Browse Topic: Electric motors

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Analysis and Validation of Torque Ripple Cancellation to Reduce Electric Motor Noise for Electric Vehicles2025-01-8573To be published on 04/01/2025
The electric motor represents a significant noise source for electric vehicles (EVs). Conventional hardware-based NVH optimization techniques may prove insufficient, often resulting in trade-offs between motor torque or efficiency performance. The implementation of the motor controlled based torque ripple cancellation (TRC) technology can effectively reduce the targeted order with a minimum impact on other motor performance. This paper presents an explanation of the mathematical theory that underlies the TRC method, with a particular focus on the various current injection methods, including those that enables up to 4DOFs (degrees-of-freedom). In the case study, the injection of controlled fifth or seventh order current harmonics into a three-phase AC motor has been demonstrated to be an effective method for cancelling the most dominant sixth order torque ripple. Furthermore, comprehensive finite-element models are developed for both the electric motor and the motor fixture system to
He, Song, Gong, Cheng, Chang, Le, Peddi, Vinod, Zhang, Peng, GSJ, Gautam
Technical Paper
Electrification Strategies and Power Distribution Method for Commercial Semi-Trailer2025-01-8581To be published on 04/01/2025
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the transition from conventional to electric vehicles, with the advantages of great power characteristics and low polluting emissions. A new hybrid power system was investigated by installing a motor on the axle of a conventional semi-trailer. The purpose is to reduce the fluctuation of longitudinal acceleration and improve driving comfort by filling the transmission output torque hole through the motor during the gear shift process. Models for the longitudinal motion of a commercial vehicle, the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the motor power distribution method are established, and the system model is built using MATLAB/Simulink. The model-in-the-loop simulation control interface is created in ModelBase, and model-in-the-loop simulation under the full-throttle(WOT) and braking operating conditions is performed based on ModelBase. Due to the high-frequency jitter problem in the actual control of the motor, the torque output obtained from
Zhang, Hongyu, Wei, Zhengjun, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Enhancing and Validating Numerical Models for Oil-Jet Cooing on Corrugated Surfaces of Electric Motor Windings2025-01-8148To be published on 04/01/2025
The U.S. DRIVE Electrical and Electronics Technical Team has set a goal for 2025 to achieve a power density of 33 kW/L for electric vehicle (EV) motors. The increase in motor power density is highly dependent on effective thermal management within the system, making active cooling techniques like oil-jet impingement essential for continued advancements. Due to the time and expense of physical experimentation, numerical simulations have become a preferred method for design testing and optimization. These simulations often simplify the motor-winding surface into a smooth cylinder, overlooking the actual corrugated surface due to windings, thus reducing computational resources and mesh complexity. However, the coil's corrugated surface affects flow turbulence and heat transfer rates. This study utilizes three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the impingement-cooling of an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) jet on a corrugated surface that replicates
Mutyal, Jayesh Ramesh, Champhekar, Omkar, Gurunadhan, Mohana, Konangi, Santosh, haghnegahdar, Ahmad
Technical Paper
Improving Drive Cycle Efficiency and NVH Performance in Traction Motor Drives through High-Fidelity Models2025-01-8569To be published on 04/01/2025
With the continuous rise in demand for more hybrid and battery electric vehicles on the road, the performance requirements are becoming more demanding and the time to market is significantly shorter. The stringent cost, efficiency, and power density targets and along with the reduced design/development time, necessitate rapid and high-fidelity models for achieving optimized designs that satisfy the demands. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) methods such as space vector and overmodulation are used widely in traction applications. The resultant harmonics generated from the inverter lead to increased electromagnetic noise, vibration and harshness (e-NVH) factors such as torque ripple and radial force harmonics, as well as harmonic losses in the stator and rotor. These unintended side effects of PWM are significant and need to be included in the design optimization and analysis stage to find the best combination of design variations and input conditions. This paper presents a high-fidelity
Balamurali, Aiswarya, Mohammadi, Hossain, Mistry, Jigar, Nasirizarandi, Reza
Technical Paper
Comprehensive Vehicle Level Thermal Management Simulation Platform: Development and Applications2025-01-8149To be published on 04/01/2025
In modern vehicles, effective thermal management is crucial for regulating temperatures across various components and sub-systems, ensuring optimal performance, efficiency, safety, and passenger comfort. As the industry shifts towards reducing carbon emissions, powertrain electrification—encompassing electric and hybrid vehicles—has emerged as a prominent trend. This transition introduces complexities, as the powertrain system must now precisely control the temperatures of not only traditional components but also batteries, power electronics, and motors. Typically, the performance of thermal management systems is evaluated only after the physical prototypes are developed for testing, specially through summer and winter road tests. These development and validations at the later stage of the development process significantly increases development risks and costs. To address these challenges, a comprehensive vehicle level thermal management simulation platform is essential. This platform
Xu, Zheng, Qiu, Jie, Lu, Yuan, Wang, Yingzhen
Technical Paper
A Transient Friction Rig Capable of Showing Lubricant Differentiation Effects for High Pressure Fuel Pump Friction in Gasoline Engines; with Friction Comparisons Using the Same Engine Running a Standard Internal Combustion Engine Transient Cycle, alongside Two Types of Hybrid Electric.2025-01-8467To be published on 04/01/2025
As the global energy transition moves to increased levels of electrification for passenger cars, then the number and role of hybrid electric vehicles, (HEVs) are currently increasing rapidly. For these, the power reaches the road from an internal combustion engine ICE and/or an electric motor, with several switches between these three modes, over a typical drive-cycle. Consequently, this comes with a large increase in the number of significant engine stop and start events. Such events are potentially challenging for the HEV engine lubricant, as by comparison, for standard ICE cycles there is almost continuous relative movement of the two lubricated surfaces, for most areas of the engine. Based on both field and test cell observations, a challenging area for the lubricant within the gasoline direct injection engine (GDI) is the high pressure (HP) fuel pump, typically driven by a cam and follower, whilst lubricated by engine oil. From engine start, the speeds are low and the pump loads
Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Lambert, Bertie
Technical Paper
Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications2025-01-8540To be published on 04/01/2025
As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus significantly improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages the electric power and the mechanical power, enabling
Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh, Gitapathi, Ajinkya
Technical Paper
3D Drive Unit - Pump Coupled Model to Predict Line Pressures during Vehicle Manoeuvres2025-01-8623To be published on 04/01/2025
The drive unit, primarily consisting of an electric motor and a gearbox, need to be cooled and lubricated for its long life and efficient performance. In an extreme drive cycle condition, the pickup tube to the pump may get exposed to air, leading to a substantial loss in line pressure and a drop in oil flow rate to the subsystems. An advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can provide insights into the oil delivery system and help in improving the oil sump design, optimizing the position of the pick tube to the pump and oil delivery lines. The current study employs a Volume of Fluid (VOF) based multiphase model implemented in a commercial CFD solver, Simerics-MP+. The drive unit lubrication system considered in the study consists of a gerotor pump, the entire oil delivery lines to the two subsystems and the drive unit casing. A multiphase simulation of the system with transient operation of the pump is computationally expensive. Therefore, a new methodology is
Joe, Erin Sam, Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar
Technical Paper
Increasing Energy Efficiency of Vehicles Using Combined Electromechanical Engine-Transmission Systems2025-01-8527To be published on 04/01/2025
The emergence of electric and hybrid vehicles with separate axle or wheel drives offers the potential to control torque distribution between the front and rear wheels. The stepless, smooth control of electric motors enables the continuous operation of both axles, even on roads with high rolling resistance. This ensures an optimal torque distribution, enhancing the vehicle's overall efficiency. A synergistic effect in hybrid vehicles can be achieved by optimizing the control of both the internal combustion engine and electric motors, minimizing energy consumption during movement. Analysis indicates that hybrid vehicles' dynamic properties and handling can be improved by using the internal combustion engine for steady-state driving and electric energy for acceleration. Maintaining the internal combustion engine at a constant speed is a key factor in increasing energy efficiency, making the vehicle more responsive during acceleration. The proposed method facilitates the selection of the
Podrigalo, Mikhail, SERGYJOVYCH, Oleksandr Polianskyi, Kaidalov, Ruslan, Dubinin, Yevhen, Abramov, Dmytrii, MOLODAN, ANDRII, Andrey, Korobko, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Omelchenko, Vasyl, Krasnokutskyi, Maksym
Technical Paper
High-Quality Clamping Force Control for Electro-Mechanical Brake Considering Nonlinear Disturbances2025-01-8304To be published on 04/01/2025
The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) eliminates the traditional hydraulic pipeline arrangement through high-performance servo motor at the vehicles brake calipers. This provides a foundation for intelligent electric vehicles to achieve high-precision, fast response, and strong robustness in brake clamping force control. However, EMB faces some tricky nonlinear disturbances such as varying system stiffness disturbances, complex friction obstruction, etc., which leads to a decline in clamping force control performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a high-quality clamping force control for EMB considering nonlinear disturbances. First, we establish an EMB actuator model including the permanent magnet synchronous motor, mechanical transmission mechanism, and system stiffness characteristics. Next, the high-quality clamping force control strategy for EMB is designed. An outer-loop clamping force regulator is developed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) feedback control and
Zhao, HuiChao, Chen, Zhigang, Li, Lun, Wang, Zhongshuo, Wu, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Zhu, Bing
Technical Paper
A Control and Fault-Tolerant Strategy Based on Electromechanical Brake System2025-01-8265To be published on 04/01/2025
With the development of automobile electrification and intelligent technology, vehicles have higher and higher requirements for braking systems. On the one hand, they are required to have active braking functions and be easy to integrate with other control systems in the chassis domain; on the other hand, the system is required to minimize oil pollution and be able to recover as much braking energy as possible in cooperation with the upper-level control strategy under the premise of ensuring pedal force to increase the cruising range of electric vehicles. The composite braking system based on electromechanical brake (EMB) is a wire-controlled decoupled composite braking system that can not only meet the needs of brake pedal feel, but also achieve continuous and precise control of composite braking force, and can effectively take into account the braking energy recovery rate, braking safety and braking comfort. In addition, the current EMB technology is still immature and has a high
Li, Xuesong, Qin, Keyun, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo
Technical Paper
Efficiency Comparison between Single Channel and Double Channel operation in Dual Three-Phase PMSM2025-01-8570To be published on 04/01/2025
Due to the high-power density, high torque rating, low torque ripples and fault-tolerant capability, Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DTP-PMSM) has recently emerged as a feasible alternative for automotive application. However, it comes with its own challenge of increased losses at low torque due to the use of 6-phase inverter or two three-phase inverters. This paper proposed an efficiency analysis between single channel and double channel modes in a DTP-PMSM. The system model is designed to function in two operating modes, double-channel (dual three-phase) mode with both the inverters, and single-channel (three-phase) with one of the two inverters shut down. A simulation model is prepared to calculate the efficiency, and the losses associated with different parts of battery fed DTP-PMSM drive system operated in both the modes. A mathematical detailed and nearly accurate loss model based on FEA analysis is incorporated to show the effect of different types of losses
Sun, Fengyang, Pradhan, Subarni, Yang, Jingru, Nahid-Mobarakeh, Babak, Valencia Garcia, Diego Fernando, Mavalankar, Drushan, Allocco, Alessandro
Technical Paper
Application of Machine Learning Model on Automotive Subframe Design2025-01-8619To be published on 04/01/2025
The automotive subframe, also referred to as a cradle, is a critical chassis structure that supports the engine/electric motor, transmission system, and suspension components. The design of a subframe requires specialized expertise and a thorough evaluation of performance, vehicle integration, mass, and manufacturability. Suspension attachments on the subframe are integral, linking the subframe to the wheels via suspension links, thus demanding high performance standards. The complexity of subframe design constraints presents considerable challenges in developing optimal concepts within compressed timelines. With the automotive industry shifting towards electric vehicles, development cycles have shortened significantly, necessitating the exploration of innovative methods to accelerate the design process. Consequently, AI-driven design tools have gained traction. This study introduces a novel AI model capable of swiftly redesigning subframe concepts based on user-defined raw concepts
Yang, Jiongzhi, Sarkaria, Bikramjit, Kumaraswamy, Prashanth, Kailkere Srinivas, Praveen
Technical Paper
Digital Twin of an Electric Motor to Predict the Temperature over a Drive Cycle2025-01-8203To be published on 04/01/2025
Abstract: In recent years, simulation-based performance of the models was a very effective way to finalize the model at design stage itself. But simulation-based models are complex owing to more parameters involved hence resulting in more computational time. With the increasing demand of electric vehicles, the development time for electric vehicle (EV) powertrain is reduced substantially thereby increasing pressure on original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to develop products faster. Digital twin is a platform where replication of physical model is made possible with very limited data to predict the performance of the model hence providing the most accurate results in a very short time. Electric vehicles are the best alternatives for reducing emissions. An Electric vehicle is run by an electric motor which in turn is powered by a battery. Interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are the conventional type of motors in electric vehicles because of their high-power density
Shroff, Roopesh, Upase, Balasaheb
Technical Paper
The Effect of Rotor Notches on Air Gap Heat Transfer Coefficient and Electromagnetic Performance in a Traction Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor2025-01-8143To be published on 04/01/2025
This study investigates the impact of various notch geometries, specifically on the outer surface of the rotor of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, on the thermal and electromagnetic (EM) performance. Typical motor cooling methods, such as water jackets or oil spray/impingement, usually target the stator and/or end windings, relying on heat transfer through the airgap to cool the rotor, even though air acts as an insulator. Rotor notches are often used to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple by improving the quality of air gap flux density distribution, leading to a significant increase in motor efficiency and overall performance. The effect of rotor notches on EM performance is well understood, but its impact on the thermal management of the motor, particularly the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in the airgap, remains unexplored. While existing experimental and analytical work has focused on heat transfer in the airgap for smooth stator and rotor or a slotted stator with a
Zajac, Arthur, De Silva, Buddhika, Lee, Sun, Mistry, Jigar, Nasirizarandi, Reza, Jianu, Ofelia, Kar, Narayan
Technical Paper
European Initiatives addressing High efficiency and low cost electric motors for circularity and low use of rare resources2025-01-8806To be published on 04/01/2025
The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, CO2 and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2ZERO SRIA . The E
Armengaud, Eric, Ratz, Florian, Muñiz, Ángela, Poza, Javier, Garramiola, Fernando, Almandoz, Gaizka, Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, Jenni, Clenet, Stéphane, Messagie, Maarten, D’amore, Lea, Lavigne Philippot, Maeva, Rillo, Oriol, Montesinos, Daniel, Vansompel, Hendrik, De Keyser, Arne, Romano, Claudio, Montanaro, Umberto, Tavernini, Davide, Gruber, Patrick, Ran, Liaoyuan, Amati, Nicola, Vagg, Christopher, Herzog, Matic, Weinzerl, Martin, Keränen, Janne, Montonen, Juho
Technical Paper
Optimal Hybrid Drive Configuration for Synthesized ICE2025-01-8534To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to reduce the emission in individual traffic electrification and hybridization is needed. The emission reduction depends on the degree of electrification and the specific drive system design and optimized components. This applies especially for hybrids with the highest amount of components, consisting of internal combustion engine, transmissions, electric motors and batteries. With the integration of the EM in the transmission for dedicated hybrid transmissions, the amount possible solutions and variants lies in the billions. Hence for the development of new drive architectures computer aided drive synthesis are needed. In a DFG funded project we developed a drive synthesis, including an ICE synthesis as well as transmission synthesis. The syntheses are controlled via an artificial intelligence based control algorithm including engineering knowledge. In this paper we are focusing on the impact the ICE concept has on the drive system dimensioning, the fuel economy, performance
Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit, Wolgast, Carsten, Eilts, Peter
Technical Paper
Consideration of Boost DC-DC Converter Losses in the Torque Control System of a Hybrid Supervisory Controller2025-01-8575To be published on 04/01/2025
As the complexity of electrified powertrains and their architectures continue to grow and thrive, it becomes increasingly important and challenging for the supervisory torque controller to optimize the torque commands of the electric machines. The hybrid architecture considered in this paper consists of an internal combustion engine paired with at least one electric motor and a DC-DC switching converter that steps-up the input voltage, in this case the high voltage battery, to a higher output voltage level allowing the electric machines to operate at a greater torque range and increased torque responsiveness for efficient power delivery. This paper describes a strategy for computing and applying the losses of the converter during voltage transformation to determine the optimal engine and electric motor torque commands. The control method uses a quadratic fit of the losses at the power limits of the torque control system and on optimal motor torque commands, within the constraints of
Venkataramu, Achyut, Walsh, McKenzie, Tischendorf, Christoph, Sullivan, Mary, Patel, Nadirsh, Huo, Shichao, Sharma, Ashay
Technical Paper
Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.02025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025
The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made for ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine
Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla
Technical Paper
Evaluation of additively manufactured thermoplastic composite magnetic field shielding for stepper motors2025-01-8201To be published on 04/01/2025
As stepper motors become more and more widely used in engineering systems (vehicles, 3-D printers, manufacturing tools, and similar), the effects of their induced magnetic fields present a concern during the packing and orientation of components within the system. For applications requiring security, this is also a concern as the background electromagnetic radiation (EMF) can be captured at a distance and used to reproduce the motion of the motor during operation. One proposed alternative is to use customized non-magnetic plastic shields created using additive manufacturing. Some small studies have been completed which show some effectiveness of this approach but these studies have been small-scale and difficult to reproduce. To seek a more rigorous answer to this question and collect reproducible data, the present study used full factorial design of experiments with several replications. Three materials were used: Polylactide (PLA), PLA with 25% (weight) copper powder, and PLA with 15
Hu, Henry, Patterson, Albert E., Karim, Muhammad Faeyz, Porter, Logan, Kolluru, Pavan V.
Technical Paper
AI Enabled Digital Twin of the Traction Motor of an Electric Vehicle2025-01-8564To be published on 04/01/2025
Electric motors are critical component in electric vehicle (EV) & industrial applications. In case of EVs electric motor has a direct impact on the functionality, range and general user experience. Traditional maintenance procedures have several major limitations such as, leave no choice but to use the expensive warranty claims, restricted predictive maintenance, unavailability of useful data, reducing resale value, and ultimately poor customer satisfaction. The process of building a virtual duplicate of an actual motor that can replicate the physical system in real time is known as the Digital Twin (DT) technology. Here, the DT technology-based monitoring and maintenance is initiated on permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in traction, thus helping to overcome the drawbacks of traditional maintenance system. To provide a holistic approach to real time motor monitoring, motor management, ensuring enhanced reliability, efficiency, and predictive maintenance capabilities, the
Valiyil, Rinsha, R, Bharath, Nair, Anush, Puthiyapurayil, Shamal, Ravi, Reshma
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Thermal Performance of the MGU-K for 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations2025-01-8007To be published on 04/01/2025
The 2026 Formula One (F1) power unit (PU) regulations introduce significant changes, particularly in the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), allowing for increased energy recovery under braking and greater energy deployment per lap. These changes are expected to lead to higher heat generation within the electric motor during the energy recovery and deployment phases. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the thermal performance of the MGU-K under the 2026 regulations, with a comparative analysis against the 2024 powertrain configuration. A hybrid F1 powertrain model, coupled with rule-based control logic, was developed in GT-Drive, adhering to both FIA 2024 and 2026 regulations. Validation of the powertrain model was performed using 2023 Q3 data. The heat loss data derived from the simulations were integrated into a hybrid thermal model, combining lumped parameter networks with finite element thermal analysis, to predict temperature increases. Based on these findings, the
Bayram, Berke, Samuel, Stephen
Technical Paper
Research on the Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Reduced Rotor Stack Length in Hybrid System2025-01-8563To be published on 04/01/2025
The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of
Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Yu, Pengfei, Liu, Yiqiang, Chen, Yingchao, Dai, Zhengxing
Technical Paper
A Novel EV Inverter Drive System with Integrated Single Stage Buck-Boost and Sinusoidal Output Voltage2025-01-8571To be published on 04/01/2025
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) employs a traction inverter to control a traction motor. One popular configuration is to make a HV battery directly connected to the input of the motor inverter. As a result, the maximum motor voltage is limited by the state of charge (SOC) of the traction battery. When the battery voltage is low the maximum motor speed and power are limited. This voltage limitation can be solved by using a traditional boost converter-based inverter. However, this approach has several disadvantages. The motor winding terminals see a PWM voltage, which results in high frequency harmonics that lead to EMI, NVH and potential additional insulation stress. Also, there are PWM-induced common mode voltages that are known to produce bearing failures as well as EMI/EMC problems that are extremely difficult to eliminate. Finally, the topology is significantly more expensive due to the high number of active switching devices needed. To solve some of the limitations and issues
Ge, Baoming, Munoz, Alfredo R., Jiang, Hong
Technical Paper
Linear Quadratic Regulator based torque profiling during gear shift on multi-speed heavy-duty electrified transmission for optimal actuator durability, shift quality and performance2025-01-8513To be published on 04/01/2025
The extensive adoption of fully electric personal passenger vehicles has spurred the development and advancement of electrification on commercial vehicles. Multispeed transmissions are an attractive option for powertrain electrification due to their ability to optimize performance and cost. This paper describes an optimal control method utilizing a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) to control the torque during the gear shift on a multispeed electrified transmission to optimize for clutch actuator durability and shift performance. The dynamic state-space model of the system has been obtained using System-Identification. An LQR controller is formulated to minimize driveline oscillations and transmission-input-torque using the aforementioned model by manipulating the electrical torque applied by the traction motor at the transmission input. The LQR controller is implemented in a simulation framework wherein the impact of vehicle parameters on the shift quality metrics is also assessed
KOLI, Rohit, Smith, Nathan
Technical Paper
3D CHT Simulation of Oil-Cooled Electric Motors: A Comparative Study of Standard and Paperless Designs2025-01-8181To be published on 04/01/2025
Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis of cooling in an electric motor, featuring both the standard and the paperless stator designs, was conducted using the CFD package Simerics-MP+ to assess the predictive accuracy of the numerical simulations. The condition investigated involved the motor running at 14,000 RPM. The high rotor speed was modeled using a novel hybrid approach for mesh rotation to make the problem more tractable. The two immiscible fluids, oil and air were modeled using the interface capturing, volume of fluid (VOF) method. The traditional CHT approach is computationally expensive for electric motor cooling applications due to the heat transfer time scale differences between the fluid and the solid. Temperature changes in solids occur over a much slower time scale owning to their higher thermal inertia compared to fluids. Therefore, we model the fluid and solid domains separately and use a mixed-time scale approach to exchange the heat transfer data between them. The
Varghese, Joel, Schlautman, Jeff, Chen, Yawei, Bhunia, Srijohn, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Technical Paper
Real time recognition method for wide speed range rotor position of dual three-phase motor based on symmetrical voltage injection2025-01-8572To be published on 04/01/2025
The rotor position information is an important variable in the dual three-phase motor control system, and ensuring its real-time and accurate information is a prerequisite for the reliable operation of the dual three-phase motor system. The paper analyzes the structural characteristics of a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) with dual Y windings staggered by 30 °, and proposes a new high-frequency symmetrical voltage injection method that can effectively identify rotor position information in a wide speed range. It forms heterogeneous information verification with the hardware signal of the dual three-phase motor rotor position sensor, and improves the operational redundancy, fault identification ability, and functional safety level of the control system in applications that require high reliability. This method utilizes the structural features of DTP-PMSM and injects high-frequency pulse voltages with symmetric sequences into a synchronous rotating
Xu, Luhui, Zhao, Zhiguo
Technical Paper
Thermal Simulation of Ball Bearing in Electric Drive Unit: A CFD Study Using Volume of Fluid and Mixed Timescale Coupled Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis2025-01-8178To be published on 04/01/2025
The drive unit of electric vehicles is a complex system consisting of an electric motor and a gear train, which work together to provide the necessary power for vehicle propulsion. One essential component within this system is the ball bearing, which supports the rotating components such as gears and shafts. This study focuses on the thermal simulation of a ball bearing within the drive unit conducted using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method coupled with mixed timescale Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) in Simerics-MP+ to reduce the computational time while ensuring accuracy in the analysis. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach considers the geometrical details and clearances of the inner race, outer race, cage, and ball within the ball bearing. By accounting for the relative motions between these components, it can accurately model the film formation of the lubricating oil and its impact on heat removal from the bearing. The simulations are conducted at two different shaft speeds
Ballani, Abhishek, Motin, Abdul, Dhar, Sujan, Ganamet, Alain, Maiti, Dipak, Ranganathan, Raj, Pandey, Ashutosh
Technical Paper
Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications2025-01-8008To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper aims to model and simulate a design specification for a fuel cell electric powertrain tailored for Extreme H motorsport applications. A comprehensive numerical model of the powertrain was constructed using GT-Suite, integrating the 2025 Extreme H regulations, which include specifications for the fuel cell stack, electric motors, hydrogen storage, and battery systems. A detailed drive cycle representing the real-world driving patterns of Extreme E vehicles was developed, utilising kinematic parameters derived from literature and real-world data. The performance of the Extreme H powertrain was benchmarked against the Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle to validate the simulation accuracy under the same racing conditions. The proposed design delivers a maximum power output of 400 kW, with 75 kW supplied by the fuel cell and 325 kW by the battery, ensuring optimal performance within the constraints set by the Extreme H 2025 regulations. Additionally, the design maintains an optimal
Moreno Medina, Javier, Samuel, Stephen
Technical Paper
Analysis of Back-EMF Protection Strategies for PM Synchronous Motor Based 2W/3W Electric Vehicles2025-01-8565To be published on 04/01/2025
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been on the rise in recent years and this trend is expected to continue in the upcoming years. There are several reasons for the increasing popularity of EVs, including environmental concerns, advances in technology, and government incentives. The 2W/3W EV powertrain comprises components such as the Battery, Traction Motor, Motor Controller, Charger, and DC-DC converter, etc. Essential components which impact the power, efficiency, and range of the vehicle are a motor (generally PMSM or BLDC) and a motor controller. PMSMs can produce more output power than BLDC motors of the same size, making them suitable for high-power applications. While the EV powertrain allows for greater flexibility in designing electric vehicle architectures, it also exhibits new challenges in meeting all the essential requirements. When a motor rotates, as per Lenz’s law, an opposing voltage (Back-EMF) is generated in a motor whose magnitude is proportional to its angular
Mohan, Midhun, Shinde, Rushikesh, Magar, Pradip
Technical Paper
High-Efficient and Cost-Effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-8528To be published on 04/01/2025
China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after
Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Gao, Bojun, Li, Dacheng, liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun
Technical Paper
NVH Study of Axial Flux Motor for Electric Propulsion Systems2025-01-8568To be published on 04/01/2025
The advancement of high-performance electrification for electric vehicle (EV) development is continuously pushing the boundaries of electric motor technology. The axial flux motor (AFM) represents a promising application for high-performance EVs, offering potential advantages including up to twice the torque density and a 50% reduction in weight compared to regular IPM radial flux motors. The distinctive "pancake" configuration and high axial forces inherent to AFMs present notable NVH challenges, yet there is a lack of research exploring NVH analysis and risk assessment. In this paper, a 10-pole and 12-slot AFM motor is designed, prototyped, and tested, demonstrating the capability to deliver 300 Nm of peak torque and 140 kW of peak power. A comprehensive finite-element model is constructed, and the orthotropic stator material properties are evaluated using modal test data. The dominant axial stator modes are identified as the source of resonances in the system responses. A three
He, Song, Jensen, William, Forsyth, Alexander, Chang, Le, Zhang, Peng, Gong, Cheng, Yao, Jian, Zou, Yusheng, Fedida, Vincent, Duan, Chengwu, GSJ, Gautam
Technical Paper
Comprehensive gear shift schedule of heavy-duty commercial electric trucks based on dual axle driving2025-01-8510To be published on 04/01/2025
A heavy-duty commercial electric truck is equipped with dual axles, with the middle axle driven by an electric motor and a three-speed transmission and the rear axle driven by an electric motor and a two-speed transmission. To consider the dynamics and economic performance of the whole vehicle, as well as the gear distribution characteristics in the vehicle operation, a comprehensive shifting law based on the cross-particle swarm algorithm is proposed. By establishing the longitudinal dynamics model of the truck, the optimal power shift schedule and the optimal economic shift schedule of each of the two transmissions are studied. Under the standard test conditions, an optimal gear control strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm considering the shift interval is proposed, and the shift schedule for the standard conditions is derived through the hierarchical clustering method. Furthermore, with 100 km acceleration time and specific energy consumption as the objectives, a
Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
Technical Paper
Parameter-Free Model-Free Deadbeat Predictive Current Control Based on Optimal Harmonic Current Injection2025-01-8587To be published on 04/01/2025
Deadbeat Predictive Current Control (DPCC) has become a promising control method due to its excellent dynamic performance. However, the control effectiveness of traditional methods is limited by the machine parameters set in advance, which inevitably reduces the parameter robustness of the method. When machine parameters change due to factors like temperature, the mismatch between the actual values and the parameters set in the controller leads to a decline in DPCC performance, and may even cause system instability. To address this issue of parameter dependency, this paper proposes an adaptive parameter-free model-free deadbeat predictive current control (PF-MFDPCC) method suitable for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM). The method characterizes the error between the estimated machine parameter values and the true values by the difference between the sampled current and the reference current, and determines the required injected harmonic current by combining the
Guo, Rong, Gu, hongyang
Technical Paper
Smart Boosting: A Control Strategy for Optimized Energy Management with Boost Converter in Hybrid Electric Vehicles2025-01-8580To be published on 04/01/2025
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring
Basutkar, Ameya, Berger, Daniel, Huo, Shichao, Sullivan, Claire, Tischendorf, Christoph
Technical Paper
Fatigue Estimation for an excitation with random and swept-sine excitations superimposed2025-01-8232To be published on 04/01/2025
Engineers have been dealing with either random excitation or swept sinusoidal excitation quite often in the past, in order to estimate the fatigue damage in an automotive system. Efficient numerical methods in frequency domain for the fatigue due to either form of excitation (not both) have become more mature in the past decade. However, a greater demand for fatigue estimation under a complicated form of excitation has risen as an electric vehicle is being developed in the automotive industry. For example, delicate rotating components such as electric motors can be simultaneously subject to random excitation due to any possible rough surfaces on the road as well as sinusoidal excitation due to its rotating on the vehicle. Hence, this combined excitation, also known as swept-sine-on-random (SSOR) , imposes a big challenge on the fatigue simulation community when it is expected to be numerically solved in the frequency domain. The very challenge is due to the fact that when either random
Yang, Zane, Sridhar, Karthikeyan, Lingareddy, Manoj Kumar
Technical Paper
Design and Development of Range Extended-Hybrid Power Train for Two-Wheeler2025-28-0194To be published on 02/07/2025
Environmental awareness is being fostered in every sector, with particular emphasis on the automotive industry. Conventional internal combustion engines responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and health issues. Researchers are looking for alternative technologies to reduce carbon footprint and for green environment. In this study, electric drive train is designed for 20% range extension and retrofitted in conventional two-wheeler. A control strategy has been developed, tested and successfully deployed on the vehicle. The hybrid drivetrain architecture is assessed for complexities such as the required space for the battery and the location for fitting the electric motor. During low-speed conditions, the electric motor reduced the emissions and minimized fuel consumption. Consequently, the overall utilization of internal combustion engines at low-speed condition has decreased, leading to a decrease in the vehicle's fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions.
Banad, Chandrashekhar B, Devunuri, Suresh, Nair, Jayashri Narayanan, Hadagali, Balappa, Prasad, Gvl
Technical Paper
Comprehensive Analysis of Different Space Vector PWM Techniques for the Speed Control of Two Level Traction Inverter2025-28-0012To be published on 02/07/2025
The popular methods to generate PWM modulation are triangle comparison method and space vector method. The work evaluates the performance of continuous and discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation techniques based on the switching losses and harmonic distortion. The flexibility in the placement of null vectors and active vectors gives generality in SVPWM techniques. Continuous SVPWM employs the conventional switching sequences which are equally divided the null vectors and active vectors. Discontinuous PWM are derived based on the different combinations of null and active switching vectors. The discontinuous PWM techniques clamps each phase for either 300 or 600 in each half cycle. Majority of the discontinuous SVPWM uses any one of the null vectors and effectively to reduce the average switching loss in a cycle and the total harmonic distortion. The study brings out the optimum SVPWM sequences for the control of PMSM. Influence of the switching sequences on the line current
Nair, Meenu Divakaran, Durai, Saranya
Technical Paper
Analysis and Refinement of Road Boom Noise in Electric Vehicles2025-28-0057To be published on 02/07/2025
Nowadays, customers are expecting higher level of refinement in electric vehicle. Since the background noise is less in electric vehicle in comparison with ICE, it is challenging for NVH engineers to address even minor noise concerns without cost and mass addition. Higher boom noise is perceived in the test vehicle when driven on the coarse road at the speed of 50 kmph. The test vehicle is rear wheel driven vehicle powered by electric motor.. Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis(TPA) is conducted on the vehicle to identify the path through which maximum forces are entering the body. Based on the findings from TPA, solutions like reduction in the dynamic stiffness of the suspension bushes are explored which resulted in reduction of noise. To reduce the noise further, Operational deflection shape (ODS) analysis is conducted on the entire vehicle to identify the deflection shapes of all the suspension components and all the body panels like floor, roof, tailgate, dash panel, quarter
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi Venkateswara, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer
Technical Paper
A Comparative Study on fault diagnosis of Electrical vehicle motor testing machine Gear Components Using machine Learning algorithms.2025-28-0177To be published on 02/07/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) are the way of the future for the automobile industry. The drive motor is a vital part of modern EVs. A motor testing machine is used to verify the critical parameters of the electrical motor, which is seen to be of the utmost importance. Electric motor characteristic curve points and their electromagnetic behaviour under different conditions are regularly found using the motor testing machine. But it has been noted that a flaw in the testing machine's helical gear arrangement causes frequent malfunctions and less-than-ideal performance, which impacts the assembly line's effectiveness in producing electric cars. The research project is to enhance the motor test bench apparatus by modifying crucial design parameters using machine learning and vibration signal analysis methods. Vibration signals are recorded at various gear settings before statistical features are extracted. Following that, these signals are classified using classifiers such Quadratic SVM and
S, Ravikumar, Syed, Shaul, V, Muralidharan, D, Pradeep Kumar
Technical Paper
Design And Bench Verification of PSO-Optimized Fuzzy PI Control Strategy for PMSM Based on UAV Flight Load Simulation2025-01-704901/31/2025
The development of the electrification technology of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) puts forward higher requirements for the control performance and verification methods of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In this paper, a fuzzy PI control strategy based on a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the parameters of the PI controller and improve the dynamic response and control accuracy of PMSM. Firstly, Matlab/Simulink is used to build an online vector control model of PMSM, and the PSO algorithm is used to optimize the controller parameters online to adapt to the dynamic characteristics of the motor under different working conditions. Secondly, a current reconstruction scheme is designed, which reshapes the current waveform by sampling at the center point of the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to make it closer to the ideal sine wave, so as to improve the motor operation efficiency. Finally, Speedgoat is used to build a HiL hardware in-loop
Du, Wentao, Zhu, Jingyu, Wang, Zhenyu, Wang, Chao, Geng, Heming, Liu, Kun
Technical Paper
Predictive Torque Control of Open End Winding PMSM Under Single Phase Fault with Torque Ripple Suppression2025-01-705301/31/2025
To enhance the operating performance of the common-bus open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor under single-phase open-circuit faults, this paper proposes a model predictive torque control strategy with torque ripple suppression. First, the operating principles of the model predictive torque control system for both normal operation and single-phase fault conditions are analyzed. Based on this analysis, the electromagnetic torque controller in the model predictive torque control system is restructured. However, if the conventional space vector modulation strategy used during fault-free operation is continued, the required stator voltage cannot be achieved. Therefore, analyze the phase relationship of the current before and after the fault, derive a new Clark transformation matrix, and then based on the principle of torque invariance that can be generated by the fundamental magnetic flux, derive the coefficients of the Park transformation of the two-phase current. To simplify the
Zhang, Dongdong, Mo, Fushen, Lin, Xiaogang
Technical Paper
Design and Optimization of Low-Budget Yokeless and Segmented Armature Electrical Machine2025-01-705501/31/2025
This paper designs a low-budget yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine, which replaces some of the PMs attached to the rotor with silicon steel plates. For the purpose of checking the effectiveness of the proposed machine, the equivalent magnetic circuits of the typical and proposed YASA machines are first compared and analyzed, and then the models of the two machines are constructed and simulated. The results prove that the proposed YASA machine significantly reduces the quantity of permanent magnets compared to the typical machine. In addition, the thickness of the machine rotor disc has been reduced by optimizing the machine, which both enhances the power density and reduces the volume of the machine. Finally, the rotor-stator magnetic pulling force of the machine is simulated and analyzed, and the results prove that the proposed machine can operate stably.
Li, Tao, Wang, Bitan, Diao, Chengwu, Zhao, Wenliang
Technical Paper
Model Predictive Torque Control of PMSM Without Weighting Factors Based on MRAS Parameter Identification2025-01-705701/31/2025
The design of weighting factors in the cost function of traditional model predictive torque control (MPTC) is relatively cumbersome, at the same time, the accuracy of the prediction model decreases obviously when the motor parameters are mismatched. Therefore, a model predictive control without weighting factors based on on-line identification of motor parameters is studied. Firstly, the control objectives transformed from torque and flux of traditional MPTC to active torque and reactive torque, since they are of the same dimension the design of weighting factors is unnecessary. Secondly, aiming at the problem of control performance degradation caused by the change of motor parameters in the prediction model, the online identification of motor parameters based on model reference adaptive system is studied, the identification results are applied to the prediction process to avoid the bad influence caused by the parameter variation. The findings from the simulation indicate that the
Zhang, Yanqing, Jia, Danyang, Yin, Zhonggang, Liu, Qi
Technical Paper
Current Control Based on Improved Internal Model Regulator with Decoupled Principle Incorporated for Robotic Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors2025-01-705901/31/2025
The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has become the preferred driving technology in robotic control engineering due to its high-power density and excellent dynamic response capability. However, traditional vector control strategies, while widely used, reveal certain limitations due to their reliance on high-precision sensors and the complex coordinate transformation calculations. These limitations affect the performance of robots in high-speed environments. This paper proposes a decoupling design for the PMSM current loop based on Internal model control (IMC), aiming to improve control accuracy and response speed by simplifying the control algorithm. This new strategy not only maintains the basic framework of vector control but also enhances the dynamic performance of the system through effective decoupling. Simulations conducted using Simulink demonstrate that this strategy significantly improves system stability and dynamic response speed, achieving more precise and rapid
Chen, Hao, Huan, Di, Gong, Chao, Liu, Chenliang
Technical Paper
Study of Soot Generation in Hybrid Engines during Cold Start and Low-Load Conditions Using an Optical Engine2025-01-704701/31/2025
As regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fuel consumption become increasingly stringent, the development of hybrid power systems is accelerating, primarily due to their benefits in fuel efficiency and reduction of pollutants. Hybrid engines are specially designed to operate optimally at mid to high speeds and loads. But for low-speed low-load conditions, due to the relatively low in-cylinder tumble intensity and lower injection pressure, the fuel-air mixture tends to deteriorate, resulting in an increase in particle number. To enable the engine to reach optimal RPM and load quickly during frequent start-stop cycles, hybrid engines typically set a higher startup engine speed and establish fuel rail pressure more quickly compared to traditional engines. Yet hybrid engines still encounter challenges of soot generation during cold start conditions. Especially in urban driving conditions where the hybrid engine frequently experiences startups and idling, the soot generation problem
Liu, Changye, Man, Xingjia, Cui, Mingli, Liang, Yuanfei, Wang, Shangning, Li, Xuesong
Technical Paper
Comparison of Matrix-Torque-Component Machines with Regular IPMs for New-Energy Vehicles2025-01-705001/31/2025
New-energy vehicles (NEVs) are gaining increasing attention as global efforts focus on reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The motor drive system, a core technology of electric vehicles, has become a prominent research focus in both academia and industry. This paper investigates a novel matrix-torque-component machine (MTCM) that has been proposed for use in electric vehicles in recent years. First, the paper introduces the topology and torque generation mechanism of MTCM and IPMs. For comparison, an MTCM and a detailed model of the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) are developed. The torque capacity, loss distribution, and operational performance are then compared sequentially. Results indicate that the torque-generating capacity of the MTCM is higher than that of the IPM. Additionally, the MTCM performs better in low-speed, high-torque ranges. Therefore, the MTCM shows promising application potential in electric heavy-duty trucks and as a
Sun, Pengcheng, Jia, Shaofeng, Yang, Dongxu, Liang, Deliang
Technical Paper
Design and Analysis of a Novel Super-Fast Multi-Gear Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-702901/31/2025
Electrified powertrain configurations are critical to the fuel economy and performance of hybrid vehicles. While single planetary gear (PG) configurations - such as the Toyota Prius - have the advantage of simple control and excellent fuel economy, the generator1 is unable to participate in the drive, resulting in poor acceleration. To overcome these problems, we propose a new multi-gear electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) due to its high efficiency and excellent acceleration performance. It requires only one PG and two synchronizers. For this type of multi-gear ECVT hybrid vehicle, this paper describes in detail the synchronizer-based shift logic of the new configuration. Furthermore, the power flow and dynamics modeling process in different operating modes are systematically analyzed. In addition, the global optimal Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is presented and a new near-optimal energy management strategy, Rapid-DP, is employed to evaluate the
Zou, Yunge, Zhang, Yuxin, Yang, Yalian, Liu, Changdong
Technical Paper
Analysis of the Battery Direct Cooling Thermal Management System Coupled with Passenger Cabin Air Conditioning in Extended-Range Vehicles2025-01-706501/31/2025
To investigate the characteristics of a battery direct-cooling thermal management system integrated with the passenger compartment air-conditioning in a range-extended hybrid electric vehicle (REV), a model of the vehicle’s direct-cooling and liquid-cooling thermal management systems was established in GT-SUITE software. The findings are as follows: (1) Under high-temperature fast-charging conditions, the direct-cooling thermal management system exhibited improved performance indicators compared to the liquid-cooling system. Specifically, the charging time was reduced by 3.8%, the maximum heat exchange power increased by 27.33%, the battery temperature decreased by 2.37°C, the thermal decay rate was only 6%, and the average system energy efficiency ratio increased by 8.37%. (2)The outlet pressure of the direct-cooling plate significantly affected the temperature reduction of the battery pack during high-temperature fast-charging. The results indicated that within a certain range, a
Li, Li-Jie, Su, Chuqi, Wang, Yi-Ping, Yuan, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xun
Technical Paper
Weighting-Factorless PTC Strategy Based on Voltage Vector Angle2025-01-705801/31/2025
The predictive torque control strategy is a very commonly used model predictive control strategy. At present, the research prospects of PTC in motor control are broad, but there are still certain limitations in the industrial application of PTC. In traditional prediction torque control, due to the inconsistent units of electromagnetic torque and stator magnetic flux, weight factors need to be introduced to balance the control effects of the two. However, due to the cumbersome and time-consuming process of determining weight factors, it is not conducive to industrial promotion. In order to solve the problem of weight factors, this paper studies a new torque prediction control strategy based on stator flux vector angle that can avoid weight factors on the basis of traditional torque prediction control. The overall process of the new strategy is to first derive the relationship between the angle between the stator voltage vector and the stator magnetic flux vector and the electromagnetic
Zhang, Dongdong, Huang, Yasong, Du, Annan, Lin, Xiaogang
Technical Paper
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