Browse Topic: Supply chain management

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Experimental Investigation of Process Parameter Effects in WAAM of Nickel-Based Alloys2026-28-0027To be published on 02/12/2026
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is an evolving discipline in metal additive manufacturing characterized by rapid deposition, cost-effectiveness, and centrality to the near-net-shape fabrication of large-scale components. This study will concentrate on WAAM application to deposit nickel alloys, which find extensive use in aerospace, power generation, and marine industries, due to their good mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability. However, some drawbacks in WAAM processing of nickel alloys include thermal distortion, porosity, and residual stress. The research looks at how key WAAM process parameters, including wire feed rate, travel speed, current, and interpass temperature affect geometric accuracy, surface integrity, and mechanical performance of the fabricated components. Microstructural characterization was done using optical microscopy, and hardness distribution was measured as an indication of mechanical uniformity throughout the builds. It is
Natarajan, Manikandan
Design and Development of Integrated Brake and Bull Cage System for Enhanced Tractor Performance and Sustainability2026-28-0005To be published on 02/12/2026
Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA) , the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.5%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance
Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Dhanale, Swapnil, Perumal, Solairaj, Gomes, Maxson, Redkar, Dinesh, Savant, Kedarnath, V, SARAVANAN
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-0613To be published on 01/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
Chaudhary lng, Vikash, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Tailgate Stiffness Mitigation and Engineering Strategy for Y-to-Y Tailgate-Mounted Tail Lamp Integration2026-26-0494To be published on 01/16/2026
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Y-to-Y tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension volume, reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper explores a comprehensive approach
Beryl, Joshua, Mohanty, Abhinab, Unadkat, Siddharth, Selvan, Veera
Study of Style wheel rim failure Due to Rim and disc assembly interference2026-26-0541To be published on 01/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, Chandramohan, C, Santhosh
Lightweight Cascade Design Using Type IV Cylinders for Efficient Hydrogen Gas Logistics in India2026-26-0485To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen mobility in India faces a key challenge in the form of high transportation and logistics costs, particularly in tier-II and tier-III cities where dedicated pipelines are not yet feasible. Current methods using traditional steel based cascades are heavy, inefficient, and limit payload capacity. This paper presents a novel lightweight cascade system designed to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen gas logistics using Type IV composite cylinders and an aluminium structural frame. The design adheres to PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation) standards and achieves a structural weight reduction of 52%, owing to the use of carbon fibre composite cylinders and aluminium framework. Field level analysis demonstrates that the gas transport efficiency is improved by a factor of 2.5 compared to conventional steel based systems when used in heavy duty trucks. This innovation offers a significant step forward in enabling economically viable hydrogen distribution for mobility
Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu, Muthusamy, Hariprasad, Ammu, Vnsu Viswanath, Kola, Immanuel Raju
Next Gen Automotive EDS Architecture Design Verification using Real-Time Function Mode Simulation and Failure Condition Analysis2026-26-0454To be published on 01/16/2026
In current automotive electrical design practices, simulation and functional verification of the Electrical Distribution System (EDS) at the design stage are largely absent. Typically, the validation of controller behaviour and EDS wiring is performed only during HIL, SIL, MIL, prototype testing, or physical vehicle trials, often revealing issues late in the development cycle. This delay leads to costly redesigns, prolonged timelines, and increased chances of failure during vehicle integration. Therefore, there is a critical need for an early-stage simulation methodology that ensures robust EDS and controller design, enabling "first-time-right" readiness at the design stage itself. The proposed simulation framework introduces a function mode-based structural approach, where individual vehicle functions are mapped to their corresponding electrical circuits within the vehicle’s wiring system. Resistance values are allocated to specific paths depending on the active function or
Jaisankar, Gokulnath, Warke, Umakant, Chakra, Pipun, Borole, Akash
EV Battery Evolution in India: Challenges, Innovation, and Policy Synergy2026-26-0174To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of sustainable transportation and energy security, India is placing increased focus on addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with electric vehicle (EV) battery technology. As a cornerstone of EV performance and adoption, battery systems in India face critical issues such as high import dependency, limited local manufacturing capabilities, cost inefficiencies, safety concerns, and lack of standardized design frameworks. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of India's evolving battery ecosystem, emphasizing indigenous design, development, and scalable in-house manufacturing under the "Make in India" initiative. It examines supportive government policies, strategic public-private partnerships, and the pivotal role of research institutions in fostering innovation and overcoming original equipment manufacturers' (OEMs) and end-users' concerns. It also focus on prototype product development challenges. Through detailed case studies, technological reviews
Thorat, Jalindar Sukhadev, Sandhu, Jivraj Singh, Kumar, Dharmendra
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of data streaming methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-0692To be published on 01/16/2026
In the realm of electric truck logistics, optimizing route planning is essential. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing such optimized routes. Integrating map features into the drive mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, and vehicle coordinates. This study compares the performance of Server sent events(SSE), web sockets and API polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our findings demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and timely data updates, contributing to more effective route planning and resource management. Additionally, we discuss how API Polling, Web sockets, and SSE each make
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, Dadoo, Vishal, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
Optimization of Battery Mixing Strategies to Enhance Electric Vehicle Performance and Efficiency2026-26-0209To be published on 01/16/2026
Fleet operators increasingly contend with a patchwork of battery‑pack generations that remain electro‑chemically compatible yet differ markedly in capacity, internal resistance and residual life. Conventional “like‑for‑like” replacement policies oblige service providers to retain costly legacy inventories or to install brand‑new packs in ageing vehicles—both scenarios inflating warranty exposure and material waste. Deploying a rational mixing strategy for packs of different vintages therefore offers a compelling path to lower costs and improve sustainability, but industry‑wide guidance is limited and confidence in performance impacts remains low. This paper presents an optimisation‑driven framework that determines when and how heterogeneous packs can be paired at the moment of integration while maintaining vehicle performance targets and minimising life‑cycle cost. The methodology combines: a physics‑based electro‑thermal performance model parameterised for discrete state‑of‑health
Nair, Sandeep R., Ravichandran, Balu Prashanth, Hallberg, Linus
Development of Sustainable Textile Solutions Using Recycled and Bio-Based Materials for Automotive Soft Trims2026-26-0236To be published on 01/16/2026
The shift towards sustainable and circular practices in the automotive industry is driving the development of eco-friendly materials for soft trims. This research explores the development and integration of sustainable textile solutions using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) from post-consumer waste and bio-based fibers such as banana and bamboo in various fabric forms—woven, knitted, and non-woven. Applications studied include seat fabrics, headliners, parcel shelves, and wheel arch liners. rPET textiles demonstrated promising strength, aesthetic appeal, and durability performance, while significantly reducing carbon footprint. Blends of rPET and virgin PET were optimized to balance properties with sustainability targets. Banana fibre, an agricultural by-product abundantly available in India, was explored for headliner substrates and parcel shelves, offering biodegradability and regional sourcing advantages. Bamboo fabrics, known for their natural antimicrobial properties
Deshpande, Sanjana, Borgaonkar, Subodh
Revolutionary EV Motors Innovation in E-mobility in Depth Analysis of Emerging Technologies, Comparative Insights & Their Ground Breaking Impact on Electric Vehicle Performance2026-26-0073To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Navigating the Field of Automotive Cybersecurity Relevant Regulations2026-26-0623To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years many automotive cybersecurity relevant regulations have been released and some have already started to come into effect. Moreover, some other regulations will come into effect in the next few years. These regulations provide requirements and guidance to automotive organizations with different degree of specifics. In this paper, we review a number of different cybersecurity relevant regulations such as UNR 155, UNR 156, AIS 189, AIS 190, GB 44495, GB 44496, EU Cyber Resilience Act, and BIS Final Rule. We break down and categorize these regulations based on their scope and highlight key areas relevant to different teams within the organizations. These key areas include Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS), Software Update Management System (SUMS), secure software development and software supply chain security, continuous cybersecurity activities (monitoring, incident response), and vulnerability disclosure and management. We then map responsibilities from the
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Comprehensive Durability Assessment of Planet Carrier in Heavy-Duty Tipper Gearboxes Using RLDA Torque Data2026-26-0443To be published on 01/16/2026
In heavy-duty tippers, where challenging conditions demand high torque, planet carriers play a crucial role by enabling efficient load distribution and torque transmission while supporting gear ratio and speed variation in space-constrained systems such as automatic transmissions, hybrid drivetrains, and electric vehicles. This paper focuses on the comprehensive durability performance assessment of planet carriers using duty cycles derived from RLDA measurements for a heavy-duty tipper gearbox development program. The existing Design Validation Plan (DVP) for the planet carrier considers first gear utilization of 10-15% at 40% vehicle overload, in line with historical data. However, recent trends in mining applications revealed vehicle overloads of 55-65%, leading to an increase in first gear utilization (25-35%). This shift presents challenges for OEMs to enhance design durability while incorporating additional safety margins to meet the demands of a competitive, cost-driven market
Bagane, Shivraj, Pendse, Ameya
Lightweight AI Deployment for Legacy Automotive ECUs: A Practical Optimization Approach2026-26-0663To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive systems are increasing adopting data-driven and intelligent functionality in the areas of predictive maintenance, virtual sensors and diagnostics. This has led to a need for the AI models to be directly run on vehicle ECUs. However, most of these ECUs – especially those in cost-sensitive or legacy platforms lack the computational capacity and parallel processing support required for standard AI implementations. Given the stringent real-time and reliability requirements in automotive environments, deploying such models presents a unique challenge. This paper proposes a practical methodology to optimize both the training and deployment phases of AI models for low-computation ECUs that operate without parallelism. Designing lightweight model architectures, using pruning and quantization techniques to minimize resource utilization, and putting in place a strategy appropriate for single-threaded execution are the three main objectives of the developed approach. The goal is to
Sharma, Sahil, Mathew, Melvin John
Considerations for Vulnerability Management in the Automotive Industry2026-26-0626To be published on 01/16/2026
With the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), more complex software and connectivity technologies are introduced to support new advanced use cases such as phone as a key, smart parking and vehicle management. However, complex software functionality and external connectivity also increase the attack surface of vehicles and its ecosystem. In this paper, we first perform a classification of recent automotive cybersecurity attacks. We further perform an analysis of these attacks and associated vulnerabilities considering the application of best practices of vulnerability management approaches including Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), and Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC). CVSS is a standardized framework used to assign severity scores to known vulnerabilities and helps organizations prioritize vulnerability remediation based on severity. EPSS is a predictive model that estimates the probability of a
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Powering the Future: Addressing Power Architecture Bottlenecks in Next Gen Automotive Platforms2026-26-0688To be published on 01/16/2026
As the automotive industry moves from conventional function oriented embedded ECU-based systems to Code-driven system, the core electrical and electronic (E&E) architecture is also being redesigned to support more software-driven functionality. Modern and centralized architectures promise scalability and software-driven flexibility, but they also introduce significant challenges in power distribution-an area that remains underexplored despite its critical role in overall vehicle safety and performance. Our paper aims at the adoption of the traditional power distribution approach for Next Gen vehicle architecture. It requires a fresh look at how power is distributed. In a novel E&E architecture, a single power harness supplies battery voltage to each zone. If there's a failure or voltage drop, it can affect multiple functions within that zone at once, and management of voltage regulation, thermal dissipation, and EMI/EMC compliance becomes crucial. Adding to the complexity, safety
Borole, Akash, Warke, Umakant, Chakra, Pipun, Jaisankar, Gokulnath
Nexifi11D: A Comprehensive Multidimensional Framework for Futuristic Manufacturing Ecosystems2026-26-0282To be published on 01/16/2026
The manufacturing sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by hyper-connectivity, sustainability imperatives, and accelerated digital transformation. Conventional systems, however, remain constrained by their focus on isolated optimizations—such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled sensing, or workforce scheduling—without providing an integrated operational perspective. To address this fragmentation, Nexifi11D is introduced as a comprehensive, multidimensional framework that consolidates 11 critical dimensions of manufacturing into a unified ecosystem. Nexifi11D advances beyond traditional Industry 4.0 architectures by seamlessly integrating intelligent algorithms, immersive simulation technologies, IoT infrastructure, and predictive systems within a scalable, interoperable mesh. The framework breaks down silos across key manufacturing domains—such as sustainability, cost, operations, and workforce—enabling holistic, data-driven, and proactive decision-making. Each integrated
Kumar, Rahul, Singh, Randhir
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
A strategic approach to the selection of switchgear and busbars for EV battery packs2026-26-0165To be published on 01/16/2026
With the rising adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the need for robust and efficient power distribution systems has become increasingly important. This paper outlines a strategic method for selecting switchgear and busbars in EV battery packs, emphasizing key factors such as safety, energy efficiency, thermal control, and future scalability. Proper optimization of these components can significantly improve performance, minimize power losses, and ensure durability under demanding operating conditions. The design and selection of battery conducting components, such as switchgears and busbars, are typically based on the maximum continuous and peak current capabilities of the EV battery pack. While this approach ensures that the components can withstand extreme conditions, it often leads to over-engineering, resulting in unnecessary costs and added weight. However, this method overlooks the dynamic power demands of the vehicle, which fluctuate based on driving conditions and usage. Real
Soman, Anu, satheesh, Goutham, K, Mathankumar
An Engineering Perspective on Cradle and Saddle Mount Configurations2026-26-0313To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) demands optimized powertrain mounting systems to achieve superior Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance. This study presents a comparative evaluation of cradle-type and saddle-type mounting systems in EV applications. Experimental modal analysis and vehicle-level vibration testing were conducted to assess structure-borne and airborne noise transmission across operating conditions. Key factors such as mount stiffness, isolation efficiency, and dynamic load distribution were analyzed. Cradle systems exhibited better low- to mid-frequency isolation, whereas saddle systems offered advantages in packaging flexibility, high-frequency noise control, and reduced load distribution on supporting structures. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting optimal mount strategies to enhance occupant comfort and acoustic quality in future EV designs. Recommendations for mount system improvements considering evolving EV architectures are
Hazra, Sandip, more, Vishwas, Naik, Sarang Pramod
Comparative Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Strategies: Unveiling Challenges, Optimizing Benefits, and Exploring Future Potential.2026-26-0201To be published on 01/16/2026
This research paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling methods, tracing the entire journey from global demand to the practical challenges and solutions for sustainable battery recycling. It starts with the analysis of worldwide LIB demand growth alongside the exponential growth in volumes of spent batteries and recycling rates. The study focuses on the imbalance in production and recovery of critical battery components and its environmental and economic effects. The paper then systematically examines six major recycling methodologies: mechanical, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, biotechnological, direct, and ion-exchange recycling. It goes into detail about their advantages, limitations, and roles in maximizing the recovery of valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Traditional techniques like hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods, and emerging approaches including bioleaching and ion-exchange, are evaluated for their
Jain, Gaurav, Premal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
An In-Depth Exploration of the Evolution and Global Adoption of Electric Motors in New Energy Vehicles2026-26-0161To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the global automotive sector has undergone a transformation at an unprecedented pace, driven by rapid technological advancements and evolving consumer expectations. Central to this shift has been the accelerated adoption of electric motors as the primary propulsion mechanism in New Energy Vehicles (NEVs). This research paper explores the technological trajectory of electric motor development across four vehicle segments: two-wheelers, three-wheelers, passenger vehicles, and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. It identifies the leading electric motor technologies utilized in each of these segments, along with their prevalence across key regulated global markets. Drawing upon historical data and existing academic literature, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of current e-motor technologies and their market distribution. A regional analysis is conducted to examine variations in manufacturer preferences and deployment strategies, supported by visual representations
Singh, Ashish, Ray, Rakesh Kumar
Predictive Simulation Framework for Tyre Curb Impact Durability Assessment and Design Optimization2026-26-0396To be published on 01/16/2026
Tyre structural durability validation is a critical aspect of automotive design, considering the worsening road conditions. One of the key validation tests for assessing structural integrity is the curb impact test, which evaluates the tyre's ability to withstand sudden and concentrated impacts. Typically, this process involves physical testing of preliminary tyre samples, followed by iterative modifications to the tyre's construction to meet durability requirements. However, this approach often compromises ride performance, necessitating a more efficient and predictive methodology. To address this challenge, a frugal simulation-based prediction methodology has been developed to evaluate tyre curb impact durability before vehicle-level testing. This allows for the optimization of tyre design parameters early in the development process, ensuring structural performance while minimizing ride and handling (R&H) tuning iterations. By reducing the number of iterations, the methodology
Sundaramoorthy, Ragasruoban, Lenka, Visweswara
Real-Time In-Cabin Vital Sensing and Emergency Response Using Ultra-Wideband Radar in Automotive Environments2026-26-0012To be published on 01/16/2026
This study introduces a novel in-cabin health monitoring system leveraging Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar technology for real-time, contactless detection of occupants' vital signs within automotive environments. By capturing micro-movements associated with cardiac and respiratory activities, the system enables continuous monitoring without physical contact, addressing the need for unobtrusive vehicle health assessment. The system architecture integrates edge computing capabilities within the vehicle's head unit, facilitating immediate data processing and reducing latency. Processed data is securely transmitted via HTTPS to a cloud-based backend through an API Gateway, which orchestrates data validation and routing to a machine learning pipeline. This pipeline employs supervised classifiers—Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest (RF)—to analyze features such as temporal heartbeat variability, respiration rate stability, and energy distribution patterns
Singh, Samagra, Pandya, Kavita, Jituri, Keerti
A Novel Approach to Optimal Strain Gauge Placement for Structural Assessment: Integrating Close Looping Configuration with Calibration Techniques2026-26-0551To be published on 01/16/2026
Addressing the challenge of optimal strain gauge placement on complex structural joints and pipes, this research introduces a novel methodology combining strategic gauge configurations with numerical optimization techniques. Traditional methods often struggle to accurately capture combined loading states and real-world complexities, leading to measurement errors and flawed structural assessments. For intricate joints, a looping strain gauge configuration is proposed to comprehensively capture both bending and torsional effects, preventing the bypassing of applied loads. A calibration technique is used to create strain distribution matrices and access structural behavior under different loading conditions. Optimization algorithms are then applied to identify gauge placements that yield well-conditioned matrices, minimizing measurement errors and enhancing data reliability. This approach offers a cost-effective solution by reducing the number of gauges required for accurate stress
Shingate, Uttam, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar, Deshpande, Onkar
Driver-in-the-Loop Optimization of Tire-Vehicle Dynamics using Virtual Tire Development approach through Physical Tire Models2026-26-0099To be published on 01/16/2026
This study provides a virtual development process using VI-Grade Driving Simulator and Adams simulation integrating CD tire models to modify all-terrain tire performance for an altered and new proposed version of an existing production vehicle. The proposed alteration introduces ride height changes, weight distribution changes, and centre of gravity changes from existing vehicle design. The proposed new vehicle variant also introduces tire change from highway terrain type to all-terrain type as it was intended to deliver some off-roading capabilities, thereby vehicle dynamics and kinematics recalibration & tuning required. The conventional development cycles through physical prototypes are time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, this solution combines high-fidelity tire simulation, driver-in-the-loop (DIL) simulation, and multi-body dynamics analysis to reduce development time and prototype cycles. The proposed method begins with baseline correlation, augmenting Adams vehicle
Shrivastava, Apoorv, Asthana, Shivam
Modelling and Analysis of Hypoid Gear Churning Loss in Rear Drive Axle: The Role of Oil Viscosity and Empirical Parameters2026-26-0508To be published on 01/16/2026
This definitive study investigates the variation of churning losses occurring with hypoid ring and pinion gear sets and puts primary importance to factors that determine energy dissipation in these mechanisms. A detailed investigation shows that viscosity is critical, particularly due to large temperature-dependent variations. Besides this, the study focuses on particular attention to experimental parameters derived from measured data to model churning losses. Churning Loss itself originates in the interaction between the rotation of the gears and the lubricating oil - a source of significant inefficiency within the overall drivetrain. A robust, comprehensive model has been formulated to take this into account. It does not only account for variable oil viscosity with temperature but integrates key empirical parameters that reflect observed behaviours in gear systems. The study adopts a multidimensional approach by considering the influence of various other factors. It investigates how
Khan, Aliya Javid, Praveen, Abhinav, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, AP, Baaheedharan
Optimizing Powertrain Performance: A Customer Usage-Centric Approach2026-26-0067To be published on 01/16/2026
The optimization of new generation trucks is crucial for enhancing performance, efficiency, and compliance with regulatory standards. In the conventional product development, the manufacturer often optimises the powertrain to meet the stringent emission which might not account for the customer usage. This study uses the simulation-based approach that integrates customer usage with help of logged vehicle data across various applications, to develop a single engine platform equipped with multiple drivetrain options. Using a data driven approach, real-world usage pattern analysis is conducted to identify key performance metrics required to optimize the driveline components tailored to each application. Additionally, the impact of certification requirements on vehicle performance is examined to ensure compliance while maximizing the benefits of the proposed optimization strategies. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for manufacturers and fleet operators, enabling
Mohan, Vignesh, Darzi, Mahdi
Sustainable Tyre- A Journey to Meet Future Requirements of Tyre Industry2026-26-0291To be published on 01/16/2026
Sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices are becoming essential. Tyre industries are embracing the green initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment by exploring the eco-friendly strategies. Starting from the ethical raw material sourcing to a creative recycling technique, strategies are widely distributing in every step of tyre manufacturing to disposition. Each stage of a tyre's life cycle viz. raw material procurement, manufacturing, transportation both upstream and downstream as well as during the end-of-life phases have an emission-saving potential. It is important to reduce emissions at every stage of tyre's lifecycle. We, JK Tyre has recently developed a Sustainable Tyre with 11% less GHG emission through sustainable raw material approach. Bio sourced or bio attributed raw materials like Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR), Rubber process oil (RPO) and Silica along with natural rubber (NR) had been used. Beside the raw
Bhandary, Tirthankar, Singha Roy, Sumit, Paliwal, Mukesh, Dasgupta, Saikat, Chattopadhyay, Dipankar, Das, Mahuya, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
AI-Driven Logistics Impact Screening for Engineering Changes in the Automotive Supply Chain2025-01-5081To be published on 12/29/2025
Engineering change (EC) is a complex, manual, and expert-driven topic. It has significant downstream effects on logistic operations and cost structures. The impact of logistics cost is a critical consideration for any profiting company or original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Evaluating the logistics cost impact of an EC is a time-consuming and tedious labor-intensive task. There are multiple steps taken by engineers before making an evaluation of the logistics cost of an EC, these include examining multiple sources, computer-aided design (CAD) drawings, PDF documents, PowerPoint files, and descriptions of the modification. Automation is further complicated by the wide variation of ECs across vehicle model, module group, and product type. To address this, we introduce the logistics impact screening application (LISA), an AI-based system designed to predict logistics cost impacts automatically. LISA pulls together both structured and unstructured data and uses a mix of techniques
Surampudi, Tejas, Yadav, Vishwas, Anandan, Tejaswee, Namdev, Vanshika
Experimental Investigation of Stress Distribution Characteristics in Surrounding Rock during Unloading in Oblique Upper Crossing Tunnel2025-99-024212/23/2025
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Wu, Hao, Qin, Shuzhen, Li, Guofeng, Dong, Tianwen, Shi, Yongyue
Research on Early Warning Standard for Deformation of Surrounding Rock in Nearby New Four-Lane Tunnels2025-99-020812/23/2025
Focusing on the deformation warning criteria for a new four-lane tunnel affected by an existing tunnel, this study employs numerical simulation to analyze the ultimate strain of the equivalent rock mass. The results reveal the ultimate shear strain and ultimate tensile strain of Class V surrounding rock, offering critical insights for deformation control and early warning systems. Relying on the Maaoling Tunnel Project, the tunnel planar analysis model is established based on the finite difference FLAC3D software to analyze the deformation and strain distribution pattern of the surrounding rock of the new tunnel under different distances and reduction factors between the new and the existing tunnel. Finally, the tunnel crown settlement as an indicator, the establishment of the Maaoling Tunnel V surrounding rock conditions of different distances construction safety warning standard for the construction of large-span tunnels and early warning provides the basis for the relevant
Zhang, Yufan, Tian, Wei, Liu, Dongxing, Kang, Xiaoyue, Chen, Liming, Zheng, Xiaoqing
Study on Evolution of Surrounding Rock Stability and Structural Mechanical Behavior During In-Situ Expansion of Existing Tunnels in Weak Rock Mass2025-99-020712/23/2025
To address the escalating traffic demands and tackle the complex mechanical challenges inherent in in-situ tunnel expansion, this study, grounded in the Huangtuling Tunnel project in Zhejiang Province, China, focuses on the stability evolution of surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of structures during the in-situ expansion of existing tunnels under weak surrounding rock conditions. By systematically comparing core post-excavation features—such as surrounding rock displacement fields, ground pressure distribution pat-terns, and mechanical responses of support structures—between newly constructed tunnels and in-situ expanded tunnels, the research reveals key mechanical principles governing the construction of large-section tunnels in weak rock formations. Specifically, the findings are as follows: (1) Both newly constructed and in-situ expanded large-section tunnels exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity in surrounding rock deformation. The vault-spandrel zones serve
Zheng, Xiaoqing, Kang, Xiaoyue, Xu, Kai, Chen, Tao, Huo, Xinwang, Chen, Chuan
LLM-Driven Automotive Wiring Harness Design Optimization: A Case Study Focused on Cost and Time Waste Elimination2025-36-013712/18/2025
The fuses identification in power distribution boxes, which demands gathering and synthesizing information from diverse sources, represents a significant time consumption for engineers. Furthermore, the inherently repetitive nature of this manual task renders it susceptible to inaccuracies. To address this limitation, this paper examines the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the form of chat-bots for analyzing and optimizing vehicular Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS). The research investigates the capabilities of such a system to process complex EDS data, using Vehicle Manual Owner as a study case, with the goal of identifying optimization opportunities and improving project efficiency. The results of the application of Retriever Augmented Generation (RAG) enhanced the model’s ability to handle domain-specific data and function as a specialist assistant for Power Distribution Boxes. Experiments suggest this automated approach can generate valuable insights, such as
Araújo, Priscila, Olympio, Thomas, Soares, Ronaldo, Barros, Maria Isabel, Silva, Janysson, Ferreira, Flávio Fabrício V. M., Murari, Thiago B.
Methodology for Characterization and Measurement of Pavement Potholes2025-36-000912/18/2025
Potholes pose significant challenges to road infrastructure and the automotive industry, leading to safety risks, vehicle damage, and increased maintenance costs. These road defects form due to water infiltration, freeze-thaw cycles, heavy traffic, and inadequate maintenance, creating localized depressions with well-defined edges that compromise pavement integrity. Their impact extends to vehicle durability, affecting tires, suspension systems, and chassis components. This study presents a standardized manual methodology for pothole characterization, focusing on geometry, depth, and distribution assessment. Unlike advanced techniques such as LiDAR and GPR, this cost-effective approach requires no specialized equipment, making it accessible and practical for real-world applications. The methodology involves profile measurements, lateral positioning analysis within the lane, and density calculation based on pothole concentration by square kilometers. To validate the methodology was
Arias, Caio Borges, Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, Eckert, Jony Javorski
Development of Embedded Electronics with Artificial Intelligence in an Implement for Forklifts2025-36-001212/18/2025
In this article we will discuss the development and implementation of a computer vision system to be used in decision-making and control of an electro-hydraulic mechanism in order to guarantee correct functioning and efficiency during the logistics project. To achieve this, we have brought together a team of engineering students with knowledge in the area of Artificial Intelligence, Front End and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic devices. The project consists of installing a system on a forklift that moves packaged household appliances that can identify and differentiate the different types of products moved in factories and distribution centers. Therefore, the objective will be to process this identification and control an electro-hydraulic pressure control valve (normally controlled in PWM) so that it releases only the hydraulic pressure configured for each type of packaging/product, and thus correctly squeezing (compressing) the specific volume, without damaging it due to
Furquim, Bruno Bueno, Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Ibusuki, Ugo
Application of a Process Mining Tool for Three-Way Match Analysis in the Procure-to-Pay Process of a Multinational Auto Parts Company2025-36-023612/18/2025
Process mining emerges as a very important tool in the automotive industry to improve processes and increase efficiency. Its use allows the identification of bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement in production processes, contributing to increased productivity and cost reduction. This article aimed to evaluate the benefits of applying the Process Mining tool by conducting a Three-way match analysis in the Procure-to-pay (PTP) process of a company in the auto parts sector, seeking to identify opportunities for improvement. Analysis using process mining in PTP of the organization allowed us to identify significant number of cases of price discrepancies were observed in relation to orders related to services, being 2.5 times higher than orders related to materials. Additionally, quantity discrepancies represented 24% of the cases analyzed, compared to only 1.5% of price discrepancies. Of the materials involved in these price discrepancies, approximately 63% were not registered in
Junior, Osvaldo Vicente Jardim, Campos, Renato de, Franco, Bruno Chaves
Effects of Vehicle Usage on Aldehyde Emissions in Flex-Fuel PFI Engines Using Ethanol2025-36-009812/18/2025
Brazil PL8 regulation has required that manufacturers comply with new emissions levels for all of vehicle life – 0 km up to 160.000 km. On this study, tests found that results between new and used vehicles are remarkably similar except for Aldehydes on Ethanol tests. To better understand this phenomena, two main ideas were considered: first, the engine mileage needed to stabilize aldehydes emissions; and second, the main factors responsible for higher acetaldehyde values on new engines only.
Fernandes, Sarah, Borsari, Marcio, Brondani, Dhouglas
Influence of Supply Voltage over Fuel Injector’s Deadtime2025-36-017412/18/2025
This study presents three methods for obtaining the latency of an indirect injection Electro-Injector as a function of the applied voltage. This parameter is relevant for the linearization of the injected mass in order to model fuel mass delivery on modern ECUs. For this purpose, the authors built a test bench, with the intent of running analysis on the results of tests of mass differential between injections, circulating current, and mechanical vibration. The authors gathered data over the iterative experiments and correlated the mass differential, vibration data and current measurements. The authors observed that with a reduction of supply voltage at the injector’s pins, a greater injector dead time made itself present displaying a need for a compensation of opening time in function of voltage since the injector’s needle takes a longer amount of time in partially open positions. Modern ECU manufacturers broadly use the data obtained by this type of iterative experiment to accurately
Juliatti, Rafael Motter, Oliveira, Julia Mathias de, Morais Hanriot, Sérgio de, Silveira, Hairton Júnior Jose da, Moreira, Vinicius Guerra
Advancing Off-Road Autonomy: Comparative Analysis of Manual and AI-Driven Control in Autonomous Trucks2025-36-015212/18/2025
The deployment of autonomous trucks in off-road environments poses significant engineering challenges due to terrain variability and dynamic operating conditions. While recent advancements in perception, planning, and control architectures have improved vehicle autonomy, experimental validations comparing autonomous and manual control particularly regarding propulsion efficiency remain limited. This study addresses this gap by conducting structured field experiments to evaluate the performance of a heavy-duty truck operating in autonomous and manual modes. Tests were performed on a dedicated proving ground using a multi-sensor autonomous system. Key performance indicators included vehicle speed stability, engine speed regulation, and fuel consumption. The results show that autonomous driving achieved a 4.5% reduction in fuel consumption compared to manual operation. This gain is attributed to the system’s ability to maintain lower speed variance and more consistent engine behavior
Paula Silva, Cirilo, Yoshioka, Leopoldo Rideki, Kitani, Edson Caoru, André, Fatec Santo, Silva, Nouriandres Liborio
Manufacturing Optimization of Automotive Coatings: Applying Lean Six Sigma to Improve Filling Line Performance2025-36-001112/18/2025
This study presents the results of applying a Lean Six Sigma-based analytical approach to optimize the manufacturing of automotive coatings, specifically in a PU primer filling process. Through production flow mapping and the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) methodology, unplanned stoppages in the filling line were significantly reduced, addressing critical inefficiencies in automotive coating production. The research was driven by the need to enhance manufacturing productivity and ensure process reliability in the production of coatings used in the automotive sector. To achieve this, Quality Management tools, such as Pareto Analysis and the Cause-and-Effect Diagram, along with Lean Manufacturing techniques, including Kaizen Blitz, were applied. These methods facilitated the identification and mitigation of key causes of unplanned downtime, improving process efficiency and reliability. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in downtime, enhanced
Filho, William Manjud Maluf, Rodrigues, Mateus Ferreira, Carriero, Emily Amaral, Yoshimura, Sofia Lucas, Marini, Vinicius Kaster, Siqueira, Gonçalo, Alves, Marcelo Augusto Leal
Elevation Data Features Analysis of Vehicle Targets Detected by 4D Millimeter-Wave Radar Based on Statistical Methods2025-99-031212/17/2025
Traditional traffic millimeter-wave radar can obtain the distance, speed, and azimuth angle of the vehicles driving on road plane, while lacking the elevation information of the targets which is an important feature in spatial dimension for vehicle type classification. In this paper, the statistical methods are used to analyze the elevation features of different vehicle types acquired by 4D millimeter-wave radar in actual road scenario. The statistical parameters of the overall elevation data and cross-section elevation data at different horizontal distances are calculated. Besides, the probability distributions and the skewness characteristics are further presented. The data analysis results show that there are significant differences in elevation probability distribution and skewness features between small and large vehicles, providing evidence for classification of different vehicle types using 4D millimeter-wave radar.
Jing, Mengyuan, Liu, Haiqing, Gong, Xiaolong, Guo, Fuyang
Basic Diagram Model of Mixed Traffic Flow Considering Buses2025-99-030912/17/2025
The emergence of connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies has ushered in a new era of mixed traffic flow, where CAVs will coexist with human-driven vehicles (HDVs) for the foreseeable future. To investigate the fundamental relationships among flow, density, and speed in this heterogeneous traffic environment, this study develops a comprehensive analytical framework that explicitly accounts for the impact of bus integration in mixed traffic streams. The study initially identifies vehicle classifications and their respective distribution ratios within heterogeneous traffic streams. A fundamental graphical representation of mixed traffic patterns is established, followed by a comprehensive sensitivity evaluation focusing on free-flow velocity parameters within the proposed framework. Subsequently, a micro-level simulation platform is developed utilizing SUMO software. Research outcomes reveal a favorable link between the percentage of integrated self-driving cars and
Xiao, Yujie, Chen, Xiufeng, Wang, Meng, Xu, Ying
Analyzing the Operation of Road Cold Chain Transportation Using Big Data in the Context of Cost Reduction, Quality Improvement, and Efficiency Enhancement2025-99-030312/17/2025
In recent years, the market size of cold chain transportation in China has been expanding, but the industry has problems such as low cold chain circulation rate, low efficiency, high damage rate, and high cost. Under the background of reducing costs and improving quality and efficiency in transportation and logistics, an index set for operational analysis covering average freight rates, daily average number of over-temperature alarm incidents, daily average driving distance, and daily average driving time was established from the perspectives of economic efficiency, quality, and efficiency. Based on data from a third-party platform, including vehicle trajectories, temperatures, speeds, and freight rates, the running situation of road cold chain transportation industry was analyzed. The analysis results show that in 2023, the average freight rate of China’s highway cold chain will rebound, the fluctuation range will significantly narrow, the standardization level of temperature control
Li, Sicong, Ye, Jing, Cao, Mengfei
Spatial Distribution Pattern and Accessibility Analysis of Hexi Corridor2025-99-034512/17/2025
In order to better understand the development level and the degree of development of the transportation network in different areas of the Hexi Corridor, the accessibility of the transportation network in the Hexi Corridor is studied. Firstly, calculate the road density of each county and district in the Hexi Corridor. Then, in view of the topographic characteristics of the Hexi Corridor, introduce the shortest travel time and travel cost into the gravity model, consider the accessibility of both road and railway transportation modes between nodes, construct a comprehensive accessibility model, and analyze the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive accessibility of each county and district in the Hexi Corridor. Secondly, the gravitational model is used to analyze the economic connection intensity among the counties and districts in the Hexi Corridor. Finally, calculate the Gini coefficient, draw the Lorenz curve, and analyze the fairness of the comprehensive accessibility of the
Jiang, Ping, Mu, Haibo, Peng, Zhiwei
Analysis of the Effect of High-Speed Train Travel on The Characteristics of Flow Field Distribution Near Wrist Arm Insulators in Tunnels2025-99-032712/17/2025
With the continuous progress of modern high-speed railroad technology, the speed of train operation is increasing, and its aerodynamic effect when traversing the tunnel is also getting more and more attention from researchers. In this paper, we constructed a three-dimensional flow field model of the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel and considered the train speed, tunnel structure, size and position of the wrist-arm insulator, and other factors, and then through the simulation software, we simulated the change of the airflow in the tunnel when the high-speed train enters the tunnel. Through the simulation analysis, we obtained the characteristics of the flow field distribution around the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel when the high-speed train crosses the tunnel. The results show that when the train crosses the tunnel at a high speed, the airflow inside the tunnel is strongly squeezed and disturbed by the train, forming a complex airflow field. When the train passes by, the wrist
Zhang, Kangkang, Ma, Jianqiao
Qualification Tests of Civil Aircraft Tire2025-99-035112/17/2025
Tire is the only part of the aircraft that contacts the ground, which not only bears the vertical load and lateral load of the whole aircraft, but also provides adequate ground friction to decelerate the aircraft when braking, so the tires are important parts for aircraft take-off and landing. Besides safety concerns, tire physical properties such as vertical, lateral stiffness as static performance and rolling relaxation length, yawed rolling cornering force as dynamic performance are often required by aircraft manufacturers for analyzing aircraft maneuverability. Besides analysis or similarity by experience from other aircraft projects, tires are often qualified by a number of tests, both static and dynamic, to ensure the safety of tires and acquire tire physical performance data.
Ji, Teng
Research on Vehicle Routing Optimization for Bulk Waste Shared Collection Model2025-99-036012/17/2025
At present, bulky waste is mainly collected and transported by self-owned vehicles. However, the use of self-owned vehicles for collection has problems, such as high purchase costs and insufficient stability in vehicle configuration, making it difficult to balance the utilization of truck resources and the efficiency of bulky waste collection and transportation. Therefore, this paper proposes a bulky waste collection and transportation model using shared vehicles. Under this model, a scheduling model for shared bulky waste collection and transportation vehicles is designed. The core of the model is to integrate time window constraints and three-dimensional loading constraints. By integrating existing truck resources for scheduling and optimizing the truck scheduling decisions through optimization algorithms, the feasibility and effectiveness of the model are verified through experiments.
Xu, Chen, Ma, Huimin
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