Browse Topic: Dual fuel engines

Items (256)

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Implementation of a Dual-Fuel ENGINE for Agricultural Applications

2024-36-0044

12/20/2024

The growing demand for decarbonization and reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines used in the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for the utilization of alternative or low-carbon fuels. In this context, in situ biogas production and Dual-fuel technology bring an important opportunity for farmers to use gas with diesel or biodiesel in the agricultural machinery, reducing production costs and carbon emissions. To this end, this work evaluates efficiency, emissions, and economic performance in an internal combustion engine equipped with a Dual-fuel injection for diesel and methane. The tests were carried out on a four-cylinder turbocharged Agrale tractor, model BX6110, with modifications for run on diesel-NGV blends under operating conditions with engine speed from 1500 to 2150 rpm, fuel injection times of 80 to 200, at full load. The results showed that the diesel flow was constant during the tests, therefore, power increases depending on the NGV injected. Maximum

Rincon, Alvaro Ferney Algarra, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Filho, Aldir Carpes Marques, Oliveira Faria, Rafael, Volpato, Carlos Eduardo Silva, Oliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica

Efficient Estimation of Laminar Flame Speed in Dual-Fuel SI Engines: A Simplified Methodology for 1-D Predictive Combustion Simulation

2024-36-0184

12/20/2024

The increasing impacts of the greenhouse effect have driven the need to reduce pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines. Renewable fuels are promising alternatives for emission reduction, and enhancing engine efficiency can further decrease specific emissions. This study explores the development of dual-fuel engines to meet these goals, focusing on dual-fuel combustion in spark-ignition (SI) engines using two different bioethanol and natural gas mixtures. A novel methodology for 1-D predictive combustion simulation in dual-fuel SI engines was developed and implemented in GT-Suite software. The approach involves a straightforward estimation of the laminar flame speed of the fuel mixture and the calibration of turbulent combustion parameters using a genetic optimization algorithm, without the need for complex chemical kinetics models. The results indicate that the proposed methodology can reproduce combustion characteristics, achieving satisfactory outcomes across most tested

Pasa, Giovanni Duarte, Martins, Clarissa, Cota, Filipe, Dornelles, Henrique, Duarte, Thales, Rosalen, Rodrigo, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels

2024-01-4286

11/05/2024

A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the

Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki

Premixed Dual-Fuel Combustion of Camelina sativa Oil and Ethanol

03-18-01-0001

08/06/2024

Dual-fuel (DF) engines enable efficient utilization of a low reactivity fuel (LRF), usually port-injected, and a high reactivity fuel (HRF) provided directly into the cylinder. Ethanol and Camelina sativa oil can be ecologically effective but not fully recognized alternatives for energy production using modern CI engines equipped with a common rail system and adopted for dual fueling. The high efficiency of the process depends on the organization of the combustion. The article describes the premixed dual-fuel combustion (PDFC) realized by dividing the Camelina sativa dose and adjusting its injection timing to the energetic share of ethanol in the DF mixture. The injection strategy of HRF is crucial to confine knock, which limits DF engine operation, but the influence of EGR is also important. The research AVL engine’s dual-fueling tests focused on combustion process modification by the proposed injection strategy and cooled EGR at different substitution rates. For all examined points

Pawlak, Grzegorz, Skrzek, Tomasz, Kosiuczenko, Krzysztof, Płochocki, Patryk, Simiński, Przemysław

TOC

99-06-03-0TOC

06/21/2024

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a Dual-Fuel Hydrogen–Kerosene Engine for Sustainable General Aviation

2024-01-6001

06/17/2024

Reducing CO2 emissions is an increasingly important issue. In aviation, approaches such as e-propulsion only represent a solution for special applications due to the low energy density of batteries. Because of the low-cost and robust design of combustion engines, this concept is still the most suitable for general aviation. For defossilization, besides e-fuels and bio-fuels, which represent the so-called sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), hydrogen can serve as a promising energy carrier for CO2 reduction. For this purpose, the combustion process of a dual-fuel hydrogen–kerosene (Jet A-1) engine was developed and investigated for use in small aircrafts. This study explores the influence of hydrogen addition on combustion parameters, emissions, and efficiency. An advantage of this special design as dual-fuel engine (hydrogen and kerosene) is the possibility of redundancy operation in the event of a H2 fuel system failure as well as full operational capability of the aircraft in the event

Reitmayr, Christian, Wiesmann, Frederik, Gotthard, Thomas, Hofmann, Peter

Influence of Intake Charge Temperature and EGR Rate on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2024-37-0025

06/12/2024

Ammonia has emerged as a promising carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly in large-bore engine applications. However, integrating ammonia into conventional engines presents challenges, prompting the exploration of innovative combustion strategies like dual-fuel combustion. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have emerged as a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of ammonia in ICE. Various studies suggest that combining exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with adjustments in inlet temperature and diesel injection timing can effectively mitigate nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions across diverse operating conditions in dual-fuel diesel engines. This study conducts a numerical investigation into the impact of varying inlet charge temperatures (330K, 360K, and 390K) and EGR rates (0%, 10%, and 20%) on the combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine operating under high-load conditions, while considering different

Hoseinpour, Marziyeh, Karami, Rahim, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Gharehghani, Ayat, Garcia, Antonio

Comparison of Tabulated and Complex Chemistry Approaches for Ammonia–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion Simulation

03-17-07-0055

04/18/2024

Using ammonia as a carbon-free fuel is a promising way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector. Due to the challenging fuel properties, like high autoignition temperature, high latent heat of vaporization, and low laminar flame speeds, a dual-fuel combustion process is the most promising way to use ammonia as a fuel in medium-speed engines. Currently, many experimental investigations regarding premixed and diffusive combustion are carried out. A numerical approach has been employed to simulate the complex dual-fuel combustion process to better understand the influences on the diffusive combustion of ammonia ignited by a diesel pilot. The simulation results are validated based on optical investigations conducted in a rapid compression–expansion machine (RCEM). The present work compares a tabulated chemistry simulation approach to complex chemistry-based simulations. The investigations evaluate the accuracy of both modeling approaches and point out the limitations and

Krnac, Dominik, Manickam, Bhuvaneswaran, Holand, Peter, Pathak, Utkarsh, Scharl, Valentin, Sattelmayer, Thomas

Potential Analysis of Defossilized Operation of a Heavy-Duty Dual-Fuel Engine Utilizing Dimethyl Carbonate/Methyl Formate as Primary and Poly Oxymethylene Dimethyl Ether as Pilot Fuel

03-17-07-0053

04/18/2024

This study demonstrates the defossilized operation of a heavy-duty port-fuel-injected dual-fuel engine and highlights its potential benefits with minimal retrofitting effort. The investigation focuses on the optical characterization of the in-cylinder processes, ranging from mixture formation, ignition, and combustion, on a fully optically accessible single-cylinder research engine. The article revisits selected operating conditions in a thermodynamic configuration combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. One approach is to quickly diminish fossil fuel use by retrofitting present engines with decarbonized or defossilized alternatives. As both fuels are oxygenated, a considerable change in the overall ignition limits, air–fuel equivalence ratio, burning rate, and resistance against undesired pre-ignition or knocking is expected, with dire need of characterization. Two simultaneous high-speed recording channels granted cycle-resolved access to the natural flame luminosity

Mühlthaler, Markus Sebastian, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

Optical Diagnostic Study on Ammonia-Diesel and Ammonia-PODE Dual Fuel Engines

2024-01-2362

04/09/2024

Ammonia shows promise as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) in reducing CO2 emissions due to its carbon-free nature and well-established infrastructure. However, certain drawbacks, such as the high ignition energy, the narrow flammability range, and the extremely low laminar flame speed, limit its widespread application. The dual fuel (DF) mode is an appealing approach to enhance ammonia combustion. The combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual fuel mode and ammonia-PODE3 dual fuel mode were experimentally studied using a full-view optical engine and the high-speed photography method. The ammonia energy ratio (ERa) was varied from 40% to 60%, and the main injection energy ratio (ERInj1) and the main injection time (SOI1) were also varied in ammonia-PODE3 mode. The findings demonstrate that ammonia-PODE3 mode exhibits better ignition characteristics than ammonia-diesel mode, resulting in an earlier ignition start, a larger flame area, a larger flame

Mao, Jianshu, Zhang, Yixiao, Ma, Yue, Ma, Xiao, Wang, Zhi, Wang, Zhenqian, Shuai, Shijin

Experimental Investigation of Internal and External EGR Effects on a CNG-OME Dual-Fuel Engine

2024-01-2361

04/09/2024

Dual-fuel engines powered by renewable fuels provide a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint and emissions of transportation, contributing to the goal of achieving sustainable mobility. The investigation presented in the following uses a dual-fuel engine concept running on biogas (referred to as CNG in this paper) and the e-fuel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME). The current study focuses on the effects of exhaust gas rebreathing and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A four-cylinder heavy-duty engine converted to dual-fuel operation was used to conduct the engine tests at a load point of 1600 min-1 and 9.8 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The respective shares of high reactivity fuel (HRF, here: OME) and low reactivity fuel (LRF, here: CNG) were varied, as were the external and internal EGR rates and their combinations. CNG was injected into the intake manifold to create a homogeneous air-fuel mixture

Jost, Ann-Kathrin, Guenthner, Michael, Weigel, Alexander

A Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of an Ammonia-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2024-01-2369

04/09/2024

Internal combustion engines, as the dominant power source in the transportation sector and the primary contributor to carbon emissions, face both significant challenges and opportunities in the context of achieving carbon neutral goal. Biofuels, such as biodiesel produced from biomass, and zero-carbon fuel ammonia, can serve as alternative fuels for achieving cleaner combustion in internal combustion engines. The dual-fuel combustion of ammonia-biodiesel not only effectively reduces carbon emissions but also exhibits promising combustion performance, offering a favorable avenue for future applications. However, challenges arise in the form of unburned ammonia (NH3) and N2O emissions. This study, based on a ammonia-biodiesel duel-fuel engine modified from a heavy-duty diesel engine, delves into the impact of adjustments in the two-stage injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics. The research findings indicate that as the pre-injection timing advances, the

Liu, Yi, Cai, Kaiyuan, Qingchu, Chen, Yunliang, Qi, Wang, Zhi

Numerical Investigation on Hydrogen Enrichment and EGR on In-Cylinder Soot and NOx Formation in Dual-Fuel CI-Engine

2024-01-2098

04/09/2024

To mitigate the NOx emissions from diesel engines, the adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has gained widespread acceptance as a technology. Employing EGR has the drawback of elevating soot emissions. Using hydrogen-enriched air with EGR in a diesel engine (dual-fuel operation), offers the potential to decrease in-cylinder soot formation while simultaneously reducing NOx emissions. The present study numerically investigates the effect of hydrogen energy share and engine load on the formation and emission of soot and NOx from hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engines. The numerical investigation uses an n-heptane/H2 reduced reaction mechanism with a two-step soot model in ANSYS FORTE. A reduced n-heptane reaction mechanism is integrated with a hydrogen reaction mechanism using CHEMKIN to enhance the accuracy of predicting dual-fuel combustion in a hydrogen dual-fuel engine. The results show that hydrogen enrichment plays a significant role by decreasing the soot precursor concentration

Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Computational Investigation of Hydrogen-Air Mixing in a Large-Bore Locomotive Dual Fuel Engine

2024-01-2694

04/09/2024

The internal combustion engine (ICE) has long dominated the heavy-duty sector by using liquid fossil fuels such as diesel but global commitments by countries and OEMs to reduce lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has garnered interest in alternative fuels like hydrogen. Hydrogen is a unique gaseous fuel that contains zero carbon atoms and has desired thermodynamic properties of high energy density per unit mass and high flame speeds. However, there are challenges related to its adoption to the heavy-duty sector as a drop-in fuel replacement for compression ignition (CI) diesel combustion given its high autoignition resistance. To overcome this fundamental barrier, engine manufacturers are exploring dual fuel combustion engines by substituting a fraction of the diesel fuel with hydrogen which enables fuel flexibility when there is no infrastructure and retrofittability to existing platforms. This work studies the implications of mixing port-injected hydrogen fuel in a large-bore

O'Donnell, Patrick, Kazmouz, Samuel, Wu, Sicong, Ameen, Muhsin, Klingbeil, Adam, Lavertu, Thomas, Jayakar, Vijayaselvan, Sheth, Pushkar, Wijeyakulasuriya, Sameera

Machine Learning-Based Modeling and Predictive Control of Combustion Phasing and Load in a Dual-Fuel Low-Temperature Combustion Engine

03-17-04-0030

01/18/2024

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine is an innovative dual-fuel strategy, which uses two fuels with different reactivity and physical properties to achieve low-temperature combustion, resulting in reduced emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, and improved fuel efficiency at part-load engine operating conditions compared to conventional diesel engines. However, RCCI operation at high loads poses challenges due to the premixed nature of RCCI combustion. Furthermore, precise controls of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and CA50 combustion phasing (crank angle corresponding to 50% of cumulative heat release) are crucial for drivability, fuel conversion efficiency, and combustion stability of an RCCI engine. Real-time manipulation of fuel injection timing and premix ratio (PR) can maintain optimal combustion conditions to track the desired load and combustion phasing while keeping maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) within acceptable limits. In

Punasiya, Mohit, Sarangi, Asish Kumar

Combustion Optimization of a Premixed Ultra-Lean Blend of Natural Gas and Hydrogen in a Dual Fuel Engine Running at Low Load

03-17-04-0025

12/01/2023

The numerical study presented in this article is based on an automotive diesel engine (2.8 L, 4-cylinder, turbocharged), considering a NG–H2 blend with 30 vol% of H2, ignited by multiple diesel fuel injections. The 3D-CFD investigation aims at improving BTE, CO, and UHC emissions at low load, by means of an optimization of the diesel fuel injection strategy and of the in-cylinder turbulence (swirl ratio, SR). The operating condition is 3000 rpm – BMEP = 2 bar, corresponding to about 25% of the maximum load of a gen-set engine, able to deliver up to 83 kW at 3000 rpm (rated speed). The reference diesel fuel injection strategy, adopted in all the previous numerical and experimental studies, is a three-shot mode. The numerical optimization carried out in this study consisted in finding the optimal number of injections per cycle, as well as the best timing of each injection and the fuel mass split among the injections. The analysis revealed that combustion can be improved by increasing the

Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Scrignoli, Francesco, Savioli, Tommaso, Mattarelli, Enrico

Numerical Study of the Effect of Direct-Injection Timing of Methanol and Excess Air Ratio on the Combustion Characteristics of a Marine Diesel-Methanol Dual-Fuel Engine

2023-01-1626

10/31/2023

Methanol is a suitable alternative fuel to relieve the problem of energy shortage and decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. The effect of direct-injection timing of methanol and diesel on the combustion characteristics of a marine diesel engine with bore of 210 mm was simulated with a 3-dimentional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software AVL-FIRE. The combustion model was set-up and validated by the experimental data from the marine diesel engine. Results show that there are two peaks on the heat release rate (HRR) curves with the normal diesel-methanol combustion process. The first HRR peak is caused by the combustion of diesel. The second HRR peak is resulted from the hybrid combustion process of diesel and methanol. The injection timing of diesel influences the peak pressure rise rate (PPRR) and ignition timing. The indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), the maximum in-cylinder pressure and combustion duration are influenced by the direct-injection timing of methanol

Li, Xiao, Yan, Ping, Li, Hong-Mei, Zheng, Liang, Shen, Gang, Hu, Yu-Chen, Han, Dan

A Novel Approach to Constructing Reactivity-Based Simplified Combustion Model for Dual Fuel Engine

2023-01-1627

10/31/2023

To achieve higher efficiencies and lower emissions, dual-fuel strategies have arisen as advanced engine technologies. In order to fully utilize engine fuels, understanding the combustion chemistry is urgently required. However, due to computation limitations, detailed kinetic models cannot be used in numerical engine simulations. As an alternative, approaches for developing reduced reaction mechanisms have been proposed. Nevertheless, existing simplified methods neglecting the real engine combustion processes, which is the ultimate goal of reduced mechanism. In this study, we propose a novel simplified approach based on fuel reactivity. The high-reactivity fuel undergoes pyrolysis first, followed by the pyrolysis and oxidation of the low-reactivity fuel. Therefore, the simplified mechanism consists of highly lumped reactions of high-reactivity fuel, radical reactions of low-reactivity fuel and C0-C2 core mechanisms. We have applied this methodology to a dual-fuel engine fueled with

Li, Ang, Zhang, Zhenyingnan, Li, Zhuohang, Zhu, Lei, Huang, Zhen

Experimental and Numerical Analysis on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia and Diesel Dual Fuel Engine

2023-32-0102

09/29/2023

Ammonia is well known as one of the promising substitute energy sources for fossil fuels, but it has some disadvantages such as low ignitability and low burning speed. Co-combustion with diesel fuel can compensate for its disadvantages and enable the application of the ammonia as a main fuel for internal combustion engines. In this study, the effects of ammonia/diesel mixing ratio and excess air ratio on combustion and emission characteristics have been investigated by internal combustion engine test and numerical approach. In the engine test, it was found that the ammonia/diesel mixing ratio and excess air ratio have a large effect on the heat release rate and emissions of nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, unburned ammonia, and nitrous oxide. High ammonia mixing ratio leads to the aforementioned emissions, but these emissions were reduced in stoichiometric conditions compared to lean conditions. To investigate engine experimental results, the ammonia/n-heptane co-combustion

Hiraoka, Kenji, Matsunaga, Daichi, Kamino, Takafumi, Honda, Yusuke, Toshinaga, Kazuteru, Murakami, Yuki, Nakamura, Hisashi

PREMIER Combustion of Natural Gas Ignited with Diesel Fuel in a Dual Fuel Engine -Effects of EGR and Supercharging on End-gas Auto Ignition and Thermal Efficiency

2023-32-0016

09/29/2023

To control the auto ignition in end-gas region and to achieve higher thermal efficiency in a natural gas dual fuel engine operated under PREMIER combustion mode where the end-gas auto ignition occurs without knocking-like oscillation, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and supercharging were applied. The EGR rate and the intake air pressure as well as the pilot injection timing of diesel fuel were varied, and the profiles of the in-cylinder pressure, the exhaust emissions and the heat balance were examined at the indicated mean effective pressure around 680 kPa. The experimental results showed that higher thermal efficiency can be achieved with the combination of the PREMIER combustion and the EGR rate of 30% due to the improvements in the combustion efficiency and the degree of constant volume heat release while reducing the cooling loss. It was elucidated that the PREMIER combustion with the optimum level of the supercharging maintains the higher combustion efficiency, higher degree

Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Kishimoto, Kengo, Kawahara, Nobuyuki

Numerical Investigation for Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity Potential of PAHs Emitted from Hydrogen/diesel Dual-fuel Engine

2023-32-0049

09/29/2023

This study numerically investigates the toxicity potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) emitted from conventional diesel and hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel combustion engine. The simulations are performed on ANSYS Forte using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism of diesel surrogate (66.8% n − decane/33.2% alpha − methylnaphthalene). The used reaction mechanism consists of 189 species and 1392 reactions. The study numerically predicts the concentration of eight toxic PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo perylene, and benzo [g, h, i] perylene) emission for which carcinogenicity and mutagenicity potential is determined. Results demonstrate that hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine has lower carcinogenicity and mutagenicity potential than the conventional diesel engine

Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Application of Argon Circulation to Investigate Fuel Nitrogen Oxides Emission Characteristics of Ammonia Spark Ignition Engines

2023-32-0107

09/29/2023

Compared to fossil fuels, ammonia is an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and readily available fuel that carries hydrogen. It is expected to play a crucial role in the development of carbon-neutral internal combustion engines for the next generation. However, a significant challenge arises due to the presence of nitrogen in both the fuel and air, leading to the complex generation of intertwined thermal and fuel-based nitrogen oxides (NOx) during ammonia combustion. To gain a deeper understanding of NOx emission characteristics and propose effective technologies for controlling NOx emissions from ammonia engines, it is essential to decouple the mechanisms responsible for thermal and fuel-based NOx and analyze the formation and evolution of both types separately. In this study, a novel approach employing argon circulation is applied to eliminate the thermal NOx formation mechanism. This allows for a detailed investigation of fuel-based NOx emissions in ammonia spark ignition

Yang, Ruomiao, Yan, Yuchao, Ou, Juan, Liu, Zhentao, Liu, Jinlong

The Effect of Methane Addition on the Low-Temperature Oxidation Preparation and the Thermal Ignition Preparation of Dimethyl Ether Under Representative Engine In-Cylinder Thermal Conditions

2023-32-0150

09/29/2023

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a highly reactive diesel substitute that can be used as a pilot fuel to ignite low- reactivity methane (CH4) in heavy-duty engines. To optimize the efficiency and emissions of CH4/DME dual-fuel engines, it is crucial to study the fundamental combustion characteristics of DME mixed with methane. This study focuses on the influence of CH4 addition on the low-temperature oxidation (LTO) preparation stage and the thermal ignition (TI) preparation stage of DME in the two-stage ignition process, as these two stages respectively control the ignition delay of the first and second stages. The comparison is made between pure DME and a 50% CH4 and 50% DME blended fuel, operating under thermodynamic conditions representing the engine in- cylinder environment at 30 atm pressure, 650K temperature, and a stoichiometric equivalence ratio. The results show that the addition of methane hardly affects the control mechanism of the two-stage ignition of DME. Specifically, the LTO

Ou, Juan, Yang, Ruomiao, Yan, Yuchao, Liu, Zhentao, Liu, Jinlong

Prediction of combustion process and NOx emission for dual fuel marine engines using a phenomenological model

2023-32-0158

09/29/2023

A phenomenological model for high-pressure direct injection natural gas-diesel dual-fuel marine engine was developed, which includes natural gas mixing process using Musculus discrete control volume transient diesel jet model, combustion process using quasi-steady model and Woschini heat transfer model, NO generation using Zeldovich mechanism. Effects of natural gas injection pressure and the start of injection timing on the mixing and combustion process were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the injection pressure with fixed injection mass, the NO emission decreased. While the start of injection timing was before TDC, retarding the injection start timing will increase NO generation

Xiong, Qian, Liang, Dezhi, Wang, Lujiang, Shi, Xinru, Liu, Long, Ma, Xiuzhen

Impact of Hydrogen on the Ignition and Combustion Behavior Diesel Sprays in a Dual Fuel, Diesel-Piloted, Premixed Hydrogen Engine

2023-24-0061

08/28/2023

Renewably sourced hydrogen is seen as promising sustainable carbon-free alternative to conventional fossil fuels for use in hard to decarbonize sectors. As the hydrogen supply builds up, dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engines have a particular advantage of fuel flexibility as they can operate only on diesel fuel in case of supply shortages, in addition to the simplicity of engine modification. The dual-fuel compression ignition strategy initiates combustion of hydrogen using short pilot-injections of diesel fuel into the combustion chamber. In the context of such engine combustion process, the impact of hydrogen addition on the ignition and combustion behavior of a pilot diesel-spray is investigated in a heavy-duty, single-cylinder, optical engine. To this end, the spatial and temporal evolution of two-stage autoignition of a diesel-fuel surrogate, n-heptane, injected into a premixed charge of hydrogen and air is studied using optical diagnostics. This includes high-speed cool-flame and OH

Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Srna, Ales, Lee, Taesong

Effect of Intake Conditions (Temperature, Pressure and EGR) on the Operation of a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine with Methanol

2023-24-0046

08/28/2023

In the upcoming decade sustainable powertrain technologies will seek for market entrance in the transport sector. One promising solution is the utilization of dual-fuel engines using renewable methanol ignited by a pilot diesel fuel. This approach allows the displacement of a significant portion of fossil diesel, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this technology is, next to newbuilds, suited for retrofitting existing engines, while maintaining high efficiencies and lowering engine-out emissions. Various researchers have experimentally tested the effects of replacing diesel by methanol and have reported different boundaries for substituting diesel by methanol, including misfire, partial burn, knock and pre-ignition. However, little research has been conducted to explore ways to extend these substitution limits. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of intake conditions, such as intake air temperature and pressure, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR

Dierickx, Jeroen, Dejaegere, Quinten, Van Gijzeghem, Andreas, Devos, Stan, De Cock, Berten, Verhelst, Sebastian

Numerical Investigation of the Ignition Delay and Laminar Flame Speed for Pilot-Ignited Dual Fuel Engine Operation with Hydrogen or Methanol

2023-24-0011

08/28/2023

The use of renewable fuels such as hydrogen and methanol in marine engines is a promising way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. Hydrogen and methanol can be used as the main fuel in dual-fuel engines. However, the co-combustion of hydrogen-diesel and methanol-diesel needs to be carefully studied. In the present work, the ignition delay (ID) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) for pilot-ignited dual fuel engine operation with hydrogen or methanol are studied. A constant volume batch reactor numerical setup is used in the open source Cantera code to calculate the effect of the premixed fuel on the ID of the pilot fuel. Also, Cantera is used to simulate a freely-propagating, adiabatic, 1-D flame to estimate the laminar flame speed of either hydrogen or methanol and how it is affected by the presence of pilot fuel. First, suitable chemical kinetic schemes are selected based on experimental data collected from the literature. Then ID and LBV are estimated for

Parsa, Somayeh, Verhelst, Sebastian

Comparison of Premixed Fuel and Premixed Charge Operation for Propane-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion

2023-24-0059

08/28/2023

With the rising popularity of dual-fuel combustion, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can be utilized in high-compression diesel engines. Through production from biomass (biomass to liquid, BtL), biopropane as a direct substitute for LPG can contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions caused by combustion engines. In a conventional dual-fuel engine, the low reactivity fuel (LRF) propane is premixed with the intake air to form a homogeneous mixture. This air-fuel mixture is then ignited by the high reactivity fuel (HRF) in the form of a diesel pilot injection inside the cylinder. In the presented work, this premixed charge operation (PCO) is compared to a method where propane and diesel are blended directly upstream of the high-pressure pump (premixed fuel operation, PFO) in variable mixing ratios for different engine loads and speeds. Furthermore, the effects of internal and external exhaust gas recirculation are investigated for each operating mode. The results show that PCO

Mueller, Florian, Guenthner, Michael

Meta-Model Optimization of Dual-Fuel Engine Performance and Emissions Using Emulsified Diesel with Varying Water Percentages and Injection Timing

2023-24-0032

08/28/2023

As emission restrictions become more stringent and conventional fuel supplies become more limited, dual-fuel engines are emerging as a promising solution that offers both environmental and economic benefits. However, the performance of these engines is often hampered by the issue of knocking, which can negatively impact their overall operation, and also by the increase in NOx emissions at high load. This work investigates the use of pilot injection properties by combining the use of emulsified diesel of different water percentages with injection timing to reduce both knock intensity and NOx emission rate. Specifically, a dual fuel operation case at full load with high enrichment of the primary fuel (natural gas) with hydrogen is considered in order to create conditions for high knocking and high NOx emission rates. The online optimization principle is used for the creation of the meta-model, utilizing the Radial Basis Functions technique (RBF), and the search for the optimum in

Sehili, Youcef, Loubar, Khaled, Tarabet, Lyes, Mahfoudh, Cerdoun, Lacroix, Clément

The Effect of Engine Parameters on In-Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction from Vibration Signals Based on a DNN Model in CNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2023-01-0861

04/11/2023

In marine or stationary engines, consistent engine performance must be guaranteed for long-haul operations. A dual-fuel combustion strategy was used to reduce the emissions of particulates and nitrogen oxides in marine engines. However, in this case, the combustion stability was highly affected by environmental factors. To ensure consistent engine performance, the in-cylinder pressure measured by piezoelectric pressure sensors is generally measured to analyze combustion characteristics. However, the vulnerability to thermal drift and breakage of sensors leads to additional maintenance costs. Therefore, an indirect measurement via a reconstruction model of the in-cylinder pressure from engine block vibrations was developed. The in-cylinder pressure variation is directly related to the block vibration; however, numerous noise sources exist (such as, valve impact, piston slap, and air flowage). A deep neural network (DNN) model is among the most feasible ways to reconstruct the in

Kim, Gyeonggon, Park, Chansoo, Kim, Wooyeong, Jeon, Jeeyeon, Jeon, Miyeon, Bae, Choongsik, Kim, Wooyeong

Analysis of Combustion Cycle-to-Cycle Variation in an Optical Single Cylinder Dual-Fuel Engine

2023-01-0279

04/11/2023

This study aims to improve the dual fuel combustion for low/zero carbon fuels. Seven cases were tested in a single cylinder optical engine and their ignition and combustion characteristics are compared. The baseline case is the conventional diesel combustion. Four cases are diesel-gas (compressed natural gas) dual-fuel combustion operations, and two cases are diesel-hythane combustion. The diesel fuel injection process was visualized by a high-speed copper vapour laser. The combustion processes were recorded with a high-speed camera at 10000 Hz with an engine speed of 1200 rpm. The high-speed recordings for each case included 22 engine cycles and were postprocessed to create one spatial overlapped average combustion image. The average combustion cycle images were then further thresholded and these images were then used in a new method to analyze the cycle-to-cycle variation in a dimensionless, for all cases comparable value. Furthermore, the ignition delay and heat release profile of

Lauterkorn, Alexander Michael, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua

Experimental Study on Ammonia/OME Combustion in a Dual-Fuel Engine with Emphasis on Highly Diluted Intake Air Conditions

2023-01-0283

04/11/2023

Ammonia, which is considered as an excellent hydrogen carrier, could potentially become a clean fuel for direct use in ICE. An experimental setup with a strongly modified inline four-cylinder (I4) heavy duty Diesel engine was used to study different combustion modes of ammonia in ICE. The fourth cylinder of that engine was operated in a monovalent mode using either OME or Diesel fuel. Its complete exhaust stream was fed into the first cylinder of the same engine, which was operated on a dual-fuel mode by utilizing ammonia port injection and OME or Diesel pilot injection to ignite the mixture. The fourth cylinder of the I4 heavy duty engine can be operated at conditions between idle and full load and at different stoichiometries (λ) to impact both the temperature and the oxygen concentration at the exhaust of that cylinder. Since the first cylinder is fed by the complete exhaust stream of the fourth, the intake conditions of the first cylinder can be controlled appropriately and various

Untheim, Thomas, Großmann, Fabian, Tatucu-Ertel, Paul, Jochem, Marius, Weigand, Peter, Bikas, Georgios

Low-Temperature Combustion Aftertreatment Strategy and Particle Emission Correlation with Different Dual-Fuel Ratios

03-16-07-0049

02/15/2023

An experimental test bed study was conducted in a 3.8-liter diesel common rail engine with a gasoline port injection to evaluate the aftertreatment strategy in low- and high-reactive fuel. The selection of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and precious group metal (PGM) content is critical for low-temperature combustion (LTC) (dual fuel) to control hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Three DOCs with different PGM contents were tested along with different dual-fuel compositions to understand their effectiveness and particle mass composition. The chemical composition of exhaust particles from the engine out and DOC out are compared. An increase in low-reactive fuel (D15G85) and an increase in PGM content highlights a significant reduction in particle mass (PM) from 31 mg/kWhr to 2 mg/kWhr. The major reduction in particle size distribution observed with high PGM loading is 40 nm with a dual-fuel configuration of D15G85 as the best approach to meet emission standards

Barman, Jyotirmoy, Deshmukh, Devendra Laxmanrao

Development of an Optical Investigation Method for Diesel and Oxymethylene Ether Spray in a Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engine Using a Fisheye Optical System

03-16-05-0036

12/07/2022

Optical combustion phenomena investigation is a common tool for passenger car and automotive engines. Large-bore engines for stationary and mobile applications, on the other hand, have a lower optical examination density. This is mainly due to the technically more complex design of the optical accesses that have to provide a larger field of view and withstand high mechanical and thermal loads. Nevertheless, an optical investigation of in-cylinder phenomena in large-bore engines is essential to optimize efficient and environmentally friendly combustion processes using new sustainable e-fuels. To realize a simple optical access with maximum observability of the combustion chamber, a fisheye optic for the direct integration into internal combustion engines was developed and used for in-cylinder Mie-scattering investigations of diesel and Oxymethylene Ether (OME3-5) pilot fuel spray of natural gas dual-fuel combustion processes in a MAN 35/44DF single-cylinder research engine. As this

Karmann, Stephan Bernhard, Weber, Stefan, Stürzl, Wolfgang, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg

Behavior of Particulate Matter Emissions in a Dual-Fuel Engine

04-16-02-0011

11/16/2022

Particulate matter (PM) emission from an internal combustion engine has an adverse impact on human health and the environment. Dual-fuel combustion with a homogeneous mixture like in a gasoline engine and compression ignition like in a diesel engine has the potential to reduce PM, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and other emissions from engines. The study presents an experimental investigation into a four-cylinder compression ignition engine with high and low reactivity fuel to understand soot formation in terms of PM, particle number (PN), and composition. The effect of dual fuel, injection pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and sulfur content on soot emission is presented. The soot and NO x emissions decrease with the increase in the gasoline percentage in the dual fuel. A reduction in soot of up to 30% is observed for a 75% gasoline content. NO x emission is reduced by 15% for a 50% gasoline content and reduced further by 10% by increasing the gasoline content to 75%. The dual fuel

Barman, Jyotirmoy, Deshmukh, Devendra

Study on Online Identification Method of Injection Time Characteristics for the High Pressure Diesel-Natural Gas Co-direct Injection Engine

03-16-05-0035

10/31/2022

The complex hydropneumatic electromagnetic coupling structure of the dual-fuel injector leads to its complicated injection process. The unknown problem of fuel injection characteristics limits the injector design and optimization process of combustion efficiency. Therefore, the scientific study of dual-fuel injection mechanism and online identification method is the key to grasping the diesel-gas coupled injection mechanism, and an important theoretical basis for advanced closed-loop control. In this study, an identification method for the time characteristics of the dual-fuel injector injection process is based on the injector inlet pressure, which can be applied to the diesel-natural gas co-direct injection engine. First, the cause and transfer process of diesel injection pressure waves were analyzed based on the Riemann invariant theory. In addition, the identification method of diesel injection time characteristics is proposed by combining the characteristics of the derivative

Wei, Daijun, Dong, Quan, Yang, Xiyu, Wang, Xiaoyan, Zhou, Tanqing

Closed-Loop Predictive Control of a Multi-mode Engine Including Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition, and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Modes

04-16-01-0003

10/20/2022

High thermal efficiency and low engine-out emissions including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) make low-temperature combustion (LTC) favorable for use in engine technologies. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), partially premixed charge compression ignition (PPCI), and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) are among the common LTC modes. These three LTC modes can be achieved on the same dual-fuel engine platform; thus, an engine controller can choose the best LTC mode for each target engine load and speed. To this end, a multi-mode engine controller is needed to adjust the engine control variables for each LTC mode. This article presents a model-based control development of a 2.0-liter multi-mode LTC engine for cycle-to-cycle combustion control. The engine is equipped with port fuel injectors (PFI) and direct injectors (DI). All combustion modes are achieved with dual fuels (iso-octane and n-heptane) under naturally aspirated conditions. Using

Batool, Sadaf, Naber, Jeffrey, Shahbakhti, Mahdi

TOC

99-04-04-0TOC

09/07/2022

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Combustion Control Strategies for Dual-Fuel Marine Engines Operated with Fluctuating LNG Qualities

2022-01-1058

08/30/2022

The world of shipping is at a turning point. Alongside methanol, ammonia and other PtL (Power to Liquid) fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) offers one way of achieving climate-friendly ship operation. Although currently still derived from fossil sources, LNG combines the properties of already having a well-established land-based infrastructure, of enabling a 100 % climate-neutral supply via electrolysis and methanization, and of its ability for any high proportion of climate-neutral LNG to be used as a drop-in fuel during the transformation process in the next decades; proven by the first bunkering of the container vessel “ElbBlue” with 20 tons of SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) in 2021 [1]. Up to now, LNG fueled marine engines have predominantly been operated in fixed operation areas. Therefore, they can bunker stable gas qualities at specific ports and can be optimized for a specific gas quality. This has mostly been done by means of adapted engine control maps and hardware adjustments

Schleef, Karsten, Henke, Björn, Cepelak, Sebastian, Glauner, Manuel, Dinwoodie, Jules, Theile, Martin, Buchholz, Bert

Internal Combustion Engine Bundle

R-54406/24/2022

R-507: Injection technologies and mixture formation strategies for SI and dual-fuel engines R-477: Automotive Emissions Regulations and Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems R-514: Engine Combustion: Pressure Measurement and Analysis, 2E R-528: Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines

Greenhouse Gas Reduction from EnviroKool Piston in Lean Burn Natural Gas and Diesel Dual Fuel Heavy Duty Engine

2022-37-0004

06/14/2022

Heavy-duty (HD) internal combustion engines (ICE) have achieved quite high brake thermal efficiencies (BTE) in recent years. However, worldwide GHG regulations have increased the pace towards zero CO2 emissions. This, in conjunction with the ICE reaching near theoretical efficiencies means there is a fundamental lower limit to the GHG emissions from a conventional diesel engine. A large factor in achieving lower GHG emissions for a given BTE is the fuel, in particular its hydrogen to carbon ratio. Substituting a fuel like diesel with compressed natural gas (CNG) can provide up to 25% lower GHG at the same BTE with a sufficiently high substitution rate. However, any CNG slip through the combustion system is penalized heavily due to its large global warming potential compared to CO2. Therefore, new technologies are needed to reduce combustion losses in CNG-diesel dual fuel engines. In this paper, Tenneco’s EnviroKool® piston technology is evaluated as a mechanism to increase combustion

Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Strategies for Reduced Engine-Out HC, CO, and NOx Emissions in Diesel-Natural Gas and POMDME-Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Engine

2022-01-0460

03/29/2022

Dual-fuel engines employ precisely metered amounts of a high reactivity fuel (HRF) such as diesel at high injection pressures to burn a low reactivity fuel (LRF) such as natural gas, which is typically fumigated into the intake manifold. Dual fuel engines have demonstrated the ability to achieve extremely low engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared to conventional diesel combustion at the expense of unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. At low engine loads, due to low in-cylinder temperatures, oxidation of HC and CO is very challenging. This results in both compromised combustion and fuel conversion efficiencies. The experimental campaign discussed in this paper involved a set of six engine control parameters that were strategically varied to find the best possible efficiency-emissions trade-offs for both diesel- and poly-oxy methylene dimethyl ether (POMDME)-natural gas dual fuel combustion on the University of Alabama single-cylinder research

Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Partridge, Kendyl, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Srinivasan, Kalyan, Krishnan, Sundar Rajan, Anandaraman, Nandagopalan

A Study on the Use of Intake Flow Path Modification to Reduce Methane Slip of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2022-01-0467

03/29/2022

Use of natural gas-diesel dual-fuel (NDDF) combustion in compression ignition engines is a method of reducing the net greenhouse gas (GHG) and particulate matter (PM) emissions of these engines. Compressed natural gas (NG) is injected into the intake manifold of the engine and the air-NG mixture is ignited by a direct injection of diesel in the cylinder. One of the main challenges with NDDF combustion is the methane (primary component of NG) slip at low and medium loads, which reduces the engine efficiency and offsets the advantage of lower carbon dioxide emissions of the NG combustion. In order to address this issue, an intake manifold insert is devised with the objective to alter the intake flow profile into the engine and ultimately reduce the methane slip. This is a novel strategy for an NDDF engine since modifying the in-cylinder flow profile can intensify the mixing between diesel and air-NG mixture in order to improve the NG utilization in the cylinder. Tests are conducted

Dev, Shouvik, Yousefi, Amin, Lafrance, Simon, Missaghian, Roya, Guo, Hongsheng

Investigation of a Second Exhaust Valve Lift to Improve Combustion in a Methane - Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2022-01-0466

03/29/2022

In recent years, the utilization of dual-fuel combustion has gained popularity in order to improve engine efficiency and emissions. With its high knock resistance, methane allows operation in high compression diesel engines with lower risk of knocking. With the use of diesel fuel as an ignition source, it is possible to exploit the advantages of lean combustion without facing problems to provide the high amount of ignition energy necessary to burn methane under such operating conditions. Another advantage is the variety of sources from which the primary fuel can be obtained. In addition to fossil sources, methane can also be produced from biomass or electrical energy. As the rate of substitution of diesel by methane increases, the trade-off between nitrogen oxide and soot is mitigated. However, emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned methane increase. Since carbon monoxide is toxic and methane has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide, these emission components pose

Mueller, Florian, Guenthner, Michael, Weigel, Alexander, Thees, Matthias

Experimental Investigation of a Methanol Fueled SI Engine at Full Load Using a Central Composite Design

2022-01-0517

03/29/2022

The large difference in fuel properties between methanol and gasoline demand the development of a dedicated spark ignition (SI) engine in order to exploit methanol’s properties for maximum thermal efficiency, rather than using the flex-fuel engines of today. In order to develop such an engine, proven technologies on a high efficiency gasoline engine are a good reference point to start with. The engine setup used in this work was a 1.6l turbocharged direct injection engine equipped with variable valve timing (VVT) and a low pressure EGR loop. A central composite design (CCD) was used to quantify the influence of five control parameters on the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and main energy losses when running the engine on methanol at full load and a fixed engine speed of 1700 rpm. The set of control parameters consisted of the intake valve opening timing, exhaust valve opening timing, opening of the waste gate, opening of the EGR valve and opening of the backpressure valve. The main

Suijs, Ward, Verhelst, Sebastian

Reliability demonstration of automotive electronic component for fuel heating with extended mission profile

2021-36-0059

02/04/2022

The extended profile of fuel heating function on flex fuel engines to focus not only on cold start by also on engine operation whenever required has demanded a reliability demonstration in the field of power electronics. This paper presents application of Design for Reliability (DfR) method to demonstrate the reliability of Heating Control Unit in the face of an extended mission profile. The scope of work includes load collective measurement considering several driving cycles and ambient temperatures, derivation and execution of accelerated lifetime tests and physical inspection of samples. As a result, it was possible to quantitatively demonstrate the electronic reliability given longer thermal cycles and activation time as per the new mission profile

Ferreira, André Morais, Gentini, Isaac Monteiro, Duarte, Paulo Roberto Machado

Exergy analysis of a water cooled single cylinder dual fuel engine fueled with diesel-ethanol under different ethanol energy ratio

2021-36-0043

02/04/2022

Diesel-ethanol dual-fuel combustion has been recognized as an effective alternative to improve efficiency, reduce emissions and substitute part of the fossil fuel. In this regard, the need to improve engine efficiency has continued to drive studies through the understanding of the engine’s thermodynamics. However, the energy analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics does not identify and quantify the system inefficiencies, being insufficient to reveal the best efficiencies of any system. Therefore, the exergy analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics is required to understand and improve the actual efficiencies of the entire system and has higher research significance. Exergy analysis in recent years has been widely used in various thermal systems. A significant number of exergy studies was published for several types of thermal systems, but the number of studies on internal combustion engines is relatively low, especially when it deals with to the dual-fuel mode with

Rosa, Josimar Souza, Telli, Giovani Dambros, Altafini, Carlos Roberto, Rocha, Luiz Alberto Oliveira

Investigation of ignition delay times for ethanol and the Brazilian gasoline

2021-36-0054

02/04/2022

The prediction of ignition delay times is very useful during the development phase of internal combustion engines. When it comes to biofuels such as ethanol and its blends with gasoline, its importance is enhanced, especially when it comes to flex-fuel engines and the need to address current and future emissions legislations and efficiency goals. The ignition delay time measured as the angular difference between the spark discharge time, as commanded by the ECU and a relevant fraction of fuel mass burned (usually, 2, 5 or 10%). Experimental tests were performed on a downsized state-of-the-art internal combustion engine. Engine speed of 2500 rpm, with load of 6 and 13 bar IMEP were set for investigation. Stoichiometric operation and MBT or knock-limited spark timings were used, while valve overlap was varied, in order to address the effects of scavenging and residuals on ignition delay times. Results showing the effects of both are presented for both E27 (27% ethanol in gasoline) and

L. Zaions, João, Golke, Diego, Rohrig, Marcelo, Lanzanova, Thompson, Martins, Mario

Water injection enabling high efficiency flex fuel engines development

2021-36-0082

02/04/2022

It has been largely announced that automotive industry is going through a disruption moment regarding applied powertrain technologies due to the efforts to decrease CO2 and pollutant gases emission, mainly through related legislations of different countries and regions. European and Asian future legislations are going to demand some electrification introduction, whether hybrid or fully electric, but even different technologies such as fuel cells and synthetic fuels over the next few years. In Brazil, with the upswing of biofuels use, considering a well to wheel CO2 emission calculation, the usage of hydrated ethanol or ethanol mixed up with gasoline in different proportions is a great solution for a continuous and progressive automotive fleet decarbonization, in parallel or associated with electrification, in a favorable pace for the market conditions. This evolution, for instance, could be better planned to avoid impacts on PowerGrid and in internal combustion engines portfolio at

Lopes, Gustavo Santos, Brunocilla, Marcello Francisco, Franco, Rafael Lara, de Oliveira Junior, Fernando, Lopes, Marcus Vinicius Oliveira, de Ferreira Gomes, Paulo César

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