, where the demand of mid/low power output does not require an excessive amount of air to be delivered by the turbocharging unit, but can difficulty be tailored in the field of high performance engine, where the air mass delivered would require oversized turbocharging systems or more complex charging solutions. For this reason, the range of feeding conditions near the stochiometric value is explored in the field of high performance engines, leading to the consequent issue of abatement of pollutant emissions. In this work a 1D model is applied to the modeling of a V8 engine fueled with direct

Montenegro, Gianluca, Marinoni, Andrea, Della Torre, Augusto, D'Errico, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Cerri, Tarcisio

Evaluation of an Optimal Engine Configuration for a SI Engine Fueled with Ethanol for Stationary Applications

2024-37-0024

06/12/2024

This work aims at investigating the optimal configuration of an internal combustion engine fueled with bio-ethanol for improving its brake power and efficiency as well as for reducing the NOx emissions, in stationary applications. A turbocharged spark ignition engine characterized by a single-point injection was preliminarily considered; subsequently, a direct injection configuration was investigated. For both cases, a 1-D numerical model was developed to compare the injection configurations under stoichiometric conditions and different spark timings. The analysis shows that the direct injection guarantees: a limited improvement of brake power and efficiency when the same spark timing is adopted, while NOx emissions increases by 20%; an increase of 6% in brake power and 2 percentage points in brake thermal efficiency by adopting the knock limited spark advance, but an almost double NOx emissions increase. In order to exploit the advantages of the direct injection, an engine

Perrone, Diego, Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Castiglione, Teresa

3-Dimentional Numerical Transient Simulation and Research on Flow Distribution Unevenness in Intake Manifold for a Turbocharged Diesel Engine

2024-01-2420

04/09/2024

The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the Intake air flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed. The dynamic effects of diesel engine intake boost pressure, rotated speed, and intake pipe geometrical

Yang, Shuai, Yan, Kai, Liu, Haifeng, Fu, Yahao, Liu, Hairan, Li, Tong

Performance of Spark Current Boost System on a Production Engine under Lean-Burn Conditions

2024-01-2106

04/09/2024

In order to improve the fuel economy for future high-efficiency spark ignition engines, the applications of advanced combustion strategies are considered to be beneficial with an overall lean and/or exhaust gas recirculation diluted cylinder charge. Stronger and more reliable ignition sources become more favorable under extreme lean/EGR conditions. Existing research indicates that the frequency of plasma restrikes increases with increased flow velocity and decreased discharge current level, and a higher discharge current can reduce the gap resistance and maintain the stretched plasma for a longer duration under flow conditions. An in-house developed current boost control system provides flexible control of the discharge current level and discharge duration. The current boost ignition system is based on a multi-coil system with a discharge current level of 180mA. In this study, a comparative study has been conducted to investigate the efficacy of multi-coil and multi-core ignition

Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon, Wang, Linyan, Zheng, Ming, Tjong, Jimi

Numerical Study of a Six-Stroke Gasoline Compression Ignition (6S-GCI) Engine Combustion with Oxygenated Fuels

2024-01-2373

04/09/2024

A numerical investigation of a six-stroke direct injection compression ignition engine operation in a low temperature combustion (LTC) regime is presented. The fuel employed is a gasoline-like oxygenated fuel consisting of 90% isobutanol and 10% diethyl ether (DEE) by volume to match the reactivity of conventional gasoline with octane number 87. The computational simulations of the in-cylinder processes were performed using a high-fidelity multidimensional in-house 3D CFD code (MTU-MRNT) with improved spray-sub models and CHEMKIN library. The combustion chemistry was described using a two-component (isobutanol and DEE) fuel model whose oxidation pathways were given by a reaction mechanism with 177 species and 796 reactions. The key advantage of six-stroke engine operation is the ability to switch the combustion mode among kinetical controlled mode (KCM), kinetically-driven mixing control mode (K-MCM) and mixing controlled mode (MCM) in the second power stroke (PS2) providing a wider

Purushothaman, Ashwin Karthik, Ra, Youngchul, Ha, Kyoung Pyo, Zhu, Shengrong, Ullal, Ankith

Downsizing a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine by Scaling the Air Handling System and Leveraging Phenomenological Combustion Model

2024-01-2114

04/09/2024

A potential route to reduce CO2 emissions from heavy-duty trucks is to combine low-carbon fuels and a hybrid-electric powertrain to maximize overall efficiency. A hybrid electric powertrain can reduce the peak power required from the internal combustion engine, leading to opportunities to reduce the engine size but still meet vehicle performance requirements. Although engine downsizing in the light-duty sector can offer significant fuel economy savings mainly due to increased part-load efficiency, its benefits and downsides in heavy-duty engines are less clear. As there has been limited published research in this area to date, there is a lack of a standardized engine downsizing procedure. This paper uses an experimentally validated one-dimensional phenomenological combustion model in a commercial engine simulation software GT-SUITE™ alongside turbocharger scaling methods to develop downsized engines from a baseline 6cyl (2.1 L/cyl, 26 kW/L) pilot-ignition, direct-injection natural gas

Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon

Highway Exhaust Emissions of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Truck

2024-01-2120

04/09/2024

Diesel-fueled heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) can be retrofitted with conversion kits to operate as dual-fuel vehicles in which partial diesel usage is offset by a gaseous fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG). The main purpose of installing such a conversion kit is to reduce the operating cost of HDVs. Additionally, replacing diesel partially with a low-carbon fuel such as CNG can potentially lead to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the tail-pipe. The main issue of CNG-diesel dual-fuel vehicles is the methane (CH4, the primary component of CNG) slip. CH4 is difficult to oxidize in the exhaust after-treatment (EAT) system and its slip may offset the advantage of lower CO2 emissions of natural gas combustion as CH4 is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG). The objective of this study is to compare the emissions of an HDV with a CNG conversion kit operating in diesel and dual-fuel mode during highway operation. Road tests were conducted on a three-axle Class-8 highway semi-trailer tractor

Dev, Shouvik, Qi, Aidu, Anderson, Andrew, Dahlseide, Austin, Smith, Brett, Lussier, Simon-Alexandre, Guo, Hongsheng, Rosenblatt, Deborah

Sea-Level Characterization of Electrically Assisted Turbocharger for Use on Aviation Diesel Engine

2024-01-1914

03/05/2024

Airborne compression-ignition engine operations differ significantly from those in ground vehicles, both in mission requirements and in operating conditions. Unique challenges exist in the aviation space, and electrification technologies originally developed for ground applications may be leveraged to address these considerations. One such technology, electrically assisted turbochargers (EATs), have the potential to address the following: increase the maximum system power output, directly control intake manifold air pressure, and reignite the engine at altitude conditions in the event of an engine flame-out. Sea-level experiments were carried out on a two-liter, four-cylinder compression-ignition engine with a commercial-off-the-shelf EAT that replaced the original turbocharger. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the technology, assess the performance, and evaluate control methods at sea level prior to altitude experimentation. This work covers the baseline

Pope, Aaron, Kim, Kenneth, Schroen, Erik, Clerkin, Peter, Musser, Marshall, Mattson, Jonathan, Meininger, Rik, Gibson, Joseph, Kang, Sang-Guk, Kruger, Kurt, Hepp, Kyle, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Simulation Study on High Expansion Ratio Dedicated Hybrid Engine for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Application

2023-01-7005

10/30/2023

The fuel economy and emission of the hybrid vehicle depend largely on the selected engine. And the dedicated hybrid engine (DHE) can be controlled to operate in the optimal operating range because DHE can be decoupled from the vehicle transmission system. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine under common operating conditions combined with high compression ratio (CR) and early or late intake valve closing (IVC) angle. According to the vehicle road spectrum data, the optimal operating range of the engine is determined to be 1200-1400 rpm and 70%-90% load. Then CR and IVC angle are optimized by using the calibrated one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the engine under limited peak combustion pressure (Pmax). The results show that the adjustment of IVC angle and CR can control the thermal state at the end of compression stroke. The combination of CR and IVC angle can achieve the optimal fuel consumption improvement. The minimum brake

Wang, Xiaosa, Lin, Zhiqiang, Wang, Hu, He, Hua, Wang, Xiaohui, Liang, Depu

Pre-ignition Behavior of Gasoline Blends in a Single- Cylinder Engine with Varying Boost Pressure and Compression Ratio

2023-32-0120

09/29/2023

Pre-ignition in a boosted spark-ignition engine can be triggered by several mechanisms, including oil-fuel droplets, deposits, overheated engine components and gas-phase autoignition of the fuel-air mixture. A high pre-ignition resistance of the fuel used mitigates the risk of engine damage, since pre-ignition can evolve into super-knock. This paper presents the pre-ignition propensities of 11 RON 89-100+ gasoline fuel blends in a single-cylinder research engine. Albeit the addition of two high-octane components (methanol and reformate) to a toluene primary reference fuel improved the pre-ignition resistance, one high-RON fuel experienced runaway pre-ignition at relatively low boost pressure levels. A comparison of RON 96 blends showed that the fuel composition can affect pre-ignition resistance at constant RON

Rönn, Kristian, Larmi, Martti, Pehlivanlar, Benjamin, Göbel, Christoph, Pischinger, Stefan, Karvo, Anna, Lehto, Kalle, Fryjan, Johannes

Thermodynamics of Lean Hydrogen Combustion by Virtual Investigations on a Single-Cylinder Engine with Port Fuel Injection and Pre-Chamber Ignition

2023-24-0063

08/28/2023

In order to achieve the climate targets, a mix of different powertrain technologies must be pursued to effectively reduce emissions. By producing hydrogen based on renewable energy sources, it becomes a reasonable choice for fueling internal combustion engines. The specific molecular properties of hydrogen thereby open up new possibilities for favorably influencing the combustion process of engines. The present paper deals with the analysis of a single-cylinder engine with passive pre-chamber ignition and a port fuel injection system, which was adapted for lean hydrogen operation. In this way, the test unit was operated in various load and speed ranges with lambda values from 1.5 to 2.5 and achieved up to 23 bar indicated mean effective pressure. The focus of this work is on the numerical investigation of the hydrogen combustion and its effects on the engine system. Special attention is hereby paid to the influence of different lambda operations. Simulations were carried out to

Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre, Bucherer, Sebastian, Rothe, Paul, Sobek, Florian, Gottwald, Theo, Kraljevic, Ivica

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Spark Plug and Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition on a Single-Cylinder Engine with Hydrogen Port Fuel Injection for Lean Operations

2023-01-1205

06/26/2023

The race towards zero carbon emissions is ongoing with the need to reduce the consumption of fossil energy resources. This demands immediate and reliable developments regarding technical environmentally friendly solutions for the power and transportation sectors. An alternative way to achieve a carbon-free powertrain is the use of green hydrogen for internal combustion engines. In this work the self-designed Fraunhofer single-cylinder engine with a displacement volume of 430 mm3 developed for extreme lean combustion and passive pre-chamber ignition was adapted for hydrogen engine operation. With hydrogen combustion, the customized cooling system resulting in low metal temperatures is simulated and optimized to avoid hot spots in the combustion chamber. The investigated single-cylinder engine is characterized by a compression ratio of 12.2, port fuel injection and a conventional spark plug. Based on the results, the engine is operated with a passive pre-chamber to investigate its

Bucherer, Sebastian, Rothe, Paul, Sobek, Florian, Gottwald, Theo, Kraljevic, Ivica, Vacca, Antonino, Gal, Thomas, Chiodi, Marco, Kulzer, Andre

Investigation of Compressor Deposit in Turbocharger for Gasoline Engines (Part 1: Research on Deposit Formation Mechanism

2023-01-0410

04/11/2023

Contribution to carbon neutrality is one of the most important challenges for the automotive industry. As CO2 emission has been reduced through electrification such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), internal combustion engines (ICEs) equipped in those powertrain systems are still necessary for the foreseeable future, and continuous efforts to improve fuel efficiency are demanded. To improve powertrain thermal efficiency, direct-injection turbocharged gasoline engines have been widely utilized in recent years. Super lean-burn combustion engine has been researched as a next generation of turbocharged gasoline engines. Further utilization of turbochargers is expected. Compared with turbocharged downsized gasoline engines available in the current market, much higher boost pressure must be utilized to realize the super lean-burn engines. As a result, compressor housing temperature will be very high compared with the current market one. Blow-by gas

Ishizaki, Noriya, Hirano, Satoshi, Kuma, Hiroshi, Ura, Haruto

Investigation of Compressor Deposit in Turbocharger for Gasoline Engines (Part 2: Practical Application to Turbocharger

2023-01-0412

04/11/2023

Contribution to carbon neutrality is one of the most important challenges for the automotive industry. Though CO2 emission has been reduced through electrification, internal combustion engines equipped in vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) are still necessary for the foreseeable future, and continuous efforts to improve fuel economy are demanded. To improve powertrain thermal efficiency, direct-injection turbocharged gasoline engines have been widely utilized in recent years. Super lean-burn combustion engine has been being researched as the next generation of turbocharged gasoline engines. It is known that an increase of the boost pressure causes deposit formation, which decrease the turbocharger efficiency, in the turbocharger compressor housing. To avoid the efficiency loss due to deposit, air temperature at compressor outlet has to be limited low. In this paper, the methodology was constructed to predict compressor efficiency

Ura, Haruto, Kuma, Hiroshi, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya

Development of New V6 3.0 L Turbocharged and 3.5 L Naturally Aspirated Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

2023-01-0398

04/11/2023

With the objective of further enhancing the engine performance of the Acura brand and the environmental performance of the Honda brand in relation to the North American market, where there is a need for powertrains with driving force margin for SUVs and pickup trucks, Honda has developed a 3.0 L turbocharged engine and a 3.5 L naturally aspirated engine. Both engines adopt the same newly developed valvetrain structure and share main engine geometries. These newly developed engines are equipped with a compact new valvetrain structure combining Hydraulic Lash Adjusters and roller rocker arms with a valve-lifter based Variable Cylinder Management system which has an internalized switching mechanism. This newly developed valvetrain made it possible to incorporate dual overhead cam structure without enlarging the cylinder head shape relative to the single overhead cam structure. It further achieves this while permitting application of a Variable Cylinder Management system and of a Variable

Taki, Shotaro, Konishi, Yukio, Tomitani, Yuki, Ishii, Kazumasa, Imakita, Akio, Kawawa, Satoshi

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Cooler Nomenclature and Application

J2914_202211 (Current)

11/22/2022

This document provides an overview on how and why EGR coolers are utilized, defines commonly used nomenclature, discusses design issues and trade-offs, and identifies common failure modes. The reintroduction of selectively cooled exhaust gas into the combustion chamber is just one component of the emission control strategy for internal combustion (IC) engines, both diesel and gasoline, and is useful in reducing exhaust port emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Other means of reducing NOx exhaust port emissions are briefly mentioned, but beyond the scope of this document

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

A Technical Review on Low Speed Pre Ignition in Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

2022-28-0023

10/05/2022

The current market demand and ever tightening global legislation mandate automotive OEMs to improve vehicle fuel consumption and reduce carbon based emissions. One approach to do so is by downsizing of gasoline engines. The reduced engine displacement causes lesser pumping and frictional losses and lower gas to wall heat transfer making engine more efficient. While downsizing an engine can enhance fuel economy it also brings down the power output. The power lost can be compensated by integrating a turbocharger to the engine to increase the boost pressure however, this again may create an abnormal combustion event known as low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). The increase of pressure and temperature inside the combustion chamber at high loads also leads to a pre-ignition induced super knock and in severe cases, LSPI leads to broken piston rings, damaged pistons and bent connecting rods. Thus LSPI has become a great concern since it operates in a very common driving pattern of rapidly

Deva, Dinesh, Dhyani, Vipin, Kansara, Shekhar, Muralidharan, M.

Parametric Investigation of Various Factors Affecting Engine Performance and Emissions in a Homogeneous Charge with Direct Injection Strategy at High Load: A CFD Approach

2022-01-1048

08/30/2022

Over the years, much progress has been made in automotive vehicle technology to achieve high efficiency and clean combustion. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is one of the most widely studied high-efficiency, clean combustion strategies. However, complex dual-fuel injection systems and associated controls, high unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions limit RCCI use in practical applications. Recently, single fuel RCCI strategies are gaining more attention as the above shortcomings are effectively addressed. Homogeneous charge with direct injection (HCDI) is a single fuel RCCI strategy that results in high thermal efficiency and lower UHC and CO emissions. In HCDI, the port-injected diesel fuel vapour and air are inducted during the intake stroke and ignited with direct-injected diesel fuel near the end of the compression stroke. However, high oxides of nitrogen (NOx) make HCDI less viable for practical applications. Water vapour dilution proved

Chaurasiya, Rishabh, Krishnasamy, Anand

Investigations on a Novel Supercharging and Impulse Turbo-Compounding of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

2022-01-1111

08/30/2022

Single-cylinder engines in mass production are generally not turbocharged due to the pulsated and intermittent exhaust gas flow into the turbocharger and the phase lag between the intake and exhaust stroke. The present work proposes a novel approach of decoupling the turbine and the compressor and coupling them separately to the engine to address these limitations. An impulse turbine is chosen for this application to extract energy during the pulsated exhaust flow. Commercially available AVL BOOST software was used to estimate the overall engine performance improvement of the proposed novel approach compared to the base naturally aspirated (NA) engine. Two different impulse turbine layouts were analyzed, one without an exhaust plenum and the second layout having an exhaust plenum before the power turbine. The merits and limitations of both layouts are compared in the present study. An optimum nozzle area ratio of 50% for the first layout was arrived, which provided better net engine

Ramkumar, J, Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A

Vehicle Application Layer

J1939/71_202208 (Current)08/26/2022

The SAE J1939 communications network is developed for use in heavy-duty environments and suitable for horizontally integrated vehicle industries. The SAE J1939 communications network is applicable for light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty vehicles used on-road or off-road, and for appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on-highway and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements. SAE J1939-71 is the SAE J1939 reference document for the conventions and notations used to specify the parameter (SP) placement in PG data, the conventions for ASCII parameters, and conventions for PG transmission rates. This document previously contained the majority of the SAE J1939 OSI application layer data parameters and messages for information exchange between the ECU applications connected to the SAE J1939 communications network. It

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Real-Time Prediction of Pre-ignition and Super-Knock in Internal Combustion Engines

03-16-03-0021

07/01/2022

Super-knock is a phenomenon triggered by pre-ignition and has limited the design envelope of internal combustion engines (ICEs) in terms of power density. This poses a huge challenge for the automotive industry where engine sizes have been continuously decreasing due to the demand for weight savings and integration with electrified powertrains. Such downsized engines typically require increased boost pressure, availing conditions conducive to pre-ignition, which in turn may trigger super-knock. Traditionally, this and other forms of knock have been managed by way of a “detection and mitigation” approach in place of “perdition and avoidance” due to an evolving understanding of corresponding combustion dynamics, as well as the incapability of emerging real-time computational methods to perform and actuate over the timescale required. In this study, a data-driven algorithm is used to extract (and adapt) a globally linearized system representation using eigen-time-series, isolating the

Manzoor, Waqas A., Rawashdeh, Samir, Mohammadi, Alireza

Control Oriented Engine Model Development for Model-Based PPC Control

2022-01-0480

03/29/2022

A model-based control approach is proposed to give proper reference for the feed-forward combustion control of Partially Pre-mixed Combustion (PPC) engines. The current study presents a simplified first principal model, which has been developed to provide a base estimation of the ignition properties. This model is used to describe the behavior of a single-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with a mix of bio-butanol and n-heptane (80vol% bio-butanol and 20 vol% n-heptane). The model has been validated at 8 bar gross Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (gIMEP) in PPC mode. Inlet temperature and pressure have been varied to test the model capabilities. First the experiments were conducted to generate reference points with BH80 under PPC conditions. And then CFD simulations were conducted to give initial parameter set up, e.g. fuel distribution, zone dividing, for the multi-zone model. The in-cylinder pressure results show that, across the range of input conditions, the physics-based

Pan, Wang, Bekdemir, Cemil, Willems, Frank

Automotive Turbocharger Rotor Optimization Using Machine Learning Technique

2022-01-0216

03/29/2022

Turbochargers are widely employed in internal combustion engines, in both, diesel and gasoline vehicle, to boost the power without any extra fuel usage. Turbocharger comes in different sizes based upon the boost pressure to increase. Capacity of turbocharger are available in great range in the market which are designed to match the requirement. From structural point of view, key component of an automotive turbocharger is rotor. This rotor consists of compressor wheel, turbine wheel, shaft and bearing (journal/ball) mainly. In industries, design & development of turbocharger rotor for its dynamic characteristics is done using virtual engineering technique (Computer Aided Engineering). Multibody dynamic (MBD) analysis simulation is one of the best approaches which is used to study the rotor in great details. In this current MBD procedure fluid-structure interaction problem is solved by modelling oil film in the journal bearing and solving it using “Reynolds equation”. Shaft displacement

Shrivastava, Sandeep, Sinha, Ankur, Ray, Sudipto, Du, Isaac, Begin, Louis

Development and Validation of a Multi-zone Predictive Combustion Model for Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engines

03-15-05-0038

12/22/2021

Numerical simulation represents a fundamental tool to support the development process of new propulsion systems. In the field of large-bore dual-fuel (DF) engines, the engine simulation by means of fast running numerical models is nowadays essential to reduce the huge effort for testing activities and speed up the development of more efficient and low-emissions propulsion systems. However, the simulation of the DF combustion by means of a zero-dimensional/one-dimensional (0D/1D) approach is particularly challenging due to the combustion process evolution from spray autoignition to turbulent flame propagation and the complex interaction between the two fuels. In this regard, in this activity a 0D/1D multi-zone DF combustion model was developed for the simulation of the combustion process in large-bore DF engines. The model combines a multi-packet approach for tracking the evolution and the autoignition of the pilot fuel with an entrainment and burn-up approach for the simulation of the

Millo, Federico, Accurso, Francesco, Piano, Andrea, Fogla, Navin, Caputo, Gennaro, Cafari, Alberto, Hyvönen, Jari

Power Cylinder Blow-by: Problem Solving

J2798_202112 (Current)

12/21/2021

This document describes methodologies to determine the causes blow-by oil consumption caused by the power cylinder

Piston and Ring Standards Committee

NOx Tracking Parameter Accuracy

J3349_202110 (Historical)10/19/2021

This SAE Information Report provides SAE’s recommendations for meeting the requirements for REAL NOx accuracy demonstration and for the implementation of REAL NOx binning requirements as defined in OBD regulations 13 CCR 1971.1 and 13 CCR 1968.2

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Developing a NEXT-GEN VGT

21TOFHP10_0310/01/2021

Engineers from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries refine the design of a variable geometry turbocharger for commercial vehicles. Variable geometry turbochargers (VGT) have been applied to commercial engines for a long time, owing to their operability at wide operation range. One of the major advantages of using a VGT is its ability to provide high boost pressure at low engine speeds, which ensures optimum supply of air for proper combustion, leading to a significant reduction in emissions. Recent emission standards by U.S. EPA and in Europe (Euro VI) demand a higher efficiency from the turbine at all operating points, which motivated engineers from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to do an in-depth loss analysis of each component and carry out design modifications to achieve these demands. The multi-vane VGT, which has been found to be the most effective among all the configurations, consists of a plurality of nozzle vanes distributed circumferentially upstream of the radial turbine rotor. These

Fuel Stratification Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition with a Regular-Grade Gasoline on a Single-Cylinder Medium-Duty Diesel Engine at Low Load

2021-01-1173

09/21/2021

Prior research studies have investigated a wide variety of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) injection strategies and the resulting fuel stratification levels to maintain control over the combustion phasing, duration, and heat release rate. Previous GCI research at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory has shown that for a combustion mode with a low degree of fuel stratification, called “partial fuel stratification” (PFS), gasoline range fuels with anti-knock index values in the range of regular-grade gasoline (~87 anti-knock index or higher) provides very little controllability over the timing of combustion without significant boost pressures. On the contrary, heavy fuel stratification (HFS) provides control over combustion phasing but has challenges achieving low temperature combustion operation, which has the benefits of low NOX and soot emissions, because of the air handling burdens associated with the required high exhaust gas recirculation rates. This work

Curran, Scott, Szybist, James, Kaul, Brian, Easter, Jordan, Sluder, Scott

Simultaneous Control Optimization of Variable-Geometry Turbocharger and High Pressure EGR on a Medium Duty Diesel Engine

2021-01-1178

09/21/2021

This research examines the interdependence of the control strategies of a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (HP-EGR) and a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) on a medium-duty diesel engine in transient load operation. The effect on fuel economy, particulate and NO production were investigated through multiple tests of synchronously controlled VGT and EGR positions. An optimal steady-state strategy of the above determinants was defined as a function of the VGT’s boost pressure and EGR percent mass. The optimal steady-state strategy was then used to investigate the interdependence of the VGT and HP-EGR in transient load acceptence events which occurred over a range of 2 to 10 seconds. The faster transients increased deviations of boost and EGR levels from steady-state calibration values which consequently led to corresponding fuel consumption and particulate matter emission increases. These tests established that under the transient conditions the control strategies implemented

Pennington PhD, Justin, Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Cook, James

A Numerical Study on Turbocharging System for PFI-SI Type Hydrogen Combustion Engine

2021-24-0094

09/05/2021

The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) has received increasing attention in various industry sectors as it produces nearly zero carbon emissions. However, it has been reported that the power output is lower than the gasoline engine especially for port fuel injection (PFI) type hydrogen engines. It is mainly due to low density of the hydrogen which reduces volumetric efficiency. A turbocharging system can improve the power output by pushing more air into the combustion chamber. However, it was observed that incorrect matching hampers the increment of the power output which results in low specific power (<30kW/L). To achieve the equivalent performance of a turbocharged PFI gasoline engine, the required boosting system for the PFI H2ICE has been numerically investigated using 1D engine simulation. As a base engine, a 1.6L turbocharged PFI gasoline engine was used. The validated base engine model was modified for the hydrogen operation and the simulation was carried out at wide

Kim, Jeyoung, Rajoo, Srithar

Time to Boost Analysis of an Advanced Boosting System for Automotive Applications

2021-24-0093

09/05/2021

Fun to drive and drivability are important issues in modern vehicles, and the propulsion system plays a key role in achieving these goals. Today most engines are characterized by the presence of a turbocharging system to achieve a high level of specific power and efficiency. Unfortunately, turbocharged engines are characterized by a delay in the delivery of toque, especially at low load and low speed, a phenomenon commonly called turbo-lag. In this paper an innovative turbocharging system is studied with the aim of providing a solution to this annoying behavior; a hybrid boosting system consisting of a traditional turbocharger and an electrically assisted compressor is analyzed. This architecture, especially thanks to the good dynamic behavior of the e-compressor, achieves the goal of an important reduction in terms of time-to-boost, providing an important improvement in engine readiness. The experimental campaign is carried out at the test bench for components of the propulsion system

Usai, Vittorio, Marelli, Silvia

Circumferential Variation of Noise at the Blade-Pass Frequency in a Turbocharger Compressor with Ported Shroud

2021-01-1044

08/31/2021

The ported shroud casing treatment for turbocharger compressors offers a wider operating flow range, elevated boost pressures at low compressor mass flow rates, and reduced broadband whoosh noise in spark-ignition internal combustion engine applications. However, the casing treatment elevates tonal noise at the blade-pass frequency (BPF). Typical rotational speeds of compressors employed in practice push BPF noise to high frequencies, which then promote multi-dimensional acoustic wave propagation within the compressor ducting. As a result, in-duct acoustic measurements become sensitive to the angular location of pressure transducers on the duct wall. The present work utilizes a steady-flow turbocharger gas stand featuring a unique rotating compressor inlet duct to quantify the variation of noise measured around the duct at different angular positions. The acoustic pressure transducers installed on the rotating duct record time-resolved in-duct acoustic pressure at different azimuthal

Sriganesh, Pranav, Dehner, Rick, Selamet, Ahmet, Miazgowicz, Keith

Regulated Intake Air Boosting and Engine Downspeeding as a Viable Solution for Performance Improvement and Emission Reduction of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

03-15-02-0009

08/16/2021

The present work proposes a viable approach to develop single-cylinder diesel engines for the future by implementing regulated intake air boosting (RIAB) and engine downspeeding (ED) along with the well-established low compression ratio (LCR) approach. The investigations were conducted in a mass-production light-duty single-cylinder diesel engine initially equipped with a naturally aspirated (NA) intake system. By lowering the compression ratio (CR) and implementing the intake air boosting (IAB) using a belt-driven supercharger, the maximum brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine could be increased by 50%. More importantly, the improved performance could be achieved without violating the peak firing pressure (PFP) limits. However, a significant penalty was observed in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at low-load operating points due to the additional power consumption of the IAB system. Hence, RIAB was implemented to optimize the boost pressure with respect to

Vikraman, V., Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A.

Machine Learning-Based Turbine Vane Position Estimation for Advanced Engine Airpath Control

03-14-06-005007/29/2021

In an engine airpath system, modeling the nonlinearities associated with turbocharger vane position estimation is challenging as most influencing factors are not clearly known. State-of-the-art models are predominantly data driven, which makes the accuracy skewed toward the clusters with data richness. The data for these models are derived from the experiments in a dynamometer (dyno) or vehicle. The measurement data is extrapolated for the entire operating zone to derive the control models, which are inaccurate and slow in transient response. With emission norms becoming stringent, the models need to be more accurate with an improved transient response. The authors derive the synthetic data using “adaptive synthetic data generation” for the one engine operating zone. This improves the data richness of the dataset, which can be used for data-driven models, which is state of the art. The authors propose artificial intelligence (AI)-based model instead of data-driven models to improve the

Kamath, Rohith, Venkobarao, Vivek, Kopold, Richard, Subramaniam, C.K.

The Impact of Miller Valve Timing on Combustion and Charging Performance of an Ethanol- and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine

03-14-05-004405/10/2021

Combustion engines and liquid fuels are likely to continue playing a central role in freight transportation with renewable fuels reducing carbon emissions. Ethanol and methanol are future renewable fuels with a knock resistance that make them suitable for heavy-duty (HD) spark ignition (SI) engines. This simulation work focuses on the potential for improving the efficiency of an ethanol- and methanol-fueled HD SI engine using early intake valve closing Miller valve timing. With Miller valve timing, the expansion ratio and thermodynamic efficiency can be increased while maintaining the same effective compression ratio. However, Miller timing requires increased boost pressure to retain the same trapped air mass and also suffers from reduced in-cylinder turbulence. Unlike previous simulation studies, a validated semi-predictive combustion model was used to resolve the implication of turbulence reduction on burn rate and its impediment in extracting higher thermodynamic efficiency with

Mahendar, Senthil Krishnan, Venkataraman, Varun, Erlandsson, Anders Christiansen

Power and Torque Determination for UAS Engines Having Maximum Power Ratings at or Below 22.4 kW

ARP6971 (Current)

04/07/2021

This recommended practice is applicable to reciprocating engines powering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) having rated power values less than 22.4 kW, and which are not to be used for human transport

null, null

Development of Next Generation Variable Geometry Turbocharger for Commercial Vehicles

2021-01-0643

04/06/2021

Recent advancements in internal combustion engine due to stricter emission regulations require the turbocharger to function with a higher efficiency over the entire operation range. Furthermore, the need for higher boosting pressure requires the extension of rotation speed margin forcing the inclusion of resonance speeds for high order vibration modes, posing a threat on the reliability of the turbine. This paper introduces new variable geometry nozzle vanes and turbine rotor designed based on the understanding and control of tip leakage flows, utilizing both low and high fidelity CFD simulations. Low fidelity single passage steady state simulations were used for vane profile tuning and high fidelity full-scale unsteady simulations for evaluating stator-rotor interactions respectively. The new vane design is comprised of a three-dimensional stacking in the span wise direction which has been found effective in reducing the nozzle tip leakage loss. The weakening of streamline secondary

Gupta, Bipin, Hoshi, Toru, Ogawa, Shinji, Osako, Masaki, Yoshizawa, Hiroaki, Inoue, Noriyuki

Potential of Pre-Turbo Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Systems in Electrified Powertrains

2021-01-0579

04/06/2021

In order to operate effectively, exhaust gas aftertreatment (EAT) systems require a certain temperature level. The trend towards higher grades of hybridisation causes longer switch-off phases of the internal combustion engine (ICE) during which the EAT components cool down. Additionally, efficiency enhancements of the ICE result in lower exhaust gas temperatures. In combination with further strengthening of the legal requirements regarding tailpipe emissions, new approaches are desired to ensure reliable emission reductions under all conditions. One possibility to achieve a faster warm-up of the EAT system is to place it upstream of the turbine, where temperatures are higher. Although, the extra thermal inertia and larger volume upstream of the turbine delay the throttle response, even a light hybridisation is sufficient for compensating the dynamic loss. This work deals with the examination of various combinations of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a coated diesel particulate

Angerbauer, Martin, Inci, Ferhat, Grill, Michael, Bargende, Michael

Application of the HiL Method to Develop Transient Operating Strategies for Highly Flexible Power Generation in Gas Engine Power Plants

2021-01-0421

04/06/2021

The transient operation of gas engines is of paramount importance to sustainable power generation as it increases the share of renewable energy. Fast-reacting and highly flexible power plants are an integral component of scenarios for the smart power generation of the future. Modern gaseous fueled large bore engines already adapt to fluctuating load demands quickly and also provide high efficiency throughout all load conditions. However, future energy systems that integrate predominantly fluctuating renewables will require even further improved transient capabilities of these engines. The goal is to be competitive with diesel engines in applications with the highest transient requirements and to meet the high transient requirements while simultaneously generating significantly less emissions than other fossil generation facilities to support the future sustainable power supply. This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) method that is capable of transferring the transient

Pirker, Gerhard, Mayr, Philipp, Kranawetter, Klemens, Bauer, Robert, Seeber, Richard, Wimmer, Andreas

EGR System Optimization for Light-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine

2021-01-0515

04/06/2021

Increasingly stringent exhaust and CO2 emissions regulations are driving advancements in combustion and after-treatment technologies in the passenger vehicle sector. One major challenge is to achieve low emissions over the full operating map as required by Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation. Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI), an advanced combustion concept, has shown potential to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. GCI harnesses gasoline’s low reactivity for longer ignition delay, thus promoting partially premixed air-fuel mixture for efficient combustion. To maintain low engine-out NOx over the load range, high Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is required that consequently elevates boost pressure requirements. To meet the high boost and EGR demands, while minimizing pumping losses require air-system optimization. This work presents a detailed investigation of EGR system optimization for a prototype 2.6L, four-cylinder, Light-Duty (LD) Gasoline Compression Ignition

Kumar, Praveen, Sellnau, Mark

Air-System and Variable Valve Actuation Recipe for High Load Gasoline Compression Ignition Operation in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

2021-01-0516

04/06/2021

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) offers improved efficiency by harnessing gasoline’s low reactivity to induce an extended ignition delay that promotes partial premixing of air and fuel before combustion occurs. However, enabling GCI across the full engine operating load map poses several challenges. At high load, due to the elevated pressures and temperatures of the charge mixture, the ignition delay time shrinks, leading to diminished GCI efficiency benefits. At low load, insufficient temperatures and pressures can lead to combustion instability. Variable valve actuation offers a practical solution to these challenges by enabling effective compression ratio (ECR) control. In this paper, the effects of variable intake valve closings were investigated for high load operations in a prototype heavy-duty GCI engine, using a research octane number 93 gasoline fuel. The study focused on the 50% (B50) and the 75% (B75) load conditions at 1375 RPM. Both late intake valve closing and early

Kumar, Praveen, Zhang, Yu, Traver, Michael, Watson, John

Cylinder Deactivation Strategies to Stabilize High Stratification Gasoline Compression Ignition Down to Idle

03-14-04-003503/22/2021

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a family of combustion strategies that can be used to achieve low emissions and fuel consumption in medium- and heavy-duty applications while taking advantage of projected cost advantages of gasoline over diesel fuel in the future. In particular, high fuel stratification GCI (HFS-GCI) has been shown to have CDC-like thermal efficiency and combustion control by utilizing near-TDC injection timings to achieve a principally mixing-controlled combustion event. The stability of HFS-GCI combustion at low loads has been shown to be the principal challenge to its implementation in production applications and in this study, a novel class of cylinder deactivation strategies to achieve stable HFS-GCI combustion down to no-load (0 kW brake power) is proposed and studied. 1D simulations were carried out in GT-POWER and coupled experiments were carried out in a single-cylinder medium-duty test cell with an on-road 87AKI gasoline fuel. The effects of

Babu, Aravindh, Kokjohn, Sage L.

Optimization of a High-Speed Dual-Fuel (Natural Gas-Diesel) Compression Ignition Engine for Gen-sets

03-14-03-002202/12/2021

The goal of this study is to develop a clean and efficient thermal unit for a generator set (gen-set) rated at 80 kW, exploring the potential of Dual-Fuel (DF) combustion (Natural Gas-Diesel) on high-speed Compression Ignition (CI) engines. Typically, the most comparable commercial gen-sets are made up of Heavy-Duty (HD) Diesel engines, whose cost and complexity will probably increase to meet more stringent emissions standards. The conversion of a light-duty Diesel engine may permit to match the high efficiency of Diesels with the low emissions of DF combustion at an affordable cost. Moreover, the new thermal unit would be more compact and lighter. Running on Natural Gas (NG) is less expensive than using Diesel fuel, and it offers more opportunities to reduce the environmental impact (e.g., NG can be easily obtained from biomass, in the same site where the gen-set is installed). Last but not the least, in case of interruption of NG supply, the system can be easily switched to

Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Savioli, Tommaso, Scrignoli, Francesco

Automatic Transmission Hydraulic Pump Test Procedure

J2311_202011 (Current)

11/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a method to determine the performance characteristics of the hydraulic oil pumps used in automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. This document outlines the specific tests that describe the performance characteristics of these pumps over a range of operating conditions and the means to present the test data. This document is not intended to assess pump durability

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

An Investigation Study of the Thermomechanical Loading on the Piston of a Diesel Engine with Design Improvements

2020-01-5098

10/22/2020

The latest developments in the engine’s design aim to maximize the power output, downsize the engine, and minimize the fuel consumption. This paper investigates the thermomechanical loads on the piston of a turbocharged diesel engine. The main emphasis is the effect of increasing the boosting pressure on the piston loading until the possible maximum engine power is achieved. Also, it proposes the modification of the piston design in order to increase the durability for more power loading and decrease the total mass. The temperature distribution on the piston body, the corresponding thermomechanical deformations, the stress distribution, and the safety factor is excessively calculated. Finite element methods (ANSYS workbench) is used to analyze the thermomechanical loads applied to a three-dimensional model. The study is applied to the piston of a 300 hp diesel engine (base case) in order to increase the engine power by 17% (upgraded one). The piston remains within safe conditions and

Ismail, Islam, Abdelrazek, Elsayed, Ismail, Mostafa, Emara, Ahmed

Benefits of Electronic Assisted Variable Geometry Turbocharging on Sports Utility Vehicle

2020-28-032809/25/2020

Turbocharging of diesel engines have undergone various phases of technological advancements proving merits with engine performance. Since VGTs are finding their applications in many automotive engines, it is also crucial on finding out ways to extract maximum benefits from the system. Pneumatic actuated VGTs control the vanes positioning with the help of mechanical linkages and don’t prove good in transient response with relatively slower boost build up. The electronic controlled VGT operates with the aid of DC motor which is linked to the engine management system. The position sensor senses the current position of the actuator which is controlled by the engine management system for delivering the desired boost pressure. The eVGT system thus provides very quick response and accurate control of boost pressure in all the vehicle driving conditions. The mechanical losses and wear of the pneumatic system could not account for the dynamic response of boost pressure, but the wear detection

Shangar Ramani, Vagesh, Mapkar, Mubeen, Muthusamy, Anbarasu

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