Browse Topic: Engine components

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The impact of various renewable hydrocarbons on performance and emissions in a super lean burn engine2026-01-0306To be published on 04/07/2026
Biofuels can play a key role as carbon-neutral transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to significantly enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in a PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with a high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel
Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji
Experimental Evaluation of After-treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to meet future CNVII Regulations2026-01-0376To be published on 04/07/2026
The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe NOx and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally, PN emissions from natural
Jiahui, Gao, Marc C, Besch, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo
Effect of Exhaust Gas Components on Oxygen Storage Capacity Measurements of Automotive Catalysts2026-01-0360To be published on 04/07/2026
Three-way catalytic converters (TWC) are one of the most popular methods to help reduce harmful tailpipe emissions emitted from internal combustion (IC) vehicles. To help improve conversion efficiency, TWCs can store and release oxygen via an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) mechanism. During engine control unit (ECU) calibration, on board OSC measurements are correlated to TWC and vehicle emissions to monitor emissions performance throughout the full useful life (FUL) of the vehicle. It is known that different test conditions, including temperature, space velocity and background gases in the exhaust stream affect OSC measurement, potentially altering the calculated OSC values and thus the perceived level of OSC and emissions preformance during operation. This study utilises an OMEGA test bench to complete OSC measurements on the full-scale automotive catalyst samples to quantify the effects of different background gases including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide on OSC
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Elliott, Matthew, Istrate PhD, Oana, Nockemann, Peter
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-0377To be published on 04/07/2026
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Patil, Abhijit
Challenges to Ranking Diesel Fuels for NOx Emissions Using a Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber2026-01-0348To be published on 04/07/2026
This study examined the use of a constant volume combustion chamber for the measurement of fuel effects on NOx emissions, with the goal of developing a method to rapidly screen or rank fuels in a small - volume experiment. A small amount of fuel was injected into the air at 650°C and 20 bars, where it ignited and burned. The chamber was sampled post-combustion using a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer. Extensive sampling method development was required to obtain repeatable results. Seven hydrocarbon fuels and two biodiesel fuels were tested, all of which have shown difference in NOx emissions in past engine studies. When using a single injection event to deliver the same amount of fuel energy, the test method could not clearly demonstrate the difference in NOx emissions between the hydrocarbon fuels as reported in engine combustion studies. To improve this, a dual-injection strategy was used. It included a small “pilot” injection followed by a main injection, timed based on each fuel’s
Luecke, Jon, Rahimi, Mohammad, Mohamed, Samah, Naser, Nimal, Chausalkar, Abhijeet, McCormick, Robert
Persistent Elevated Soot Emissions Induced by Clustered Stochastic Preignition Events2026-01-0314To be published on 04/07/2026
Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion phenomenon that can occur in spark-ignition engines particularly under high-load operation. SPI is characterized by uncontrolled initiation of combustion prior to spark discharge, an abnormal combustion process that can lead to severe knock events and significant engine damage. SPI has been associated with fuel properties, lubricant composition, and engine design and operation. In this work, a single-cylinder test engine with a dry-sump oil system was utilized to study the SPI response of E10 and E25 fuels with a range of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP). An automated test procedure was employed, consisting of ten square-waved load profile segments, with each segment composed of 5 min of low-load operation followed by 25 min of sustained high-load operation. These tests were replicated across multiple days of testing with a triple flush of lubricant between each test, and an online Fuel in Oil diagnostic measurement. Exhaust particulate
Splitter, Derek, Jatana, Gurneesh, DelVescovo, Dan, Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, Fioroni, Gina, Chapman, Elana, Salyers, John
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark Ignition Engine using EGR2026-01-0325To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen is recognized as a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines as it contains no carbon, but in addition to NOx emissions during hydrogen combustion, unburned hydrogen emissions have recently emerged as an important environmental issue. In this study, a 400 cc single-cylinder direct-injection hydrogen engine based on a 1.6 L Hyundai Kappa engine was used to analyze the effects of injection and ignition timing on combustion characteristics and engine emissions. Experimental results showed that the formation state of the air-fuel mixture varied with injection and ignition timing. Under conditions where locally fuel-rich mixtures were formed, NOx emissions increased while unburned hydrogen decreased. In contrast, when the mixture was relatively homogeneous, NOx decreased but unburned hydrogen increased. These findings clearly confirmed the trade-off relationship between NOx and unburned hydrogen emissions. To address this issue, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was
Yang, Heetae, Ki, Youngmin, Kim, Jungho Justin, Kim, Jinsu
Experimental Validation of a Multi-Row Tapered Roller Bearing Analytical Model for Relating Preload to Frequency Response Characteristics2026-01-0008To be published on 04/07/2026
Roller bearings are used in many rotating power transmission systems in the automotive industry. During the assembly process of the power transmission system, some types of roller bearings (e.g., tapered roller bearings) require a compressive preload force. Those bearings' rolling resistance and lifespan strongly depend on the preload set during the installation process. Therefore, accurate setting of the preload can improve bearing efficiency, increase bearing lifespan and reduce maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle. A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for both high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. An open problem is experimental validation of the multi-row tapered roller bearing analytical model. After validation, the analytical model can be used to predict the assembled system damped natural frequency for a desired bearing preload. This work presents the experimental
Gruzwalski, David, Mynderse, James
Life of a F1 Power Unit based on Piston Ring Pack Wear and Power Unit Allocation Strategy2026-01-0267To be published on 04/07/2026
The FIA Formula 1 2026 Sporting Regulations impose stricter requirements on Power Unit (PU) durability. From 2027, only three Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) will be allowed per car each season. Consequently, predicting the life of components and the expected performance degradation due to wear becomes crucial for teams to avoid grid penalties and maximize performance. This work aims to develop a wear-life model of the piston ring assembly for predicting performance degradation per race for a PU compliant with the FIA F1 2026 regulations. A representative ICE model, adhering to the FIA F1 2026 Technical Regulations, was developed in GT-Suite for estimating oil film thickness between piston rings and liner, and radial forces acting on the rings. A wear model was developed for predicting the mass of blow-by and resulting drop in cylinder pressure. Operating conditions of the engine obtained using telemetry were used to determine the actual number of engine cycles. This paper presents
Capai, Andrea, Samuel, Stephen
Optimizing an H2 combustion system and investigating abnormal combustions through advanced visualization techniques2026-01-0324To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapidly evolving mobility sector is facing the dual challenge of market expansion and the need for significant emissions reduction. Most of the transition tends to go in favor of electrification, yet it’s widely assumed that no single solution is perfect. Thus, hydrogen as an energy-vector presents a compelling alternative. H2 internal combustion engine use a well-known architecture and utilizes existing production facilities making it a viable short-term and cost-effective option. This context prompted us to investigate the hydrogen spark-ignited internal combustion engine, focusing specifically on critical combustion issues. Various studies have identified recurring challenges such as managing abnormal combustion and achieving high specific power. During our in-house developments, we also faced abnormal combustions and sought to determine the root cause of these issues. Initially, using a modular single-cylinder engine, a combustion system has been optimized regarding injection
LONDOS, Benoit, Bardi, Michele, Serrano, David, Laget, Olivier, Gautrot, Xavier, Bramoullé, Clément, Cordier, Matthieu
Survivability, Lethality, and Mobility Requirements of Military Vehicles Conducting Future Wet Gap Crossings2026-01-0264To be published on 04/07/2026
Wet gap crossings, which involve moving military forces across rivers and other water obstacles, are among the most difficult maneuvers that units can perform. These operations are complicated by choke points, fast-flowing water, and the exposure of forces to enemy fire. Despite these challenges, wet gap crossings remain critical to battlefield success, particularly during large-scale combat operations. Consequently, military vehicles must be designed with these operations in mind. This study examines doctrinal approaches to wet gap crossings and the trade-offs between mobility, survivability, and lethality in relation to fording, floating, rafting, and bridging. The analysis incorporates open-source data from the Institute for the Study of War, which provides daily updates on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and Oryxspioenkop, which collates open-source images of Russian and Ukrainian battle-damaged equipment. This data is used to assess additional challenges encountered during wet gap
Lynch, Benjamin, Dosan, Logan, Mittal, Vikram
Achieving 70% Urban Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Opposed-Piston Engine-Based Mild-Hybrid Powertrain Architecture for Light Commercial Vehicles (JLA-2/JLA-T)2026-01-0432To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes a novel powertrain architecture for the urban Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment, leveraging the compact JLA-2 opposed-piston (OP) engine paired with the reconfigurable JLA-T mild-hybrid architecture. Within SAE literature, OP engines are consistently associated with simplicity. As highlighted by Tom Ryan III (2008 SAE President) in the foreword of Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, this architecture is characterized by its manufacturing simplicity” and described as a “relatively simple, robust, and cost effective” power unit solution. The present work builds on this established view. The JLA-2 engine solves traditional packaging constraints by reducing the block width by 30% for horizontal installation and is volumetrically self-sufficient, eliminating external compressors. Although the gear train required for crank synchronization introduces design challenges, explicitly accounted for in our model, the elimination of the cylinder
Nigro, Norberto, Aguerre, Horacio, Carignano, Mauro Guido, Alonso, José Luis, Juni, Carlos A.
On-Engine Measurement of Automotive Turbocharger Turbine Blade Vibration2026-01-0201To be published on 04/07/2026
Automotive turbochargers are designed to avoid resonance of the turbine blades and backwall, which can result in High Cycle Fatigue failures. Blade Tip Timing is a method of turbomachinery testing which utilizes fiber optic probes to measure turbine blade displacements in real time on turbochargers spinning at upwards of 150,000 RPM. Historically, Blade Tip Timing measurements of automotive turbochargers have been made under steady-state conditions using a Hot Gas Stand. General Motors conducted testing of a turbocharger on a running engine to capture realistic exhaust pressure dynamics. A reference turbocharger was measured on an engine testbed running a production calibration; the same turbocharger was then tested on a Hot Gas Stand to observe how the blade behavior differed. Blade displacements were found to be lower on engine, because the dynamics of engine pulsation reduced the in-phase work available to drive the turbine blades, resulting in lower blade stresses and an
SCHWARZ, JORDAN, Goodheart, Rachel, Tappert, Peter, DePaoli, Dominic, Longacre, Christian
Rapid Prediction Method for Crankshaft dynamic balancing Based on SolidWorks2026-01-0494To be published on 04/07/2026
As the core component of high-speed power systems such as internal combustion engines and compressors, the crankshaft’s dynamic balancing performance is a key factor influencing overall machine vibration, noise and operation reliability of the whole machine. In response to the problem whereby the traditional dynamic balancing correction method relies on empirical formulas and repeated trial weights, resulting in a long design cycle, this paper proposes a rapid prediction and optimized design method for the dynamic balancing performance of crankshafts based on SolidWorks. The method first determines the center of mass and the moment of inertia of the crankshaft through mass properties analysis, and then uses the motion simulation module for dynamic simulation to accurately predict the imbalance force and moment. In order to overcome the common numerical convergence difficulties and oscillations in the result curves in simulation, this study introduces a series of optimization strategies
Yang, Minghao, Zheng, Yuqing, Ma, Honghui, Chen, Hao
Flame Velocity and Combustion Behaviour of Ammonia–Hydrogen Blends: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study2026-01-0320To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia is gaining importance as a viable energy vector for decarbonising the maritime sector. However, ammonia flame speed is much slower than that of traditional fuels, and this can result in incomplete burning, decreased engine efficiency, and increased undesirable emissions such as unburned ammonia (NH₃). While blending hydrogen with ammonia has been shown to mitigate some of ammonia's combustion drawbacks, the underlying mechanisms driving these improvements are still not fully understood. This study explores these processes to inform better optimisation. A 1.2 L optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber equipped with a wall-mounted surface spark plug was used to investigate the combustion characteristics and apparent flame velocity of ammonia-hydrogen blends. Chamber pressure and temperature were measured using high-frequency piezoresistive pressure transducers and K-type thermocouples. Flame propagation was captured at 9,000 frames per second using a Photron
Bodur, Tuna Murat, Bowling, William, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
Effect of Pre-Chamber Geometry on Methanol Cold-Start Combustion in an SI Engine2026-01-0307To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle pollutant emissions represent a key issue in the development of internal combustion engines. In recent decades, the automotive industry has been driven to explore innovative solutions, such as the use of alternative fuels and lean-burn combustion strategies, in order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. In this context, pre-chamber ignition systems show strong potential for reducing both fuel consumption and emissions, due to their ability to operate under lean mixtures and with non-conventional fuels. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of plasma jets under different in-cylinder combustion conditions, using methanol as fuel and integrating a pre-chamber heating system to improve cold-start operation. The experimental activity was carried out on a small optical spark-ignition (SI) engine, alternatively equipped with a conventional ignition system and a pre-chamber. The engine was operated at 2000 rpm under wide open throttle (WOT) in standard
Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Tornatore, Cinzia
Experimental Study on the effect of Ignition Strategy on Combustion and Emissions in a Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0330To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs) are a promising pathway toward carbon-neutral transportation, but their efficiency and emissions performance are highly sensitive to ignition control strategies. This study systematically investigates the combined effects of spark timing (−10 to −26 °CA bTDC) and spark energy (25–40 mJ) on combustion characteristics in a port fuel-injected H₂ICE operating at a constant speed of 1400 r/min under low, medium, and high load conditions. Results show that spark timing advance produces load-dependent effects: at low load, it increases the peak heat release rate while delaying peak pressure and shortening combustion duration; at medium and high loads, it advances both peaks toward TDC with an optimal spark timing shifting closer to −14 °CA. Ignition delay was only slightly reduced at low load but significantly shortened—by about 3 °CA—at high load. NOₓ emissions increased nearly linearly with spark advance, while slight retardation
ZHAO, KEQIN, Lou, Diming, zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan
Development and Trial of a Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Rapid Engine Calibration2026-01-0285To be published on 04/07/2026
In the quickly changing automotive powertrain landscape, calibration processes are a major bottleneck to production and new technology development. The implementation of rapid powertrain calibration processes can reduce development resource requirements, improve performance, and reduce risk. In previous works the author successfully developed an internal combustion engine calibration strategy using a Lagrange-Multiplier genetic algorithm for multi-constraint optimization. In the present work, this previous algorithm is expanded to create and demonstrate a new non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm which is aimed at identifying the entire Pareto front of the relationship between two engine performance parameters. Accurate and rapid identification of Pareto fronts enables designers to effectively and efficiently balance performance tradeoffs and identify optimal calibration settings. The algorithm developed here optimized the calibration of three combustion control parameters
Mansfield, Andrew
Improving Transient Diesel Performance with E-Supercharging and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Controls2026-01-0444To be published on 04/07/2026
Engine torque response for turbocharged diesel engines is limited by lag in air supply to the engine restricting the rate at which fuel can be delivered. This delay can lead to rich air-fuel mixtures and elevated soot emissions during transient events. Electric forced induction systems (EFIS) offer a potential solution to address both of these challenges. For this study, an electric supercharger (E-Booster) is integrated with the original forced induction system of a 4.5-L 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine to create a two-stage boosting system that assists induction during transients. Electric supercharger operation is managed by two control schemes, a model-based single-input single-output (SISO) and a model-based robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller. Constant speed load acceptance (CSLA) experiments and emulated drive-cycles were performed in a dyno cell evaluating both control methods. The E-supercharged two-stage boosted engine has demonstrated significant
Vang, Nicholas, Rothamer, David, Ghandhi, Jaal, Ashta, Shubham, Qiu, Weijin, Rayasam, Sree Harsha, Shaver, Greg, Frushour, Bryan, Dou, Danan
Multi-Physics Topology Optimization and Machine Learning Surrogates for Lightweight Cast Automotive Parts2026-01-0510To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes an integrated optimization framework for lightweight cast vehicle structures by combining Multi-Physics Topology Optimization (MPTO) with machine learning (ML)-driven surrogate modeling. Conventional structural optimization approaches often rely on simplified load cases—such as 3 g inertial loading, frame torsion, or bending—rather than capturing the true complexity of performance-critical conditions like crashworthiness and fatigue durability. As a result, designs optimized for a single criterion frequently degrade in other performance areas, leading to costly redesigns or over-engineered solutions. The proposed methodology introduces MPTO through four structured steps that progressively build design fidelity. Step 1 establishes a baseline primitive topology optimization workflow using a standardized package checklist, ensuring that the design domain, boundary conditions, constraints, and key manufacturing rules are consistently defined as the foundation for
Kim, Hyosig, Senkowski, Andres, Gona, Kiran, Saroha, Lalit, Boraiah, Mahesh
Multi-stage Packaging and Routing Optimization for Automotive Component Layout, Wire Harness and Duct Route Design2026-01-0507To be published on 04/07/2026
Modern vehicle design involves complex considerations and tradeoffs between system integration and layout which have a direct impact on performance, efficiency, and cost. The placement of equipment including control boards, motors, and fans as well as the routing of ducts and wire harnesses poses a time-consuming and intricate problem for design engineers. This paper presents an automated methodology to determine the optimal component packaging configuration, duct routing, and wire harnessing layout to maximize component packing density and minimize the total routing length. A two-stage optimization framework has been developed where the first stage packages the components within the design space with considerations for space utilization, component overlap, proximity relationships, point-to-point accessibility, and component mounting. The second stage implements a custom A-star path-finding algorithm and gradient based optimization to determine the optimal route layout between port
LeFrancois, Richard, Kim, Il Yong
Effect of Ignition Energy on Combustion Duration under Flow Conditions2026-01-0336To be published on 04/07/2026
Utilizing low carbon fuel in lean burn combustion presents a compelling strategy for improving thermal efficiency and reducing NOx emissions. Methane, the main content of natural gas, still receives challenge of a rapid and complete combustion process because of its low chemical reactivity. Further increase of excess air ratio would decrease the flame propagation speed significantly, leading to prolonged combustion durations. The long combustion duration deteriorates the performance of a spark ignition engine, in terms of poor combustion instability and misfire. Although ignition timing can be utilized to adjust the combustion phasing, the ignition process faces challenges due to reduced background pressure and temperature at advanced spark timings. In this paper, a rapid compression machine equipped with a specially designed combustion flow chamber is utilized to enhance the mean flow speed across the spark gap under the background pressure 6 bar abs. and temperature 600 K. A
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Optimization of Engine Cooling System for Improved Fuel Efficiency and Vehicle Marketability2026-01-0297To be published on 04/07/2026
Effective thermal management in internal combustion engines is essential for meeting increasingly stringent global emissions regulations and fuel efficiency standards. This paper presents a comprehensive solution to enhance engine thermal management performance by addressing key system aspects, including coolant circuit architecture, Integrated Thermal Management Module (ITM) control strategies, port-specific flow management, zero-flow operation, and standardization of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) settings. The research was conducted on a newly developed engine platform, where a suite of advanced thermal management measures was applied and verified through both vehicle and bench testing. Key improvements included reducing the thermal mass of the coolant circuit to enable faster warm-up of the engine and major components, as well as refining ITM control logic through linear mapping and signal filtering for more precise target coolant temperature regulation. Enhanced
Lee, ChangJoo, LEE, KyuMin, Kim, Seonyeong, Nam, Choonho, YOO, JiHun
CFD Investigation of Oil Ingestion and Aeration in a V6 Engine Oil Pan During Vehicle Maneuvers2026-01-0279To be published on 04/07/2026
A computational investigation was carried out using SimericsMP+ to analyze oil distribution and aeration behavior in a V6 engine oil pan during severe vehicle maneuvers. The model accounted for the crankshaft/camshaft rotations and piston motions, which allows for capturing realistic oil distribution in cylinder head drainbacks, engine bay and sump after initializing the crankcase with prescribed oil levels to establish baseline aeration prior to applying dynamic maneuver profiles. Of particular interest was the response of the main oil gallery (MOG) pressure and the exposure of the oil pickup tube during kickoff conditions at multiple fill levels. Both a baseline configuration and a modified sump featuring a containment “doghouse” were examined. Results obtained from the kickoff maneuver show complete uncovering of the pickup tube in the baseline design, leading to unstable lubrication. The first doghouse design only delayed pickup tube uncovering briefly, as oil pooled at the rear
Jia, Kun, Rahman, Ashique, Pandey, Ashutosh
Characterisation of Particle Number and Size from a DI SI Engine Operating on Hydrogen: Operating Sensitivities and Filtration Effects2026-01-0378To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H₂ICEs) offer the potential for near-zero carbon emissions. However, while nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions have been extensively studied, particle number (PN) emissions, primarily resulting from lubricant oil pyrolysis due to hydrogen’s short quench distance, remain less well understood. This study investigates exhaust particle characteristics from a spark-ignition, single-cylinder research engine, based on MAHLE Powertrain’s downsizing engine combustion system, at Brunel University, London. It compares gasoline and hydrogen direct-injection strategies (central vs. side injection) across a wide range of operating conditions, including variations in engine speed, load, air-fuel ratio (λ), rail pressure, and spark timing. PN and particle size distribution were measured using Cambustion’s DMS500, paired with a catalytic stripper to isolate solid particles. To assess the impact of engine wear, tests were conducted on both a worn engine configuration
Harrington, Anthony, Zaman, Zayne, Nickolaus, Chris, Zhao, Hua, Wang, Xinyan, Hall, Jonathan
Application of Fatigue Damage Criteria to CAE-Based Fatigue Life Prediction of a Welded Chassis Component2026-01-0232To be published on 04/07/2026
In recent years, computer-aided engineering (CAE) has become an essential practice in design and durability analysis of industrial components such as weldments. The current analytical trend for CAE-based fatigue life prediction of weldments includes procedures based on design guidelines, mesh-sensitive methods (e.g., local strain-life approach) and mesh insensitive methods (e.g., Volvo and Verity methods). As an inherent characteristic of weldments, the geometry of the weld is often simplified in failure analysis and important hotspots such as start/stop of the weld beads are not considered in designing process. However, such critical locations cannot be avoided in complex welded structures. Therefore, incorporating main geometrical details of the weld can improve the accuracy of critical regions identification and damage calculation using mesh-sensitive CAE-based methodologies. Herein, a framework for life prediction of welded components including the weld geometry is discussed and
Razi, Ahmad, Kim, Dooyoung, PARK, Jaehong, YOUK, Wansoo, Fatemi, Ali
Potential for Total Cost of Ownership Reduction using Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition in Natural Gas Engines2026-01-0309To be published on 04/07/2026
Spark plug durability is a factor affecting the total cost of ownership (TCO) of spark-ignited natural gas engines, with some heavy-duty platforms requiring plug replacement after only 750 hours of operation. The high ignition energy demand under lean or diluted conditions accelerates electrode wear, shortening plug life and increasing maintenance frequency. This work evaluates passive pre-chamber (PC) ignition operating at lowered spark energies as a strategy to reduce spark energy requirements and extend plug durability, thereby lowering TCO. Experiments were conducted on a medium-duty Cummins 6.7L ISB engine at 1600 RPM and 50% load under varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution levels (0–40%). Two passive pre-chambers, with 1.1 mm and 1.6 mm nozzle diameters, were compared against conventional spark ignition (SI). SI was operated with a fixed coil dwell of 4 ms (~90 mJ), while the PC configuration was tested across 2–4 ms dwell times (~30–90 mJ). Cylinder pressure analysis
Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Northrop, William
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-0331To be published on 04/07/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to low-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study investigates the combined influence of spark plug location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty Volvo Diesel engine modified to operate in a spark-ignited mode with hydrogen fuel at low compression ratio under different load conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry, including diffusive-thermal effects, were conducted to evaluate flame development, combustion efficiency, and heat release under different loads. Model validation against combustion behavior and jet characteristics from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector is also presented. The results demonstrate that
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Research on Economy Mode Control Algorithm for Pure Electric Tractor with Powered Trailer2026-01-0425To be published on 04/07/2026
This research presents a comprehensive investigation into the electrification development pathway and energy-saving optimization methodologies for commercial tractor vehicles. Given the pivotal role that commercial vehicles play in modern logistics and transportation sectors, their propulsion systems are undergoing a fundamental transition from traditional internal combustion engines toward more sustainable hybrid and pure electric architectures. Simultaneously, the emerging trend of trailer electrification has gained considerable attention, where conventional trailers are retrofitted with motorized axles to form cooperative powertrain systems, demonstrating substantial energy-saving potential as confirmed by multiple research studies. Utilizing an integrated Trucksim and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation platform, this study developed sophisticated vehicle dynamics models, detailed electric drive system models, and advanced battery models, which were subsequently integrated to establish a
tong, zi yu, Zheng, Hongyu, Li, Gang
Upstream Oxygen Sensor Signal Improvement Using the DFSS and Virtual Validation Approach2026-01-0486To be published on 04/07/2026
Combustion stability and emission control remain key challenges for gasoline engines, requiring robust oxygen sensing strategies. The primary function of the upstream exhaust oxygen sensor is to detect the oxygen concentration in exhaust gas for accurate air–fuel ratio control. However, poor signal visibility from individual cylinders across engine speeds can lead to improper combustion prediction and reduced engine efficiency. This work applies a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach to optimize the upstream oxygen sensor configuration in a 2.0 L four-stroke gasoline engine. Conventionally, sensor placement is completed by iterative testing and calibration, which is both time-consuming and cost intensive. The DFSS framework uses input, output, control, and noise factors. Exhaust gas mass flow rate from engine cylinders at different speeds is treated as the input, while the detected oxygen mass fraction is the output. Design parameters such as pipe length, pipe diameter, sensor
Dixit, Manish, Raja, Vinayak, Annabattula, Pallavi
Thermal Management Simulation of Liquid-Cooled Energy Storage Batteries Using a Reduced-Order Model2026-01-0122To be published on 04/07/2026
A linear time-invariant (LTI) reduced-order model (ROM) based on 3D CFD offers high accuracy for simulating energy storage battery thermal behavior under variations in ambient temperature, initial temperature, coolant inlet temperature, cell heat generation, and Joule heating. However, it cannot capture coolant flow rate fluctuations, which are essential for liquid cooling start–stop conditions in energy storage containers. To address this, we use an enhanced LTI+HTC ROM, which incorporates flow-rate-dependent heat flux at the fluid–solid interface into the LTI ROM. This is achieved by establishing a correlation between the coolant flow rate and the interface heat transfer coefficient (HTC). We further improve model fidelity by applying interface heat flux distribution features extracted from CFD. Comparisons with 3D CFD results demonstrate that the LTI+HTC ROM is highly accurate and significantly reduces computational cost, making it a practical tool for thermal management studies
guo, Jia, CHEN, Guijie, ma, Shihu, Hu, Xiao, Jing, Li, SONG, Shujun, Huang, Long
Coolant Pump Weep Chamber 3D CFD Transient Simulation for predicting Coolant Evaporation2026-01-0485To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents transient, complex, multi-species, multiphase, 3D CFD transient simulation of engine coolant pump weep chamber for predicting coolant evaporation. The engine coolant pump contains a rotating mechanical face seal to prevent liquid coolant leakage at the rotating interface. During normal engine operation, a small amount of coolant vapor is expressed by this rotating seal; this vapor can condense on solid surfaces within the weep chamber. The coolant collected in weep chamber evaporates from the chamber and exits out of the weep chamber in vapor form. Evaporation rate of the coolant is a primary factor deciding weep chamber size. Evaporation rate of coolant depends on several factors – ambient humidity, ambient temperature, flow of air in and out of the weep chamber, pump temperature, and pump rotational speed. Weep chamber is small in dimensions (~ 100 cm^3) and dependence of coolant evaporation on several factors results in necessity of an accurate and predictive
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Drechsel, James, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Nallamothu, Sravan
A Proposed Methodology for Human Operator Modeling and Development of a Virtual Operator Model for Control of a Simulated Compact Track Loader2026-01-0146To be published on 04/07/2026
A methodology for performing Human Operator Modeling (HOM) using a Caterpillar Model 299D3 XE Compact Track Loader (CTL) is presented. The proposed method uses task analysis techniques to decompose a material excavation and moving task into smaller, individual tasks presented in a task list. A method for verifying and refining the task list is presented, along with a procedure for identifying relevant human operator sensory information and analyzing human decision making in the context of CTL operation. This methodology is then partially verified through the analysis of a non-expert human operator in Vortex Studio, a realistic construction equipment simulator. A modified test course is executed by a non-expert human operator in the simulation environment, and the recorded data is used to create a quantitative Human Operator Model. From this, a Virtual Operator Model (VOM) feedback controller simulating the performance of the human operator is developed. The VOM is implemented using a
Wang, Orson R., Norris, William R., Patterson, Albert E., Soylemezoglu, Ahmet, Nottage, Dustin S.
A decision-making framework for field manufacturability of vehicle parts in expeditionary environments2026-01-0143To be published on 04/07/2026
Expeditionary environments (such as remote exploration missions, forward military operations, and disaster response zones) demand adaptive manufacturing solutions to support vehicle sustainment in the absence of traditional supply chains. This work introduces a conceptual mathematical framework for modeling the constraints and trade-offs inherent to expeditionary manufacturing, with a focus on vehicle repair and spare parts fabrication using low-energy and simple automated systems including desktop-scale 3D printers and CNC machines. The model integrates key variables such as energy availability, material transport cost, fabrication time, and environmental limitations to support rapid decision-making on part manufacturability and in-field feasibility. A case study involving the on-demand production of some common wear and failure parts on a vehicle, including suspension components and the water pump, is used to demonstrate how this framework can guide the selection of suitable
Mollan, Calahan, Pandey, Vijitashwa, Patterson, Albert E.
Experimental investigation wear of the power cell assembly of an internal combustion engine operated with ethanol through vibration and oil analysis2026-01-0352To be published on 04/07/2026
The durability test is an experimental test widely used in the automotive industry to verify the ability of an engine to withstand all operating conditions throughout its useful life. The test is performed on a dynamometric bench that subjects the engine to specific operating cycles. The objective of this study was to monitoring the level of wear of the power cell assembly and the performance of the engine operated with ethanol during the durability test. Wear monitoring was performed through the application of vibration analysis and lubricating oil analysis techniques. The results showed that the level of wear and performance of the engine after the durability test were considered satisfactory. Compared to durability tests previously conducted without monitoring, the analysis of wear metals in the lubricating oil and oil properties, combined with vibration analysis throughout the durability test, allowed for safe testing with a shorter total test time, optimized technical downtime and
Santana, Claudio Marcio
A Comparative Study of Evaluation Indicators in Spark Plug Electrode Erosion Resistance Using High Energy Ignition2026-01-0291To be published on 04/07/2026
Lean combustion is one of the effective methods to improve the efficiency of engine. High energy ignition can significantly enhance the stability of lean combustion, attracting widespread attention in engine applications, particularly in GDI engines. However, higher ignition energy accelerates the erosion rate of spark plug electrodes, thereby shortening their lifespan. Currently, there is no established quantitative evaluation method for assessing the erosion resistance of spark plug electrodes with a high energy ignition system. Thus, developing a reliable and rapid testing method to evaluate the erosion resistance of spark plug electrode materials is crucial and urgent. Such a method would facilitate the selection of superior electrode materials, ultimately improving the erosion resistance of spark plugs and extending their lifespan. This study developed an innovative erosion testing system for spark plug center electrode materials based on a self-made high energy ignition device
Zhang, Jianqi, Sun, Nan, Miao, Xinke, Li, Yang, Zhou, Chuan, Deng, Jun, Li, Liguang
Investigation of In-Cylinder Cycle-to-Cycle Variation Using PIV, LIF and RANS Simulation2026-01-0299To be published on 04/07/2026
To elucidate the cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in gas flow and combustion within gasoline engine cylinders, simultaneous two-section PIV and LIF measurements were performed using an optical engine, coupled with RANS simulations. The results revealed the following: The variation in the equivalence ratio per cycle has little effect on initial combustion but does influence IMEP. Evaluating the laminar combustion velocity (SL) and turbulent combustion velocity (ST) as factors determining initial combustion revealed almost no correlation with SL, while moderate correlations were observed between ST and CA10. The position of the tumble vortex center at ignition timing was found to be critical; the vortex center position most favorable for advancing combustion timing was located to the right and below the spark plug. Under nitrogen-enriched conditions with a dilution ratio of approximately 40%, cycle fluctuations increased. Concentration characteristics of THC and CO, obtained from high
Hokimoto, Satoshi, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
CFD-Guided DoE-ML Optimization Methods in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0326To be published on 04/07/2026
This study introduces a CFD-guided Design of Experiments (DoE) and Machine Learning (ML) framework for the co-optimization of piston and pre-chamber geometries in a passive pre-chamber heavy-duty hydrogen engine operating at medium and low loads. Starting from a reference configuration—an omega-type piston and a methane-optimized pre-chamber—the design space was parameterized using seven geometric variables. A Sobol sequence was employed to generate 96 randomized design variants in the DoE, each evaluated through high-fidelity 3D-CFD simulations to capture key combustion and performance metrics. The resulting dataset served as the foundation for developing and evaluating several ML regression models. A rigorous ML workflow was adopted, featuring 5-fold cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning via Bayesian optimization to ensure generalization and robustness. Model selection was based on multi-metric performance criteria including prediction accuracy, error stability, and sensitivity
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Im, Hong
Analyzing Fastened Joints in Hydraulic Dampers using Simulation and Experimental Methods2026-01-0585To be published on 04/07/2026
The main purpose of this study is to develop and validate an accurate calculation model for an unorthodox hydraulic damper piston joint, enabling reliable torque specification and clamp behavior without full prototype iteration. The joint features a bolted interface with a laminated shim stack of many thin disks with varying outer diameters. Analysis of such unorthodox joints are uncommon in literature, making the effects of load distribution truncation in the member stack due to varying outer diameters and surface contact effects between thin members during compression and torquing difficult to quantify. The model discussed in this paper is based on frustum load distribution combined with annular-plate bending and elastic-foundation effects to capture the effects of washer cupping. Concrete outputs of the calculator include member load distribution, bolt and member stiffnesses, torque-to-preload relationships, including friction factors and a variable effective-bearing-diameter, and
Dresen, Gabriel S., Vollmar, Race, Roy Chowdhury, Sourav
AI model creation and System Verification of “Telemotion” Infrastructure-Cooperative Autonomous Driving System using Digital Twin2026-01-0255To be published on 04/07/2026
The concept of the vehicle has changed as a result of many innovations over the last decade in the fields of connected, autonomous/automated, shared, and electric (CASE) technologies. At the same time, labor shortages in Japan are becoming more serious due to a decline in the working population. To help resolve these issues, a remote-controlled autonomous vehicle driving system called Telemotion has been developed that automates the movement of vehicles in production plants. Telemotion is an autonomous driving and transportation system in which the recognition, judgment, and operation functions of driving are handled by a control system outside the vehicle that communicates wirelessly with the vehicle. This system utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced technologies to realize safe unmanned autonomous driving, and is already in operation in production plants. Currently, efforts are under way to build a digital twin environment and conduct AI learning using computer
Hatano, Yasuyoshi, Iwazaki, Noritsugu, Nagafuchi, Yuhei, Iwahori, Kento, Tanaka, Atsushi, Uezu, Satoru, Kanou, Takeshi, INOUE, Go, Okamoto, Yuki, Oka, Yuhei, Kakuma, Daisuke, Chiba, Hiroya, Egashira, Kazuki, Ishikuro, Megumi, Sawano, Takuro
Identifying pressure drop and heat transfer correlations for a liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery pack model of electric vehicles under hot-cold driving2026-01-0394To be published on 04/07/2026
The performance of a full lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack with its cooling system depends on the pressure drop and heat transfer from the cell to ambient air through coolant, cooling flow channels, air gaps, and pack cases. Predicting the LIB pack responses (i.e: voltage, SOC, temperature) requires accurate predictions of the thermal performance between the cells and ambient air and cooling flow behaviour inside the pack, respectively, since the pack has several thousand cells, cooling channels, and channel pipe bends. This work presents a systematic approach to identifying heat transfer and pressure drop ∆P correlations that capture the real-time thermal-electrical performance of a mass-produced LIB pack under constant speed (in winter) and transient driving (in summer). A vehicle test is conducted using a Tesla Model Y, a long-range, dual-motor model equipped with a 75-kWh LIB pack. The LIB pack's thermal and electrical performance is recorded under both constant speed and transient
Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin
AirCARE: Assessing the Impact of an Integrated Air Purification System on Vehicle Thermal Management2026-01-0272To be published on 04/07/2026
The increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate their impact on public health and the environment. This work presents the AirCARE project, which investigates the integration of a catalytic converter and a particulate filter with a vehicle's radiator to create an active air purification system. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and performance implications of this integrated system on the vehicle's thermal management. A comprehensive methodology combining computational modeling and experimental testing was employed. A 1D longitudinal vehicle model was developed to simulate the powertrain's heat generation and the cooling system's performance under various representative driving conditions. This model allows for a parametric study of the radiator, assessing the impact of the additional components on its heat exchange efficiency. Concurrently, experimental tests were conducted on a radiator to
de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Sartoretti, Enrico
Accelerated Computed Tomography for Spray Characterization2026-01-0341To be published on 04/07/2026
Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable diagnostic technique for visualizing plume direction and assessing mixture quality within combustion chambers under engine-relevant conditions. High-speed extinction imaging followed by tomographic reconstruction enables temporally and spatially resolved measurements of liquid volume fraction and plume evolution in multi-jet sprays. Traditionally, tomographic reconstruction requires capturing multiple angular views by rotating the injector and averaging over numerous injections to ensure statistical convergence. This process is time-intensive, particularly due to the large volume of data acquisition and the corresponding delays in data saving, often requiring dozens of injections per view angle. In this study, we investigate the minimum number of injections required to achieve sufficient CT image quality, thereby significantly reducing experimental time. Two injectors are evaluated: a symmetric 8-hole Spray M injector from the Engine Combustion
Yi, Junghwa, Wan, Kevin, Pickett, Lyle
Model-based Development of a Heavy-Duty H2-ICE and Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) System2026-01-0426To be published on 04/07/2026
Changing global economic conditions and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reduce their impact on climate and public health is driving the need to develop alternative technologies to meet the demands of heavy-duty vehicles and increase propulsion system efficiency. This study combines a Hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) for its near zero CO2 emissions capability, with electrically assisted turbocharging, exhaust energy recovery, and mild hybridization to maximize propulsion system efficiency in real-world driving. The focus is on model-based integration and optimization of a technology package termed as the Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) system to demonstrate its potential for low emissions, high efficiency, and reduced cost will be demonstrated. In a previous study, a H2-ICE and aftertreatment concept for a MY2027 7.7L medium heavy-duty on-road engine was developed and evaluated through 1D simulation. The concept was to
Bustamante, Oscar, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Life of a Formula One Power Unit: Valvetrain Systems2026-01-0269To be published on 04/07/2026
The world of Formula One (F1) is changing with impending 2026 F1 regulations imposing even stricter limits on engine component usage while increasing races. The valvetrain system, specifically the intake valves, play an important role in controlling gas exchange within the cylinders, directly impacting air-fuel charge and power output. The aim of this investigation is to study the mechanisms of intake valve and valve seat wear which will influence engine performance due to leakage path development. The wear mechanism of the intake valves considers wear from impact, sliding and particle abrasion for quantifying valve seat recession. An FIA 2026-2030 regulations compliant valve train model is developed in GT-Suite to help estimate valve seat wear. The validated model is capable of predicting valve recession for a given engine operating speed trace from race track data. This paper presents a systematic methodology for developing valve seat wear quantification, the effects of charge
Soh, Sean Kendrick, Samuel, Stephen
A Comparative Study of Combustion Stability Improvement via Prolonged Discharge Duration under Engine Idling Conditions2026-01-0308To be published on 04/07/2026
Proper control over combustion and emission characteristics under engine idling conditions remains to be challenging, especially when engine block temperature is low. In previous publication from the author’s laboratory, a specially designed common-coil pack was demonstrated to improve engine idling performance by supplying prolonged ignition duration and elevated discharge current amplitude. In this paper, the progress on further development of the ignition system was reported with improved system stability and enhanced ignition performances. The impact of discharge current amplitude and discharge duration on the combustion stability was investigated in detail under a wide range of spark timings, aiming to eliminate misfire events and reduce engine-out emissions under engine block temperature of 30°C. Such improvement can help to reduce the HC and CO emissions during engine cold start process before the light up of the three-way catalyst, therefore, reduce the total emissions of a
Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming, Jin, Long, Leblanc, Simon
Investigation of Flame Speed Effects Towards Knock Suppression in a Boosted Spark-Ignited Engine Using 1-D Modeling2026-01-0311To be published on 04/07/2026
To combine high efficiencies and low pollutant emissions, engine manufacturers have developed downsized spark-ignited (SI) engines in light- and medium-duty applications utilizing charge boosting and high compression ratio. While these techniques have proven effective, abnormal combustion such as auto-ignition and knock present a challenge and an important limitation towards high efficiencies. In this work, simulations have been utilized for knock onset predictions as well to provide relevant insights and trends of engine and fuel parameters including flame speed on auto-ignition. A one-dimensional (1-D) GT-Power model was utilized in this study with a semi-predictive flame propagation model and kinetic mechanism solver to isolate the flame propagation rate on auto-ignition and knock. This work presents a comprehensive study of the laminar flame speed (LFS) effect on combustion at knocking conditions in a high compression ratio long stroke engine (LSE) fueled by propane. Knock onset
Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, DelVescovo, Dan
Effects of methane addition to diesel in dual-fuel mode combustion in AFIDA2026-01-0344To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rising pressure of a global energy transition to cleaner energy systems, the transportation sector faces a challenge in maintaining its current structure and adapting to all the required changes. Dual-fuel technology emerges as a promising alternative to keep the viability of the sector while utilizing environmentally friendly fuels alongside traditional hydrocarbons, without deep structural changes in the current framework. This work investigates the impact of the use of methane gas coupled with diesel fuel, specially focusing its influence on the ignition delay time (IDT) in a dual-fuel combustion setting. The investigation employed the Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyzer (AFIDA), a constant-volume combustion chamber capable of automated measuring of multiple samples in a single run. Methane gas was introduced into the chamber at molar concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3% and at initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar, with temperature values ranging from 653 to 723 K. With the same
Virginio, Thiago, Eraqi, Basem, Sakleshpur Nagaraja, Shashank, Sarathy, Mani
Relative Knocking Intensity to Discuss Similarities and Differences between Low- and High-Speed Knocking Phenomena2026-01-0312To be published on 04/07/2026
Knocking intensity, the maximum half-amplitude of pressure oscillation, reaches 1 MPa once in thousands of cycles under a certain boosted high-load condition with a spark-ignition timing advanced to excess at the engine speed of 5000 rpm, which is named high-speed super knocking. In the present study, a mass-production turbo-charged direct-injection gasoline engine is operated for the indicated mean effective pressure of 1.7 MPa at the engine speed of 1500 to 5000 rpm. Unburned-zone autoignition timing is estimated using Livengood-Wu integral coupled with a small set of ignition delay time equations developed by one of the authors, which has a difference below 2 degrees from that detected from the differential value of net heat release rate. Whenever autoignition occurs at 15 degrees after TDC, ignition delay time in the unburned zone is the period of about 10 degrees at the autoignition timing, regardless of engine speed. Knocking intensities with a spark-ignition timing advanced to
Zeng, Changzhi, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okuyama, Shota, Kuwahara, Kazunari
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