Browse Topic: Marine engines

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1D Simulation Approach for Common Rail Injection Systems for a Marine 2 Stroke Diesel Engine2026-26-0395To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive 1D simulation approach of an automotive solenoid-based diesel fuel injector and a common rail injection system for a marine engine using Simcenter AMESim. The injector model was developed to analyse the injection rate and total injected fuel at various solenoid actuation durations (1.2 ms and 2.0 ms) and common rail pressures. The experimental results from a well-established research study are used for validating the simulation results of the solenoid-based injector. The model demonstrates strong agreement at higher rail pressures (above 1000 bar) and solenoid actuation times. Building on this validated injector model, a detailed marine common rail system was developed incorporating key hydraulic components: a check valve to maintain pressure inside the rail, flow limiting valves to prevent overpressure in the fuel injector, and a combination pressure relief valve. The simulation was used to study rail pressure dynamics at full engine load for
Bhoware, Yash, Pise, Uday, Saha, Dipta, Gaikwad, Nilesh
Numerical Analysis of the Combustion Process in a Pre-Chamber Marine Engine Fueled with Ammonia-Hydrogen Mixtures2025-24-002109/07/2025
Ammonia and hydrogen, as carbon-neutral fuels, possess the potential to play a crucial role in the decarbonization of the mobility sector. This research examines the optimization of the combustion process in a marine spark-ignition engine through the use of a passive pre-chamber. The study has been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Considering a hydrogen content in the fuel blend of 15% by volume, at a fixed equivalence ratio equal to 0.8, two different nozzle diameters have been tested, and the optimal spark timings have been identified. Then, the effect of different hydrogen amounts in the fuel mixture on the engine’s performance and emissions has been assessed. An optimal spark timing of 712 CAD has been found for both 3 mm and 5 mm nozzles at the specified operating point. The 5 mm nozzle provides slightly higher IMEPH and gross efficiency, with minimal impact on emissions. Reducing hydrogen in the fuel blend from 15% to 10% lowers IMEPH from 31 to 12 bar
D'Antuono, Gabriele, Lanni, Davide, Galloni, Enzo, Fontana, Gustavo
Lignin as Cetane Booster for Methanol and Ethanol2025-24-007509/07/2025
Low carbon, though poorly igniting (i.e., low cetane) fuels, such as methanol, ethanol, and ammonia, are gaining momentum in the maritime fuel market. The most adopted strategy to address the fact that these fuels will not, under typical two-stroke marine engine conditions, auto-ignite, is to co-inject a pilot fuel, such as (very) low sulfur marine fuel oil, which does auto-ignite and furthermore doubles as a spark of sorts for the poorly igniting base fuel. This so-called dual-fuel approach is costly and cumbersome. Cetane boosters are known to improve ignitability of alcohol fuels to the point that a pilot fuel is no longer required. In our earlier research, we found some indication that lignin model compounds could likewise improve the ignitability of alcohols. This paper builds further on this hypothesis, now using commercially available lignin rather than model compounds. Auto-ignition behavior of methanol and ethanol was investigated with up to 10 wt% of therein solubilized
Sementa, Paolo, Tornatore, Cinzia, Catapano, Francesco, Lazzaro, Maurizio, Iannuzzi, Stefano, Kouris, Panos, Boot, Michael
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Natural Gas Large Bore Engine Equipped with Passive Pre-Chamber2025-24-002209/07/2025
The maritime industry is among the most energy-intensive sectors, and achieving fleet decarbonization is crucial to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As a transitional fuel, natural gas (NG) presents a viable short-to-midterm solution. Compared to conventional marine fuels, NG has the potential to lower carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 20–30%. However, to fully leverage this potential on carbon footprint reduction, substantial advancements in combustion technologies are required. One promising approach to enhance the efficiency of SI NG engines is the implementation of Passive Pre-Chamber (PPC) technology. This strategy enables leaner combustion, improving thermal efficiency, mitigating the occurrence of knocking, and reducing NOx emissions. This study presents both experimental and numerical investigations to analyze the impact of charge dilution and ignition timing on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder prototype NG PPC SI engine for marine
Marchitto, Luca, Pesce, Francesco, Accurso, Francesco, Tornatore, Cinzia, Gorietti, Valentina, Buzzi, Luca, Grosso, Alessandro, Luci, Matteo, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Pennino, Vincenzo, Beatrice, CARLO, Di Domenico, Davide, Giardino, Angelo
Numerical Investigation on an Injection strategy Optimization for Dual Fuel Marine Engine Fuelled by Ammonia2025-24-001309/07/2025
In the context of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction the most viable short-term solution in the maritime sector is the use of renewable carbon-free fuels. Among these, ammonia represents a possible alternative in compression ignition (CI) engines operating in dual fuel (DF) mode. Although, such fuel features low chemical reactivity, especially in lean mixtures, resulting in poor combustion efficiency, exhaust ammonia slip and low engine performance, DF combustion can be an interesting strategy to overcome such limitations. In this work a wide numerical examination of diesel injection strategies is presented, while ammonia acts as the primary fuel with energy supply around 80%. Since the original marine engine, fuelled with natural gas (NG), presents a single diesel injection, firstly, a pilot injection is added and different diesel mass shares between pilot and main are investigated, by varying the injection rate shape and the pilot start of injection (SOI). Calculations are
Cameretti, Maria Cristina, De Robbio, Roberta, Palomba, Marco
Effects of Varying the Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio at Different EGR-Rates on a Medium-Speed LNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2025-24-004109/07/2025
The dual-fuel combustion process, which is offered as a retrofit solution for conventional diesel engines by various manufacturers, represents an option for reducing emissions from internal combustion engines and is already available today. Current dual-fuel engines run on liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is usually of fossil origin. Due to the existing infrastructure and the possibility of producing LNG by means of electrolysis and methanation, LNG can already be produced in a 100% climate-neutral way and thus make a contribution to climate neutrality in the shipping industry. The adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems in the maritime sector became more significant in 2020 following the enforcement of the sulphur emission cap. By lowering the sulphur content in the fuel, technologies in the exhaust tract are also conceivable without the use of expensive scrubber systems. Dual-fuel LNG/diesel engines are typically operated in lean-burn mode to reduce the risk of knocking
Seipel, Pascal, Glauner, Manuel, Dinwoodie, Jules, Buchholz, Bert
Zero-Carbon Port Fueling for Heavy Propulsion through a Recuperated Split Cycle Engine2025-24-004409/07/2025
Upcoming global emissions regulations demand innovation in heavy-duty road and marine transport. This research explores emissions-compliant concepts using both experiments and simulations focused on the Recuperated Split Cycle Engine (RSCE), which separates compression and expansion to enable internal heat recovery and quasi-isothermal compression. A single-cylinder research engine representing the expansion cylinder of an RSCE demonstrated direct injection diesel and port injection hydrogen co-firing. A validated Chemkin-Pro Multi-Zone model first reproduced, then extended this work, evaluating partial diesel substitution with hydrogen or ammonia alongside secondary working fluids (SWF’s liquid N₂, H₂O, NH₃). For the extension, two variants of the split cycle architecture were employed; the RSCE in combination with hydrogen fueling for the heavy-duty road sector, and the novel recuperated reformed split cycle engine (R2SCE), a new architectural and simulation contribution enabling on
Wylie, Elisa, Panesar, Angad
Exhaust Thermal Management in a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine via Fully Variable Valve Actuation and Wastegate Lambda Control2025-24-008509/07/2025
Dual-fuel combustion is emerging as a promising solution to address the growing focus on maritime decarbonization, because it is adaptable and needs minimal system modifications. However, natural gas as an alternative fuel must deal with the issue of methane slip, because methane has greater global warming potential than CO2. Conventional aftertreatment systems may incorporate a methane oxidation catalyst to mitigate methane emissions, but effective methane oxidation requires high temperatures of approximately 400 °C. Therefore, exhaust thermal management (ETM) is crucial for maintaining high exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and ensuring conversion efficiency. This study investigates the effectiveness of fully variable valve actuation (VVA), including early exhaust valve opening (EEVO) and early intake valve closing (EIVC), along with lambda control via wastegate control. Each strategy’s effect on exhaust gas temperature is evaluated, while considering potential trade-offs with efficiency
Soleimani, Amir, Kim, Jeyoung, Axelsson, Martin, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
High Tension Ignition Cable Assemblies - MarineJ1191_202508 (Current)08/18/2025
This Standard covers the requirements for all marine inboard and outboard gasoline engine ignition assemblies and components.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Devices Providing Backfire Flame Control for Gasoline Engines in Marine ApplicationsJ1928_202508 (Current)08/13/2025
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Light-Duty Engine Fuelled with Pure Hydrogen2025-01-031407/02/2025
Transitioning to zero-carbon fuels is pivotal for expediting the reduction of carbon emissions. Hydrogen demonstrates significant adaptability and emerges as a principal zero-carbon alternative fuel for fossil fuel internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms. Implementing hydrogen in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines has proven to be both economically viable and timely. In this study, a conventional diesel engine was operated with pure hydrogen with minimal modification to engine hardware. It features a proactive, automated shutdown system to mitigate intake backfire risks associated with hydrogen port fuel injection (PFI) systems. A comprehensive engine characterisation was conducted using a lambda sweep test, measuring values from 1.5 to 4.5 with an integrated in-cylinder pressure transducer for high-resolution data. The study used an advanced Bandpass, Rectify, Integrate, Compare (BRIC) knock detection method for engine health monitoring and assessed
Mohamed, Mohamed, Zaman, Zayne, Lu, Enshen, Feng, Yizhuo, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and ApplicationsJ3136_202506 (Current)06/17/2025
The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used with on-highway and off-highway, gasoline, and light-duty to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems, or hybrid vehicle systems. These multiple temperature systems include engine jacket coolant plus at least one lower temperature system. Out of scope are the low temperature systems used in electric vehicles. This subject is covered in SAE J3073. Note that some content in SAE J3073 is likely to be of interest for hybrid vehicles. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low-temperature or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Ammonia-Diesel Engines Segmented Modeling Approach and Simplified Combustion model Research2025-01-023206/16/2025
Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines can effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Aiming at the real-time control requirements of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines, this study proposes a segmented real-time modeling method and a heat release rate model simplification strategy by linearized heat release rate curves. First, the engine working cycle is divided into three parts: intake and exhaust stage, compression and expansion stage, and combustion process. Different simulation steps and modeling strategies are designed to optimize computational efficiency while maintaining the necessary level of accuracy at each stage. Secondly, based on the calibrated heat release rate (HRR) curves, feature points are extracted to construct a simplified linear heat release model. In the absence of calibration data, the characteristic points of the HRR curves are obtained through interpolation. Compared with the commonly used combustion model, the Wiebe model, the proposed simplified model can
Li, Guangyuan, Chen, Run, Wang, Xinran, Li, Tie, Zheng, Kexiong, Liu, Shaoling, Liu, Yanzhao, Lyu, Xiaodong
The Similarity Study of the Transient Heat Transfer of Impinging Flames under CI Engine-Like Conditions2024-32-011904/18/2025
The optimization of engine combustion systems based on scaled model experiments can reduce the cost of the development of large-bore marine diesel engines. Illustrating the transient heat transfer similarity of impinging flames would be beneficial to scaled engine model experiments in the development and optimization of large-bore compression ignition engines. In this work, the investigation of the similarity of the transient heat transfer of wall-impinging flames was performed in a high-pressure high-temperature constant-volume vessel. Two different injectors featuring different hole sizes and different flame impingement distances were applied to simulate the diesel spray impinging flames under the large-bore and the small-bore compression ignition engine-like conditions with a geometry similarity ratio equal to 0.7. By varying the injection parameters such as injection pressure and injection duration, the scaling laws based on constant injection pressure, constant engine speed, and
Cao, Jiale, Li, Tie, Zhou, Xinyi, Xu, Xingyu, Chen, Run, Li, Shiyan, Ogawa, Hideyuki
Detecting Piston Ring–Cylinder Liner Metal–Metal Contact in a Fired Large Marine Diesel Engine Using Piezoelectric Transducers03-18-03-001704/09/2025
Shear-polarized ultrasonic sensors have been instrumented onto the outer liner surface of an RTX-6 large marine diesel engine. The sensors were aligned with the first piston ring at top dead center and shear ultrasonic reflectometry (comparing the variation in the reflected ultrasonic waves) was used to infer metal–metal contact between the piston ring and cylinder liner. This is possible as shear waves are not supported by fluids and will only transmit across solid-to-solid interfaces. Therefore, a sharp change in the reflected wave is an indicator of oil film breakdown. Two lubricant injection systems have been evaluated—pulse jet and needle lift-type injectors. The needle lift type is a prototype injector design with a reduced rate of lubricant atomization relative to pulse jet injectors. This is manifested as a smaller reduction in the reflected ultrasonic wave, showing less metal–metal contact had occurred. During steady-state testing, the oil feed rate was varied; the high flow
Rooke, Jack, Li, Xiangwei, Dwyer-Joyce, Robert S.
Enhancing Dual Fuel Combustion Simulation: A Novel Geometric Approach for Accurate Flame Entrainment Estimation2025-01-836604/01/2025
Maritime transportation plays a vital role in the economy and is one of the most energy-efficient modes of transportation. However, it is a growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. A potential solution to lower carbon emissions from maritime transport is to use renewable fuels in marine engines. Hydrogen or methanol can serve as the primary energy source in internal combustion (IC) engines. However, their high autoignition temperatures require an external ignition source to start combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. The Dual Fuel (DF) approach offers an effective method for incorporating these fuels. To accurately simulate dual fuel combustion, certain parameters need to be carefully addressed. One crucial parameter to investigate is estimating the flame entrainment area, as it directly affects the mass burning rate. In this work, a novel geometric approach is developed to estimate the evolution of the flame entrainment area. This model is integrated into a multi-zone
Parsa, Somayeh, Daenens, Arthur, Verschaeren, Roel, Dierickx, Jeroen, Verhelst, Sebastian
Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI Operation2025-01-844004/01/2025
This paper explores the potential of leveraging methanol's knock-resistant properties to facilitate both dual fuel (DF) and spark ignition (SI) operation in retrofitted heavy-duty (HD), high-speed marine engines. The study involves retrofitting an original 6-cylinder 7.15L CI diesel engine with port fuel injection (PFI) of methanol to enable DF operation. Later, the diesel injectors were replaced with six spark plugs allowing SI operation. Notably, efforts were made to minimize adaptations to the existing diesel engine, maintaining the compression ratio (CR) at 17.6:1 and retaining the same turbocharging pressure. This research aims to assess the feasibility of retrofitting conventional HD diesel engines (high CR, large bore) for dual-fuel and SI operation on methanol, with a focus on optimizing engine performance, while preserving key characteristics for HD applications, e.g. high torque and high power density. The high CR required spark retarding to prevent knock at higher loads in
Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian
Analysis of Injection Characteristics and Structural Reliability of Marine Methanol Fuel Injectors2025-01-711601/31/2025
Nowadays, the energy transition is at the most critical moment. In order to achieve the emission reduction target of ships, a form of boosting piston inside methanol fuel injector has been carried out. The physical property fluctuations and phase change of methanol under high pressure have been considered in the design phase. 1D-3D coupling method is used to comprehensively evaluate the performace of the injector. To this end, an Amesim simulation model is established to systematically study and analyze the injection characteristics. The injection performance of the injector under four typical loads are calculated, which is evaluated from the perspectives of injection quantity, injection duration, valve response, and leakage of boost components. In the nozzle block, the cavitation intensity of methanol is stronger than that of diesel. To reduce the possibility of cavitation erosion, as a consequence, a CFD model is established to optimize the structure of nozzle components. By adding
Yang, Li, Wen, Liming, Zhang, Hanwen, Lu, Gangao, Dong, Weijie
Study on Injection Parameters of Ammonia/Diesel Dual Direct Injection Low-Speed Engine2025-01-711401/31/2025
With the adoption of the IMO Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategy Revision, the international shipping industry is facing huge pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the conversion of ship power from traditional fossil fuels to low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels is the fundamental solution, and ammonia fuel, as a zero-carbon fuel, is an important direction for the development of ship power in the future. Based on a marine low-speed diesel engine with a bore of 520 mm, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation was carried out to study the effects of different diesel energy fractions, ammonia injection pressure, ammonia injection timing and ammonia diesel injection interval on the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine under the dual-fuel combustion mode of high-pressure dual direct injection. The calculation results show that under the condition of the current engine, 5% of diesel energy can reduce carbon emissions by 92.8% under the premise of
Yang, Jincheng, Liu, Long, Gui, Yong
Fault Detection of Diesel Engines Using Artificial Neural Network03-18-02-001001/20/2025
This study presents a method for identifying the reliability state of diesel engines by utilizing artificial neural networks (ANNs). The Sulzer 6AL20/24 marine diesel engine was selected as the test subject for this research. Vibration signals were collected during tests conducted on a laboratory test stand under normal operating conditions and during simulations of six different engine faults. Next, the recorded signals were analyzed and transformed into labeled samples for supervised learning. In this phase, the time histories of the vibration signals were divided into segments and augmented, with several key features calculated for each segment. Highly correlated signals were excluded from further analysis based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The processed samples were then used to train and fine-tune the ANN. The trained ANN was subsequently used to identify the engine’s reliability state and classify the present fault type. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed
Pająk, Michał, Kluczyk, Marcin, Muślewski, Łukasz, Lisjak, Dragutin
Marine Control Cable Connection - Engine Throttle LeverJ961_202409 (Current)09/09/2024
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide guides toward standard conditions for operating marine engine throttles (gasoline or diesel) where push-pull cable control is applicable. For control cable information see SAE J917.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Marine Control Cable Connection - Engine Clutch LeverJ960_202409 (Current)09/09/2024
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide guides toward standard conditions for operating marine hydraulic transmissions where push-pull cable control is applicable. For control cable information see SAE J917.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Numerical Investigation of Premixed and Non-premixed Ammonia Main Charge Configurations Ignited by a Hydrogen-Fired Prechamber03-17-08-006008/14/2024
Ammonia-fired reciprocating engines have emerged as a promising technology in the maritime and power generation sector at medium-to-large scale (1–80 MW). The use of “on-the-fly” partial ammonia decomposition to produce a relatively small amount of hydrogen that can be used as combustion promoter, replacing fossil fuels in this function, enables this technology to provide carbon-free propulsion and power generation. In this context, it is envisioned that a hydrogen-fired prechamber ignition strategy offers significant advantages by accelerating the ammonia ignition and complete combustion process, increasing its reliability and robustness while still aiming to achieve low NO x , N2O, and NH3 emissions. This study exploits an OpenFOAM-based Large Eddy Simulation (LES) numerical modeling framework to investigate the ignition and combustion behavior of an ammonia main charge ignited by a hydrogen-fired prechamber. First, a conventional port-injection premixed configuration for the ammonia
Indlekofer, Thomas, Haugen, Nils Erland, Førde, Olav Øyvind, Gruber, Andrea
Experimental Study of Lignin Fuels for CI Engines2024-37-002206/12/2024
This study explores the feasibility of using a sustainable lignin-based fuel, consisting of 44 % lignin, 50 % ethanol, and 6 % water, in conventional compression ignition (CI) marine engines. Through experimental evaluations on a modified small-bore CI engine, we identified the primary challenges associated with lignin-based fuel, including engine startup and shutdown issues due to solvent evaporation and lignin solidification inside the fuel system, and deposit formation on cylinder walls leading to piston ring seizure. To address these issues, we developed a fuel switching system transitioning from lignin-based fuel to cleaning fuel with 85 vol% of acetone, 10 vol% of water and 5 vol% of ignition improving additive, effectively preventing system clogs. Additionally, optimizing injection parameters, adopting a constant pressure delivery valve, and fine-tuning injection timing mitigated lignin deposit formation related to incomplete combustion or spray tip penetration to the cylinder
Terauchi, Motoki, Simonsen, Tor, Mortensen, Simon, Schramm, Jesper, Ivarsson, Anders
Small Craft - Graphic SymbolsJ1449_202405 (Current)05/24/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice specifies graphic symbols for operator controls, gauges, tell-tales, indicators, instructions, and warning against risks in small craft and for engines and other equipment intended to be used in small craft.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Comparison of Tabulated and Complex Chemistry Approaches for Ammonia–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion Simulation03-17-07-005504/18/2024
Using ammonia as a carbon-free fuel is a promising way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector. Due to the challenging fuel properties, like high autoignition temperature, high latent heat of vaporization, and low laminar flame speeds, a dual-fuel combustion process is the most promising way to use ammonia as a fuel in medium-speed engines. Currently, many experimental investigations regarding premixed and diffusive combustion are carried out. A numerical approach has been employed to simulate the complex dual-fuel combustion process to better understand the influences on the diffusive combustion of ammonia ignited by a diesel pilot. The simulation results are validated based on optical investigations conducted in a rapid compression–expansion machine (RCEM). The present work compares a tabulated chemistry simulation approach to complex chemistry-based simulations. The investigations evaluate the accuracy of both modeling approaches and point out the limitations and
Krnac, Dominik, Manickam, Bhuvaneswaran, Holand, Peter, Pathak, Utkarsh, Scharl, Valentin, Sattelmayer, Thomas
A Study on the Relationship between ECN Spray D and Marine-Sized Nozzles Using FGM Combustion Model2024-01-269504/09/2024
Present work investigates the relationship between the combustion parameters of a well-known ECN heavy-duty nozzle called Spray D and marine-size nozzles. The study is carried out in OpenFOAM software within the framework of RANS turbulence modelling, using a flamelet based tabulation technique known as FGM to model the combustion. The large nozzles are tested in a constant volume chamber representative of marine engines, for which a CFD setup is validated against inert data in literature. The reacting results have been validated first with experimental data, initializing the domain with a highly reactive environment (23% oxygen) and engine-like swirl. Then, a less reactive initial condition was set up in the domain (15% oxygen) without swirl, to achieve a Spray D-like environment. The main goal is to study the variation of the combustion parameters Ignition Delay Time (IDT) and Lift-Off Length (LOL) as function of nozzle diameter, leading to a mathematical correlation to estimate the
Di Matteo, Andrea, Somers, Bart
On the Application of Joule-Cycle-Based Waste Heat Recovery to Heavy-Duty Vehicles2024-01-258904/09/2024
Internal combustion engines are becoming ever more efficient as mankind seeks to mitigate the effects of climate change while still maintaining the benefits that a mechanized society has brought to the global economy. As peak values, mass production spark-ignition engines can now achieve approximately 40% brake thermal efficiency and heavy-duty truck compression-ignition engines can approach 50%. While commendable, the unfortunate truth is that the remainder gets emitted as waste heat and is sent to the atmosphere to no useful purpose. Clearly, if one could recover some of this waste heat for beneficial use then this is likely to become important as new means of mitigating fossil CO2 emissions are demanded. A previous study by the authors has identified that the closed Joule cycle (or complications of it beginning to approximate the closed Ericsson cycle) could reasonably be developed to provide a practical means of recovering exhaust heat when applied to a large ship engine. In that
Turner, James, Kenkoh, Kesty Yong, Gubba, Sreenivasa, Vorraro, Giovanni
Hydraulics Characteristics of a Mechanical Diesel Direct Injection System: The Influence of Diameter of High Pressure Pump’s Plunger, Number and Diameter of Injector Nozzles.SAE-PP-0037412/26/2023
The diameter of the high pressure pump plunger, the number and diameter of injector nozzles play a crucial role in influencing hydraulic behaviors such as the start of injection, the pressure profiles developed in the high pressure line, needle lift, and injection rates in Diesel engines. These factors, in turn, significantly impact the distribution of fuel within the engine combustion chamber, fuel-air mixing, combustion quality, and the formation of emissions. However, as the plunger diameter and the number and diameter of nozzles vary, the system's complexity also rises, necessitating careful analysis, design, and calibration. Therefore, further examinations are critically essential to gain deeper insights into this topic. In this study, a high-speed shadowgraph system and a high-resolution pressure recording system were developed to capture the start of injection, spray structure, and pressure profiles in the high-pressure line. The fuel injection system under experimental
Pham, Phuong, Vu, Tuan, Nguyen, Kien, Phung, Duoc, Manh, Vu
Numerical Study of the Effect of Direct-Injection Timing of Methanol and Excess Air Ratio on the Combustion Characteristics of a Marine Diesel-Methanol Dual-Fuel Engine2023-01-162610/31/2023
Methanol is a suitable alternative fuel to relieve the problem of energy shortage and decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. The effect of direct-injection timing of methanol and diesel on the combustion characteristics of a marine diesel engine with bore of 210 mm was simulated with a 3-dimentional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software AVL-FIRE. The combustion model was set-up and validated by the experimental data from the marine diesel engine. Results show that there are two peaks on the heat release rate (HRR) curves with the normal diesel-methanol combustion process. The first HRR peak is caused by the combustion of diesel. The second HRR peak is resulted from the hybrid combustion process of diesel and methanol. The injection timing of diesel influences the peak pressure rise rate (PPRR) and ignition timing. The indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), the maximum in-cylinder pressure and combustion duration are influenced by the direct-injection timing of methanol
Li, Xiao, Yan, Ping, Li, Hong-Mei, Zheng, Liang, Shen, Gang, Hu, Yu-Chen, Han, Dan
Effects of the Combustion Enhancer Containing Alkyl Nitrate (CEN) to Dodecane and HVO as Pilot Fuels on a Compression Ignition Engine Operating in Dual-Fuel with Ammonia2023-01-162510/31/2023
Ammonia is a widely used and known chemical. Today it is seen as a carbon free solution to fuel thermal engines especially in applications where other solutions would not be realistic. For marine applications, electrical or fuel cells solutions for example would not allow spans long enough to sustain big cargo ships ranges. Engine manufacturer such as MAN, Wartsila or Win-GD have already announced the development of marine engine running on ammonia. But while ammonia is a non-CO2 emitting fuel, it has some caveats such as being gaseous in standard conditions and hard to ignite. As it is now, ammonia is usually used in compression ignition engines with the help of highly reactive carbonated pilot fuels. Many forms of dual-fuel combustion are conceivable, although all the simple ones use a carbon-based fuel and quite often originated from fossil oil. The addition of High Reactivity Fuel to Ammonia is an interesting combustion mode that can be used to calibrate different fuel parameters
Samson, Richard, Morin, Anne-Gaëlle, Foucher, Fabrice
Research on Wall Temperature of Flame-wall Interaction Based on Laser-Induced Phosphorescence and Heat Transfer Simulation2023-32-005609/29/2023
Heavy heat load is one of the bottlenecks restricting the highly intensive marine engine development. Reducing wall heat loss contributes to this target. The wall heat transfer is mainly influenced by flame-wall interaction (FWI). In this paper, a wall temperature distribution measurement system is developed based on the Laser-Induced Phosphorescence (LIP). The effects of the coating thickness and the laser fluence on LIP are studied to clarify the accuracy of wall temperature measurement based on LIP and the one-dimensional wall temperature distribution. In addition, a conjugate heat transfer model of FWI was established based on CONVERGE to simulate the FWI and the accompanying heat transfer process. The simulation is compared with the experimental wall temperature results and demonstrates the effectiveness of the conjugate heat transfer model. The influence of the initial velocity, the impinging distance and the wall roughness on the wall heat transfer are studied. The effective way
Xuefeng, XUE, Run, CHEN, Tie, LI, Xinyi, ZHOU, Jiale, CAO, Xin, TANG
Prediction of combustion process and NOx emission for dual fuel marine engines using a phenomenological model2023-32-015809/29/2023
A phenomenological model for high-pressure direct injection natural gas-diesel dual-fuel marine engine was developed, which includes natural gas mixing process using Musculus discrete control volume transient diesel jet model, combustion process using quasi-steady model and Woschini heat transfer model, NO generation using Zeldovich mechanism. Effects of natural gas injection pressure and the start of injection timing on the mixing and combustion process were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the injection pressure with fixed injection mass, the NO emission decreased. While the start of injection timing was before TDC, retarding the injection start timing will increase NO generation.
Xiong, Qian, Liang, Dezhi, Wang, Lujiang, Shi, Xinru, Liu, Long, Ma, Xiuzhen
Comparison of the effect of diesel and hydrogen addition on ammonia combustion characteristics in a marine engine2023-32-006509/29/2023
Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, is a promising alternative fuel source for decarbonization of the shipping industry. Nevertheless, the poor flammability and low flame speed restrict its potential application as marine engine fuel. In order to explore the ammonia application feasibility and methods in marine engines, the effects of two combustion promoters, including n-heptane and hydrogen, on improving the ammonia combustion characteristics were compared and discussed theoretically in this study, in terms of flammable intake boundary conditions and laminar flame speed under engine operating conditions. A new detailed reaction mechanism of ammonia/n-heptane dual fuel was developed and validated to characterize the combustion of ammonia and diesel. The results demonstrate that the flammability of ammonia is more sensitive to intake temperature as compared to equivalence ratio and intake pressure. The introduction of n-heptane or hydrogen has been observed to have a noteworthy impact on
Liu, Long, Wu, Yue, Wang, Yang, Wu, Jie, Wang, Xiqing
A Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia, Hydrogen and Diesel Tri-Fuel Engines2023-32-010309/29/2023
Ammonia is a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels for internal combustion engines, especially in the maritime industry, because it does not emit carbon dioxide. Since redundancy is important in marine engines, a dual fuel system with diesel oil is currently widely applied to use alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas, and a similar system is expected for ammonia-fueled ships. However, ammonia has low ignitability and low burning speed, hence improvement of combustion efficiency is major challenge. In addition, the emission of N2O which has a high global warming effect is also problematic as well as emission of NOX as air pollutant. To overcome these challenges, a mixing with hydrogen, which has high ignitability and high burning speed, can be effective. Therefore, in this study, combustion and emission characteristics of tri-fuel combustion engines, in which ammonia and hydrogen-air mixture is ignited by μ-pilot injection of diesel oil, were investigated
Matsunaga, Daichi, Tentora, Takafumi, Hiraoka, Kenji, Toshinaga, Kazuteru
A Numerical Methodology to Test the Lubricant Oil Evaporation and Its Thermal Management-Related Properties Derating in Hydrogen-Fueled Engines03-17-02-001509/15/2023
Due to the incoming phase out of fossil fuels from the market in order to reduce the carbon footprint of the automotive sector, hydrogen-fueled engines are candidate mid-term solution. Thanks to its properties, hydrogen promotes flames that poorly suffer from the quenching effects toward the engine walls. Thus, emphasis must be posed on the heat-up of the oil layer that wets the cylinder liner in hydrogen-fueled engines. It is known that motor oils are complex mixtures of a number of mainly heavy hydrocarbons (HCs); however, their composition is not known a priori. Simulation tools that can support the early development steps of those engines must be provided with oil composition and properties at operation-like conditions. The authors propose a statistical inference-based optimization approach for identifying oil surrogate multicomponent mixtures. The algorithm is implemented in Python and relies on the Bayesian optimization technique. As a benchmark, the surrogate for the SAE5W30
De Renzis, Edoardo, Mariani, Valerio, Bianchi, Gian Marco, Cazzoli, Giulio, Falfari, Stefania
Modeling and Design of a PEM Fuel Cell System for Ferry Applications2023-24-014508/28/2023
The upcoming regulations to achieve zero-emission passenger transport present challenges for designing new ferry powertrains. The proposed work investigates the feasibility of using a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) power system to power a long-haul ferry. The paper describes the zero-order cell model as well as the method for estimating cell degradation. The stack modeling, heat balance equations, and auxiliary modeling are also presented. The proposed model enables the simulation of the fuel cell under different operating conditions and includes the use of air or oxygen as an oxidizer. A thermal management strategy for the overall PEMFC system is also proposed. The model was calibrated on the characteristic curves of the PEMFC Ballard FCvelocity™ HD6 (150 kW) and validated by reproducing experimental results. Then, a real load profile of a ferry, as well as the proposed powertrain is considered as case study. The presented results are related to a single daily mission and
Saponaro, Gianmarco, Stefanizzi, Michele, Franchini, Emanuele, Torresi, Marco, Camporeale, Sergio
MEMS Application to Monitor the In-Cylinder Pressure of a Marine Engine2023-24-002308/28/2023
The transport of goods and people by sea, today, must meet the need to reduce the consumption of fuel oil. In addition, it has to ensure operational reliability and vessel availability, to reduce maintenance costs and comply with emission legislation. To this end, it is necessary to apply a marine engine combustion control system already widely used in engines for land transport. This will allow the ship's engines to operate reliably and in compliance with the best performance for which it was designed. The combustion control could also ensure a more balanced operation of the cylinders and reduce the torsional vibrations of the entire engine, as well as the management of the engine according to the adopted fuel: diesel, dual fuel, methanol, ammonia. Generally, the control of combustion in engines is carried out through the use of pressure sensors that face directly into the combustion chamber. These are expensive systems and are affected by the severe operating conditions of the marine
Mancaruso, Ezio, De Simio, Luigi, Iannaccone, Sabato, Marchitto, Luca, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, Milano, Luca, Cameretti, Maria Cristina
Numerical Investigation of the Ignition Delay and Laminar Flame Speed for Pilot-Ignited Dual Fuel Engine Operation with Hydrogen or Methanol2023-24-001108/28/2023
The use of renewable fuels such as hydrogen and methanol in marine engines is a promising way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. Hydrogen and methanol can be used as the main fuel in dual-fuel engines. However, the co-combustion of hydrogen-diesel and methanol-diesel needs to be carefully studied. In the present work, the ignition delay (ID) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) for pilot-ignited dual fuel engine operation with hydrogen or methanol are studied. A constant volume batch reactor numerical setup is used in the open source Cantera code to calculate the effect of the premixed fuel on the ID of the pilot fuel. Also, Cantera is used to simulate a freely-propagating, adiabatic, 1-D flame to estimate the laminar flame speed of either hydrogen or methanol and how it is affected by the presence of pilot fuel. First, suitable chemical kinetic schemes are selected based on experimental data collected from the literature. Then ID and LBV are estimated for
Parsa, Somayeh, Verhelst, Sebastian
Investigation of Liquid Lignin-Methanol Blends under Realistic Two-Stroke Marine Engines Conditions2023-24-008508/28/2023
With a view to reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels, advanced lignin-based biofuels could provide a valuable contribute, since lignin is the most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose. However, its thermophysical properties would hamper its use as a pure fuel. In this work we investigated the combustion behavior of sprays of a liquid lignin-methanol blend and evaluated its potential as a low-carbon marine fuel for large two-stroke engines. To this end, an experimental campaign was conducted in an optically accessible combustion chamber whose main dimensions correspond to those of a single cylinder for large two-stroke engines. The chamber is provided with optical accesses for optical diagnostics of the combustion process. The combustion of the mixture was ignited using a diesel pilot jet as the ignition source. Two marine injectors are mounted in the chamber, namely “main” and “pilot” injectors. The tests were performed in environmental conditions around 40 bar and
Lazzaro, Maurizio, Sementa, Paolo, Catapano, Francesco, Tornatore, Cinzia, Iannuzzi, Stefano, Boot, Michael, Kouris, Panos
Effect of Intake Conditions (Temperature, Pressure and EGR) on the Operation of a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine with Methanol2023-24-004608/28/2023
In the upcoming decade sustainable powertrain technologies will seek for market entrance in the transport sector. One promising solution is the utilization of dual-fuel engines using renewable methanol ignited by a pilot diesel fuel. This approach allows the displacement of a significant portion of fossil diesel, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this technology is, next to newbuilds, suited for retrofitting existing engines, while maintaining high efficiencies and lowering engine-out emissions. Various researchers have experimentally tested the effects of replacing diesel by methanol and have reported different boundaries for substituting diesel by methanol, including misfire, partial burn, knock and pre-ignition. However, little research has been conducted to explore ways to extend these substitution limits. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of intake conditions, such as intake air temperature and pressure, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR
Dierickx, Jeroen, Dejaegere, Quinten, Van Gijzeghem, Andreas, Devos, Stan, De Cock, Berten, Verhelst, Sebastian
Turboshaft/Turboprop Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell CorrelationARP4755C (Current)05/19/2023
This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of turboprop and turboshaft engines. This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) shall apply to both dynamometer and propeller based testing. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEMs contributed to the development of this document. Each engine manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMS for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
APU Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell CorrelationARP5435A (Current)05/19/2023
This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of APU (auxiliary power unit) engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. The baseline performance is generally determined at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) designated test facility. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEMs contributed to the development of this document. Each engine Manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMs for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
Turbofan and Turbojet Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell CorrelationARP741D (Current)05/01/2023
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of turbofan and turbojet engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. When baseline testing is performed in an indoor test cell, the baseline performance data are adjusted to open air conditions. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEM’s contributed to the development of this document. Each engine Manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMs for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
Research on Design Development and Modification of a Steel Piston in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2023-01-502304/24/2023
The thermal and mechanical loads of the engine rise dramatically with the increase in engine power density, which places higher demands on the design of the piston. In this paper, the design development of a steel piston for a marine diesel engine belonging to 190 series heavy-duty diesel engines was studied. The design methods including material selection and structural design were used to finished the preliminary design. In the meanwhile, the design philosophies of the aluminum alloy piston and composite piston for the 190 series diesel engines were used for reference in the design process. The designed steel piston was tested in the engine durability bench test and simulated for reliability. The results showed that the failure of the steel piston occurred at the same position in both the test and the simulation. The cause of cracking in the steel piston was analyzed, and the insufficient strength of the local structure led to high-cycle fatigue failure. Based on the failure
Liu, Yipeng, Jing, Guoxi, Zhang, Longfei, Han, Mengyu, Zhang, Weibin, Liu, Hai, Zhang, Zhongwei
The Effect of Engine Parameters on In-Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction from Vibration Signals Based on a DNN Model in CNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2023-01-086104/11/2023
In marine or stationary engines, consistent engine performance must be guaranteed for long-haul operations. A dual-fuel combustion strategy was used to reduce the emissions of particulates and nitrogen oxides in marine engines. However, in this case, the combustion stability was highly affected by environmental factors. To ensure consistent engine performance, the in-cylinder pressure measured by piezoelectric pressure sensors is generally measured to analyze combustion characteristics. However, the vulnerability to thermal drift and breakage of sensors leads to additional maintenance costs. Therefore, an indirect measurement via a reconstruction model of the in-cylinder pressure from engine block vibrations was developed. The in-cylinder pressure variation is directly related to the block vibration; however, numerous noise sources exist (such as, valve impact, piston slap, and air flowage). A deep neural network (DNN) model is among the most feasible ways to reconstruct the in
Kim, Gyeonggon, Park, Chansoo, Kim, Wooyeong, Jeon, Jeeyeon, Jeon, Miyeon, Bae, Choongsik, Kim, Wooyeong
External Ignition Protection of Marine Electrical DevicesJ1171_202302 (Current)02/20/2023
This SAE Recommended Practice covers all electrical devices suitable for use in marine engine compartments and fuel tank spaces.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Digital Profiles of Work Processes of a Marine Engine for Calculated Indicator Diagrams in Operating Modes Other than Maximum Continuous Rating2023-01-500802/08/2023
Obtaining and analyzing indicator diagrams are mandatory procedures stipulated by the technical operating rules for most types of marine engines. For this purpose a whole arsenal of mechanical and electronic indicating devices of periodic or continuous action is created. Information on the results of engine indications in bench tests are usually provided by the manufacturer in the form of bitmaps. This complicates the process of using them as reference diagrams necessary for comparison with real diagrams obtained during operation using electronic diagnostic systems. Changes in approaches to logistics operations in maritime transport have imposed a number of limitations, narrowing the use of indicator methods. The tendency to reduce the commercial speed of ships makes it impossible to take indicator diagrams on the specified modes of operation. As a result, the effectiveness of using indicator diagrams for assessing the current technical condition is drastically reduced. In this regard
Belousov, Evgen, Marchenko, Andrii, Rybalchenko, Mykola, Tuluchenko, Galina, Gritsuk, Igor, Savchuk, Volodymyr, Volodarets, Mykyta
Development of an Optical Investigation Method for Diesel and Oxymethylene Ether Spray in a Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engine Using a Fisheye Optical System03-16-05-003612/07/2022
Optical combustion phenomena investigation is a common tool for passenger car and automotive engines. Large-bore engines for stationary and mobile applications, on the other hand, have a lower optical examination density. This is mainly due to the technically more complex design of the optical accesses that have to provide a larger field of view and withstand high mechanical and thermal loads. Nevertheless, an optical investigation of in-cylinder phenomena in large-bore engines is essential to optimize efficient and environmentally friendly combustion processes using new sustainable e-fuels. To realize a simple optical access with maximum observability of the combustion chamber, a fisheye optic for the direct integration into internal combustion engines was developed and used for in-cylinder Mie-scattering investigations of diesel and Oxymethylene Ether (OME3-5) pilot fuel spray of natural gas dual-fuel combustion processes in a MAN 35/44DF single-cylinder research engine. As this
Karmann, Stephan Bernhard, Weber, Stefan, Stürzl, Wolfgang, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg
Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine on an Actual Ship Using Diesel Fuel and Water-Diesel Emulsion2022-01-509110/31/2022
This paper experimentally investigates the effects of water-diesel emulsion properties on marine diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. The study was conducted in a six-cylinder, in-line, four-stroke, direct-injection 3D6 marine diesel engine that runs on water-diesel emulsion and pure diesel fuel according to the propeller characteristic. The results show that the chemical energy of the gas mixture in the cylinders of an engine using the water-diesel emulsion of 15% water content was 0.875 times that of diesel fuel. The emulsion consumption must be increased by 1.14 times to compensate for the loss of chemical energy, and the excess air coefficient is more significant by 1.225 times. A part of the heat released from the reactions is spent on water evaporation during emulsion combustion, which reduces the exhaust gas temperature and NOx by more than 35%. On average, the smoke number is higher by 2% in low-speed modes, while it is less than 3% in other operating modes. The
Hiep, Nguyen Ha, Quan, Nguyen Quoc
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