Browse Topic: Auxiliary power units

Items (539)
ABSTRACT PPG formulates N-methyl pyrrolidone free (NMP−free) cathodes for Li−ion batteries capable of delivering sufficient power for automotive starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) as well as adequate charge capacity for powering auxiliary electronics. In this paper, NMP−free energy cathodes and power cathodes were formulated using developmental binders, and refinement of carbon/binder ratio and slurry mix procedure. Learnings from the energy and power cathode development were conceptually combined in the formulation of capacity enhanced power cathodes. These cathodes were evaluated electrochemically via power capability and rate capability testing in battery coin cells, as well as in 0.5 Ah multilayer pouch cells. Carbon content was found to be a critical factor in attaining high cold crank performance. This work represents significant steps toward potential commercialization of NMP−free cathode coated foil for Li−ion batteries. Citation: S. Esarey, A. Kizzie, C. Woodley, I. Matts
Esarey, Samuel L.Kizzie, AustinWoodley, ChristopherMatts, IanHellring, StuartZhou, ZhilianTerrago, Gina
ABSTRACT We propose a system for the active cancellation of exhaust sound power where the desired outcome is a compact and lightweight solution to reduce exterior noise levels to inaudible operation at 20 meters. We have identified two challenges in developing this solution. The first is the integration of COTS technology to provide the signal processing for the active system, and the second is the development of a novel noise source and sensors which can withstand the extreme environment within a vehicle exhaust
Helminen, RyanNelson, KevinMattson, SteveKowalski, Darin
ABSTRACT This paper explains the major features and development results of the R350C rotary diesel engine series recently developed by Combat Propulsion Systems division of L-3 Technologies. This new rotary diesel engine series has been engineered specifically to operate on military grade fuels (JP-8/F24) and perform in power dense military applications, including auxiliary power units, hybrid propulsion and lightweight primary propulsion for combat vehicles. The rotary design allows for single, dual and triple rotor engine configurations with increasing power and power density ratings with each added rotor
Roodvoets, LeviYancone, JohnBiske, Andy
ABSTRACT Quallion has developed the Matrix™ Battery Design, a modular power system, to support military applications. This design allows for low cost designs, reliance on commercial vendor sources for cells, advanced safety and flexible choice of chemistry and battery form factors. Design and power capability of an 1.86Kwh APU battery pack for HMMWVs and a 1.11 Kwh pack for aircraft will be presented
Tsukamoto, HisashiVisco, Vincent
ABSTRACT Today automotive gasoline combustion engine’s are relatively inefficient. Diesel engines are more efficient, but are large and heavy, and are typically not used for hybrid electric applications. This paper presents an optimized thermodynamic cycle dubbed the High Efficiency Hybrid Cycle, with 75% thermodynamic efficiency potential, as well as a new rotary ‘X’ type engine architecture that embodies this cycle efficiently and compactly, while addressing the challenges of prior Wankel-type rotary engines, including sealing, lubrication, durability, and emissions. Preliminary results of development of a Compression Ignited 30 kW X engine targeting 45% (peak) brake thermal efficiency are presented. This engine aims to fit in a 10” box, with a weight of less than 40 lb, and could efficiently charge a battery to extend the range of an electric vehicle
Shkolnik, AlexanderShkolnik, NikolayScarcella, JeffNickerson, MarkKopache, AlexanderBecker, KyleBergin, MichaelSpitulnik, AdamEquiluz, RodrigoFagan, RyanAhmed, SaadDonnelly, SeanCosta, Tiago
ABSTRACT Military ground vehicles often have service lives that exceed their original design targets. For this reason, these vehicles typically require technology upgrades during their useful life. When considering design trade-offs, both mature as well as less mature or developing technologies need to be considered against the anticipated service life for the vehicle. Early adoption of technologies that are not sufficiently mature can result in operational reliability and availability issues and increased sustainment costs. However, failure to anticipate technology refresh requirements during the original design phase may result in a platform that cannot be cost effectively upgraded as technology or functional requirements change, limiting the functionality and utility. This paper presents an Innovation Based Design (IBD) process as part of a systems engineering approach that facilitates technology refresh cycles via platform remanufacturing throughout the life of the platform. The
Thurston, MichaelHaselkorn, MichaelNasr, Nabil
ABSTRACT A methodology for rapid development of purpose-built, heavy-fueled engines is being created. The methodology leverages best-in-class computational tools, component supplier expertise, user-programmable ECUs, and rapid prototyping to quickly provide custom engines for demanding military applications. . First-tier automotive suppliers are being used extensively on non-complex standard components to reduce the development time. Our design methodology aggressively eliminates unnecessary components and incorporates various other weight-saving features to minimize system weight. The anticipated total development time to a working prototype is less than 15 months for this first iteration of the methodology, and will be further reduced for any subsequent design iterations
Sykes, David M.Ratowski, Jeffrey
ABSTRACT The demand for electrical power in ground combat vehicles has been consistently increasing over the years. In the years to come, abundant onboard electrical power, along with a modernized power system to manage and distribute it, will enable leap ahead capabilities for the warfighter. A carefully architected electrical power system will also help to improve fuel efficiency while reducing maintenance and logistics burden
Haynes, AricSpina, JasonSchwartz, EdHamilton, George
Abstract Military vehicles need prime power and auxiliary power systems with ever-increasing power density and specific power, as well as greater fuel economy, lower noise, lower exhaust emissions and greater stealth. D-STAR technologies, funded by the Army, DARPA, Marine Corps / Navy and others, are enabling a new generation of modified-HCCI (homogenous charge compression ignition) engines that simultaneously offer power density and specific power of racing-quality gasoline engines, operation on JP-8 and other heavy fuels, as well as the other desirable qualities mentioned above. D-STAR Engineering has recently developed a prototype for a 1 kW man-portable heavy-fuel hybrid power system, that has been successfully tested by the ONR / USMC, and has demonstrated the power core for a 2 kW hybrid power system (for Army TARDEC). D-STAR is also developing, based on funding from the Army, a 500 Watt hybrid power system, and has designs for hybrid heavy fuel power systems and APUs for 10 and
Dev, S. Paul
ABSTRACT Combat vehicles have unmet needs for auxiliary power units (APUs) that reduce fuel consumption and offer improved operational effectiveness and soldier safety. Adoption of fuel cell APU technology is hindered by requirements for fuel desulfurization and reforming. Both solid-oxide and polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells are poisoned by sulfur compounds in jet fuels. To more efficiently manage desulfurization processes, improved in-line methods of determining the sulfur content of fuel are required. Mainstream Engineering is developing a compact, in-line analyzer for measuring total sulfur in jet fuel for fuel cell applications. This analyzer enables less frequent desulfurizer regeneration events when compared to scheduling regenerations based on the assumed worst-case sulfur limit. The measurement technique uses multivariate analysis of Raman intensity spectra, which offers calibration robustness, contaminant detection, and identification of fuel type
Wagner, Andrew L.Yelvington, Paul E.
ABSTRACT AVL is developing a family of modular Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) based on the current gasoline range extender engine/generator developed by AVL for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These military specific variants will utilize the same basic architecture as the gasoline version while incorporating semi-direct fuel injection that is compatible with diesel fuel as well as kerosene based fuels such as F-44, JP-5, JP-8, Jet-A, etc. A systems engineering approach to the engine, generator, and power electronics modules enables a wide range of power outputs and packaging options to be easily developed from the base unit
Brakora, TonyHennessy, ChrisHunter, Gary
ABSTRACT Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based auxiliary power units (APUs) offer a quiet and efficient platform for remote power generation. SOFC systems often utilize a reformer subsystem which converts hydrocarbon fuels into a hydrogen-rich effluent stream utilized by the fuel cell stack for electrical power generation. Rochester Institute of Technology’s Center for Sustainable Mobility (RIT / CSM) has conducted research to analyze potential system failures and develop accelerated durability protocols for SOFC systems. Based on this experimental and analytical study, it has been shown that solid carbon formed during fuel reformation is quantifiable, predictable, and affects SOFC system durability. RIT / CSM further developed accelerated durability protocols for SOFC carbon related failure modes, utilizing carbon concentration measurements from SOFC systems combined with post-processing of system operational parameters. Fully integrated SOFC systems were employed to generate a
Walluk, Mark R.Smith, Daniel F.Trabold, Thomas A.Dewey, Scott B.
ABSTRACT For medium sized combat vehicles, the traditional method for auxiliary power is hydraulics, based on proven track record of reliability, high output forces and excellent power density. With the transition to vehicle electrification, emphasis has been placed on the integration of electric motors into the overall architecture of the vehicle. Electric components generally are larger in size and weigh more for the amount of power they deliver compared to hydraulics. This paper will explore the integration of electric motors in a vehicle and the advantages and disadvantages as compared to hydraulic power
Aardema, JimLaboda, Thomas
ABSTRACT Under support from TARDEC, an effort to develop a 10 kWe compact reliable robust power system for combat-vehicle applications is well underway. This system operates on battlefield-spec JP-8 to provide silent auxiliary power for the vehicle. The reformer converts JP-8 into a hydrogen rich reformate. The power system combines the reformer with a High-Temperature PEM (HTPEM) fuel-cell stack that retains the quick startup time of a PEM fuel-cell stack while dramatically improving the tolerance to fuel impurities to levels closer to that of SOFC stacks. The paper covers the power system development with the emphasis on the 300-hour demonstration of the 10 kWe reformer operating on JP-8 and its current integration with the fuel cell to produce the 10 kWe power system for 1000 hour demonstration and delivery to TACOM
Namazian, MehdiLux, KennethVenkataraman, GuhaElder, WilliamBhalerao, ArchanaMaslach, DanCenteck, Kevin
ABSTRACT General Dynamics Land Systems has developed an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) that provides 508A at 28VDC, for 14.2 KW. It is a stand-alone system, independent of the vehicle systems, except for utilizing vehicle fuel and vehicle batteries. Power is generated by a 570 amp alternator that is belt-driven by a diesel engine. It is load following which improves fuel efficiency and eliminates the probability of “wet stacking.” All the major components are commercially available and the APU is ready for production
Humble, Jeff
ABSTRACT Battelle has built multiple auxiliary power generators using liquid logistic fuels that tightly couple fuel cell and fuel processing systems, providing new control challenges. Acting as an auxiliary power supply places difficult requirements for load following and transients. Additional challenges arise from the differing time constraints of the fuel processor and fuel cell systems and the need to maintain water balance. A novel method of controlling the system has been formulated and applied, providing pushbutton start capabilities. The control system has proven to be robust and easily adaptable to system design and operating parameter changes. In addition to control concerns, the requirements for vehicle integration and desulphurization have been investigated
Thornton, DouglasContini, VinceMcCandlish, Todd
ABSTRACT Under the sponsorship of TARDEC, UTRC is developing 5–10 kW Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Auxiliary Power Units (APU) that will be capable of operating on JP-8 with a sulfur concentration of up to the specification’s upper limit of 3000 ppmw. These APUs will be sized to fit within the relatively tight space available on U.S. Army vehicles such as the Abrams, Bradley and Stryker. The objective of the base development program that commenced in August 2010 is a 1000 hour TRL-5 demonstration of an APU in an Abrams configuration by mid-2013. This SOFC system is expected to provide power to the 28 VDC vehicle bus at a net efficiency ≥35%. In addition, the noise level is anticipated to be far below that generated by combustion engine-based APU concepts. UTRC has completed the Preliminary Design of the system and has finalized the overall system configuration and the requirements for each of the components. During the Preliminary Design phase, evaluations of the performance of sub
Tew, DavidHawkes, JustinJunker, TobyKuczek, AndrzejRheaume, JonathanSun, EllenXi, HandaYamanis, JohnZhu, TianliRatowski, JeffCenteck, Kevin
ABSTRACT The military has a need to source propulsion systems that have enhanced efficiencies, lower noise signatures, and improved lifetimes over existing power systems. This is true for energy storage systems on unmanned ground vehicles and for manned vehicles (i.e., Auxiliary Power Units). Fuel cells have the promise to achieve all of these goals. However, to be truly effective, these advanced systems should integrate seamlessly with the current supplies of energy storage (batteries) and energy sources (logistics fuel). The largest fuel cell development hurdle to date has been the ability to handle sulfur concentrations present in logistics fuel. Secondly, the reformer must be capable of several thousands of hours of operation utilizing logistics fuels without loss of performance due to sulfur or carbon deposition. Advancements in several key technologies have the potential to allow development of a logistics fueled solid oxide fuel cell with similar size, weight, and power
Westrich, Thomas
ABSTRACT Military Ground Vehicle electric power demands continue to grow as new mission equipment is added. Using an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) consumes less fuel than restarting the main engine frequently to charge batteries. To meet the rising demand for powerful, L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems is developing a family of heavy-fuel rotary engines. Rotary engines offer superior power density making them a good choice for applications that require high power in a limited space. Heavy fuel capability simplifies logistical challenges in the field. However, rotary engines have unique cooling challenges. Unlike a piston engine, the intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust events all take place at their respective fixed positions around the circumference of the rotor housing, leading to large temperature differences around the housing. The cooling system must be carefully developed to minimize these temperature differences in an effort to control thermal deformation, minimize thermal
Lee, KevinOehlerking, DaleRoodvoets, Levi
ABSTRACT As the U.S. Army develops its 30-year science and technology strategy for ground systems, these systems are seen more as mobile power generation systems than just semi-autonomous mobile protection systems. As ground systems continue to have greater levels of electrification, they are perceived as key to providing power not only to the propulsion and mobility systems, but to protection systems, communications, information systems and a complex, ever-increasing suite of auxiliary power systems which are not limited to the vehicle platform itself, but to external systems and platforms. All power systems can be connected wirelessly, or through a microgrid. Therefore, optimizing the overall ground system along with an external suite of loads and sources through a power grid, as a system of systems, becomes crucial in vehicle design. This optimization problem for performance and reliability is complex when considering the outside grid and a mix of other sources and loads with
Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, DavidMange, JeremyDunn, AndrewPandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the design and performance results of a modular designed spark ignited rotary engine Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) fueled by JP-8. This APU is intended for use onboard tactical and combat vehicles applications where packaging space and weight are at a premium. The platform is flexible and scalable to allow for application to the full portfolio of tactical and combat systems. Such an APU would enable the Army to realize significant cost savings in terms of fuel and fuel support, as well as enable enhanced operation modes of existing vehicles by enabling Silent Watch capability
Stein, JoshuaTroia, JosephTruemner, RussellHunter, Gary
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains guidelines and recommendations for subsonic airplane air conditioning systems and components, including requirements, design philosophy, testing, and ambient conditions. The airplane air conditioning system comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply and distribute air to the occupied compartments for ventilation, pressurization, and temperature and moisture control. The principal features of the system are: a A supply of outside air with independent control valve(s). b A means for heating. c A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers). d A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply. e A ventilation subsystem. f A temperature control subsystem. g A pressure control subsystem. Other system components for treating cabin air, such as filtration and humidification, are included, as are the ancillary functions of equipment cooling and cargo compartment conditioning
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is limited in scope to the general consideration of environmental control system noise and its effect on occupant comfort. Additional information on the control of environmental control system noise may be found in 2.3 and in the documents referenced throughout the text. This document does not contain sufficient direction and detail to accomplish effective and complete acoustic designs
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains information on the thermal design requirements of airborne avionic systems used in military airborne applications. Methods are explored which are commonly used to provide thermal control of avionic systems. Both air and liquid cooled systems are discussed
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
The air supply system in a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) provides the oxygen needed for the fuel cell to react with hydrogen. The air compressor, being the main component of the air supply subsystem, has the highest power consumption among all auxiliary loads in an FCEV. Therefore, efficient control of the air supply system is critical for improving fuel cell performance. The air supply system has a slow response to dynamic load changes. Due to its weak transient response, an overshoot in airflow can lead to an increase in auxiliary power loss, while an undershoot can cause a delay in meeting power requirements. Thus, reducing transients is a crucial factor in improving the overall system efficiency. In conventional control, the battery supplies additional power needed during dynamic load changes. During high dynamic load changes, there is frequent switching between the battery and the fuel cell. This frequent charging and discharging of the battery can impact its longevity
Choubey, AyushPonangi, Babu RaoShah, SaurabhMunirajappa, Chandrashekara
Electric and hybrid powertrains are steadily gaining popularity, showcasing their efficacy in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, particularly in urban environments. This also applies to medium and heavy-duty vocational trucks. Truck manufacturers have been expanding their electrified portfolio and some of them have already announced their plans to phase out fossil fuels. Vocational trucks are essential for the industry of commercial vehicles, represent an extremely heterogeneous class, and are often upfitted by third-party companies. In general, vocational trucks are designed for specific jobs. Typically, they are driven on short routes, but they may work for longer hours in comparison to freight transportation vehicles. Most importantly, among the broad category of vocational trucks, some vehicles greatly exploit power take-offs to drive auxiliary systems, like refuse trucks, utility trucks, cement trucks, and sweeper trucks. The benefits resulting from the kinetic
Beltrami, DanieleVillani, ManfrediIora, PaoloRizzoni, GiorgioUberti, Stefano
Test procedures are described for measuring noise at specific receiver locations (passenger and cargo doors, and servicing positions) and for conducting general noise surveys around aircraft. Procedures are also described for measuring noise level at source locations to facilitate the understanding and interpretation of the data. Requirements are identified with respect to instrumentation; acoustic and atmospheric environment; data acquisition, reduction and presentation, and such other information as is needed for reporting the results. This document makes no provision for predicting APU or component noise from basic engine characteristics or design parameters, nor for measuring noise of more than one aircraft operating at the same time. No attempt is made to suggest acceptable levels of noise or suitable subjective criteria for judging acceptability. ICAO Annex 16 Volume I Attachment C provides guidance on recommended maximum noise levels
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
Due to the complexity and timeliness of the dual power source control system for range extended electric vehicles, a real-time predictive fuzzy energy management strategy based on speed prediction, which comprehensively takes into account the demand power of auxiliary power unit, future average speed and driving distance is proposed in this work. Firstly, to improve the topicality and accuracy of the control system, the convolutional neural network with long short-term memory neural network (CNN-LSTM) algorithm is adopted to predict the future driving speed by the speed features and adjacent speeds. Secondly, taking account of the characteristics of the driving conditions for electric logistics vehicles, a three-inputs-one-output fuzzy controller is formulated based on the average predicted speeds, current traveling distance and demand power of the auxiliary power unit, so as to adjust the expected output power to harmonize the fuel consumption, electricity costs for the process of
Yang, BingjunChen, YongChen, GuangLin, XiaozheWei, ChangyinLiu, Caixia
This paper discusses the dependency between powertrain design and automated driving. The research questions are to what extent automated driving influences the powertrain design and how energy and fuel consumption is affected in comparison to customer driving. For this investigation a concept study is carried out for a D-segment vehicle and multiple powertrain topologies, ranging from non-electrified to plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles. In order to answer the research questions, the used development process and the methods for optimizing the drive system are presented accordingly, taking into account all vehicle requirements, the drive system and the components and their interactions with each other. This work focuses on two automated driving functions developed at the Institute of Automotive Engineering of the Technische Universität Braunschweig. The functions are an “automated valet parking” and a “highway pilot”. The hardware architecture required for automated driving
Sturm, Axel WolfgangHenze, RomanKüçükay, Ferit
The increasingly severe energy problems and environmental pollution have imposed severe requirements on the fuel saving level of vehicles. The range extender configuration is a tandem structure that has attracted more and more researchers’ attention due to its architectural features and control methods. An intelligent APU operating point adjustment model based on PMP-GWO-Bi-LSTM is proposed in this paper to enhance adaptability to real driving conditions for the traditional optimal strategy. Firstly, a PMP model has been applied into a range extended electric vehicle model from which the optimized power distribution data under several standard driving cycles was recorded as the input to deep learning model. Secondly, a Bi-LSTM model fed by control parameters and power distribution data was established and trained using aforementioned datasets. The aim is to learning the nonlinear regression relationship model between APU control variables and power distribution. Furthermore, the GWO
Huang, WeiZhang, YujunQian, DuodeHu, Biqian
AIR5317 establishes the foundation for developing a successful APU health management capability for any commercial or military operator, flying fixed wing aircraft or rotorcraft. This AIR provides guidance for demonstrating business value through improved dispatch reliability, fewer service interruptions, and lower maintenance costs and for satisfying Extended Operations (ETOPS) availability and compliance requirements
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
This paper presents a numerical model of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system reproducing an automotive-type powertrain. The 0D model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and it incorporates all the main auxiliary components (air and hydrogen supply line, cooling circuit) as well as the PEMFC stack unit. The model includes an ageing model to estimate the PEMFC stack degradation over time, resulting in progressive efficiency loss as well as in increased auxiliary power and thermal dissipation demand. The presented model enables the estimation of both PEMFC duration and of the time-varying request of heat rejection, facilitating the selection of auxiliaries to optimize the lifelong performance. The model constitutes the backbone for the design and optimization of PEMFC systems for automotive applications, and the integration with a degradation model provides a comprehensive research tool to estimate the long-term performance and lifetime of PEMFC system
Corda, GiuseppeBreda, SebastianoD'Adamo, Alessandro
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines implementation requirements for the electrical interface between: a Aircraft carried miniature store carriage systems and miniature stores b Aircraft parent carriage and miniature stores c Surface-based launch systems and miniature stores The interface provides a common interfacing capability for the initialization and employment of smart miniature munitions and other miniature stores from the host systems. Physical, electrical, and logical (functional) aspects of the interface are addressed
AS-1B Aircraft Store Integration Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations
G-12M Methods Committee
This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of APU (auxiliary power unit) engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. The baseline performance is generally determined at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) designated test facility. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEMs contributed to the development of this document. Each engine Manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMs for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been compiled to provide information on hydraulic systems fitted to the following categories of military vehicles. Attack Airplanes Fighter Airplanes Bombers Anti-Sub, Fixed Wing Airplanes Transport Airplanes Helicopters Boats
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As the United States Army strives for electrification and hybridization of tactical and combat vehicles in alignment with its Climate Strategy, it is necessary to capture all aspects of the drive cycle. One key area for consideration is the amount of time that the vehicles spend idling. Indeed, military vehicles can idle for a considerable amount of time, especially given that soldiers must keep their vehicles running to power critical electronic subsystems. Current, standardized drive cycles do not fully capture the degree that military vehicles idle. This study begins to address this gap by analyzing geo-location data collected from the National Training Center (NTC) for several different tactical vehicles including the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and the Abrams Main Battle Tank. This paper details the extraction, cleaning, and analysis of the geo-location data. The analysis provides insight to how often each vehicle type was
Mittal, VikramLawrence, BrandonRodriguez, AndrewEvangelista, PaulNovoselich, Brian
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information on the developing subject of synthetic jet fuels derived from non-petroleum feed stocks. It addresses synthetic jet fuel properties and other topics associated with their use and is intended as a guide to assist aviation fuel system designers in considering important information on fuel properties when designing aircraft fuel systems and components. The AIR is limited to “drop-in” fuels that meet the requirements of the respective fuel specifications and are compatible with typical aircraft and ground refueling systems. While some key properties are included in this AIR for discussion, the reader should utilize documents such as MIL-HDBK-510 or the ASTM International research reports for a more-detailed review of fuel properties. AIR7484 also gives more details on fuel properties, specifically as they relate to airframe fuel system design
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
This specification covers all aspects in Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS) from the selection through installation of wiring and wiring devices and optical cabling and termination devices used in aerospace vehicles. Aerospace vehicles include manned and unmanned airplanes, helicopters, lighter-than-air vehicles, missiles, and external pods
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
The primary focus of this document is to provide information on the impacts hard landings and abnormal load conditions on landing gear and related systems. However, because hard landings potentially affect the entire aircraft, this document also includes information for non-landing gear areas. The document may be considered to be applicable to all types of aircraft. This document does NOT provide recommended practices for hard landing inspections, nor does it provide recommendations on the disposition of damaged equipment. Refer to ARP4915 and ARP5600 for information on dispositions relating to landing gear components or wheels involved in accidents/incidents
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design guidelines for aircraft mechanical control systems and components. Topics contained in this document include design requirements, system design and installation guidelines, and component design practices for primary flight controls, secondary flight controls, and utility controls
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
The port-logistic sector has a crucial role in goods transport, as the 85-90% of international trade is achieved by means of maritime routes. The latest reports from the International Maritime Organization show that the port-logistic related activities are an important source of air pollution, both for the use of large auxiliary power systems on ships, which operate during port stays, as well as for the employment of fossil fueled road vehicles for on-site operations. As a matter of fact, the most important maritime facilities are located nearby urban areas and therefore reduction of the environmental impact in ports becomes of primary importance. Thus, in the pursuit of a greener in-port mobility, a progressive replacement of fossil fuels with cleaner alternatives must be promoted. This paper presents the analysis of the performance of a hydrogenfueled plug-in fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle for cargo-handling in roll-on and roll-off port operations. The powertrain of the proposed
Lombardi, SimoneTribioli, LauraDi Ilio, GiovanniDi Giorgio, PaoloJannelli, Elio
This is a comparative experimental study on the power generation output characteristics of auxiliary power units (APUs), with different permanent magnet materials, for trucks and special vehicles applications. The efficiency of the generator, rotor speed, torque, changes in power generation output, current, and voltage were compared and analyzed with different permanent magnet materials on the rotor. The permanent magnets composed of NdFe38 and Sm2Co17 were assembled on the generator rotor (flywheel), and their output performance characteristics were compared. The experimental results showed that efficiency is slightly higher when Sm2Co17 was installed. Moreover, when power is generated at the operating condition of the APU system, comparative tests for the rotational speed of the flywheel-mounted rotor showed that the speed of the NdFe38 permanent-magnet rotor was lower by 400 rpm. The application of NdFe38 can reduce the speed of the APU system, fuel consumption (by 5%), and noise
Lee, Tae EuiStabel, AndreasLee, HerryLee, Ga Young
This aerospace information report (AIR) provides historical design information for various aircraft landing gear and actuation/control systems that may be useful in the design of future systems for similar applications. It presents the basic characteristics, hardware descriptions, functional schematics, and discussions of the actuation mechanisms, controls, and alternate release systems. The report is divided into two basic sections: 1 Landing gear actuation system history from 1876 to the present. This section provides an overview and the defining examples that demonstrate the evolution of landing gear actuation systems to the present day. 2 This section of the report provides an in depth review of various aircraft. A summary table of aircraft detail contained within this section is provided in paragraph 4.1. The intent is to add new and old aircraft retraction/extension systems to this AIR as the data becomes available. NOTES 1 For some aircraft, the description is incomplete, due to
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
In this paper, a high-efficiency and low-cost lithium-ion battery pack active balance system is designed. It adopts a distributed structure and consists of three parts: auxiliary power module, one-way isolated DC/DC conversion module, and a battery group. The battery single cells in the battery pack are layered and divided into m battery groups in total, and each battery group is composed of n battery single cells. Each battery group is connected to an isolated DC/DC conversion module, and all the conversion modules are connected in parallel with the auxiliary power. Taking the SOC average value of the all-single cells in one battery group as the balancing variable, the auxiliary power is controlled to charge the battery group with the lower SOC average value, so that the difference of the SOC average value of all battery groups is within the set threshold range, so as to realize the active balance of each battery group. For the single cells in the same battery group, by controlling
Fan, LongyuLiu, YuxiGao, XinwenYan, RonbinZhu, Haotian
Create and publish a list of terms relevant to electrified propulsion aircraft with summary text descriptions. The terms and descriptions will not provide full explanations, diagrams, and other detailed technical descriptions. These deeper descriptions will be addressed in other documents. This document defines the relevant terms and abbreviations related to the design, development, and use of electrified propulsion in aircraft. This definition is provided to enable a consistent use of technical language throughout the standards developed by the E-40 committee
E-40 Electrified Propulsion Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides a guide for the preparation of a helicopter engine/airframe interface document and checklist. This document and checklist should identify the information needed by the engine manufacturer and the aircraft manufacturer to integrate the engine design with the aircraft design and either provide this information or give reference to where this information is located. The intent is to assure that the engine manufacturer and the airframe manufacturer identify and make provision for this information so it can be easily accessible to either manufacturer as needed in the development stages of an engine-airframe integration project. A related document, SAE Aerospace Information Report AIR6181, provides guidance on creating an interface control document (ICD) which addresses a subset of the aircraft-engine interface information concerning the physical and functional interfaces of the electronic engine control system (EECS) with the aircraft
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the design and application of primary on-board wiring distribution system harnessing for surface vehicles. This document is intended for single phase nominal 120 VAC circuits that provide power to truck sleeper cab hotel loads so that they may operate with the main propulsion engine turned off. The power supply comes from alternative sources such as land-based grid power, DC-AC inverters and auxiliary power generators. The circuits may also provide power to improve vehicle performance through charging batteries or operating cold-weather starting aids
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Suppose we have two identical variable-inertia flywheels and we connect them to the inputs of a differential. The output is connected to the driveline of a vehicle. There are several types of three-element mechanical differentials (e.g. ring-gear/carrier, epicyclic, etc.). The specific type of 3-element mechanical differential is inconsequential in the following analysis except to say there are two inputs (e.g. side gears) and one output (e.g. carrier/ring-gear). What’s important is simply the relationship - For example, using the notation ‘a’ for the first side gear and ‘b’ for the second side gear and ‘c’ for the carrier, then the relationship is: c=(a+b)/2. Understand that ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ can each be an input or an output. Using the designation ‘omega’ (ω) then the relationship looks like this: ωc=(ωa+ωb)/2. So, we have one variable inertia flywheel (VIFa) and a second variable inertia flywheel (VIFb) connected to two side gears, a and b, and a vehicle driveline connected to the
Gramling, James
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