Browse Topic: Engine components

Items (22,792)

Reducing Temperature-related Aging Inhomogeneities in Battery Modules Using a Switchable Thermal Management System

2025-01-8167To be published on 04/01/2025

The operating temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells significantly influences their degradation behavior. In indirect liquid cooling systems, temperature variations within a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) LIB module are inevitable due to the increasing downstream temperature of the cooling medium as it absorbs heat. This leads to reduced temperature differentials between the cooling medium and the LIB cells. As a result, LIB cells located further along the flow path experience higher average temperatures than those at the front. Typically, a maximum average cell temperature difference of 5 K within LIB modules is considered acceptable. However, results from a conventional cooling system indicate that, when fast charging is exclusively used, this can lead to a 15.5 % difference in the total ampere-hours passed before the End-of-Life (EOL) is reached for the front and back LIB cells. To address this issue, a switchable thermal management system for the traction battery is

Auch, Marcus, Weyershäuser, Konstantin, Kuthada, Timo, Wagner, Andreas

Advanced Engine Cooling System for a Gas-Engine Vehicle, Part III: State Feedback Control System Design

2025-01-8161To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents an advanced control system design for an engine cooling system in an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Building upon our previous work, we have derived models for crucial temperatures within the engine, including combustion wall temperature, coolant-out temperature, block temperature, as well as temperatures in external components such as heat exchangers and radiator. To accurately predict these temperatures in a rapid manner, we have utilized a lumped parameter concept with a mean-value approach. This approach allows for precise temperature estimation while maintaining computational efficiency. Given the complexity of the cooling system, we have proposed a linear time-varying (LTV) model predictive control (MPC) system to regulate the temperatures. This control system linearizes the model at each time step and applies linear MPC over the control and prediction horizons. By doing so, we effectively control the highly nonlinear and time-delayed system

Chang, Insu, Sun, Min, Edwards, David

Analysis of Coolant Flowing and Heat Transfer Performance in High Voltage Heater System

2025-01-8194To be published on 04/01/2025

A method for performance calculation and experimental method of a high voltage heater system in electric vehicles is proposed. This system is critical for the thermal management of electric vehicle batteries, especially in low-temperature environments. It provides essential heating support to maintain optimal battery performance and safety, thereby improving overall efficiency and reliability.Firstly, heater outlet temperature and pressure drop of the heater are used as metrics to compare simulation results with experimental data, thereby validating the established model. Then, simulations are performed on two heater flow channel configurations: a cavity flow channel and a cooling fin flow channel. It is observed that the latter significantly reduces the heating plate temperature. This reduction enhances the protection of heating elements and extends their operational lifespan, demonstrating the advantages of incorporating cooling fins into the flow channel structure. The optimization

Gong, Ming, Wang, Xihui, Wang, Dongdong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

A Comparative Study of Strain Gauge-Based RLDA and Load Cell-Based RLD Methods for Assessing Structural Durability Loads in Engine Mounts

2025-01-8257To be published on 04/01/2025

In the ongoing Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) for engine mounts, a load cell arrangement is being utilized, where the load cell is required to be placed in between the mount arm and an additional tower bracket. This configuration required the design of a custom mount arm with a crank in the Z direction, secured with a single bolt to accommodate the load cell. However, this method has revealed significant load coupling in the Z and X directions, resulting in failures of the Main Rubber Element (MRE) in the engine mounts. To mitigate these issues, a strain gauge-based RLDA approach was investigated as an alternative. The optimal locations for strain gauge placement were determined using the inverse matrix method with the assistance of Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis. Strain gauges were then installed at these identified locations on the mount arm. The modified engine mount, now equipped with strain gauges, was tested in a real vehicle under standardized driving conditions

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip, Mohare, Gourishkumar

Modeling Virus Infection Risks in Automobile Cabin

2025-01-8176To be published on 04/01/2025

In the post Covid era, risk of infection in conditioned space is getting attention and has generated a lot of interest for the design of the new systems and strategies for the management and operations of the existing HVAC systems. Risk management plays a key role where the amounts of outside air and recirculated airs can be used to mitigate the propagation of the virus within the conditioned space. In other words, ventilation plays a huge role within the conditioned space along with strategies based on UV irradiation, ionization and use of highly efficient filters. Different air purification systems have been created by the researchers based on the titanium oxide-based UV photocatalysis system, filters with MERV ratings higher than 13 (ASHRAE Standard 52.2) and HEPA filters. Recent ASHRAE standard 243 (2023) on infectious diseases recommends using high ventilation rates within the conditioned space to reduce virus concentration, and hence, to reduce the risk of infection. Determining

Mathur, Gursaran

Analysis of Frequency at Minimum Dynamic Stiffness for a Hydraulic Engine Mount with Floating Decoupler under high frequency excitation

2025-01-8264To be published on 04/01/2025

The primary functions of mounts include providing structural support, sound insulation, and vibration damping. Dynamic stiffness and phase angle are critical metrics for evaluating their NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. This paper examines a floating decoupler hydraulic mount featuring a long decoupling membrane channel. A nonlinear lumped parameter model is developed to calculate the dynamic stiffness and phase angle. The model incorporates fluid flow in the lower chamber and variations in the support reaction force of the decoupling membrane under switching conditions. Parameters of the nonlinear lumped parameter model, including rubber stiffness, equivalent piston area, and volumetric compliance of the fluid chamber, were analyzed and calculated using the finite element method. The influence of different decoupling membrane channel structures on the frequency corresponding to the minimum high-frequency dynamic stiffness was investigated based on the established

Li, Shenghao, Zhang, Shenglan, Yu, Chao, Tu, Xiaofeng, Shangguan, Wenbin

Experimental Study of Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition Hydrogen Combustion in An Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke (OP2S) Engine

2025-01-8430To be published on 04/01/2025

The future heavy duty powertrain market is expected to be more diverse, with shifts gradually towards cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. Among various options, the hydrogen ICE holds the promise of significantly reducing emissions while leveraging existing ICE technology. However, it also faces substantial challenges related to engine performance, fuel storage and delivery, infrastructure development, economic feasibility, safety, and market acceptance. This paper focuses on performance challenges of hydrogen engine, including knock and pre-ignition, as well as low thermal efficiencies by introducing the opposed-piston two-stroke hydrogen ICE (OP2S H2ICE) as a potential solution. The study demonstrates that OP2S H2ICE can operate using direct injection, compression-ignition (CI) combustion solely with hydrogen, under various low-load conditions. Specifically, as the load increases, the combustion transitions from partial-premixed controlled CI combustion towards mixing

Huo, Ming, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas

Research on Torque Management Safety Monitoring Control for Hybrid Vehicles

2025-01-8579To be published on 04/01/2025

Hybrid vehicles are driven by the vehicle controller, engine controller and motor controller through torque control, and there may be unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle beyond the driver's expectation due to systematic failure and random hardware failure. Based on the torque control strategy of hybrid vehicles, the safety monitoring model design of torque control is carried out according to the ISO 26262 safety analysis method. Through the establishment of safety goals and the analysis of safety concepts, this paper conducts designs including the driver allowable torque design for safety monitoring, the driver torque prediction design for safety monitoring, the rationality judgment design of driver torque for safety monitoring, the functional safety degradation design and the engine start-stop status monitoring, enabling the system to transition to a safe state when errors occur. Among them, the design of the driver's allowable torque includes the allowable

Jing, Junchao, Wang, Ruiguang, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing

Ammonia-Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation

2025-01-8448To be published on 04/01/2025

Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel alternative for the internal combustion engine decarbonization. However, its toxicity and less advantageous combustion characteristics including higher nitrogen-based engine-out emissions have delayed its use in power generation applications. Therefore, the use of a secondary and also carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen was proposed in the literature as a solution to promote and improve ammonia combustion while minimizing any modifications in engine parameters and control strategy that may be required when compared to using conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels. In addition, the higher resistance to autoignition of ammonia can allow operation at higher compression ratios in spark ignition applications, therefore increasing the thermal efficiency. The study presented here used a single-cylinder heavy-duty research engine converted to spark ignition operation to investigate medium load engine operation with ammonia-hydrogen blends in which hydrogen represented

Alvarez, Luis, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Dumitrescu, Cosmin

Innovative Use of Basic Technologies for a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Small Displacement Gasoline Engine

2025-01-8392To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working in the research of suitable technical solutions to meet upcoming stringent Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ), Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) and Real Driving Emission (RDE) targets, as set by international and country’s local regulatory authorities. Many technologies have already been developed or are currently under study by automotive manufacturers for gasoline engines, to meet legislated targets. In-line with the above objective, Maruti Suzuki Engine Design and Development team worked to enhance the efficiency of a small gasoline engine (i.e 0.8 L) applicable for small entry level 5-door hatchback vehicles. Improvements were made in the engine’s thermal and mechanical efficiencies with minimum cost increment considering stringent entry level vehicle cost target. These improvements help to attain the minimum BSFC along with increasing the minimum BSFC area in engine map to

Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder

Effects of Jet Caps on Hydrogen Piezoelectric Injectors for DI Applications: Experiments and 3D-CFD Simulations

2025-01-8454To be published on 04/01/2025

The adoption of hydrogen as a sustainable replacement of fossil fuels is pushing the development of internal combustion engines to overcome the technical limitations related to its usage. Focusing on the crucial roles played by the fuel injector in a DI configuration, it must guarantee several targets such as the adequate delivery of hydrogen mass for the given operating condition and the proper mixture formation in the combustion chamber. To these aims, experimental campaigns and computational fluid dynamics simulations can be used as complementary tools to provide a deep understanding of the injector behavior and to drive design modifications in a quick and effective way. In the present work an outward opening piezoelectric injector purposely designed to be fueled with hydrogen is tested in a quiescent vessel on several operating conditions to evaluate its performance in terms of delivered mass flow and jet morphology using the Schlieren imaging technique. To highlight the

Pavan, Nicolò, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Gestri, Luca, Fontanesi, Stefano, Breda, Sebastiano, Mechi, Marco, Vongher, Sara, Postrioti, Lucio, Buitoni, Giacomo, Martino, Manuel

Intake Manifold Parametric study to optimize the design for Acoustics using DFSS Approach

2025-01-8651To be published on 04/01/2025

Noise pollution is a major concern for global automotive industries which propels engineers to evolve new methods to meet passenger comfort and regulatory requirements. The main purpose of an intake manifold in an automotive vehicle is to allow the passage of clean air for combustion and reduce the noise generated due to the engine pulsations. The objective of this work is to propose a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach followed to optimize the intake manifold for better acoustic performance without compromising on performance for a 3.6 L four stroke engine for Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Conventionally, intake manifold design has been an iterative process. It involves repetitive testing to arrive at an optimum design. Intake manifold must be designed for better acoustics performance and engine performance which complicates the design process even more. DFSS approach has an input, output, control factors and the noise factors. Air-borne Noise from engine at different

Dixit, Manish, K, Srinivasan

Topology Optimization of Multibody Systems Under Transient Thermal Loading for Efficient Heat Dissipation

2025-01-8655To be published on 04/01/2025

Topology optimization for efficient heat dissipation in multibody systems subjected to dynamic thermal loading presents unique challenges compared to steady-state thermal loading scenarios. Traditional dynamic topology optimization methods encounter difficulties due to the absence of analytical sensitivity coefficients and the computational impracticality of numerical approximations in dynamic contexts. To address these issues, this paper introduces a novel approach using Equivalent Steady-State Heat Flux (ESHF) for transient thermal loading scenarios. The ESHF method involves using steady-state heat flux distribution obtained from transient thermal analyses at various time steps to define boundary conditions for multiple models, each corresponding to a specific simulation time. A scalarized objective function is then formulated considering these models, and a gradient-based optimizer is employed to identify the optimal topology. This iterative process involves re-evaluating the

Gupta, Aakash, Tovar, Andres

Theoretical Study of Electrically Assisted Two-Stage Turbocharger Boost System Applied to Large-Bore Gas SI ICE

2025-01-8354To be published on 04/01/2025

Large-bore gas SI ICEs are supposed to operate under more strict conditions in terms of NOx level and potentially using new generation of fuels (e.g, hydrogen, ammonia) in the near future. Currently, the TA Luft norm is being considered while typical BMEP levels are between 22-28 bars. It is expected that NOx would have to drop significantly (down to 50% or even 20% of the amount based on TA Luft) while engine BMEP is supposed to be increased above 30 bars. The paper is based on 0-D/1-D simulations while using the experience gained from older research projects concerning similar engines. The main goal is to study the influence of different operating conditions (e.g., NOx level, BMEP level, control means, ambient conditions, fuel composition) on both ICE performance and turbocharger operation while comparing classical two-stage system with electrically assisted one – steady state performance is of the main focus while transient one is also considered. Complex optimizations were carried

Vitek, Oldrich, Macek, Jan, Mares, Bohumil, Klima, Jiri, Vacek, Martin

Application of control authority transfer between hierarchical control units

2025-01-8588To be published on 04/01/2025

A hierarchical control architecture is commonly employed in hybrid torque control, where the supervisor CPU oversees system-level objectives, while the slave CPU manages lower-level control tasks. Frequently, control authority must be transferred between the two to achieve optimal coordination and synchronization. When a closed-loop component is utilized, accurately determining its actual contribution to the controlled system can be challenging. This is because closed-loop components are often designed to compensate for unknown dynamics, component variations, and actuation uncertainties. This paper presents a novel approach to closed-loop component factor transfer and coordination between two CPUs operating at different hierarchical levels within a complex system. The proposed framework enables seamless control authority transition between the supervisor and slave CPUs, ensuring optimal system performance and robustness. To mitigate disturbances and uncertainties during the transition

Rostiti, Cristian, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Karogal, Indrasen

Optimizing Engine Component Design Using Advanced Techniques

2025-01-8647To be published on 04/01/2025

Designing engine components presents significant challenges due to the extensive simulation times required to model the complex thermal and mechanical loads they encounter. These include extreme heat generated during combustion, thermal cycling from repeated heating and cooling, and uneven temperature distribution across components, which result in thermal gradients. Mechanical stresses such as high-pressure forces, vibration, and fatigue further complicate the design process. Accurate simulation of these conditions is crucial for ensuring component reliability and durability, but it is both time-consuming and computationally intensive. The iterative nature of the design process, which involves multiple cycles of refinement and optimization, exacerbates these challenges, leading to prolonged development timelines. In the fast-paced automotive industry, where meeting tight deadlines is critical, the lengthy simulation times create significant bottlenecks, making it difficult to achieve

Dhangar, Vinaykumar, Goswami, Somshree

Experimental Investigation into Abnormal Combustion Behaviour in a Pure Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine

2025-01-8399To be published on 04/01/2025

The hydrogen internal combustion engine technology, with its potential for almost full carbon emissions reduction and adaptability to a wide range of fossil fuel-based internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms, offers a promising future. This potential underscores the importance of the research, which aims to address the challenges, such as abnormal combustion phenomena, that come with this innovative technology. These challenges, including intake backfire in the port fuel injection (PFI) and preignition, require further investigation to fully understand and predict the engine's performance. This study comprehensively investigates the main abnormal combustion behaviour in a spark ignition (SI) downsized boosted hydrogen engine. It examines both direct and port fuel injection (DI and PFI) systems, evaluating in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressures in the crank domain. The study provides a direct comparison at steady-state conditions between abnormal and normal cycles over 200 cycles

Mohamed, Mohamed, Mirshahi, Milad, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Peckham, Mark

Development of a 6.7L Direct Injection, Lean Burn H2 Spark Ignition Engine for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles

2025-01-8393To be published on 04/01/2025

This work is part of a production-intent program at Cummins to develop a 6.7L direct injection (DI), lean burn H2 spark ignition (SI) engine for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that are intended to be complaint with global VII criteria pollutants emissions standards. The engine is featured with a low-pressure DI fuel injection system, a tumble-based combustion system with a pent-roof combustion chamber, two-stage boosting system without EGR, and dual overhead cams (DOHC) with cam phasers. The primary focus of this paper is on the performance system architecture development encompassing combustion system, air-handling system, and valve strategy. Comprehensive 3D-CFD guided design analysis has been conducted to define the tumble ports, injection spray pattern, and injection strategy to optimize charge homogeneity and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). In addition, the boosting system architecture and the valve strategy have been thoroughly evaluated through 1-D system-level

Liu, Lei

Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system Multiphase CFD Analysis for predicting Oil Aeration

2025-01-8364To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper explains transient, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional and one-dimensional multiphase CFD analysis of engine drainback system and lubrication system for predicting aeration. Aeration of engine oil is an important factor as it affects working of Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, bearings performance and it reduces lube system pressure itself which is detrimental for the entire engine. In this work specifically effect of engine tilting on lube oil aeration is presented. When engine is tilted, crankshaft and connecting rod/s gets dipped in to oil which generates air bubbles. These air bubbles travel to lube pump and then to the engine lube system. Therefore, it is essential to model aeration in Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system in order to predict oil pressure reduction in lube system. The problem under consideration is spread over a bigger zone, involves rotating and translating components, passage’s dimensions are varying from microns to meters and involves

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Bedekar, Sanjeev

3D Design and Analyses of an IC Engine Piston under fatigue Test Conditions using CNTs for the Next-Generation of Motorcycles

2025-01-8359To be published on 04/01/2025

CNTs play an important role in engineering applications, especially in engine pistons design for the next-generation of motorcycles. This work presents a comprehensive analyses using finite element method under actual operating conditions purpose performance evaluation of a motorcycle engine piston design, investigating the suitability of four distinct materials. Precise material properties adhering to linear elastic isotropic behavior were defined within the software environment and proposed advanced nanomaterial ensuring accurate representations of the proposed under the prescribed loading scenarios. The primary objective was to identify the optimal material choice for the piston, ensuring superior strength, minimal deformation, and lightweight characteristics essential for high-performance engine applications. Moreover interpreting and understanding the dynamic behavior of common and advanced engineering materials. Through a comprehensive evaluation of the simulation results

Ali, Salah H. R., Ahmed, Youssef G. A., Ali, Amr Salah H.R.

Design of an Air-Liquid Coupled Thermal Management System for Battery Packs in Energy Storage Cabinets

2025-01-8168To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient thermal management is critical for ensuring the performance and safety of large-capacity battery packs. Traditional air or liquid cooling methods often fail to provide sufficient cooling and to maintain uniform temperature distribution. To address these limitations, a novel hybrid air-liquid cooling system was developed in this study. A 3D model of the proposed cooling structure was constructed. Heat transfer and fluid flow resistance were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on the developed model. The model was validated through experimental measurements. These included discharge temperature rise measurements on individual battery cells and flow resistance tests on the liquid cooling plate. The thermal performance of the air-liquid hybrid cooling system was evaluated at various discharge rates and compared with only air or liquid cooling methods. Results indicated that the hybrid cooling system significantly enhanced heat dissipation. At a

Li, Hao, Guo, Yiming, Zhou, Fupeng, Li, Kunyuan, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of Misfire Limits in a Spark-Ignited Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine

2025-01-8401To be published on 04/01/2025

This study investigates the ignitability of hydrogen in an optical heavy-duty SI engine. While the ignition energy of hydrogen is exceptionally low, the high load and lean mixtures used in heavy-duty hydrogen engines lead to a high gas density, resulting in a much higher breakthrough voltage than in light-duty SI engines. Spark plug wear is a real concern, so there is a need to minimize the spark energy while maintaining combustion stability. The first part of this study was performed on an optical engine fitted with a metal piston. In this configuration, we mapped the combustion stability and frequency of misfires with two different ignition systems: a common inductive system and an actively controlled capacitive system. The equivalence ratio and dwell time were varied for the inductive system while the capacitive system instead varied spark duration and spark current in addition to equivalence ratio. A key finding was that leaner mixtures require longer dwell time or longer spark

Hallstadius, Peter, Saha, Anupam, Sridhara, Aravind, Andersson, Öivind

3D Virtual Simulations of Crankcase Dynamics for Oil Pan Aeration Analysis

2025-01-8361To be published on 04/01/2025

This research employs sophisticated Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations to dissect the transient multiphase flow dynamics within a four-cylinder inline (I-4) engine, with a particular emphasis on gas-liquid interface interactions and oil distribution phenomena. Utilizing a commercial three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software suite, the study integrates detailed crankshaft rotational kinematics and pistonic reciprocation to accurately model oil drawdown and holdup behavior across varying operational regimes. A Volume of Fluid (VoF) methodology is employed to evaluate the effects of crankshaft rotational speeds of 5000 rpm and 6500 rpm on oil distribution and aeration within the oil pan. Comprehensive computational analyses are conducted to characterize oil-air distribution patterns, quantify oil flow rates through drainback pipes, and elucidate bubble formation dynamics within the sump. The study further analyzes the relative contributions of

Godavarthi, Raghu Vamsee, Chen, Yung-Ming, Pandey, Ashutosh, Srinivasan, Chiranth

Development and performance optimization of FSAE Racing Active Ground effect system based on fan drive

2025-01-8001To be published on 04/01/2025

For FSAE cars, a significant increase in downforce can enable the car to score more points in the race and enhance the competitiveness of the vehicle. This paper focuses on the development of an active ground effect system driven by fans for the FSAE racing car . The system is designed to considerably increase the downforce of the racing car through the forced airflow generated by the fan, enable the dynamic adjustment of the aerodynamic balance of the racing car during the driving process, and achieve the vertical force control on the racing wheels, thereby improving the performance of the racing car. The Star-CCM+ software was employed to conduct CFD simulation to investigate the influence of different flow fans on downpressure and optimize the layout and position of the fan. Due to the limited power that the car can carry, the paper will also simulate and calculate the range of pneumatic balance adjustment and vertical force control capability provided by the different openings of

yang, chengyue

Combustion and Emission performance of Acid-catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis derived advanced biofuel Blends from a compression ignition engine

2025-01-8445To be published on 04/01/2025

Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel EN 590 (on-road), and the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and

Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.

Flame Extinguishing and Heat Transfer in the Combustion Chamber of a Hydrogen Engine

2025-01-8420To be published on 04/01/2025

Conversion to hydrogen of automobile internal combustion engines powered by fuels of petroleum origin is the most important direction for solving environmental, energy and climate problems of modern civilization. A number of researchers (T. Shudo et al., Demuymeck J. et al., B. Sun et al.), based on experimental studies, note the presence of a phenomenon of a significant increase in heat losses in hydrogen engines compared to gasoline engines. This phenomenon is explained by an increase in temperature and speed of movement of the working fluid. In this paper, it is shown that the main reason for the increase in thermal losses is the ability of the hydrogen flame to penetrate the narrow gap between the piston and the engine sleeve. This problem has not been discussed in engine theory before. 3D mathematical modeling of flame penetration and extinguishing processes in the specified gap of a hydrogen engine (D/S=86/86 mm/mm, Ne=60 kW, n=5500 min-1) was carried out. Critical gap sizes for

Kavtaradze, Revaz, Natriashvili, Tamaz, Gladyshev, Sergey

Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential via Water Direct Injection in a Single-cylinder Hydrogen-fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-8427To be published on 04/01/2025

In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. However, injecting water into the port can have drawbacks by adversely affecting volumetric efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate hydrogen and water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved direct injection of hydrogen using wall-guided gasoline direct injector and direct

kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo

Neural Network Based Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Reduction in Diesel Emissions

2025-01-8369To be published on 04/01/2025

The paper illustrates the process and steps in the development of a neural network-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for reducing diesel engine feed gas emissions. This MPC controller performs fuel limiting and modifies intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate set-points to the inner loop air path controller to reduce engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Soot emissions. We examine two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) options for a control-oriented emissions model which are based on a multi-layer perception (MLP) architecture and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. These RNN models are trained for use as prediction models in MPC. Both models are defined in input-output form, assuming that measurements/estimates of current values of NOx and Soot are available. We discuss and compare their training using PyTorch. The formulation of economic MPC is detailed, including the definition of the cost function and soft constraints

ZHANG, JIADI, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato

Development of telemetry solutions for internal combustion engines

2025-01-8382To be published on 04/01/2025

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) will continue to be critical propulsion systems for certain applications in the coming decades. It is therefore extremely important to further develop environmentally friendly and sustainable internal combustion engines. These developments include, but are not limited to, improved tribology and reduced mechanical losses, higher mean effective pressures, compatibility with carbon-free or -neutral fuels, improved exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, and condition-based maintenance. Due to the increased stress on engine components associated with these changes, accurate, online data with high temporal resolution is required from inside the engine. Acquisition of this data can be achieved with a wireless telemetry system in order to minimize the influence of measurement devices on the measurement itself. This paper describes challenges in the development of telemetry systems for internal combustion engines. Systems for measuring the piston temperature

Higgs, Ansel, Rossegger, Bernhard

Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Abnormal Combustion of Pre-Chamber Natural Gas Engine at High Load

2025-01-8426To be published on 04/01/2025

In cogeneration system, the pre-chamber natural gas engine adopts combustion technologies such as ultra-highly supercharged lean burn and Miller cycle to increase the theoretical efficiency by increasing the specific heat ratio and the mechanical efficiency by improving the specific power. In recent years, the use of hydrogen fuel has been attracting attention in order to achieve carbon neutrality, and it is required to operate existing high-efficiency natural gas engines by appropriately mixing hydrogen. For this purpose, it is important to have a natural gas and hydrogen co-combustion technology that allows combustion at any mixture ratio without major modifications. The authors mixed hydrogen into the fuel of an ultra-highly supercharged lean burn pre-chamber natural gas engine (Bore size: 200mm) that has already achieved high efficiency, and performed combustion experiments at a brake mean effective pressure of 2 MPa or more. The engine load and hydrogen mixture ratio were used as

Morikawa, Koji, Kimura, Shin, Sakai, Shunya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo

Numerical Investigation of Injector Cap Design on Hydrogen Jet Characteristics

2025-01-8463To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen internal combustion engines are emerging as a promising technology for decarbonizing the transportation sector. However, due to hydrogen's low density, achieving sufficient fuel delivery often requires a high flow rate. Despite its excellent diffusivity, optimizing the hydrogen-air mixing in the context of an engine combustion chamber remains a significant challenge. This mixing process critically influences key phenomena such as ignition, flame propagation, knocking, and oxides of nitrogen formation, all of which are shaped by injector design, injection parameters, and in-cylinder flow characteristics. The Injector caps have been found to be useful for providing more control over injection from hollow-cone injectors, which deliver high flow rates, offering the advantage of not needing to modify the entire injector system. Therefore, modeling and understanding the impact of injector cap designs on jet evolution is essential to improving efficiency in heavy-duty engines. In

Zaihi, Abdullah, Moreno Cabezas, Kevin, Liu, Xinlei, Ben Houidi, Moez, Wu, Hao, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Mohan, Balaji, Roberts, William, Im, Hong

Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition

2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025

With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides

Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James

Driver’s Pedal Control for Detecting Pedal Misapplication

2025-01-8675To be published on 04/01/2025

Drivers sometimes operate the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal due to driver error, potentially resulting in serious accidents. Acceleration Control for Pedal Error (ACPE) has been developed, a system that detects such errors and controls vehicle acceleration to prevent these incidents. The United Nations is already considering regulations for this technology. If ACPE can detect errors based on the operations of the accelerator pedal at various driving speeds, the system will be even more effective in terms of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the operation characteristics of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal, focusing on the pedal operation characteristics of pedal stroke speed and pedal force speed used as thresholds for the operation of ACPE. We believe that if there is a significant difference in the operations of the accelerator pedal and brake pedals while driving, it can be used as a threshold for judging misstep. In this study, we utilized a

Natsume, Hayato, Shen, Shuncong, Hirose, Toshiya

A Proposed RE-Method for Redesigning Damaged Cam Gear in Automotive Engines using Image Processing and 3D CAD Model

2025-01-8634To be published on 04/01/2025

Cam gear is a critical component of the timing system in an internal combustion engine, ensuring the synchronized opening of the engine valves, pistons, and rotating parts, but their unavailability may result in long-term downtime or expensive replacement. Reverse engineering (RE) systems also play an important role in promoting sustainable practices in automotive technologies. The study focuses on presenting a proposed method for redesigning damaged parts in engines using image processing technology by creating an accurate CAD model. In addition to clarifying of the expected causes that led to cam gear damage. The proposed method involves taking a high-resolution image of the damaged part, then applying advanced image processing algorithms to analyze and reconstruct the geometry of the part. The data is then converted into a high-resolution 3D CAD model. This approach aims to address the challenges of replicating worn or broken parts, providing a cost-effective maintenance and

Ali, Salah H. R., Ehab, Eslam, Barakat, Ebrahim, Younes, Abdelrahman, Ali, Amr S.H.R.

Experimental Study of Glow Plug Assisted Methanol Compression Ignition

2025-01-8412To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol can be produced renewably and used in compression ignition (CI) engines as a replacement for fossil diesel. However, methanol is a low cetane fuel, creating challenges in achieving stable operation, particularly at low load. One potential solution is through surface ignition via a glow plug. In this work, experiments were conducted on a methanol-fueled 2.1 L single cylinder engine instrumented with a glow plug. The engine was designed for alcohol combustion with an elevated compression ratio (26:1) and a narrow injector umbrella angle (120 degrees) compared to standard diesel compression ignition hardware. As such, no plume was directly intercepted by the glow plug. A representative low load case of two conventional mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) strategies (single injection and pilot-main) and three kinetically controlled advanced CI strategies (homogenous charge compression ignition, split injection, partially premixed combustion) were tested with and without

Gainey, Brian, Svensson, Magnus, Verhelst, Sebastian, Tuner, Martin

Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions

2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming

Development of the Tour Split-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8394To be published on 04/01/2025

The Tour engine is a novel split-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) that divides the four-stroke Otto cycle of a conventional ICE between two separate cylinders, an intake and compression cylinder and a second expansion and exhaust cylinder, interconnected by an innovative charge transfer mechanism. The engine working fluid, air and fuel, is inducted into the engine and compressed by a dedicated compression cylinder, transferred with minimal pressure loss via an input port to a specifically designed combined spool shuttle transfer mechanism and combustion chamber. It is then ignited and then transferred from the combustion chamber via an exit port to a separate expansion cylinder where it is expanded and exhausted from the engine. The primary advantage of the Tour engine is that it provides the engineering freedom to independently design, control and optimize the compression, combustion, and expansion processes within a slider-crank piston engine. By decoupling the compression

Tour, Oded, Cho, Kukwon, Hofman, Yehoram, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Morris, Daniel, Wahl, Michael, Bhanage, Pratik, Sivan, Ehud, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo

Experimental Analysis of Piston Surface Temperature in a Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8383To be published on 04/01/2025

The heat transfer processes occurring in a compression ignition engine are complex, especially considering flame-wall interaction on the piston crown from impinging jets. To study the heat flux occurring on the piston in a heavy-duty diesel engine, a piston was instrumented with fifteen thermocouples and a wireless telemetry system. Eight of the thermocouples are high speed surface thermocouples placed primarily in regions with significant flame-wall interaction, providing crank-resolved surface temperature data. This work presents the first experimental datasets collected with this instrumented piston, describing in detail the thermocouple location selection process as well as data processing and uncertainty quantification for the high-speed surface thermocouples with a particular emphasis on cyclic variability and sensor-to-sensor variability. With this methodology established, data from this piston can be used for modeling and simulation studies as well as for studying the impact of

Gainey, Brian, Datar, Aditya, Ravikumar, Avinash, Bhatt, Ankur, Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Gingrich, Eric, Tess, Michael, Korivi, Vamshi, Lawler, Benjamin

An experimental investigation of the liquid jet breakup characteristics in a vaporizer under equivalent operating conditions of a microturbine combustion chamber

2025-01-8458To be published on 04/01/2025

This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq=2300-3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg=4-10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution

ha, Nguyen, Quan, Nguyen, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan

An Overview and Testing of Pedal Misapplication Systems

2025-01-8705To be published on 04/01/2025

Testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of Pedal Misapplication systems in five different vehicles in a simulated collision scenario. A 2023 BMW iX, 2023 Subaru Ascent, 2020 Tesla Model 3, 2020 Subaru Outback, and a 2014 Subaru Forester were tested in a simulated pedal misapplication scenario, whereby the test vehicle's accelerator was quickly depressed to 100% with a stationary pedestrian and vehicle target in front of the test vehicle. The testing involved measuring the performance of the respective vehicles' pedal misapplication systems, including when or if the throttle was cut, whether a forward collision warning was provided, or if the vehicle automatically braked to a stop. Results of the five vehicles tested will be presented and compared

Harrington, Shawn, Takbhate, Shubham Ramraja, Martin, Nicholas, Handzic, Dino, Patrick-Moline, Peyton

Advanced Methodology for Accelerated Durability Block Cycle Testing of Automotive Rubber Suspension Bushings and Powertrain Mounts

2025-01-8236To be published on 04/01/2025

In the field of automotive engineering, the performance and longevity of suspension bushings and powertrain mounts are critical. These components must endure fatigue loads characterized by their variable amplitude, multi-axial nature, and out-of-phase oscillations. The challenge lies in comprehensively characterizing these service loads during the early stages of vehicle production to foresee potential issues that may arise during later stages. Additional complexity in this analysis is introduced by the nonlinear hyperelastic deformation exhibited by natural rubber, a common material used in these components. To address these challenges, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers employ Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) techniques for fatigue life predictions. These predictions are complemented by physical testing involving what are known as block cycles. However, the results obtained from these approaches often fail to fully represent the real loading conditions that a

ZARRIN-GHALAMI, Touhid, Datta, Sandip

Temperature control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell thermal management system based on fuzzy PID

2025-01-8187To be published on 04/01/2025

The temperature regulation of the fuel cell thermal management system is characterized by slow response speed, system oscillation, and strong coupling, which is prone to problems with unstable temperature control and affects the characteristics of the fuel cell and the lifetime of the electric stack. For a 300kW high-power fuel cell system, to effectively control the flow of the thermal management system to achieve temperature regulation accurately, this paper proposes a fuzzy PID control strategy based on the optimization of the genetic algorithm. By establishing the model of the electric stack and thermal management system, including the core components such as the water pump, radiator, fan, temperature control valve, etc., the response mechanism of the thermal management system and the flow distribution and heat exchange of each component are analyzed. Based on the existing test data and related debugging experience, the basic fuzzy rule system is designed, after which the genetic

Zhang, Yilong, Zhang, Yunqing, Guo, Jun, Wu, Jinglai

Comparative Study of Optimization Algorithms for 6DOF Design in Electric Vehicle Powertrain Mounting Systems

2025-01-8650To be published on 04/01/2025

Optimizing engine mounting systems is a complex task that requires balancing the isolation of vehicle vibrations with the control of powertrain movement within a limited dynamic envelope. This study investigates the application of various optimization algorithms for Six Degrees of Freedom (6DOF) analysis in engine mount design, where the stochastic behavior and probabilistic characteristics of the system present additional challenges. Selecting an appropriate optimization framework is essential for achieving accurate and efficient results. Recent advancements in research have introduced several 6DOF optimization algorithms aimed at determining the optimal stiffness and location of engine mounts. The study evaluates a range of optimization methods, including SHERPA, Quadratic Programming (QP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III), Nelder-Mead, Multi-Star Local, Response Surface Method (RSM), and Simulated

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip

Correlation Study of Low Frequency Engine Order Noise Prediction at Compressor Inlet for a PHEV and Resonator Tuning

2025-01-8643To be published on 04/01/2025

Sound Pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns for global automotive industry in the current era. Air Induction System (AIS) plays an important role in engine performance and vehicle noise. An ideal design of AIS provides debris free air for combustion and reduces the engine noise heard at snorkel. The objective of this work is to correlate low frequency engine order noise prediction at compressor inlet and snorkel inlet for a 2.0L I4 turbo engine of a Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) for better acoustic performance without compromising on engine performance. Commercial 1D simulation software GT-POWER, Simcenter 3D and Hypermesh is used for this work. Transmission loss results with respect to frequency of air-box with ducts and intake manifold with charge air cooler are plotted from 0 to 1000 Hz. The air intake system shows good correlation between 3D and 1D till 600 Hz. Compressor and snorkel noise results, especially the firing order and its harmonic orders are

Dixit, Manish, K, Srinivasan

Performance Analysis of Commercial Vehicle Engine Cooling Fan Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Method

2025-01-8641To be published on 04/01/2025

When the cooling fan of the commercial vehicle engine is working, there is a strong fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the airflow and the blades. If the effect of this interaction is not considered, significant errors may be caused in the prediction of fan performance. To analyze the effect of FSI on the aerodynamic and structural performance of the cooling fan, calculation models with and without considering FSI were established. The pressure and efficiency of the cooling fan were calculated using three methods:the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method, the Sliding Mesh method, and the bidirectional FSI method. These results were then compared with test data. Based on the FSI method, the aerodynamic and structural performance of the fan at different flow rates, rotational speeds and temperatures were calculated, and compared with results if FSI is ignored. The effect of flow rate, rotational speed and temperature on the fan performance was analyzed. The comparison and analysis

Yu, Hui, Yin, Zhihong, Ying, Runhai, Wang, Xinling, Duan, Yaolong, Shangguan, Wenbin

Optimization Method for Powertrain Mounting Systems Based on Enhanced Genetic Algorithms

2025-01-8644To be published on 04/01/2025

A methodology for optimizing natural properties of a powertrain for an electric vehicle has been presented. A model with six-degree-of-freedom was proposed utilizing ADAMS, and the natural frequencies and energy distribution of the powertrain are estimated using the proposed model. The calculated natural frequencies and energy distribution shown that the initial design of mount stiffness does not meet requirements of natural frequency and decoupling ratio, and vibration isolation standards. To overcome the limitations of conventional optimization techniques, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was adopted for the enhancement optimization the mounts parameters. The optimization objectives included the refinement of the decoupling rates and frequency distribution at all mounting directions. Stiffness parameters of the mounts were optimized via the NSGA. The optimized results confirmed significant improvements for powertrain natural characteristics. This study presented an

Jin, Yang, Li, Dewei, Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Lei, Guo, YiMing

Development of a Hydraulic Control Device Through Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation: A Pragmatic Approach

2025-01-8628To be published on 04/01/2025

A semi-active hydraulic control device is a hybrid system that integrates fluid dynamics with solenoid control valve. It operates similarly to a passive fluid viscous damper but includes a control valve that adjusts the damping characteristics. The base valve in a semi-active fluidic control device plays a crucial role for regulating fluid flow to achieve adjustable damping characteristics. The suction valve disks are critical components within the base valve assembly for modulation of damping force. The effective design and assembly of the base valve and valve discs are essential for achieving precise control of the damping characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions. In this paper, Semi-Active hydraulic Damper (SAHD) base valve suction architecture is experimentally validated. A valve failure was observed during valve durability test, occurring in less than 5% of the total cycles on the tested samples. This paper explores a solution to the critical issue of hydraulic

Chintala, Paramesh, Lundberg, Sean

Modeling and Control Strategy of Engine Cooling System for a Light Weight Commercial Vehicle

2025-01-8195To be published on 04/01/2025

The engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are key controllable components of the engine cooling system. In order to investigate the effects on the engine cooling system under different control strategies, a simulation model for a light weight commercial vehicle's engine cooling system is established. The simulation model takes into account the performance parameters for each component of the engine cooling system and the impact of vehicle operating conditions on the engine cooling system, with the goal of achieving the highest possible fidelity of the simulation model. The engine outlet coolant temperature and the power consumption of the engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are calculated at various vehicle speeds and engine loads. Comparing the simulation results with the data read from the Electric Control Unit (ECU) in the engine road tests, the simulation model’s accuracy is validated. Based on the validated model, the engine cooling system is then optimized by

Li, Bing, Li, Min, Ying, Runhai, Wang, Xinling, Duan, Yaolong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Development of the New 2.0L In-Line 4 NA Gasoline Direct Injenction Engine

2025-01-8395To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, from the viewpoint of climate change prevention and environmental protection, fuel efficiency and exhaust gas regulations in each country have become increasingly stringent year by year.　The share of electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle are expanding, especially in developed countries.　However, the sales ratio of gasoline vehicle is still high in the global automobile market. Therefore, it is very important to improve the environmental performance of gasoline engines from the viewpoint of environmental protection on a global scale.　Then, Honda has developed a new engine for gasoline vehicles with enhanced fuel economy and emissions performance. The newly developed gasoline engine makes maximum use of the structure and components of a gasoline engine for hybrid vehicles with excellent environmental performance that was developed in advance. As a result, in a short development period, the newly developed gasoline engine realized high environmental performance with low

Kondo, Takashi, Ohmori, Takeyuki, Yamamoto, Junpei, Miki, Kentaro

Research on Turbocharger Surge Identification and Prediction Based on Acoustic Signal

2025-01-8253To be published on 04/01/2025

This study presents a non-intrusive method for detecting surge in diesel engine turbochargers using acoustic signal analysis. We introduce an innovative surge identification approach that leverages multi-domain composite features derived from these acoustic signals. The research involved conducting controlled turbocharger surge experiments, which provided the data necessary to develop a comprehensive surge acoustic signal database. From this database, eighteen acoustic features were meticulously selected and extracted across both time and frequency domains. Their relevance to surge detection was evaluated using a random forest algorithm, enabling the identification of key features critical to accurate detection. These essential features were then integrated into a multi-domain composite feature set, which served as the sensitive indicator for turbocharger surge detection. During the model development phase, we systematically compared the performance of various machine learning

zhu, jiaxu, Zheng, Hongyu, Zong, Changfu

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