Browse Topic: Supply chain management

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The New Era for Automotive Cybersecurity An Opportunity for Standardization of Automotive Cybersecurity2026-01-0086To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is moving from a reactive, self-determined approach to cybersecurity to a standardized, regulated one. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE TEVEES18B Committee and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition. In the past, cybersecurity challenges in the automotive industry were seen as novel, and each company handled them individually. This era was characterized by self-determination of security mitigations and a unique justification for solutions. Companies often developed cybersecurity concepts based on past incidents and their own risk tolerance. A key tool during this time was the TARA (Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment), which organizations used to justify their security concepts or lack thereof. This led to company-specific policies and a lack of a global standard. The result was a fragmented market where every new project required a novel cybersecurity concept, hindering the development of a robust market for
Mazzara, Bill, Rawlings, Craig
Evolutionary Path to Vehicle Zonal E/E Architecture2026-01-0071To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major transition in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs to zonal configuration. The rapid growth of software-driven functionality, cross domain function integration, and demands for centralized management have exposed the limitations of distributed and domain-based designs in complexity, scalability, and cost. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and I/O resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of the vehicle, greatly reducing wiring complexity, improving modularity, and enabling scalable, software-defined vehicles. However, this transition cannot be immediate because vehicle design and electrical system solutions have been built on decades of distributed and domain-based development. Moreover, the enabling technologies for realizing zonal E/E architecture, such as high-speed automotive Ethernet, zonal
Jiang, Shugang
A decision-making framework for field manufacturability of vehicle parts in expeditionary environments2026-01-0143To be published on 04/07/2026
Expeditionary environments (such as remote exploration missions, forward military operations, and disaster response zones) demand adaptive manufacturing solutions to support vehicle sustainment in the absence of traditional supply chains. This work introduces a conceptual mathematical framework for modeling the constraints and trade-offs inherent to expeditionary manufacturing, with a focus on vehicle repair and spare parts fabrication using low-energy and simple automated systems including desktop-scale 3D printers and CNC machines. The model integrates key variables such as energy availability, material transport cost, fabrication time, and environmental limitations to support rapid decision-making on part manufacturability and in-field feasibility. A case study involving the on-demand production of some common wear and failure parts on a vehicle, including suspension components and the water pump, is used to demonstrate how this framework can guide the selection of suitable
Mollan, Calahan, Pandey, Vijitashwa, Patterson, Albert E.
Bias and uncertainty in the time, position, and speed data of consumer-grade GPS devices2026-01-0544To be published on 04/07/2026
The goal of this study is to quantify the accuracy and uncertainty of position and speed measurements acquired by a wide range of consumer-grade GPS-enabled devices while road cycling. We acquired position and speed data simultaneously from 13 consumer devices (e.g., phones, watches, bicycle computers) at their maximum sampling rate (typically 1 Hz) during 10 hours (thirty 20 minute sessions) and 150 km of road cycling in a suburban environment. The position data from these devices were compared to real-time kinematic (RTK) data acquired using a differential GPS system and the speed data from these devices were compared to speed data acquired with high-resolution wheel rotation sensors (23,040 pulses per revolution) synchronized with the RTK data. Based on these comparisons, we generated probability distributions for the errors in the position and speed measured by each of the consumer devices. This study provides foundational data needed to quantify the accuracy and uncertainty across
Booth, Gabrielle R., Mitchell, Alan L., Siegmund, Gunter P.
Advancing Electric Drive Unit Design with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).2026-01-0413To be published on 04/07/2026
The performance of Electric Drive Units (EDUs) in electrified powertrains heavily depends on efficient thermal and lubrication management. Accurate assessment of lubrication flow, particularly in terms of wettability and churning losses, is essential for optimizing EDU performance across various driving conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of lubrication flow behavior within an EDU using an advanced Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The mesh-free SPH approach provides significant advantages in modeling intricate oil dynamics, such as oil splashing, and the behavior of oil in contact with rotating components. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the phenomena of splashing, wettability, and churning losses under various operating conditions within the gearbox environment. Key flow characteristics such as oil distribution, particle trajectories, torque resistance due to fluid drag, and oil volume fraction are analyzed under
Chintala, Paramesh, Inada, Jorge, Flores Solano, Cesar Alfonso, Gingade, Suresh
Analyzing Fastened Joints in Hydraulic Dampers using Simulation and Experimental Methods2026-01-0585To be published on 04/07/2026
The main purpose of this study is to develop and validate an accurate calculation model for an unorthodox hydraulic damper piston joint, enabling reliable torque specification and clamp behavior without full prototype iteration. The joint features a bolted interface with a laminated shim stack of many thin disks with varying outer diameters. Analysis of such unorthodox joints are uncommon in literature, making the effects of load distribution truncation in the member stack due to varying outer diameters and surface contact effects between thin members during compression and torquing difficult to quantify. The model discussed in this paper is based on frustum load distribution combined with annular-plate bending and elastic-foundation effects to capture the effects of washer cupping. Concrete outputs of the calculator include member load distribution, bolt and member stiffnesses, torque-to-preload relationships, including friction factors and a variable effective-bearing-diameter, and
Dresen, Gabriel S., Vollmar, Race, Roy Chowdhury, Sourav
A Large Language Model-Based Database for Analyzing the Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain2026-01-0471To be published on 04/07/2026
Global geopolitical volatility poses a critical threat to the resilience of the electric vehicle battery supply chain. Static, manually updated databases fail to capture the sector's rapid dynamics, creating significant information gaps for strategic planning. This study proposes an Artificial Intelligence-driven methodology to construct a comprehensive and dynamic knowledge base. An automated pipeline is implemented, beginning with specialized web crawlers that harvest real-time textual data from curated news and industry sources. This unstructured data is preprocessed through deduplication and cleansing to ensure quality. The core innovation involves applying fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform deep semantic parsing and extract structured information. These models precisely identify key entities—corporations, facilities, production capacities—and delineate the complex multi-tier relationships from raw material extraction to final distribution. The output is an
Zhu, Juntong, Luo, Wei, Zhang, Xiang, Yang, Zhifeng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), He, Xin
StreamPETR-TKD: Temporal Knowledge Distillation for Efficient 3D Object Detection in Object-Centric Streaming Models2026-01-0023To be published on 04/07/2026
Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) perception has become pivotal in autonomous driving for 3D object detection, enabling the transformation of multi-view image features into a unified BEV representation. However, purely visual methods still struggle with depth estimation and temporal consistency, particularly in modeling long-term dependencies and avoiding trajectory confusion in dynamic scenes. Knowledge distillation (KD) offers a promising solution by transferring rich knowledge from a powerful teacher model to a efficient student model, enhancing performance without incurring significant computational overhead. This paper aims to enhance the temporal reasoning and geometric understanding of the StreamPETR model—an object-centric, streaming-based 3D detector—via a multi-level distillation strategy. 1.Temporal Relation Distillation: The self-attention mechanisms of the teacher model are distilled to impart temporal relational knowledge, enabling the student to associate object states across time
Yan, Yixiong
Development of technology to distinguish contaminants using LiDAR near-field point cloud based on real-field data2026-01-0020To be published on 04/07/2026
Sensing technologies are essential to autonomous driving, enabling environmental perception and supporting navigation and its decision-making. However, most publicly available datasets are collected under perfect weather conditions and fail to capture the challenges of real-world environments. To address this gap, we built a large-scale dataset from extensive driving campaigns across diverse regions of the United States, covering conditions such as rain, snow, dust, clear weather and anti-ice material affects. Data were acquired through a multimodal sensing devices - including perception cameras, LiDAR, infrared sensors, and external monitoring systems - providing a comprehensive representation of the vehicle's operational environment. Building on this dataset, our study focuses on LiDAR data, emphasizing contaminant classification as a critical requirement for sensor-cleaning strategies essential to reliable autonomous driving. Using raw LiDAR signals collected over 22,000km of
KIM, HUNJAE
Digital Twin Aerodynamics Model Validation for HALO Wind Tunnel2026-01-0610To be published on 04/07/2026
A simulation-based aerodynamics model of the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio (HALO) Wind Tunnel, a three-quarter open-jet (ground plane) configuration opened in 2022 for full-scale automotive testing, is under development to support data fusion for more accurate surrogate models in vehicle engineering programs. The objective is to demonstrate that a matched set of boundary values between the physical wind tunnel and the three-dimensional numerical model yield correct responses for several key flow field quantities, starting with the baseline empty tunnel case: (1) streamwise static pressure distribution, (2) evolution of the free shear layers downstream of the nozzle exit plane, and (3) ground-plane boundary layer development. Pressure-based measurement probes were deployed in these regions using a four-axis overhead traverse to acquire validation data in the large facility, including instrument verification between a 14-hole probe and Pitot-static rake. Detached eddy simulation
Patel, Sajan, Disotell, Kevin, Eagles, Naethan
Target Cascading Kinematics and Compliance Tables to Suspension Design2026-01-0584To be published on 04/07/2026
During the initial design phase, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) require the adaptability to examine various suspension system architectures while maintaining focus on the specific performance objectives. Those requirements are expressed by Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) look-up tables and represent the footprint of what the suspension should look like in real-world applications. However, translating those requirements into the full geometric hardpoint layout is not straightforward. This process often relies on trial-and-error approaches, making it time consuming and requiring significant expertise. This challenge, known as "target cascading," remains a major hurdle for many engineers. The main objective of this paper is to cascade the suspension requirements from K&C look-up tables to hardpoint locations by adopting an automatic workflow and ensuring respect for constructive and feasibility constraints. Design space exploration was conducted using a robust
Brigida, Piero, Di Carlo, Paolo, Di Gioia, Niccolò, Geluk, Theo, Tong, Son, Alirand, Marc, Gorgoretti, Davide, Occhineri, Marco, Tassini, Nicola, Berzi, Lorenzo
Aerodynamic Proximity Effects Between the DrivAer and AeroSUV Standard Models, Part 1 – Same-Lane Interactions2026-01-0605To be published on 04/07/2026
Road-vehicle platooning is traditionally defined as close-distance longitudinal following in laterally-aligned formation. In this paper, the effects of aerodynamic interactions on the drag of a two-vehicle system are examined by considering the influence of separation distance, cross winds, vehicle size and shape. Testing was undertaken at 30% scale in a large wind tunnel with road-representative freestream turbulence. Separation distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vehicle lengths were examined over a range of yaw angles between ±15deg. A highlight of the current study is the characterization of platoon drag-reduction benefits for different sizes and shapes of the lead and follower models, by using a DrivAer model and an AeroSUV model, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants, providing four distinct model pairings. Drag reduction for the lead model appears to be affected mainly by the size of the follower vehicle, while the follower model shows a
McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh
Effective Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Glue-Laminated Motor Core with consideration of glue disposition and stacking factor.2026-01-0177To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a practical approach for predicting the mechanical properties of glue-laminated motor cores, with a particular focus on the influence of glue disposition patterns and coverage rate, to enable more accurate material modeling and reliable NVH and other general structural analysis. Since glue bonding and lamination stacking are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of motor stator cores, variations in glue implementation introduce significant changes in both in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness properties. To address this, a homogenization framework based on the unit-cell method, considering detailed glue application information, is employed. The laminated structure is idealized as an orthotropic material, and the variation of in-plane properties in different directions is considered. Unlike simplified coverage-rate models, the proposed method incorporates localized glue distribution patterns—such as teeth, core back iron, and edge-concentrated regions like
Nie, Zifeng
Development of an Advanced Tensile Testing Method for HDPE Composites in High Draw Molded Hollow Circular Regions: Effects of Sample Preparation, Asymmetry, Thermal Conditions, Pull Speed, and Fixture Parameters.2026-01-0204To be published on 04/07/2026
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, particularly in high draw molded hollow circular configurations, present unique challenges in evaluating mechanical performance under tensile stress due to anisotropic deformation, geometric asymmetry, and localized thermal gradients. This study introduces an advanced tensile testing methodology designed specifically to assess such regions with greater precision and reproducibility. The method incorporates refined sample preparation protocols, tailored fixture geometry, and adjustable pull speeds to accommodate varying thermal histories and draw ratios inherent to molded sections. Systematic variation of asymmetrical, temperature conditions, and clamping techniques revealed significant impacts on tensile strength, elongation at break, and strain distribution. Findings emphasize the necessity of customized testing frameworks for molded composite geometries and demonstrate that fixture alignment and thermal conditioning are critical to
BHALERAO, SAURABH SHANKAR
A Novel Spot Joint Element for Fatigue Evaluation of Spot Welds and Fasteners in Lightweight Automotive Structures2026-01-0182To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to the spot weld and mechanical fastener share the similar characteristics to join sheets together with only differences in deformation behavior around joint region, a novel spot joint element (user-defined element) consists of regular Mindlin shell elements and equations for different kinematic constraints is proposed to simplify the spot joint representation in lightweight automotive structures. The novel spot joint element can not only provide accurate deformation behavior around joint region but also output mesh-insensitive structural stresses at virtual nodes with the use of traction-based structural stress method for fatigue failure analysis. In this investigation, the structural stress distributions around joint peripheral in the lap-shear specimens with spot weld or fastener are first calculated to validate the accuracy of the novel spot joint element. Then, the structural stresses along different cross-sections emanating from joint are also calculated for the specimens
Wu, Shengjia, Zhang, Lunyu, Dong, Pingsha
Planning Charging Infrastructure for Electric Freight Corridors2026-01-0469To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid development of electric vehicles, electric freight transportation is gradually increasing. However, the construction of charging infrastructure on expressways has lagged far behind, becoming a key bottleneck in the development of new energy freight transportation. This paper proposes an optimization system for the layout of charging stations in the rest areas of the Beijing–Hong Kong–Macao Expressway, based on freight logistics information. The system combines the Flow Capturing Location-Allocation Model (FCLM) with an improved genetic algorithm to dynamically analyze traffic flow, service area distribution, and charging demand, thereby achieving an optimized layout of charging stations. By simulating traffic flow variations under different scenarios, the study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of charging demand and optimizes the selection of charging station sites and charger allocation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimization method
Guo, Haifeng, Zhang, Jingzhong, Lian, Jintao
Pathways to Exceed 50% Thermal Efficiency in Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines2026-01-0300To be published on 04/07/2026
Researches on high efficiency and low emission control strategies are crucial for addressing energy security and pollution challenges for combustion engines of vehicles. This paper investigates the effects of increasing compression ratio and air-fuel ratio (λ) under naturally aspirated conditions, as well as enhancing intake flow and λ under boosted intake combined with the Miller cycle, on combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. Experiments were conducted on a high-compression-ratio (up to 16.6) single-cylinder thermodynamic gasoline engine. Under natural aspiration, the effective compression ratio was raised via valve timings adjustments, while λ was increased using integrated passive and active pre-chamber systems. Under boosted conditions, intake flow was controlled via a flow meter, and λ was controlled via an active pre-chamber to analyze the λ distribution and thermal efficiency at high-efficiency operating points. Results indicate that under natural aspiration
Deng, Jun, Li, Xiaoliang, Miao, Xinke, Xu, Bingxin, Zhang, JianQi, Li, Liguang
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel in a 4-Stroke Locomotive Engine2026-01-0315To be published on 04/07/2026
Rail transportation in North America consumes substantial amounts of fossil fuel, raising energy security and supply chain resilience concerns. Adopting renewable or alternative fuels is a practical approach to reduce petroleum dependence and improve supply security. The objective of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel and renewable diesel as a drop-in fuel without engine modification. In this study, a single-cylinder, four-stroke locomotive engine was employed to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of four fuels: conventional Diesel No. 2, plant-based biodiesel, animal-based biodiesel, and renewable diesel. The experimental campaign was carried out under both part-load and full-load operating conditions at the constant load, with injection duration adjusted to achieve the targeted engine’s load and speed. Results indicate that biodiesel and renewable diesel deliver comparable peak in-cylinder pressure, indicated
Ewphun, Pop-Paul, Biruduganti, Munidhar, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas, Fu, Xiao, Subramanya, Raghavendra
Impact of Instantaneous Center of Rotation Variability on Path Planning and Performance of Park Assist Systems2026-01-0053To be published on 04/07/2026
Parking assist systems are among the most widely adopted driver-assistance features in modern vehicles. A key component of these systems is the path planning module, which ensures accurate vehicle alignment within a parking slot while satisfying various constraints such as maintaining slot centering, avoiding collisions in confined spaces, minimizing maneuver count, and achieving the shortest feasible path. Multiple path generation techniques—such as geometric, polynomial-based, and search-based methods—have been developed to enable safe and efficient parking maneuvers. However, most of these approaches rely on the simplifying assumption that the vehicle’s instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is fixed, typically located on the non-steering axle. In practice, the ICR is not constant and can vary significantly across vehicles due to several physical and kinematic factors, including steering geometry, tire slip characteristics, suspension configuration, and weight distribution
Awathe, Arpit, Patanwala, Abizer, Jain, Arihant, Varunjikar, Tejas
An Efficient Approach to Key Negotiation in an Automotive Environment2026-01-0087To be published on 04/07/2026
Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is
Van Dam, Theo, Mazzara, Bill
A Cooperative AFS/DYC Control for FWDIEV Based on Dissipative Energy Method2026-01-0619To be published on 04/07/2026
To enhance the lateral stability of four-wheel-drive intelligent electric vehicles (FWDIEV) under extreme operating conditions, this paper proposes a cooperative control strategy integrating active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) based on dissipative energy method. A nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established to analyze the evolution of the vehicle state phase trajectory. A quantitative lateral stability index is constructed using dissipative energy to accurately evaluate the vehicle's lateral dynamics. Utilizing dissipative energy and its gradient information, a time-varying stability boundary is defined under dynamic constraints, and adaptive weighting coordination between the AFS and DYC systems is designed to achieve coordinated control of front steering angle and additional yaw moment. A feedforward–model predictive control (FF-MPC) framework is developed, in which a feedforward module generates compensation based on driver intent to
Zhao, Kun, Zhao, Zhiguo, Wang, Yutao, Xia, Xue, Chen, Xi, Hu, Yingjia
An Adaptive Brake Force Allocation Strategy for Rear-Wheel Driven EVs2026-01-0636To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to changed requirements compared to conventional propulsion concepts, electromobility demands new and innovative strategies for energy-efficient vehicle motion control. For example, the challenge in purely rear-wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicles (EVs) is to achieve a maximum of regenerative braking power in order to increase energy recovery and to ensure, that this does not impair the braking stability. Within this conflict between energy efficiency and braking dynamics, it is necessary to design an intelligent strategy to optimise recuperation. This paper presents such a strategy, which improves an existing approach formerly presented by the authors, but specifically optimises it to overcome weaknesses. The previous approach had two major limitations: First, the efficiency map of the in-wheel machines (IWMs) was not considered. Second, there was no possibility of switching flexibly between different brake force distributions to guarantee both, maximized recovery potential and
Mitsching, Thomas, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin
Backlash Evasion Strategy for Enhancing Vehicle Cornering Performance2026-01-0640To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a torque distribution control strategy for EVs with e4WD powertrain to overcome the trade-off between ensuring vehicle acceleration and deceleration responsiveness and mitigating backlash shock in the driving system. The deterioration of the drivability which occurs from the intrinsic hardware characteristics of the drivetrain is prevented by designing a response-priority drive mode in which neither front or rear motor torque is allowed to change its sign. Instead, in such drive mode, the front motor torque is only allowed to perform regenerative braking while the rear motor torque is only allowed to produce positive acceleration torque. In order to avoid sacrificing the maximum acceleration by applying such strategy, the mode transition function is implemented as well. In addition, in order to prevent backlash impact due to drivetrain compliance, variable offset torque based on drivetrain compliance model is evaluated in real time and applied to each motor command
Oh, JIWON, Lee, Ho Wook
Collaborative Cybersecurity in a Shifting Automotive Supply Chain2026-01-0084To be published on 04/07/2026
The evolution toward software-defined vehicles (SDVs) is causing disruption to the traditional automotive supply chain and breaking down the common hierarchical OEM, tier 1 supplier, and tier 2 supplier relationships. With demands for faster software release cycles, more advanced software projects involving multi-party development, and considerations for end-to-end embedded and cloud integrations, new cybersecurity challenges are introduced that no single organization can address alone. Thus, this disruption creates new trust dependencies and requires new models for collaboration, transparency, and joint responsibility in cybersecurity. This paper presents a collaborative cybersecurity model, emphasizing shared responsibility during multi-party development between OEMs, tier 1 and 2 suppliers, engineering services organizations, and technology and services providers. As such, we explore collaborative approaches for each stage in the development lifecycle including design, development
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vinzenz, Nico
Advanced Integrated Chassis Control for Improved Energy Efficiency and Driving Experience in Electric Vehicle Applications2026-01-0643To be published on 04/07/2026
Complexity of modern ground vehicles grows constantly, since car manufacturers want to provide functionality, while customers are expecting innovation and recent technologies to be integrated into the latest models released to the market. Recent advances in hard- and software opened the gates for new means of vehicle control and operation. Especially the transition to electric propulsion systems and decoupled chassis actuators offer completely new opportunities of dynamics control and manipulation. This paper presents an approach for integrated chassis and vehicle motion control in (battery) electric vehicle applications by using new and innovative controllers as well as mechatronic chassis systems. In several experiments on public roads with a fully instrumented vehicle demonstrator, that features in-wheel based rear-wheel drive and a hybrid brake-by-wire-system, the proposed control is tested under real environmental and traffic conditions with respect to aspects like energy
Heydrich, Marius, Mitsching, Thomas, Ivanov, Valentin
A Shared Autonomy Architecture: Utilizing an Advanced Personalized Control System (APeCS) and Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB)2026-01-0147To be published on 04/07/2026
The shared autonomy framework has become an option with great potential in the field of autonomous vehicles. Human and machine control decisions typically demonstrate strengths in different scenarios. As a result, the robustness of systems can be enhanced by the collaboration between humans and autonomy. A shared autonomy architecture that takes into account both human and environmental factors was proposed in this work. The authority distribution between the human operator and the autonomy algorithm was determined by the Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB). Designed with a two-tier structure, the SAB incorporated a policy-level decision module, as well as a numerical-level arbitration tuning module. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was incorporated to enhance the noise tolerance of the policy selection module. Furthermore, the human factor was taken into account by applying a projection to the users’ control input. The human operator’s control decision was projected by the Adaptive
Sang, I-Chen, Norris, William, Patterson, Albert, Sreenivas, Ramavarapu S., Soylemezoglu PhD, Ahmet, Nottage, Dustin S.
Accelerating Electrification Through Modular Propulsion: GM’s Strategy for BEV and BET Platforms2026-01-0410To be published on 04/07/2026
General Motors continues to advance its electrification strategy through the development of scalable Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Battery Electric Truck (BET) platforms. This paper highlights GM’s latest BEV and BET products that leverage shared Drive Unit (DU), Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS), and integrated power electronic (IPE) components across multiple vehicle programs. By adopting a modular and commonized propulsion architecture, GM achieves significant benefits in manufacturing efficiency, cost optimization, and product flexibility. The shared DU, RESS, and IPE components are engineered to meet diverse performance requirements while maintaining high standards of energy efficiency, thermal management, and durability. This approach enables rapid deployment of electrified solutions across various segments, from passenger vehicles to full-size trucks, without compromising on capability or customer experience. The paper outlines the technical rationale behind
Liu, Jinming, Sevel, Kris, Anwar, Mohammad, Oury, Andrew, Welchko, Brian, Gagas, Brent
Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highways2026-01-0615To be published on 04/07/2026
This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study[1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the CD yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence frequency. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course[2]. The driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw frequency and CD yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw frequency varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weight the road environment type frequency when calculating the driving energy. The frequency was calculated using machine
Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt
Pre-Crash Scenario Analysis and Generation for Integrated Safety System Virtual Testing with Real Accident Data2026-01-0062To be published on 04/07/2026
Integrated active and passive safety protection systems have made substantial contributions to reducing traffic accidents and mitigating human injuries. However, assessing such systems through vehicle collision tests is limited, as this approach can not cover the wide range of accident scenarios. To address this gap, identifying and generating representative pre-crash scenarios from real-world accidents provides key boundary conditions for the set up of virtual test scenarios. In this study, we used the Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study (FASS) dataset to reconstruct 112 two-wheeler accidents. For each case, we extracted pre-crash dynamic information, static attributes, and environmental context. An auto-encoder was employed to encode high-dimensional features of scenarios, and K-means clustering was applied to categorize the accidents into eight representative pre-crash scenarios. For each scenario, we examined the motion states of participants and further compared the
Wang, Guojie, Gao, Xin, Liu, Siyuan, Liu, Jiaxin, Li, Quan, shi, liangliang, Nie, Bingbing
Investigation of the Blockage Phenomenon in Closed Wall Wind Tunnels During the Testing of Bluff Automotive Bodies with Small Wakes in Yawed Configurations2026-01-0607To be published on 04/07/2026
The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been very difficult to experimentally analyze the effects that are occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier works by the author and similarly to those studies uses the computational fluid dynamics analysis of five bodies that generate relatively small wakes to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels and the effects that they have on the pressures, and forces experienced by the vehicle model when it is in yawed conditions up to 20 degrees. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized cross sections from 0.4% to 14% blockage enabling an approximation of free air conditions as a
Gleason, Mark, Riegel, Eugen
Modeling the Battery Supply Chain for Traceability: A Proof of Concept for SAE J33272026-01-0379To be published on 04/07/2026
This presentation centers on a proof of concept of SAE J3327, a standard for creating a digital traceability record for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The presenters have been leading the development of the standard, which harmonizes with the European Union’s Digital Product Passport for batteries. It establishes a consistent vocabulary and procedure for creating a digital record of important battery information including critical mineral sourcing, processing and manufacturing of cells and packs. The standard has a publication date of fourth quarter, 2025 and will be accompanied by this technical paper. The paper guides users through mapping the battery supply chain, which is characterized by complexity: multiple locations, mixing of materials, numerous processing and manufacturing steps.
Menchaca, Frank
Topology Optimization of Multibody Structures Considering Inertial Loads2026-01-0501To be published on 04/07/2026
Topology optimization (TO) of dynamic structures has traditionally focused on single-body components subject to harmonic and impact loads, with limited extension to multibody dynamics. This work presents a novel framework for topology optimization of multibody dynamic systems considering inertial loads. The method integrates density-based topology optimization with nonlinear multibody dynamics to capture the distribution of mass, stiffness, and inertia across interconnected rigid and flexible components. Inertial forces, arising from accelerations and joint interactions, are explicitly incorporated into the optimization formulation to ensure dynamically consistent designs. Numerical examples demonstrate how accounting for inertial effects leads to lightweight, dynamically efficient multibody structures that outperform conventional static- or harmonic-based designs. The proposed approach establishes a foundation for inertia-aware topology optimization of multibody systems, with
Gupta, Aakash, Tovar, Andres
АNALYSIS CURRENY SITUATION IN TESTING, RELIABILITY/DURABILITY AND SAFETY OF ENGINEERING PRODUCT2026-01-0138To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper reviews the current situation with testing, reliability/durability and safety of engineering product, that leads to recalls increasing and efficiency decreasing. Considers: inconsistent quality control, and manufacturing standards; historical decline in build quality; design priorities: style over substance; emphasis on power and size; slow adoption of technological advancements; competition American with Japanese and European manufacturers. Briefly describes the system, which the author developed for dramatically decreasing recall number as a result of successful prediction of product efficiency. Demonstrates common strategy of this prediction, five steps for improving engineering product, and step-by-step sequential strategy, which can help to increase the automotive product test level, reliability, quality, safety, durability, maintainability and decrease their life-cycle cost.
Klyatis, Lev
Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling for Predicting Thermal Behavior of X76 Emotor Windings2026-01-0118To be published on 04/07/2026
A computational study based on a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method in SimericsMP+ was performed to predict the winding temperatures in an X76 emotor. In this study, the thermal load was represented in the simulation through the solution of electromagnetic equations in SimericsMP+, where heat generation was driven by root-mean-square (RMS) current, while liquid cooling was applied at flow rates ranging from 1 LPM to 6 LPM. Simulations were conducted to measure the temperature on three thermocouple locations on each side of the winding crown and weld regions under steady operation. The computational strategy employed a loosely coupled approach. A fluid-only simulation was first carried out to establish stable flow conditions, followed by coupling with solid conduction where the winding acted as the heat source. The predicted temperature distributions were then compared with test data. Results obtained show good agreement, with differences remaining within an acceptable range, thereby
Jia, Kun, Schlautman, Jeff, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4R-5522/17/2026
In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book
Chiang, Young J.
Counterfeit Materiel; Assuring Acquisition of Authentic and Conforming MaterielAS6174B (Current)2/17/2026
This SAE Standard provides requirements and guidance to: Develop a Materiel authenticity plan. Procure Materiel from reliable sources. Assure authenticity and conformance of procured Materiel, including methods such as certification, traceability, testing, and inspection appropriate to the Commodity/item in question. Control Materiel identified as counterfeit. Report Suspect or Counterfeit Materiel to other potential users and Authorities Having Jurisdiction.
G-21 Counterfeit Materiel Committee
Adapter Reducer, Beam Seal - Port Connection, Ring Locked Design, Installation and Removal ofAS5439A (Current)2/16/2026
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides the essential minimum design, installation, and removal standard for AS4383 adapter reducer and is applicable when specified on engineering drawings, or in procurement documents.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - The Power of Model-Based Battery Engineering135552/12/2026
Battery development is typically a lengthy and difficult process, but one company is proving that it doesn't have to be. Listen in as we sit down with Gavin White, Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, About:Energy, to discover how model-based design and advanced simulation are revolutionizing battery development -- cutting timelines by up to 70%. You'll also learn about the creation of The Voltt database, a game-changing resource for engineers and manufacturers. From motorsports to satellites to microgrids in developing regions, this conversation is proof that batteries are shaping the future of energy, technology, and society. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred
Patterson, Lori
Design and Development of Integrated Brake and Bull Cage System for Enhanced Tractor Performance and Sustainability2026-28-00052/12/2026
Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA), the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.9%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance
Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Dhanale, Swapnil, Perumal, Solairaj, Gomes, Maxson, Redkar, Dinesh, Savant, Kedarnath, V, Saravanan
Effect of Sebastiana Rostrata Fiber Loading on the Tribological Behaviour of Polycaprolactone Biocomposite2026-28-00212/12/2026
This study investigates the tribological behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber (SRF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites using a pin-on-disc wear couple. The stationary SRF/PCL composite specimen interacted with a rotating EN31 steel disc (64 HRC), establishing the sliding wear interface in accordance with ASTM G99 standards. Composite laminates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% SRF were evaluated at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s over a fixed distance of 1000 m under varying normal loads. The incorporation of SRF significantly enhanced the wear performance relative to neat PCL, with 20 wt% fiber loading achieving the lowest coefficient of friction and specific wear rate due to improved load transfer, stronger interfacial adhesion, and a more uniform laminate structure. In contrast, the 30 wt% composite exhibited fiber agglomeration, reduced homogeneity, and weakened fiber–matrix interactions, resulting in increased wear. SEM microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of a
Raja, K., Senthil Kumar, M.S.
Numerical Study of Battery Pack Cooling for Electric Vehicles2026-28-01102/12/2026
This study presents a systematic CFD-based investigation of air-cooled lithium-ion battery pack thermal management using a novel U-shaped channel. The U-shaped domain was selected due to its ability to promote recirculation and uniform air distribution, which enhances cooling effectiveness compared to conventional straight and Z-type channels. A systematic parametric optimization of inlet position and airflow velocity was performed to minimize hotspot formation and improve temperature uniformity. Results reveal that shifting the inlet from 30 mm to 20 mm and increasing velocity from 2 m/s to 3 m/s reduced the maximum battery temperature by 3.46 K, from a baseline of 333 K to 329.54 K, while maintaining minimal pressure drop. These findings highlight that strategic control of inlet parameters can yield significant thermal improvements with high cost-effectiveness and geometric simplicity.
PC, Murugan, J, Sivasankar, W, Beno Wincy, G, Arun Prasad
The Critical Impact Of SAE Aerospace Standards: Certified AS1895/7 and /23 Metal Seals26AERP02_092/1/2026
How engineers can ensure safety, reliability and quality in aerospace systems. Courbevoie, Île-de-France In an industry where failure is not an option and precision is paramount, aerospace manufacturers and suppliers are constantly seeking components and system solutions that deliver trusted reliability, performance, and compliance. Industry standards are a key part of achieving these high expectations, bringing together global leaders in the mobility industries to create defined, repeatable methods and consistent processes. One of these aerospace standards is AS1895 developed by SAE International - a critical standard due to the need for durable components that can withstand extreme conditions and offer high performance: high-temperature resistance, pressure sealing, and long service life with a cost-effective installation method. Leading aerospace companies such as Eaton and Honeywell have been manufacturing components that meet this standard for a long period of time.
Engineering flexibility into EV powertrains26AUTP02_112/1/2026
When developing specialist and performance EVs, the challenge goes far beyond selecting an off-the-shelf powertrain. Each manufacturer brings unique performance targets, packaging constraints, and integration requirements. And add on the fact that no two platforms look the same. Powered by Everrati, our B2B division, engages directly with leading customers globally, capturing what they truly need from electric powertrains. Two areas emerge consistently as the most complex and variable: the electric drive unit (EDU) and the battery system.
SUPPLIER EYE26AUTP02_082/1/2026
Recent geopolitical events in Venezuela, Ukraine and other hot spots are a stark reminder that the long-term planning environment is fraught with challenges and opportunities that suppliers cannot control. The initiation of U.S. tariffs on its trading partners and various embargos also underscored that we have to be flexible in how we dole out capital and the risk we are assuming. The supply base is at the end of that chain. Any issues upstream will reverberate exponentially. It is obvious that the automotive world is re-regionalizing, and quickly. Why the concern? Some context. Until the '70s, every region essentially rowed its own boat. While there were some exports from one major region to another, there were regional OEMs that were sponsored by national governments due to job creation, tax base considerations and bragging rights. The U.S, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, South Korea and a host of others wanted to build national OEMs that could drive scale and become a global force.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Advocating for Growth in the U.S. Auto Industry135521/27/2026
From tariffs to trade policies, today's automakers must respond to a variety of pressures to remain competitive in a changing manufacturing landscape. As the voice of international automakers in the United States, Autos Drive America is strengthening the automotive manufacturing by advocating for trade and investment policies that expand jobs and support economic growth in America. Listen in as we sit down with Jennifer Safavian, President & CEO, to discuss why a strong U.S. auto industry is vital for the nation's economy and how Autos Drive America is supporting integrated supply chains that keep American manufacturing competitive on the global stage. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on
Patterson, Lori
Study of Style Wheel Rim Failure Due to Rim and Disc Assembly Interference2026-26-05411/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, Chandramohan, C, Santhosh
Optimisation-Driven Framework for Heterogeneous Battery-Pack Mixing in Fleet Applications2026-26-02091/16/2026
Fleet owners often encounter significant logistical and financial problems when dealing with battery packs of different ages and conditions. The standard industry practice is to replace old batteries with identical new ones. This process is inefficient because it costs a lot, creates too much inventory, and eliminates battery packs that are still useful too soon. The problem worsens when manufacturers stop making older battery models, which can force a vehicle to retire early. This paper puts forward a framework for mixing different types of battery packs to deliver the performance needed for a vehicle’s mission. We show how this works in three everyday service situations: 1) Repair, when a single damaged pack needs replacing; 2) Life Extension, where aged packs are combined with newer ones to meet mission range; and 3) Performance Restoration, which uses next-gen packs when the original parts are obsolete. The study shows that a vehicle can complete its required missions by
Nair, Sandeep R., Ravichandran, Balu Prashanth, Hallberg, Linus
Design and Development of a Lightweight Aluminium Cascade System for Type IV COPVs for Stationary and Mobile Applications2026-26-04851/16/2026
The global push for clean energy has made hydrogen a central element in decarbonizing transport, industrial processes, and energy systems. Effective hydrogen storage and distribution are critical to supporting this transition, and type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) have emerged as the preferred solution due to their lightweight, high pressure capacity, hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion resistance. However, the cascade infrastructure used to house and transport these vessels has lagged behind in innovation. Steel-based cascades, while strong, are heavy prone to corrosion, and unsuitable for mobile deployment. This paper introduces a custom designed aluminium cascade system offering a 65% weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity and safety. Designed for mobile use, the system features modularity, better damping, and enhanced corrosion protection. The paper outlines design methodology, material selection, fabrication process, and comparative
Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu, Muthusamy, Hariprasad, Ammu, Vnsu Viswanath, Kola, Immanuel Raju
Hypoid Gear Performance Redefined: Addressing Scoring & Whine Noise Concerns2026-26-00781/16/2026
Rear drive vehicles transfer power to the rear wheels through the Gear Carrier Assembly, which is fit at the central section of the Rear Axle. The Gear Carrier Assembly includes hypoid ring and pinion gears, set at the heart of the system. However, one of the common issues with hypoid gears is gear scoring and whine noise, both of which can seriously affect durability and reduce the overall performance of a vehicle. In this study, the focus is on design changes as well as process improvements to address these problems and at the same time improve gear reliability. On the design side, changes such as refining the macro geometry, upgrading materials, and modifying the heat treatment cycle were carried out. These helped in improving properties like contact stress resistance, bending and impact strength, and also reduced motion transmission error (MTE). From the process point of view, careful control over carburizing, hardening, and quenching temperatures, along with adjustments in
Praveen, Abhinav, Deshpande, Praveen, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Parmar, Mayur, Karle, Nilesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Pagar, Pawan
Bio-Inspired Decentralized Mapping for Autonomous Vehicles2026-26-06351/16/2026
The BioMap system represents a groundbreaking approach to collaborative mapping for autonomous vehicles, drawing inspiration from ant colony behavior and swarm intelligence. It implements a fully decentralized protocol where vehicles use virtual pheromone trails to mark areas of uncertainty, change, or importance, enabling efficient map consensus without centralized coordination. Key innovations include novel pheromone-based compression algorithms and bio-inspired consensus mechanisms that allow real-time adaptation to dynamic environments. In a simulated urban scenario (Town10HD), three vehicles achieved balanced load distribution (±1.8% variance) and comprehensive coverage of a 253.2m × 217.9m × 22.4m area. The final fused map contained 311 chunks with 72,785 particles and required only 10.4 MB of storage. Approximately 49.2% of map particles exceeded the pheromone significance threshold, indicating active importance marking, while no high-uncertainty regions remained. These results
Bhargav, Anirudh S, Subbarao, Chitrashree
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