Browse Topic: Combustion and combustion processes

Items (15,758)
Find
NOx Formation Characteristics of Lean Hydrogen Combustion: From 0D Analysis to Comprehensive 3D-CFD Engine Investigations2026-01-0732To be published on 07/01/2026
The transition toward climate-neutral transportation requires powertrain concepts that combine high efficiency with low pollutant emissions. In this context, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines represent a promising solution when hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources. Owing to its specific molecular properties, hydrogen offers new possibilities for influencing and optimizing the combustion process and reducing the emission formation. This paper presents a numerical approach for characterizing the NOx formation in a single-cylinder research engine equipped with port fuel injection and a passive pre-chamber ignition system. The single-cylinder is operated over a wide range of engine loads and speeds, covering air-to-fuel ratios from λ=1.5 to 2.5 and achieving up to 23 bar indicated mean effective pressure. The study focuses on the influence of engine load and mixture composition on NOx emissions. A dedicated look-up table approach in combination with several reaction
Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Numerical Analysis of Pre-Ignition Factors in Hydrogen Engines2026-01-0740To be published on 07/01/2026
Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate abnormal combustion, a major challenge in efforts to improve hydrogen engine efficiency. Focusing on two factors that induce abnormal combustion—surface reactions and lubricating oil—numerical analysis examined the potential for each to trigger abnormal combustion. Furthermore, since it was confirmed that the self-ignition prediction using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism deviates from experiments at temperatures around 800K, attempts were made to improve this issue. As a result, it was confirmed that surface reactions affect the chemical species ratio near the wall surface but have little effect on flame propagation. Regarding lubricating oil, two possibilities were investigated: the lubricating oil itself self-igniting and becoming an ignition source for the hydrogen mixture, and deposits generated from the lubricating oil generating heat and becoming an ignition source. We investigated two possibilities: the lubricating oil
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yamane, Taichi, Wang, Zhiyuan, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Experimental Investigation into Port Water Injection on the Transient Behavior of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0743To be published on 07/01/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines are a potential carbon-free propulsion solution for high-power applications such as construction machinery and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. However, compared to conventional diesel engines, hydrogen engines exhibit limitations in transient operation and at full load, primarily due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. In spark-ignited hydrogen engines, combustion anomalies represent the main constraint during performance-oriented operation, particularly during transient phases that require mixture enrichment to meet dynamic torque demands. Water injection is investigated in this study as a means to mitigate these limitations. The paper describes the implementation of a port water injection system on a heavy-duty commercial hydrogen engine and evaluates its influence on engine performance with a focus on transient operating conditions. A combustion anomaly evaluation method developed in-house is applied to quantify the effect of water
Schneider, David, Christoforetti, Paul, Kappacher, Peter, Kapeller, David, Schutting, Eberhard, Eichlseder, Helmut, Trapp, Christian
Experimental study of warm-up and startability operations in a spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol gasoline blends2026-01-0738To be published on 07/01/2026
Thermal transients during warm-up phase influence fuel consumption and combustion stability. Moreover, during engine warm-up, tailpipe emissions are the highest since the catalytic converter has not reached the light-off temperature yet. Therefore, reducing warm-up time would be beneficial for both performance and emissions. In this work, an experimental investigation is carried out on a naturally aspirated four-cylinder spark ignition engine with a displacement of 1.2 liter, equipped with a port fuel injection system. The study compares conventional gasoline with an E30 (i.e. 30% ethanol in gasoline). Tests are performed starting from cold engine conditions and stopped when a fully warmed state is reached. The experimental campaign is conducted at a fixed operating condition of 2000 rpm and 20 Nm load, representative of typical warm-up operation. The analysis focuses on the warm-up duration, defined as the time required to reach steady thermal conditions, and on engine performance
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Efficient Powertrain Control via Stochastic Signal Decomposition: Utilizing ARIMA Constituents for Real-Time knock detection in Internal combustion engines.2026-01-0737To be published on 07/01/2026
Knocking combustions in an Internal Combustion engine (ICE) are engine damaging combustions and hence reliable detection of every knocking event is very important. Engines typically rely on piezo-electric knock sensors to monitor structure-borne noise; which outputs a complex, continuous time series signal, thus differentiation of knocking vs knocking signal (signal to noise ratio) is difficult without computation intense signal processing such as Fast Fourier Transforms(FFT) or Wavelet transforms followed by manual calibration. In this research we propose an alternative to replace traditional knock detection with more reliable time-domain alternative using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique. Here we decompose the raw sensor signal into seasonality, trend and residue, and analyze the residue signal to differentiate knocking or non-knocking combustion, as the residual component is seen to retain abnormalities in the signal during knocking combustion. Further
Parulekar, Tushar A., Chilukuri, Sandeep, Mahmood, Haneefa
Synergistic Integration of Advanced Combustion and Air-Path Technologies to Maximize ICE Efficiency in Hybrid Applications2026-01-0733To be published on 07/01/2026
This work investigates the efficiency potential of reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) for light-duty vehicle propulsion within the current state of the art and a five-year technological horizon. A validated one-dimensional engine model was extended to integrate multiple advanced technologies, including active prechambers for ultra-lean gasoline combustion, thermal coating, an electric turbocharger capable of supplementary turbine work recovery, variable compression ratio, and variable valve timing implementing a Miller cycle. These enhancements are systematically evaluated to explore their individual and combined effects on engine performance and efficiency. Parametric studies quantify the influence of heat transfer, air–fuel ratio, compression ratio, and other key variables on engine output, enabling the generation of enhanced engine performance maps. These maps reflect synergistic interactions between parameter sets and serve as predictive tools for assessing optimized
Pla, Benjamin, Dolz, Vicente, Serrano, Jose R., Gómez-Vilanova, Alejandro, Oliva, Fermin, Cardenas, Maria, Ariztegui, Javier
Methane Emission Mitigation in Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engines via Negative Valve Overlap Diesel Injection: Thermochemical Pathways and Reactivity Control2026-37-0045To be published on 06/09/2026
Low-load natural gas–diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in medium-speed marine engines is constrained by an insufficient charge thermal state. This limitation leads to partial fuel oxidation, producing high methane emissions. This work evaluates the use of negative valve overlap (NVO) combined with NVO diesel injection as an in-cylinder reactivity enhancement strategy. The simulation study was performed using the University of Vaasa's advanced thermo-kinetic multi-zone model (UVATZ), extended for reactive simulations during NVO. The extended framework was validated against test-bench data from a prototype Wärtsilä 6L20 dual-fuel engine operating in RCCI mode. The baseline low‑load operating point for reforming simulations was defined by reducing the intake manifold temperature to replicate conditions close to partial misfire with 52% combustion efficiency. The parametric sweeps of NVO injection timing and ratio showed that the strategy can be used for in-cycle
Soleimani, Amir, Nurmi, Mikael, Hunicz, Jacek, Kim, Jeyoung, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Coryton SUSTAIN Classic Super 80 Carbon-Neutral Fuel Versus E95 in a 1980s Fiat 500 Engine2026-37-0033To be published on 06/09/2026
The energy transition requires a rapid reduction in the use of fossil fuels, whose combustion generates substantial greenhouse-gas emissions. In Europe, transport alone accounts for roughly a quarter of total greenhouse-gas emissions, with road transport being the predominant component. In this context, the use of biofuels has emerged as a potential solution for limiting further increases in CO₂ emissions. However, most studies available in the literature evaluate the performance of these fuels on modern engines, while their effects on historic carburetted engines remain largely unexplored. This is particularly significant given the large fleet of historic vehicles across Europe, supported by a long-standing tradition of vehicle preservation, associations, and classic car collectors. The main historic-vehicle federations advise caution and the use of low-ethanol formulations so as not to damage elastomers, fuel tanks, and carburettor float bowls. For this reason, a few suppliers have
Tarchiani, Marco, Fossati, Federico, Raspanti, Sandro, Baroni, Alberto, Ferrara, Giovanni, Romani, Luca
Combined EGR-Air Dilution Effects on Performance, Combustion and Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-37-0009To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen internal combustion engines research is particularly relevant for propulsion systems requiring long range and fast refuelling while offering advantages in fuel purity requirements and operational efficiency. Leveraging the existing engine industry offers the potential for a fast response in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, abnormal combustion and high NOx emissions limit the feasibility of stoichiometric operation in hydrogen engines, making the evaluation and optimisation of dilution strategies essential. While lean combustion has been widely studied, the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), particularly in combination with lean mixtures, has yet to be comprehensively assessed. This study investigates the effectiveness of different dilution strategies, with a specific focus on the combined effects of air dilution and EGR on hydrogen combustion. Their joint influence on thermal efficiency, combustion stability, and emissions is evaluated across a range
King, Aidan, Islam, Reza, Pickering, Simon, Yuan, Hao, Mudge, Henry, Giles, Karl, Goyal, Harsh, Jones, Peter, Akehurst, Sam, Esposito, Stefania
Effects of Engine Geometries on the Combustion Characteristics of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine2026-37-0046To be published on 06/09/2026
For heavy-duty applications, hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engines offer a practical solution for future transportation. However, the influence of cylinder head flow characteristics and piston geometry on lean H2 combustion remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of three engine configurations characterized by distinct in-cylinder flow dynamics: mild swirl and tumble (Engine a), strong tumble (Engine b), and strong swirl (Engine c). High-fidelity three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for both port-fuel injection (PFI) and direct injection (DI) strategies. The impact of piston geometry was evaluated by comparing the baseline piston with a flat piston, while the spark timing was optimized to achieve favorable combustion phasing. Combustion and NOx formation were modeled using a G-equation-based combustion framework incorporating diffusive-thermal instability effects and a validated in-house
Liu, Xinlei, Menaca, Rafael, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Qahtani, Yasser A., Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James W.G., Im, Hong G.
On natural gas combustion split into diesel like architecture of a compression ignition engine retrofitted for spark ignition operation2026-37-0029To be published on 06/09/2026
In commercial areas that no longer favor diesel engine, such as Europe, it might be interesting to convert an existing compression ignition (CI) engine to the spark ignition (SI) operation and to use natural gas (NG) because of its advantages: availability of still abundant NG supplies worldwide and environmental benefits of NG compared to conventional liquid fossil fuels. This paper presents experimental results on NG combustion inside such a converted engine with diesel-like architecture dedicated to light-duty vehicles (LDV) and passenger cars (PC). Particularly, our study carried out at the engine test bed revealed that in certain operating points (low speed and load, stoichiometric mixture and rather high spark advance), the combustion is split into two distinct events, which is not specific to the standard SI engine. This is clearly illustrated by a rate of heat release (RoHR) profile with two peaks. This kind of RoHR profile appeared following a spark advance sweep carried out
Clenci, Adrian F., Popa, Robert, Berquez, Julien, Iorga-Siman, Victor, Magheru, Catalin, Punov, Plamen, Niculescu, Rodica
Development of a Diesel Combustion System for Next‑Generation Heavy‑Duty Engines Using a Synergistic Analysis‑and‑Testing Approach2026-37-0004To be published on 06/09/2026
Regulators and policymakers have introduced increasingly stringent limits on tailpipe CO₂ and pollutant emissions to accelerate the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle applications. The development of innovative propulsion technologies — such as advanced combustion systems, low-friction reciprocating components, and improved aftertreatment solutions — combined with hybridization and the adoption of alternative fuels (e.g., biogas, HVO, green hydrogen), represents a key pathway for meeting future emission and GHG targets. In this study, advanced combustion systems were developed for a 13‑liter diesel engine for heavy-duty truck applications, with the objective of complying with forthcoming Euro VII regulations while maximizing thermal efficiency. The combustion system architecture—including open-bowl geometry with high aspect ratio, injector nozzle with wider spray opening angle, and reduced swirl ratio—was optimized using a Machine Learning–algorithm trained on high-fidelity 3D CFD
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Centini, Maria Pia, Pezza, Vincenzo, Cozza, Ivan F., Pesce, Francesco C., Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Gallo, Alessandro, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Borg, Jonathan
Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework2026-37-0017To be published on 06/09/2026
Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction, yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with
Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej
Numerical simulation of spark-ignited flame kernels towards prospective application to hydrogen SI engines2026-37-0015To be published on 06/09/2026
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its thermophysical combustion model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then
Dotteschini, Enrico, Pretto, Marco, Giannattasio, Pietro, Gadalla, Mahmoud
Predictive Modelling of NOx and Unburned Hydrogen Emissions in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen SI Engine2026-37-0007To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen is emerging as a compelling energy carrier for future transportation due to its potential to enable fully decarbonised operation and near-zero tailpipe pollutant emissions. Realising this potential in reciprocating internal combustion engines requires a detailed understanding of the complex interactions governing hydrogen combustion and emissions formation. In this context, physics-based emission predictive modelling offers a powerful means to accelerate the development and optimisation of hydrogen-fuelled engines by enabling rapid evaluation of operating strategies without the need for extensive experimental campaigns. This study investigates the simulation of pollutant emissions from a 0.5L single-cylinder research engine equipped with side-mounted direct hydrogen injection and spark ignition. The work focuses on the development and assessment of predictive models for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburned hydrogen (uH₂) emissions within a 1D–0D simulation framework. For NOx
Malfi, Enrica, De Felice, Massimiliano, Esposito, Stefania, Ribnishki, Aleksandar, King, Aidan, Akehurst, Sam, Jones, Peter, Goyal, Harsh
Investigating the potential of two individually controlled injectors per rotor for a DI hydrogen Wankel engine2026-37-0008To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled rotary engines offer a promising alternative for zero-emission powertrains in commercial applications, particularly where compact packaging is required. This study presents experimental results of the further development of the naturally aspirated hydrogen rotary engine by HTM with direct injection, integrated with an electric machine into a hybrid or genset system. Despite the lower volumetric energy density of hydrogen compared to conventional fuels, the compact design of the rotary engine enables installation within the packaging of a conventional internal combustion engine with comparable power output. Initial applications, including an airport baggage tractor, have demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. However, engine calibration revealed pre-ignition phenomena that constrained the maximum achievable torque. To address this limitation, the influence of mixture formation is further investigated. An experimental engine setup is used where two individually
Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Herold, Tim, Lavall, Philipp, Schmidt, Marvin, Hofmann, Silas, Kahl, Jonas
Evaluation of Flamelet-Based Combustion Models for Hydrogen-Ammonia Spark-Ignition Engines2026-37-0027To be published on 06/09/2026
Besides the electrification of the transport sector, the growing interest in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines represents a promising pathway to effectively decarbonize transportation over the coming decades. Predictive combustion models implemented within CFD frameworks are a critical tool to guide the design of next-generation internal combustion engines fuelled with alternative fuels. Accurate prediction of the combustion heat release process is influenced by multiple interacting parameters, requiring combustion models that can reliably adapt to variations in fuel chemical properties and operating conditions. In this study, two well-established combustion models considered to model combustion development in Spark-Ignition engine, namely the Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM) and the G-equation model, are compared to assess their capability to adapt to changes in fuel chemical composition. Both models, based on the flamelet formulation are deliberately tested beyond
Sola, Riccardo, Baratta, Mirko, Misul, Daniela, Rousselle, Christine, BREQUIGNY, Pierre, Colin, Olivier
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-0028To be published on 06/09/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine equipped with variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-Suite software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at different operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Effect of Ar mass ratio and mixture equivalence ratio on the integrated hydrogen argon power cycle2026-37-0012To be published on 06/09/2026
This paper investigates hydrogen combustion in an argon–oxygen (Ar–O₂) environment for compression ignition engine applications using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The numerical framework is validated through two independent datasets: experimental results from Sandia National Laboratories and hydrogen jet ignition experiments conducted in an Ar–O₂ atmosphere, establishing confidence in the predictive capability of the model. A parametric analysis is performed to evaluate the effects of excess air ratio (λ) and argon mass fraction on ignition characteristics, combustion efficiency, and engine performance. The results indicate that operating under lean conditions improves combustion efficiency but leads to a substantial reduction in engine load. Increasing the argon mass ratio enhances engine thermal efficiency, primarily due to the higher specific heat ratio of argon, which improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. However, elevated argon concentrations significantly
Chitsaz, Iman, Ahammed, Sajid, Kakoee PhD, Alireza, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Andwari, Amin, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Nitrogen-based emissions from Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine2026-37-0032To be published on 06/09/2026
Ammonia (NH3) is increasingly recognized as one of the paths toward decarbonizing power generation and transportation. Its carbon-free molecular structure and ease of storage compared to hydrogen put NH3 at the forefront of alternative fuels. However, transitioning from hydrocarbon fuels to NH3 in internal combustion engines significantly alters the profiles of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. In traditional hydrocarbon combustion, NOx is formed mainly via the thermal Zeldovich mechanism, where atmospheric nitrogen reacts with oxygen at high temperatures. In contrast, ammonia combustion introduces "fuel-NOx," where the nitrogen atom within the NH3 molecule itself is oxidized. This study used experiments and numerical simulations to evaluate the effect of engine geometry and operating condition on these differences. In addition, the study observed the differences in NOx and N2O formation and destruction with respect to the engine cycle timeline. While ammonia's
Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Alvarez, Luis F., Akkerman, Vyacheslav, Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
A Holistic CFD Methodology for Full- and Multi-Cycle Simulation of Hydrogen Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engines2026-37-0016To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen is emerging as a viable energy carrier for the decarbonization of internal combustion engines (ICEs), representing a necessary step toward the long-term sustainability of this technology. In particular, hydrogen direct injection (DI) operation is receiving increased attention due to its inherent advantages over port fuel injection (PFI), such as reduced risks of abnormal combustion, higher specific power, and improved thermal efficiency. However, the mixture preparation process in DI operation generally leads to a stratified charge, especially under intermediate-to-late injection strategies, which in turn strongly affects ignition, combustion performance, and engine-out emissions. Therefore, investigating mixture formation, its key influencing parameters, and the resulting effects on the combustion process is essential for the proper design and optimization of hydrogen-fuelled DI ICEs. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) emerges as a powerful tool to address
Capecci, Marcolucio, Lucchini, Tommaso, Sforza, Lorenzo, Pezza, Vincenzo, Tosi, Sergio
Experimental investigation on cold start and warm-up phases for an ethanol fueled SI engine.2026-37-0031To be published on 06/09/2026
Engine operation during the initial warm-up period is characterized by pronounced thermal non-uniformities, which have a direct impact on fuel efficiency, combustion stability, tailpipe emissions and engine long-term reliability. For these reasons, accelerating the warm-up process represents an effective strategy to improve both environmental impact and overall engine performance. This paper presents an experimental study carried out on a 1.2 liter, naturally aspiered, four-cylinder SI engine equipped with a Port Fuel Injection (PFI) system. The engine is fueled with standard gasoline and an ethanol-gasoline blend containing 30% ethanol by volume (E30), with the aim of assessing the influence of fuel formulation on thermal evolution after a cold start. Each test begins with the engine at ambient temperature and is continued until thermal equilibrium is established. Experiments are carried out at a single steady operating point of 2000 rpm and 20 Nm, selected to reproduce representative
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle2026-37-0003To be published on 06/09/2026
Recently, an increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. Therefore, novel approaches which can reduce cooling loss while maintaining or improving thermal efficiency are required. In our previous studies, it was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. However, key factors contributing to the significant reduction in cooling loss have not been sufficiently clarified. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of cooling loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle in heavy-duty diesel engines, based on in-cylinder combustion observations
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru
Development and validation of a one-dimensional model for an opposed-piston free-piston engine generator with parametric analysis2026-37-0021To be published on 06/09/2026
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation hybridized and electrified transportation systems, offering the potential for high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and favorable noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. By eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, OFPEGs enable the direct conversion of combustion energy into electrical power. This architecture is particularly attractive for hybrid and range-extender applications, where operational flexibility and high system efficiency are critical to achieving significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. Despite these advantages, the performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control
Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong
Comparison of Detailed Chemistry and Flamelet-Based Models for Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty PFI Engine2026-37-0014To be published on 06/09/2026
Addressing climate change requires substantial reductions in emissions from the transportation sector, where alternative fuels for internal combustion engines play a crucial role. Among these options, hydrogen stands out as a compelling energy carrier capable of enabling low-carbon combustion while leveraging existing engine technologies. Its adoption can support a transition toward fuel-flexible powertrains and deliver rapid decreases in exhaust carbon emissions. This approach is particularly relevant for hard-to-abate segments such as heavy-duty transportation, where full electrification remains challenging. Building on this perspective, this numerical study investigates the modelling behaviour of a heavy-duty port fuel injection (PFI) internal combustion engine fuelled with hydrogen. Initially, the mixture was assumed to be fully premixed to avoid uncertainties related to injection and mixing processes and to significantly reduce computational cost; this assumption was subsequently
Scopelliti, Alex, Misul, Daniela Anna, Baratta, Mirko, Gallo, Alessandro, Rapetto, Nicola, Vargiu, Luca
Numerical Methodology For Aircraft Light Explosion Proofness Study2026-26-0790To be published on 06/01/2026
The increasing demand for safety and reliability in aerospace applications necessitates rigorous testing of aircraft components, including light units, for explosion proofness. Traditional explosion proofness tests are destructive, expensive, and time-consuming, requiring significant resources for test setups and prototypes. To address these challenges, this research presents a numerical methodology using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the explosion proofness for aircraft light units. The primary motivation of this study is to develop a cost-effective and efficient alternative to physical testing that provides comprehensive insights into explosion dynamics and facilitates design optimization. This work contributes to advancing engineering practices in the aerospace industry by demonstrating the efficacy of CFD simulations in evaluating and enhancing the explosion proofness of light units. The proposed CFD model, implemented in ANSYS Fluent, adheres to the
Selvaraj, Sugumaran, Nataraja, Prabhu
Weight Estimation of Novel Aircraft Configurations in Early Design Phase2026-26-0773To be published on 06/01/2026
Initial Weight estimation based on the Top Level Aircraft Requirements, hereon referred to as TLAR, is one of the key points to begin with the design of any aircraft. A quick and accurate estimation at the initial stages allows to achieve optimal design solution in fewer steps. This has more relevance in a setup like DOE, i.e., Design of Experiments, where the idea is to explore the complete design space and choose the best solution. At present, there are techniques available to estimate the weight from TLAR for conventional tube and wing configurations with JetA1 fuel. These techniques are primarily based on trends and empirical equations that have been derived from historical data of aircrafts previously built. A lot of new aircraft concepts have been (eg: VTOL) and are being (eg - BWB, H2 as fuel, OpenFan Propulsion etc.) considered for the commercial future. Currently, there are no standard methods established to estimate their weights due to the scarcity of historical data. The
Goyal, Tushar
Effect of Burning Biomass Fuel Cyclohexanol on Diesel Engine Performance2026-99-17085/22/2026
xx
Chen, Ke, Yang, Chenxi, Wang, Yibin, Fan, Jinyu, Liu, Yuchen, Ye, Zixiao, Huang, Jialiang
Radiated Emissions (RE) Narrowband Data Analysis - Power Spectral Density (PSD)J2556_201408 (Historical)5/22/2026
This SAE Information Report defines a procedure for indicating the severity of narrowband emissions from an electronic system-component.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Effect of EGR Rate on Cyclohexanol-Diesel Dual-fuel Engines2026-99-17095/22/2026
xxxx
Liu, Yuchen, Yang, Chenxi, Fan, Jinyu, Chen, Ke, Ye, Zixiao, Huang, Jialiang
Development of a Variable Interface Finite Volume Method for Simulating One- and Three- Dimensional Unsteady Gas Flow and Performances of Underwater Marine Diesel Engines03-19-03-00125/6/2026
Diesel engines used for the main power supplier of submarine normally run in high back pressure and low intake pressure, causing unstable performances. Furthermore, when a submarine runs under the sea the exhaust pipe of the diesel engine is under the seawater. Once the lowest pressure in the exhaust pipe is not sufficient to push all the water out, the water will flow into the exhaust pipe and damage the diesel engine. Modeling can provide a useful guide for designing diesel engines, intake and exhaust pipes, and turbocharging systems to avoid water flowing into diesel engine. However, existing simulation methods cannot well simulate the exhaust system of an underwater diesel engine, in which the interface between the liquid water and the exhaust gas is variable. To overcome the drawbacks of existing simulation methods in handling the variable interface between the two phases, a variable interface finite volume method (FVM) is proposed, and a corresponding model is developed in this
Guo, Dongshao, Zhang, Licheng, Yang, Shiyou, Sun, Yong, Abidin, Zainal, Lin, Shujun
Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and FuelsR-5534/30/2026
Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned
Pirault, Jean Pierre, Dingle, Philip, Flint, Martin
Experimental Study of Knock Resistance Offered by Direct Water Injections in a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine03-19-02-00114/11/2026
Stochastic end-gas autoignition in spark ignition (SI) engines, commonly called “knock,” limits attainable engine efficiencies. Multiple pathways to extend SI engine operation into knock-limited regions have been studied, including direct water injection (DWI). This study employs single-cylinder engine experiments with a centrally mounted water injector to investigate the knock resistance offered by compression stroke water injections, which, through incomplete mixing, can thermally stratify the cylinder. In SI, thermally stratifying injections are expected to forcibly widen the cylinder temperature distribution by preferentially cooling the cylinder periphery. The end-gas is in the cylinder periphery. A cooler end-gas would result in longer ignition delays, thus providing knock resistance. The difference between intake temperature required to match knock-limited CA50 and a baseline intake temperature at the load of 8 bar IMEPg (gross indicated mean effective pressure) was used to
Datar, Aditya, Vedpathak, Kunal, Gainey, Brian, Lawler , Benjamin
Effect of Pre-Chamber Geometry on Methanol Cold-Start Combustion in an SI Engine2026-01-03074/7/2026
Vehicle pollutant emissions are a major challenge in the development of internal combustion engines. To meet increasingly strict regulations, the automotive sector is exploring alternative fuels and lean-burn strategies. Methanol is gaining importance as a carbon-neutral fuel due to advances in green production technologies. Methanol, despite its potential for renewable production, faces severe limitations due to its inherent poor cold-start performance with conventional ignition systems. In this context, the present study aims to investigate the influence of pre-chamber ignition on cold-start combustion by using high-speed optical diagnostics to visualize flame propagation while simultaneously measuring in-cylinder pressure and engine performance. A major result concerns the significant cyclic variability of conventional spark ignition (SI) under cold-start conditions, which exhibits significant cyclic variability. Instead, passive pre-chamber ignition significantly enhances cold
Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Tornatore, Cinzia
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark Ignition Engine Using EGR2026-01-03254/7/2026
This study experimentally investigates the combined effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and injection timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen direct injection engine. A single-cylinder 395 cc research engine was used, with injection timing varied from 60° to 180° BTDC and EGR rates from 0% to 30%. In-cylinder pressure, apparent heat release rate (AHRR), NOx, and unburned hydrogen concentrations were measured to analyze the influence of mixture formation and dilution on engine performance. Under non-EGR conditions, retarding the injection timing promoted mixture stratification, resulting in faster flame propagation and shorter combustion duration. However, localized high-temperature regions increased NOx formation, while incomplete combustion in lean or rich zones elevated unburned hydrogen emissions. When EGR was introduced, both ignition delay and combustion duration increased due to reduced oxygen concentration and thermal dilution. Nevertheless
Yang, Heetae, Ki, Youngmin, Kim, Jungho Justin, Kim, Jinsu, Bae, Choongsik, Hwang, Joonsik
Effect of Passive Pre-Chamber Geometry on Performance and Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Natural Gas Large Bore Engine2026-01-03334/7/2026
The maritime industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, characterized by high fuel consumption and significant environmental impact. As global trade relies on shipping, the challenge of reducing pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions becomes ever more pressing. Natural gas (NG) is considered as a transitional fuel, capable of lowering CO₂ emissions by 20–30% compared to conventional marine fuels. However, to fully harness this potential, significant advances in combustion technology are necessary, particularly with ultra-lean combustion strategies. One of the most promising pathways is pre-chamber combustion, a solution that can simultaneously improve the efficiency and sustainability of NG marine engines. In this scenario, the passive pre-chamber geometry plays a key role, as it directly influences ignition behavior, combustion stability, and exhaust emissions. This work presents an experimental study conducted on a single-cylinder marine engine prototype, retrofitted from
Marchitto, Luca, Tornatore, Cinzia, Pennino, Vincenzo, Mariani PhD, Antonio, Beatrice, Carlo, Accurso, Francesco, Gorietti, Valentina, Pesce, Francesco, Giardino, Angelo, Vitti, Luciano
Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends2026-01-03574/7/2026
Blending natural gas (NG) with hydrogen (H₂) can improve combustion and engine performance while potentially facilitating the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane and other pollutants. Experiments were conducted with both degreened and aged catalysts under controlled conditions, systematically varying temperature, the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio (λ), and λ modulation. Test conditions covered λ values from 0.996 to 1.000 to represent nominally stoichiometric engine operation with different λ modulation amplitudes, as well as a range of temperatures to
Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-03014/7/2026
Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Total Cost of Ownership Reduction Using Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition in Natural Gas Engines2026-01-03094/7/2026
Spark plug durability is a factor affecting the total cost of ownership (TCO) of spark-ignited natural gas engines, with some heavy-duty platforms requiring plug replacement after only 750 hours of operation. The high ignition energy demand under lean or diluted conditions accelerates electrode wear, shortening plug life and increasing maintenance frequency. This work evaluates passive pre-chamber (PC) ignition operating at lowered spark energies as a strategy to reduce spark energy requirements and extend plug durability, thereby lowering TCO. Experiments were conducted on a medium-duty Cummins 6.7L ISB engine at 1600 RPM and 50% load under varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution levels (0–40%). Two passive pre-chambers with 1.1 mm and 1.6 mm nozzle diameters were compared with conventional spark ignition (SI). SI was operated with a fixed coil dwell of 4 ms (~90 mJ), while the PC configuration was tested across 2–4 ms dwell times (~30–90 mJ). Cylinder pressure analysis
Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Northrop, William
Flame Velocity and Combustion Behaviour of Ammonia–Hydrogen Blends: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study2026-01-03204/7/2026
Ammonia is emerging as a promising energy vector for decarbonising the maritime sector. However, its low flame speed can lead to incomplete combustion, reduced engine efficiency, and increased emissions of unburned ammonia (NH3). Blending hydrogen with ammonia helps to address these issues, but the fundamental combustion characteristics of such mixtures remain insufficiently understood. This study examines the combustion dynamics of an NH3–H2 blend containing 30% hydrogen at 3 bar initial pressure. Experiments were performed in a 1.2 L optically accessible constant-volume combustion chamber fitted with a wall-mounted surface spark plug. High-speed shadowgraph imaging with 6,000 fps captured the flame evolution throughout the combustion process. The pressure and temperature values were monitored using piezoresistive pressure transducers and K-type thermocouples. Combustion times and flame extensions were extracted via post-processing of flame images using custom MATLAB algorithms. The
Bodur, Tuna Murat, Bowling, William, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
Characterisation of Particle Number and Size from a DI SI Engine Operating on Hydrogen versus Gasoline: Operating Sensitivities and Filtration Effects2026-01-03784/7/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H₂ICEs) offer the potential for near-zero carbon emissions. However, while nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions have been extensively studied, particulate emissions, specifically particle number (PN), which are widely attributed to in the literature to lubricant oil pyrolysis and exacerbated by hydrogen’s short quenching distance, remain less well understood. This study investigates exhaust-gas particle emission characteristics from a spark-ignition, single-cylinder research engine based on MAHLE Powertrain’s downsizing engine combustion system. The work was carried out at Brunel University of London and compares gasoline and hydrogen direct-injection strategies (central versus side injection) across a wide range of operating conditions, including variations in engine speed, load, air–fuel ratio (λ), rail pressure, and spark timing. While previous studies have investigated hydrogen particle formation mechanisms under isolated operating conditions, the
Harrington, Anthony, Zaman, Zayne, Nickolaus, Chris, Zhao, Hua, Wang, Xinyan, Hall, Jonathan
A Holistic Approach to Pre-Chamber Design and Operational Optimization for Diverse Transportation Fuels2026-01-03104/7/2026
As internal combustion engines continue to play a critical role in hybrid on-road and numerous non-road applications, there is a continued push to increase efficiency and minimize tailpipe emissions. However, reduced investment in new engine architectures means retrofittable technologies are favored to continue incremental performance improvements to existing engine platforms. To maintain the relatively low capital cost of engine-based powertrains, these technologies must be low-cost and compatible with the diverse mix of fuels that may be encountered across various market segments in the future. Pre-chambers have shown significant potential for improving spark-ignited engine performance across a wide range of engine sizes, from motorsport applications to stationary power, and operating conditions, from stoichiometric operation to ultra-lean. Understanding the degree to which this central combustion technology must be tailored to optimize its performance with a variety of fuels and
Peters, Nathan, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Hoth, Alexander, Bunce, Michael
The Influence of Split Injection Ratio on Efficiency and NO x Emissions in a Pilot Diesel-Ignited Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine2026-01-03294/7/2026
This study investigates the impact of the hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct-injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion flame developments. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen accounting for 95% of total input energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high-efficiency injection timings from previous equal-split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to control CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not significantly affect IMEP/efficiency, which
Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
The Impact of Various Renewable Hydrocarbons on Performance and Emissions in a Super Lean Burn Engine2026-01-03064/7/2026
Compared to regular fuels, biofuels can play a key role as low-carbon transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel
Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-03314/7/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to lower-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study numerically investigates the combined effects of spark plug (SP) location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty diesel engine converted to spark-ignition and operated with hydrogen as fuel at reduced compression ratio. The numerical study aims to guide engine design. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry were conducted to evaluate flame development, and relevant combustion metrics under different loads. Model validation against engine combustion data and hydrogen injection from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector are also presented. The results demonstrate that SP placement
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Investigation of CDI and TCI Ignition Characteristics for Lean Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2026-01-03274/7/2026
The discharge characteristics of ignition systems critically influence flame kernel formation and ignition stability under lean-burn conditions. This study experimentally compares a transistor coil ignition (TCI) and a capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) system in a constant-volume combustion chamber using hydrogen–air mixtures. The electrical behavior of both systems was first characterized through synchronized measurements of voltage, current, and high-speed imaging under various operating conditions with a resistive spark plug. The CDI system exhibited high-current (≈750 mA), short-duration (≈250 μs) discharges with strong instantaneous power but limited total spark-gap energy (≈5 mJ), while the TCI system produced lower-current, longer-duration (≈3 ms) discharges with higher cumulative energy (≈30 mJ). Flow-field tests revealed that the TCI discharge duration and energy release were strongly influenced by airflow, whereas CDI discharge behavior remained largely unchanged at flow
Cong, Binghao, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Tjong, Jimi, Zheng, Ming
A Comparative Study of Evaluation Indicators of Spark Plug Electrode Erosion Resistance Using High Energy Ignition2026-01-02914/7/2026
Lean combustion is one of the effective methods to improve the efficiency of engine. High energy ignition can significantly enhance the stability of lean combustion, attracting widespread attention in engine applications, particularly in GDI engines. However, higher ignition energy accelerates the erosion rate of spark plug electrodes, thereby shortening their lifespan. This study used an erosion testing system for spark plug center electrode materials based on a self-made high energy ignition device and proposed corresponding evaluation indicators. Using this system, the erosion resistance of eight different electrode materials was assessed through three indicators. The results indicate that the testing system enables rapid detection on the erosion resistance of spark plug electrode materials. Connecting the center electrode to the cathode can accelerate electrode material erosion and shorten the testing cycle. Compared to the other two indicators, the electrode volume presented more
Zhang, Jianqi, Sun, Nan, Miao, Xinke, Li, Yang, Zhou, Chuan, Deng, Jun, Li, Liguang
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Combustion in Argon-Oxygen Mixture Using an Optical Engine2026-01-03284/7/2026
The Argon Power Cycle (APC) is an emerging high-efficiency combustion technology for internal combustion engines. In APC, the conventional air-based working fluid is replaced with an inert argon gas. This substitution inherently increases engine efficiency through thermodynamic properties of argon, in particular a high adiabatic factor ?? ~1.67. A hydrogen-fueled APC engine offers the potential for highly efficient zero emission combustion by also eliminating nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation. In the present paper, hydrogen combustion is studied in an optical heavy-duty research engine, with the objective of providing the first visualization of H2 combustion in an argon–oxygen mixture. A comparative analysis of high-speed optical imaging and in-cylinder pressure measurements is conducted for two different modes: 1) conventional air operation and 2) argon-oxygen mixture operation. The high-speed images reveal a distinctly different combustion process between the two operating modes. The
Kapp, Joakim, Cheng, Qiang, Kaario, Ossi, Vuorinen, Ville
Experimental Characterisation of Combustion, Performance, and Emissions in a Hydrogen Fueled Opposed Piston Engine2026-01-03354/7/2026
Recent studies have demonstrated that the current Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be adapted to operate with hydrogen for the decarbonisation of transport and gensets. This is mostly done by conversion of conventional 4-stroke compression ignition diesel engines or spark ignition gas engines for heavy-duty vehicles or 4-stroke spark ignition gasoline engines for light-duty applications. This study aims to assess the adoption of pure hydrogen direct injection technology on a novel two-stroke opposed-piston engine designed by Carnot Engine Ltd. The engine provides a flexible platform that can operate in both compression ignition and spark ignition modes, allowing it to adopt multiple fuels. For the first time, a single cylinder prototype version of this new engine was operated and tested with hydrogen at Brunel University of London. During the engine experiment, a spark ignition timing sweep was carried out at low and mid-loads up to 10 bar IMEP to identify the Minimum ignition
Mohamed, Mohamed, Roeinfard, Nima, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Watts-Farmer, Archie, Rahman, Nadiur, Lempp, Francis
Design and Evaluation of a Deep Neural Network Model for Prediction of Diesel Equilibrium Combustion Products and Characteristics2026-01-02934/7/2026
Accurate prediction of equilibrium combustion products and thermodynamic properties is essential for optimizing engine performance, enhancing combustion efficiency, and reducing emissions in diesel-powered systems. Traditional methods for combustion modeling often involve solving complex chemical equilibrium equations or thermodynamic relations, which could be computationally expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we present a data-driven approach using a deep neural network (DNN) model to predict the equilibrium combustion products and key thermodynamic characteristics of diesel under varying thermodynamic conditions. The proposed DNN model is trained on a comprehensive dataset generated from equilibrium calculations. The inputs include pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio, covering a relatively wide range to encompass diesel equilibrium combustion under various conditions. Outputs are equilibrium combustion products and thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy
Ji, Huangchang, Wang, Kai, Guo, Zhefeng, Han, Yang, Lee, Timothy
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 15758