Browse Topic: Legislation
ABSTRACT The use of lead-free components in electronic modules destined for defense applications requires a deep understanding of the reliability risks involved. In particular, pad cratering, tin whiskers, shock and vibration, thermal cycling and combined environments are among the top risks. Testing and failure analysis of representative assemblies across a number of scenarios, including with and without risk mitigations, were performed to understand reliability of lead-free assembly approaches, in comparison with leaded and mixed solder approaches. The results lead to an understanding of lead-free reliability and how to improve it, when required. This outcome is resulting in user acceptance of lead-free electronics, which is timely given the increasing scope of lead-free legislation
You've got regulations, cost and personal preferences all getting in the way of the next generation of automated vehicles. Oh, and those pesky legal issues about who's at fault should something happen. Under all these big issues lie the many small sensors that today's AVs and ADAS packages require. This big/small world is one topic we're investigating in this issue. I won't pretend I know exactly which combination of cameras and radar and lidar sensors works best for a given AV, or whether thermal cameras and new point cloud technologies should be part of the mix. But the world is clearly ready to spend a lot of money figuring these problems out
Advanced Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for SAE Level 3 and Level 4 functions will lead to a new understanding of the operation phase in the overall product lifecycle. Regulations such as the EU Implementing Act and the German L4 Act (AFGBV) request a continuous field surveillance, the handling of critical E/E faults and software updates during operation. This is required to enhance the Operational Design Domain (ODD) during operation, offering Functions on Demand (FoD), by increasing software features within these autonomous vehicle systems over the entire digital product lifecycle, and to avoid and reduce downtime by a malfunction of the Autonomous Driving (AD) software stack. Supported by implemented effective management systems for Cyber Security (R155), Software Update Management System (R156) and a Safety Management System (SMS) (in compliance to Automated Lane Keeping System (ALKS) (R157)), the organizations have to ensure safe and secure development, deployment and operation to
In a surprising move that paves the way for the European Union's adoption of a mandate to eliminate vehicle CO2 emissions, on March 25 the EU reached an agreement with Germany to step back from a complete ban of combustion-engine vehicles starting in 2035. The EU agreed to permit sales and registration of IC-engine models after the 2035 deadline - provided those vehicles operate only on carbon-neutral fuels, often generically referred to as ‘e-fuels.’ With a significant portion of its economy related to the historically ICE-based automotive industry, Germany had resisted the EU's total ban, although its Parliament's Green Party supported the forced sunsetting of ICE passenger vehicles. Reuters reported German Transport Minister Volker Wissing as tweeting, “We secure opportunities for Europe by preserving important options for climate-neutral and affordable mobility.” In another Twitter post, Wissing reportedly added, “Vehicles with internal combustion engines can still be newly
Design innovation and an exclusive new tool for measuring carbon footprint have made Adient a sustainability leader among Tier-1s. Sustainability no longer is a vague aspiration for OEMs and suppliers looking for a ‘green’ veil. It's rapidly become a guiding tenet of product innovation, and ESG progress, as the industry pushes toward net-zero carbon goals in most major markets. “Currently, it's coming mainly from the European OEMs and the European legislature,” explained Mike Maddelein, VP engineering, Americas, at seating systems Tier 1 Adient. “They're driving carbon-footprint reduction and the industry is getting very, very serious about it. The European OEMs are starting to specify sustainability targets in their RFQs.” North America is probably two years behind, he believes, but will follow Europe's sustainability plan - if not through direct legislation, then by the OEMs themselves
Data is information that has been recorded in a form or format convenient to move or process. It is important to distinguish between data and the format. The format is a structured way to record information, such as engineering drawings and other documents, software, pictures, maps, sound, and animation. Some formats are open source, others proprietary. Regardless of the format, there are three broad types of data. Table 1 lists these types of data and provides examples. DM, from the perspective of this standard, consists of the disciplined processes and systems utilized to plan for, acquire, and provide management and oversight for product and product-related business data, consistent with requirements, throughout the product and data life cycles. Thus, this standard primarily addresses product data and the business data required for stakeholder collaboration extending through the supply chain during product acquisition and sustainment life cycle. This standard has broader application
This standard applies to the aerospace and defense industries and their supply chains
Products and services must be provided without jeopardizing safety for end-users. It is a fact that failures that compromise the health or safety of the user of the product (or with other people that interact with it) are recognized as one of the biggest problems for any manufacturer, mainly if these failures are identified after the product sales which leads to the necessity of the recall, where the manufacturer is responsible for a corrective action under the country’s legislation. In this work, the reasons and causes of the automotive recall were studied from 2011 to 2019, with emphasis on failures resulting from the production process. This research comprised all models and brands of national and or imported vehicles marketed in Brazil in the period, which represented a total of 886 Brazilian automotive recalls were studied individually, and 13,930,803 motor vehicles involved in recalls. The recalls were divided into two main causes: defects arising from failures in product
An electronic assembly is created by integrating thousands of parts from multiple suppliers utilizing a host of circuit card manufacturing processes. With the lead elimination from electronics resulting from the European Union Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) legislation, many of the heritage aerospace and defense commercial off the shelf (COTS) solder materials with tin–lead have become obsolete. Most notably there has been an increasing cost and schedule pressure to use commercially available pure tin part finishes and lead–free solders in aerospace and defense electronic systems
The diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is one of the major components of a diesel after treatment system. Earlier, DOCs were majorly used to oxidise un-burnt HC and CO from the exhaust gas to keep these pollutants within legislation limits. As legislative norms evolved towards becoming more stringent, the technology and chemistry of after-treatment catalysts have also advanced simultaneously. For Diesel Engines to meet BSVI emission norm, the DOC has a vital role to play. Apart from oxidizing un-burnt THC and CO, now it has to perform additional functions of converting NOx to NO2 to achieve desired NO2/NOx ratio for better DeNOx in the SCR and also give efficient exotherm across it when the cat burner fuel is injected during DPF Regeneration with minimal HC slip. In this paper, two DOCs having different PGM loadings and volumes are evaluated for their exothermal efficiencies and corresponding THC slips. These DOCs are zonal coated and have different split of Pt:Pd ratios across its length
Environmental concerns and government policies aiming to increase biofuel shares have led to the search for alternative fuels from a variety of renewable raw materials. The development of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) type fuels has been strong in the Nordic countries, partly due to the early use of tall oil from the forest industry as feedstock. An innovative production process to convert crude tall oil (CTO) - a residue of pulp production - into high-quality renewable diesel fuel was developed by a Finnish forestry company UPM. Paraffinic, high cetane and low aromatic CTO renewable diesel allows efficient and clean combustion, resulting in reductions of local air pollution in addition to not releasing any new CO2 into the atmosphere during their combustion. This research investigated the influence of CTO renewable diesel on the performance and exhaust emissions of a non-road diesel engine. The examined fuels were neat CTO renewable diesel (BVN) and a blend of BVN and fossil diesel
In order to adhere with future automotive legislation and incentives, the electric range of plug-in hybrids has steadily increased. At the same time, the installed electric power has risen as well leading to future hybrid vehicles with an electric power share of more than half of overall system power and hybrid configurations with at least two electrical machines come into focus. The concept of adding a separate electrical axle to a P2-hybrid - a so called P24-hybrid, is of special interest. The system complexity of a such a system increases significantly as the number of possible system states increases. Thus, this paper analyzes the efficiencies and benefits of the different system states within the fuel-optimal operating strategy derived by global optimization. By varying the electrical power distribution between the two axles, the impact on fuel efficiency and the changes within the operating strategy are investigated. Due to the higher system complexity, the control and
China 6 emission legislation was finalized in 2018 and the full implementation nationwide is postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19. It is foreseen that the post China 6 legislation will have more stringent primary and secondary emission requirements including further reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and likely to include limits on ammonia (NH3) emissions. This study investigated the secondary emissions (i.e. N2O and NH3) of a variety of China 6 production gasoline vehicles operating under the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) and random test standardized aggressive (RTS 95) cycle. It was found that N2O emissions were less than 5 mg/km on all these vehicles, far below the current China 6 limit (20 mg/km), however NH3 emissions varied from 2 to 48 mg/km among the production vehicles. The mechanisms of N2O and NH3 formation and their correlation with primary emissions were also investigated. Methods to reduce N2O and NH3 emissions were discussed from the
The automotive industry, like so many others, is naturally competitive. Minor errors and differences result not only in monetary losses or gains, but also in impacts that are difficult to measure, such as customer confidence in products of a certain brand, or even its reputation. Among the small differences directly at work after sales is the “invisible” action of legislation of a particular place regarding consumer rights. In order to analyze different legislation guidelines in the event of failures, this work will present the correlation between automotive recalls, call of vehicles carried out in an organized manner after the presentation of abnormal behavior due to the probable error occurred in the assembly or manufacture of the automobile, and the different laws of three regions of interest: Brazil, United States of America and the European Union. The work, after a detailed explanation of the different laws of the three regions, shows concrete relationships between the disclosures
Recently, automation of driving has become a significant interest of both industry and academia. Researchers are investigating different facets of automated driving systems (ADS) to address legal, technical, and logistical problems, which will make ADS-equipped vehicles (AVs) a reliable option for daily transportation. One of the most significant challenges that must be addressed before the mass production of AVs is the verification and validation (V&V) of safety and performance. A comprehensive V&V methodology is required to achieve assurance that the AV operates safely even in an uncertain traffic environment. The V&V Task Force under the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee intends to develop such a V&V testing methodology. The first step in this process is a literature review of various AV V&V efforts, which is the purpose of this document. Subsequently, the objective is to summarize this document and identify a collection of
With the rapid development of e-commerce in China, the automated and intelligent level of logistics distribution is continuously improving, and it is heading towards large-scale production and all-round commercial application. Since 2015, driverless delivery vehicles in China have been developing rapidly, and the imp act of “COVID-19” has accelerated the application of driverless delivery vehicles. At present, the application scenarios of driverless delivery vehicles can be divided into closed areas and open areas. However, there is a dispute about the legal status definition of the driverless delivery vehicle, whether it is a “mobile intelligent express box” or a “vehicle in freight transportation.” Regarding these two different legal statuses, the differences in legal regulation applicability and supervision are discussed in detail. This paper proposes that the legal status should be defined based on the type of application scenario. If it is applied in a closed area, such as school
Korea has promulgated its automated-vehicle specific law, in proactive consideration of developing marketable automated vehicles and thus possessing competitive edge in future competition. Correspondingly, market-friendly mechanisms for automated vehicles in China fall relatively much behind. The Korean law concerning automated driving can be suggestive, through careful analyses of basic provisions and administrative mechanisms therein, with regard to national guidelines for developing automated vehicles in China’s automated vehicles
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry’s development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects’ vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper
Brake particle emissions as a part of non-exhaust emissions are becoming more and more relevant, various international research activities can be stated. Also from the legislation side, first hints are given in regards of possible regulations. One possible approach for the reduction of brake particle emissions deals with the collection of those particles close to the foundation brake. The presented paper will follow such an approach and give some insights. In a first step, the technical layout is described for bench and vehicle testing. While for bench testing a PMP-like style of the setup could be chosen, the vehicle test setup is oriented on conventional wheel dust measurements. Hence, presented results of laboratory testing are dealing with PN and PM measurements. Also the impact on particle size distribution is discussed. It can be stated, that the particle collecting system is able to improve PN and PM emissions. Additionally, ultra-fine particles are almost eliminated. The
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