The SAE Formula prototypes are developed by students, where in the competition, various aspects of project definitions are evaluated. Among the factors evaluated for scoring is the braking system, in which the present work aims to present the development and design of the braking system of a vehicle, prototype of Formula SAE student competition. As it is a project manufactured mostly by students, where the chassis, suspension system, electrical, transmission and powertrain are developed, it is important to first pass the static and safety tests, where the brakes of the four wheels are tested during deceleration at a certain distance from the track. To enable such approval and also to demonstrate, for the competition judges, the veracity of the system’s sizing, all the parameters and assumptions of the choice of the vehicle’s braking system are presented, thus ensuring their reliability, efficiency and safety. Using drawing and simulation software such as SolidWorks and Excel for

Gomes, Lucas Olenski, Grandinetti, Francisco José, Martins, Marcelo Sampaio, Souza Soares, Alvaro Manoel, Reis de Faria Neto, Antônio, Castro, Thais Santos, Almeida, Luís Fernando

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Implementation of a Dual-Fuel ENGINE for Agricultural Applications

2024-36-0044

12/20/2024

The growing demand for decarbonization and reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines used in the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for the utilization of alternative or low-carbon fuels. In this context, in situ biogas production and Dual-fuel technology bring an important opportunity for farmers to use gas with diesel or biodiesel in the agricultural machinery, reducing production costs and carbon emissions. To this end, this work evaluates efficiency, emissions, and economic performance in an internal combustion engine equipped with a Dual-fuel injection for diesel and methane. The tests were carried out on a four-cylinder turbocharged Agrale tractor, model BX6110, with modifications for run on diesel-NGV blends under operating conditions with engine speed from 1500 to 2150 rpm, fuel injection times of 80 to 200, at full load. The results showed that the diesel flow was constant during the tests, therefore, power increases depending on the NGV injected. Maximum

Rincon, Alvaro Ferney Algarra, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Filho, Aldir Carpes Marques, Oliveira Faria, Rafael, Volpato, Carlos Eduardo Silva, Oliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica

Performance and Emissions Analysis Using Ducted Fuel Injection in Compression Ignition Engine with Load Variation

2024-36-0154

12/20/2024

Despite the increasing electrification of current vehicles, Diesel engines will continue to be used for several decades to come. There is still a need to introduce emission control technologies, especially those that show good potential and do not require extensive engine modifications. The increasing focus on reducing pollutant emissions and improving energy efficiency has prompted engine manufacturers to continuously strive for technological progress. The aim is to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and the fulfillment of social expectations. Specifically, new Diesel engine projects face the challenge of minimizing both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions, which requires significant investiment in research to develop innovative combustion methods and exhaust gas treatment. One of these innovative methods is Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI), which aims to reduce emissions by improving spray development to obtain a better mixture at flame upstream. This study presents an

Dias, Fábio Jairo, dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Rufino, Caio, Garcia, Ezio Castejon, Lomonaco, Raphael, Argachoy, Celso, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Modeling and Simulation of an Electromagnetic Brake-by-Wire System for Formula SAE Vehicles

2024-36-0169

12/20/2024

Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during

Salgado, Vinícius Batista Alves, Gomes, Deilton Gonçalves, Andrade Lima, Cláudio

Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by a Multi-Hole Injector

2024-36-0156

12/20/2024

The aim of the present work was to characterize macroscopic spray parameters of a multi-hole direct injection injector for spark ignition engine applications. The geometry, the position of spray boundaries the overall cone angle, the spray vertical penetration and the vertical spray length were evaluated by processing the spray images recorded at 3300 frames per second. The frequency of recording images was suitable for capturing all the spray developments in all tested conditions. The tested fluid was EXXSOL D60 for simulating ethanol spray characteristics due to its similar properties and due to security reasons. The injector was tested outside the engine and into an open acrylic chamber being injected into atmospheric air conditions of the laboratory. The injection pressure was set up in 100 bar and the simulated engine speed were set up in MOTEC ECU in 3000 rpm, 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm. The injection durations were set up in 3,0 ms for 3000 rpm and 2.3 ms for 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm

Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Duarte, Thales Henrique Ramos, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Huebner, Rudolf, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

Combustion Visualization in Commercial Engines Operating with Diesel-Biodiesel Blend

2024-36-0172

12/20/2024

The Brazilian government encourages the use of renewable fuels in diesel engines through resolutions that define the mandatory addition of biodiesel to automotive diesel oil. The use of biodiesel will reach 15% by 2026. Due to this change in the physicochemical characteristics of commercial fuel, there is a need to deepen studies regarding the combustion process and the effects of this change on engine performance and emissions. With technological advancements, one of the viable techniques for this purpose is high-speed imaging to assess combustion within the cylinder. This paper presents the methodology for constructing a system that allows high-speed imaging, using a high-speed camera, of the combustion process of an MWM 229/4 engine. Other studies published in this area typically involve capturing images inside the cylinder once per cycle and advancing the angular position of capture each cycle. This paper proposes a more refined method, where images are acquired every 2.5°CA

Ferreira, Bruno Eustáquio Pires, Moreira, Vinícius Guerra, Borges, Débora Maria de O., Morais Hanriot, Sérgio

Experimental Investigation of the Potential of Hydrogen as an Alternative to Brazilian Commercial Diesel Fuel in Current Heavy-Duty Fleet

2024-36-0069

12/20/2024

Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate

Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Braga, Sergio Leal, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani

Thermal Energy Balance of an Otto Cycle Engine Fueled with Ethanol and Gasoline

2024-36-0003

12/20/2024

Otto Cycle can operate with both gasoline and ethanol; however, these fuels have different properties that will result in different performance parameters. This work aims to compare the thermal energy balance of an internal combustion engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol. The experimental tests were carried out on a dynamometer bench varying engine speed between 1500 and 6000 rpm and at full load condition. The results showed that the engine’s maximum thermal efficiency ranged from 30.51% with gasoline to 31.72% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the cooling system varied from 16.93% with gasoline from 16.12% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the exhaust system ranged from 32.82% with gasoline from 34.64% with ethanol. The percentage of energy wasted due to incomplete fuel combustion varied from 3.50% with gasoline from 10.00% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the lubrication system ranged from 3.95% with gasoline from 3.76

Santana, Claudio Marcio, Santana, Linicker Lopes Bruno, Almeida, Helder Giostri Alves

Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment

2024-36-0160

12/20/2024

In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a

Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger

Engine Speed Control for the Urban Hybrid-Flex Vehicle

2024-36-0118

12/20/2024

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine combustion and electric propulsion means to achieve key objectives, such as: reducing fuel consumption, minimizing pollutant emissions, and enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the Powertrain System. The series hybrid electric vehicles, in special, have a topology compound by four Subsystems, which are: Traction, Storage, Energy Generation, and Energy Management. The Energy Generation Subsystem is responsible for the power supply of the electric traction motors and batteries, depending on the control strategy promoted by the Energy Management Subsystem. The Energy Generation Subsystem is essentially made by an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and a Generator. Effective control of the power output from the Energy Generation Subsystem necessitates precise regulation of the engine speed. Thus, it is necessary to control the engine speed because this is directly related to the power demand of the consumers of other subsystem components. This

Júnior, João Marcos Hilário Barcelos, de Sousa Oliveira, Alessandro Borges, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, Pereira, Bruno Luiz, Pinheiro, Leandro Soares, dos Santos Ribeiro, Eduardo, dos Santos de Oliveira, Jordano

Effects of Engine Performance Parameters and Vibration Level of the Engine Block Operated with Gasoline and Ethanol Fuel

2024-36-0002

12/20/2024

In recent years, the use of ethanol fuel in internal combustion engines has gained importance due to environmental and commercial factors, since ethanol produces lower emission rates at similar performance parameters compared to gasoline fuel. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of engine performance parameters on the vibration level of the engine block operated with gasoline and ethanol fuel. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions varying rotation and correlating the vertical, longitudinal and transverse vibration levels of the block engine with the engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by engine speed, load, type of fuel and performance parameters of the engine. The combustion process is primarily responsible for the highest level of vibration reached when using ethanol as a fuel. Under all operating conditions, the

Santana, Claudio Marcio, Santana, Linicker Lopes Bruno, Almeida, Helder Giostri Alves

Digital Twin-Enabled Fault Detection for Suspension Systems in Autonomous Mining Haulage Vehicles

2024-36-0170

12/20/2024

Autonomous vehicles for mining operations offer increased productivity, reduced total cost of ownership, decreased maintenance costs, improved reliability, and reduced operator exposure to harsh mining environments. A large flow of data exists between the remote operation and the ore haul vehicle, and part of the data becomes information for the maintenance sector which it monitors the operating conditions of various systems. One of the systems deserving attention is the suspension system, responsible for keeping the vehicle running and within a certain vibration condition to keep the asset operational and productive. Thus, this work aims to develop a digital twin-assisted system to evaluate the harmonic response of the vehicle’s body. Two representations were created based on equations of motion that modeled the oscillatory behavior of a mass-damper system. One of the representations indicates a quarter of the ore transport truck’s hydraulic system in a healthy state, called a virtual

Rosa, Leonardo Olimpio, Branco, César Tadeu Nasser Medeiros

Ethanol as a Decarbonization Solution for the Two-Wheel Segment

2024-36-0126

12/20/2024

The aim of this study is to compare possible approaches that support the goal of achieving a carbon-neutral society in the mobility sector, with a specific focus on the two-wheel segment of the mobility sector. One of the key considerations in the mobility sector is the transition from a fossil fuel-based energy mix to a more renewable one. While there are numerous options available for achieving a carbon-neutral society in the four-wheel scenario, the two-wheel sector presents a different challenge due to a smaller number of available options. This study introduces a new comparison between full electric, gasoline, and ethanol-powered two-wheeled vehicles. It suggests that ethanol is a feasible solution for reducing carbon emissions in the two-wheel sector. The study includes an analysis of CO2 emissions for two-wheel vehicles using a life cycle approach, focusing on the technologies of full electric motorcycles, motorcycles with flex-fuel internal combustion engines running on

Pereira, Thaynara K. E., Lima, Flavio, Uema, Fabio K., Sambuichi, Eduardo M.

Efficient Estimation of Laminar Flame Speed in Dual-Fuel SI Engines: A Simplified Methodology for 1-D Predictive Combustion Simulation

2024-36-0184

12/20/2024

The increasing impacts of the greenhouse effect have driven the need to reduce pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines. Renewable fuels are promising alternatives for emission reduction, and enhancing engine efficiency can further decrease specific emissions. This study explores the development of dual-fuel engines to meet these goals, focusing on dual-fuel combustion in spark-ignition (SI) engines using two different bioethanol and natural gas mixtures. A novel methodology for 1-D predictive combustion simulation in dual-fuel SI engines was developed and implemented in GT-Suite software. The approach involves a straightforward estimation of the laminar flame speed of the fuel mixture and the calibration of turbulent combustion parameters using a genetic optimization algorithm, without the need for complex chemical kinetics models. The results indicate that the proposed methodology can reproduce combustion characteristics, achieving satisfactory outcomes across most tested

Pasa, Giovanni Duarte, Martins, Clarissa, Cota, Filipe, Dornelles, Henrique, Duarte, Thales, Rosalen, Rodrigo, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

Design and Manufacture of a Bench for Testing Fuel under High Injection Pressure

2024-36-0186

12/20/2024

A bench was developed with the aim of making it possible to test direct injection fuel system of low-displacement engines (up to 2,000cc) outside of a conventional test bench. It has adjustable supports that make it possible to install various engines of different manufacturers. In addition, the bench has features an electric motor, an external oil pumping system and a programmable ECU. These accessory systems were necessary because the engine for which the bench was initially designed has undergone various adaptations that required external systems such as those mentioned above. The project was designed to provide great ease, agility and low manufacturing costs, so the entire bench chassis was manufactured using just one standardized steel profile that is easily found on the market. Still about manufacturing, the concept of the prototype was also developed around the need for it to be compact and easy to transport so that the tests could be carried out in different environments in an

Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Jesus, Renato Vieira, Oliveira Polízio, Yuri Alves

Impact of Replacing a 6-Speed Gearbox with a 5-Speed Gearbox on Vehicle Performance

2024-36-0125

12/20/2024

This study investigates the effects of replacing a 6-speed gearbox with a 5-speed gearbox in a sports vehicle, while keeping all other parameters constant. Through computational simulations, data is collected for comparative performance analysis. The study aims to understand the potential implications of this change on acceleration, fuel efficiency, engine response, as well as aspects such as driver comfort. The results may provide valuable insights for the automotive industry, guiding future transmission design and engineering decisions

Marinho, Gabriel Jannuzzi, de Campos, Josué Queiroz, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão

A Multibody Dynamics Approach to Assess Auto Pull Behavior of Gear Shift System

2024-36-0073

12/20/2024

Gear shift system in a gearbox is used to shift the power flow from one gear set to another gear set which enables manual transmission to maintain different torque and speed combination. Shift quality is determined by the response of the gear shift lever while changing the gears. Shift force over the entire travel event of engagement and disengagement for multiple gear sets is the key factor influencing gear shift quality. If the shift forces are higher, the effort required for shifting will also increase resulting in uncomfortable shifting. On the other hand, with lower shifting force, sudden jerk, vibration or change in vehicle condition may also cause shifting which is undesirable and may lead to safety issue. One of the important features of shift system is auto pull behavior observed while shifting. While shifting, driver starts displacing the shift lever and after threshold point the transmission itself pulls the shift lever to the end point, reducing driver effort. In the

Sabri, Salah Ahmad, Bhimrao, Sachin Ahirrao, Pinto, João Paulo, Mussulini, Bruno C, Dias, Sebastião Joel

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Vibration Parameters of an Otto Cycle Engine Operated with Regular Gasoline, Premium Gasoline, Pure Ethanol and Mixture of Ethanol with Regular Gasoline

2024-36-0001

12/20/2024

Otto cycle internal combustion engines have undergone technological developments that can be fueled by various types of fuels in different mixture proportions. To achieve this, a detailed study of the main factors that influence the engine combustion process is necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of varying the ignition advance on the performance parameters and vibration level of the engine operated with regular gasoline, premium gasoline, ethanol and a mixture of ethanol with regular gasoline. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions, varying rotation and ignition advance by 5, 10 and 20% in relation to the original ignition advance and correlating the levels of pre-ignition, knock, engine vibration levels with engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by the type of fuel used, engine performance parameters and the presence of

Santana, Claudio Marcio, Santana, Linicker Lopes Bruno, Almeida, Helder Giostri Alves

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

Model Based Emissions and NVH Optimization

2024-36-0059

12/20/2024

Throughout the years, the legislations which drive the vehicle development have experimented constant evolutions. Especially when it comes about pollutant emissions and NVH ( Noise, Vibration & Harshness). However, it is complex to understand which calibration strategy promotes the best balance about lowest levels of emissions, vibrations, and noise if considered the number of inputs to be explored, becoming the searching for the optimum calibration a huge challenge for the development engineering team. This work proposes a methodology development in which complex problems can be solved by model based solutions regarding the best balance finding of emissions reduction and noise attenuation. The methodology is based in machine learning approach which provides a virtual behavior of engine phenomena making possible a wider comprehension of the problem and hence the opportunity to explore enhanced solutions. The study case scenario used to apply the method was a 6.4 liters engine which

Ruiz, Rodrigo Peralta Moraes, Santos, Lucas Resende, Nascif, Gabriel Nobre Alves, Oliveira Ribeiro, Douglas, Pereira, Willyan

Experimental Analysis of Mixtures Diesel -Hydrogenated Biodiesel Applied in Dynamometer with Diesel Engine 4T BD-5.0

2024-36-0180

12/20/2024

Society in actual engineering must promote sustainable developments in new renewable technologies in the transport sector, with resiliency and low greenhouse gas emissions produced. Pollutant emissions must be reduced to obtain an environmental equilibrium and stabilize part of the world’s climate change. With this, the principal objective of this research is to do different blends of diesel- biodiesel and diesel-hydrogenated biodiesel in proportions of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% to evaluate the performance of these samples of fuels in the internal combustion engine (ICE) diesel, model BD 5.0, connected to dynamometer XL43, located in the engines laboratory of University UFVJM, in Diamantina MG- Brazil at 1384 MASL, to obtain torque and power in different conditions of rotation. These tests were performed with blends of diesel-biodiesel and biodiesel- diesel with bubbling hydrogen (H2). The obtained data were developed with different comparisons, and results showed a positive influence

Barón Pinilla, José D., Silva, N. S., Melo, R. A. A., Santos, Alexandre S., Nery, M. C., Junqueira, H. H. B.

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Controlled Temperature Break-in Proposal for Batteries on Dynamometer Cycles: A Compliance Approach with SAE J1634 Standards

2024-36-0089

12/20/2024

Given the recent increase in exhaust gas emission restrictions, electrification has become the major development focus in the transportation industry. Like combustion vehicles, electrified ones must also undergo homologation tests. According to the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) homologation standard, SAE J1634, the vehicle must be subjected to a minimum 1600 km break-in cycle. This standard also allows the battery to undergo an equivalent cycle that results in the same level of degradation. Since the recommended break-in cycle duration exceeds the vehicle’s battery autonomy, at least one recharge is necessary to accomplish the break-in normalization. This requirement implies more time allocated to a dynamometer, which represents additional costs to the manufacturer. As in any industry, cost reduction is crucial to enable the development of new technologies in the automotive industry. To contribute to this, a faster battery break-in cycle is proposed. As validated in several literature

Souza, Rafael Barbosa, Junior, Rodrigo Alonso Pires, Rodrigues, Luiz Fernando Alves, Becker, Giovana Stopanovski, Fernandes, Heder, Maia, Thales Alexandre Carvalho, Pontes, Diego Augusto

Vibration Measurement on Diesel Engine Components under Adverse Conditions in Brazilian Application

2024-36-0021

12/20/2024

The objective of this study is to investigate the root cause of cracks detected in the Turbocharger bracket belonging to the engine Mercedes-Benz OM471 (Power: 390kW, Torque: 2600Nm) from Vehicle Truck Mercedes-Benz Actros 2651LS 6x4 Euro V. The investigation started with the instrumentation of every related component (besides the bracket itself, the charge air pipe, the exhaust pipe and also the crankcase for reference) in order to perform a vibration measurement. The necessary equipment to execute this procedure, included accelerometers, temperature sensors, strain gages and an inductive engine speed sensor. All data had to be acquired directly from real application conditions in vehicle, maximum load of 74 ton in a previously defined mountain road track, due to the impossibility to generate similar results in comparison to the ones detected on road through bench tests (or any other in-door experiment). The bracket position is located on the right side of a diesel combustion engine

Feijó, Igor Sommerfeld, Gonçalves, Carlos Aurélio Bustamante

Low-Cost Improvements of an Old Flow Bench and a Discussion of Replacing Orifice Plate by MAF in its Flow Measurement

2024-36-0070

12/20/2024

Recognizing the significant challenges inherent in the analysis of periodic gas flow through reciprocating engines, one can easily appreciate the value of studying the steady flow through cylinder heads, manifolds, and exhaust systems. In these studies, flow benches are the cornerstone of the experimental apparatus needed to validate theoretical results or to perform purely experimental analysis. The Metal-Mechanics Department of IFSC owns a SuperFlow model SF-110 flow bench that has suffered some in house maintenance and received electronic sensors to allow computerized data acquisition. As the essential original sensors in this flow bench were liquid column manometer (for pressure difference across the test subject) and micromanometer (for pressure difference across the orifice plate used to measure the flow), the essential new sensors are electronic differential pressure sensors (installed in parallel with the original ones). In recent decades, however, the use of a mass air flow

Vandresen, Marcelo, Santos, Luciano Amaury

Response Surface Methodology-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Biofuel-Powered Engine Response Map Development under the Steady-State Operating Conditions

03-17-08-0063

12/20/2024

The twin challenges of the automotive industry namely petroleum dependence and environmental pollution paved way for the development of an environmentally friendly and feasible substitute for diesel, possessing power characteristics equivalent to those of a diesel engine. Biofuel has potential as a renewable energy source, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, it does come with some challenges, such as varying quality and combustion properties. To enhance its performance, engines can be fine-tuned by adjusting fuel injection parameters, such as timing, pressure, and duration. Accordingly, this research article focuses on optimizing the fuel injection parameters for a CRDi engine powered by D+LPO (20% lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) biofuel, with the goal of improving both performance and emission characteristics. The experimental design matrix was generated using Design Expert-13 software, employing the I-optimal technique. Utilizing response

Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.

Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by an Inwardly-Opening Pressure Swirl Injector

2024-36-0142

12/20/2024

An inwardly-opening pressure swirl injector for direct injection spark ignition engine applications was used in this work for injecting EXXSOL D60 into laboratory gaseous atmospheric conditions into an open chamber. The EXXSOL D60 fluid was used due to its some similar physical properties to Ethanol fuel. Four injection pressures were used in this work: 50 bar, 60 bar, 70 bar and 80 bar and the simulated engine speed was set up in 2000 rpm in all cases using the injector outside the engine. Shadowgraph technique associated to a filming process with a rate of acquisition of 3300 frames per second was used for acquiring the spray images. The spray images were treated running scripts in Matlab software. The scripts were written for this present analysis. The injector used in this work produced hollow cone sprays. With the image treatment performed in Matlab software, the vertical penetration length and the external cone angle were obtained. The main results showed that penetration length

Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE WASH

AIR4416 (Current)

12/18/2024

Engines subject to dust, industrial pollution, saltwater contamination or other chemically laden atmosphere (including pesticides and herbicides) lose performance due to deposits of contaminants on surfaces in the aidgas flow path. Engine wash and engine rinse procedures are utilized to restore turbine engine performance. These procedures are generated by the engine manufacturer and are included in the Engine Maintenance/Service Manuals. For most turbine engines these procedures are similar in concept and practice; however, application details, choice of solvents and many other service features can vary from engine manufacturer to engine manufacturer and may even vary within the range of engine models produced by any manufacturer. The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to outline the general nature, considerations, and background of engine wash and engine rinse and is directed towards the needs of the entry level engineer, service engineer, and those involved in

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

TOC

99-06-06-0TOC

12/16/2024

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Fatigue Simulation Analysis of an Automotive Stabilizer Bar Linkage

2024-01-7037

12/13/2024

As a part of an automobile suspension structure, fatigue durability performance of the automotive stabilizer bar linkage is crucial to the safety and reliability of the suspension system. In this study, the modeling and simulation analysis methods of the stabilizer bar linkage were described in detail, especially for the welded positions between the connecting rod and the spherical shells (or sleeves). Based on the equivalent structural stress method and the theory of critical distances, damage values of welded positions in the stabilizer bar linkage were solved. For the spherical shell end, the simulation reproduced the bench test; and for the sleeve end, the analysis approach was determined by comparing in several different modeling ways. Mooney-Rivlin model was adopted to fit the constitutive relationship of rubber material in the bushing. The above methods were applied to predict the fatigue durability performance of the stabilizer bar linkage product, and the effectiveness was

Wang, Xu, Han, Chao, Deng, Jianjiao

Redundant Brake Boost Control Strategy of Integrated Electro-hydraulic Braking System

2024-01-7038

12/13/2024

The traditional braking system has been unable to meet the redundant safety requirements of the intelligent vehicle for the braking system. At the same time, under the change of electrification and intelligence, the braking system needs to have the functions of braking boost, braking energy recovery, braking redundancy and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study the redundant braking boost control of the integrated electro-hydraulic braking system. Based on the brake boost failure problem of the integrated electro-hydraulic brake system, this paper proposes a redundant brake boost control strategy based on the Integrated Brake Control system plus the Redundant Brake Unit configuration, which mainly includes fault diagnosis of Integrated Brake Control brake boost failure, recognition of driver braking intention based on pedal force, pressure control strategy of Integrated Brake Control brake boost and pressure control strategy of Redundant Brake Unit brake boost. The designed control

Dexing, Lao, Luping, Yan, Qinghai, Sui, Long, Cao, Shang, Gao, Zhigang, Chen, Mingxing, Ren, Zhicheng, Chen

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