Browse Topic: Supply chain management

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Optimizing the parameters of asymmetric textures (AT) designed on the surface of sliding frictional pairs (SFP) can make each texture more reasonably distributed. Thereby, the oil film thickness can be more stable; and the lubrication and load ability of SFP can be improved. To clarify this issue, based on the SFP’s lubricating model added by AT using the rectangular structure, parameters of AT including the angle between the horizontal axe and bottom surface (φij), the angle between the lateral axe and bottom surface (γij), and texture’s depth (hij) are optimized. The study results show that the parameters of φij, γij, and hij of AT optimized can create the p (hydrodynamic pressure of liquid) better than the symmetric textures. Significantly, the pmax and load ability of the liquid in the SFP using optimal AT have been greatly increased compared to the liquid in the SFP using the symmetric textures. Accordingly, the results are an important reference for the design and distribution of
Wang, CuifangZhang, Lu
Different types of gaskets are being used in the engine. Each gasket plays a unique role for the application. In general gaskets are used to prevent leakage and fill the space between the mating surfaces under compression loads. Cylinder head cover gasket is being used in all engines. Engine gasket plays a major role in arresting and protecting the leakage of oil and external dust entry into the system. In this study new cost-effective material were identified, tested, and evaluated as per the applicable standards for the gasket application. The existing material is well known grade as VAMAC—ethylene acrylate monomer (AEM) material and the alternate material introduced is high temperature alkyl acrylate copolymer (HT ACM). In general, with AEM material have its own advantages and also challenges. Even though AEM material have some advantages with respect to temperature and mechanical properties the challenges and struggle come into picture on cost volatility and availability of raw
Deepalakshmi, R.Koorella, KrishnaSivakumar, G.K.
The unsteady wind conditions experienced by a vehicle whilst driving on the road are different to those typically experienced in the steady-flow wind tunnel development environment, due to turbulence in the natural wind, moving through the unsteady wakes of other road vehicles and travelling through the stationary wakes generated by roadside obstacles. This paper presents an experimental approach using a large SUV-shaped vehicle to assess the effect of unsteady wind on the modulated noise performance, commonly used to evaluate unsteady wind noise characteristics. The contribution from different geometric modifications were also assessed. The approach is extended to assess the pressure distribution on the front side glass of the vehicle, caused by the aerodynamic interactions of the turbulent inflow in straight and yawed positions, to provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms and differences in behaviour between the two environments. The vehicle response to unsteady wind
Jamaluddin, Nur SyafiqahOettle, NicholasStaron, Domenic
Wheel Force Transducers (WFT) are precise and accurate measurement devices that seamlessly integrate into any vehicle. They can be applied in numerous vehicle applications for both on-road and in laboratory settings. The instrumentation requires replacing an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) wheel with a custom WFT system which is specific to the wheel hub design. An ideal design will minimally impact a vehicle's dynamics, but the vehicle system is inherently modified from the mass of the measurement device. Research and technical documentation have been published which provide conclusions explaining reduction in the unsprung mass reduces dynamic wheel load. However, there doesn’t appear to be clear compensation techniques for how a modified unsprung mass can be related to the original system, thus allowing the WFT signals to be more accurate to the OEM wheel forces. An experimental study was performed on a prototype motorcycle to better understand these differences. An
Frisco, JacobLarsen, WilliamRhudy, ScottOosting, NicholasLaurent, Matthew
There is no need to recall how the electrification trend of transport facilities has tightened the requirements around acoustic comfort. Within the automotive industry, these targets are more challenging for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for which passengers are in the frontline of noise emissions inside the car cabin. The complexity of the requirements and specifications set by car manufacturers and suppliers stems from a dual aspect. First is quantitative based on the sound pressure level, whether it's the overall level or 1/3 octave band spectra. The second is purely subjective, based on the perceived noise quality by stakeholders and final customers worldwide. During development phases, low tonal noises are frequently encountered on these systems which might induce discomfort to the passengers. The experimental investigations usually point to an aerodynamic origin, which prompted this research activity. The purpose of this work is to analyze and understand the
Bennouna, SaadAlaoui, MohamedHenner, Manuel
Powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle ride comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior critical for effective design. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of powertrain mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. In our approach, we first derived stiffness data through analytical calculations, which were validated through multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations that modeled interactions within the powertrain mounts. By adjusting bush stiffness parameters within the MBD framework, we predicted decoupling frequencies and analyzed kinetic energy distribution. The iterated stiffness values from simulations were then confirmed through physical testing, ensuring consistency in decoupling frequencies and energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and experimental data enhances the reliability of our findings and helps identify overlapping frequencies across vehicle systems
Shende, KalyaniShingavi, ShreyasRane, VisheshHingade, Nikhil
There is an increasing effort to reduce noise pollution across different industries worldwide. From a transportation standpoint, pass-by regulations aim to achieve this and have been implementing increasingly stricter emissions limits. Testing according to these standards is a requirement for homologation, but does little to help manufacturers understand why their vehicles may be failing to meet limits. Using a developed methodology such as Pass-by Source Path Contribution (SPC, also known as TPA) allows for identification of dominant contributors to the pass-by receivers along with corresponding acoustic source strengths. This approach is commonly used for passenger vehicles, but can be impractical for off-highway applications, where vehicles are often too large for most pass-by-suitable chassis dynamometers. A hybrid approach is thereby needed, where the same techniques and instrumentation used in the indoor test are applied to scenarios in an outdoor environment. This allows for
Freeman, ToddEngels, BretThuesen, Ben
The frequency and amplitude content of powertrain noise is motor torque and speed dependent and tends to influence the driver’s subjective perception of the vehicle. This provides manufacturers with an opportunity to drive product differentiation through consideration of powertrain noise in early stages of the development cycles for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on the evaluation of customer preference and perception of acoustic feedback from different powertrain design options based on targeted powertrain orders and expected wind and road masking during high acceleration maneuvers. A jury study is used to explore customer feedback to a two-stage gearbox design with AC permanent magnet motor order combinations. The subjective influence of order spacing, dominant frequency content and the number of audible orders is studied to understand aural perspective product differentiation opportunities.
Joodi, BenjaminJayakumar, VigneshConklin, ChrisPilz, FernandoIyengar, ShashankWeilnau, KelbyHodgkins, Jeffrey
As India’s economy expands and road infrastructure improves, the number of car owners is expected to grow substantially in the coming years. This market potential has intensified competition among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to position their products with a focus on cost efficiency while delivering a premium user experience. Noise and Vibration (NV) performance is a critical differentiator in conveying a vehicle's premiumness, and as such, NV engineers must strategically balance the achievement of optimal acoustic performance with constraints on cost, mass, and development timelines. Traditionally, NV package optimization occurs at the prototype or advanced prototype stage, relying heavily on physical testing, which increases both cost and time to market. Furthermore, late-stage design changes amplify these challenges. To address these issues, this paper proposes the integration of Hybrid Statistical Energy Analysis (HSEA) into the early stages of vehicle development
Rai, NiteshMehta, MakrandRavindran, Mugundaram
Tires have a significant impact on vehicle road noise. The noise in 80~160Hz is easily felt when driving on rough roads and has a great relationship with the tire structural design. How to improve the problem through tire simulation has become an important issue. Therefore, this paper puts forward the concept of virtual tire tuning to optimize the noise. An appropriate tire model is crucial for road noise performance, and the CDtire (Comfort and Durability Tire) model was used in the article. After conducting experimental validation to get an accurate tire model, adjust the parameters and structure of the tire model to generate alternative model scenarios. The transfer function of the tire center was analyzed and set as the evaluation condition for tire NVH (Noise, vibration, and harshness) performance. This enabled a comparison among various model scenarios to identify the best-performing tire scenario in focused frequency whose transfer function needed to be lowest. Manufacture the
Zhang, BenYu Sr, JingChen, QimiaoLiu, XianchenGu, Perry
This paper discusses a systematic process that was developed to evaluate the acoustic performance of a production dash system. In this case it is for an electric vehicle application. The production dash panel was tested under different configurations to understand the importance of passthroughs in the acoustics of the system. Results show that often the performance of the passthroughs strongly affects the overall performance of the dash system and this may become the limiting factor to increase the system sound transmission loss. To understand the acoustic strength of different passthroughs and their effects on the overall system, the dash with passthroughs underwent extensive testing. Subsequently, a test procedure using flat panels was developed to quantify the performance of individual passthroughs on a part level. This data can be used by the OEM to develop STL targets that can be considered in the grommet design early in the vehicle development process.
Saha, PranabBaack, GregoryGeissler, ChristianKaluvakota, SrikanthPilz, Fernando
In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, it often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items. Such disruptions contribute to delays in the boarding process and reduce operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning, reduce uncertainty, and improve the overall boarding process. In this work, the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into predefined categories, such as handbags, backpacks, and suitcases. This classified data is then linked to passenger information stored in a NoSQL database MongoDB, which includes seat assignments and the number of carry-on items
Bergmann, JacquelineHub, Maximilian
In the future, autonomous drones could be used to shuttle inventory between large warehouses. A drone might fly into a semi-dark structure the size of several football fields, zipping along hundreds of identical aisles before docking at the precise spot where its shipment is needed.
A Northwestern University-led team of researchers has developed a new fuel cell that harvests energy from microbes living in dirt. About the size of a standard paperback book, the completely soil-powered technology could fuel underground sensors used in precision agriculture and green infrastructure. This potentially could offer a sustainable, renewable alternative to batteries, which hold toxic, flammable chemicals that leach into the ground, are fraught with conflict-filled supply chains and contribute to the ever-growing problem of electronic waste.
In commercially available electric motorcycles, there is a notable shift in the cooling method, moving from air cooling to water cooling, and in the winding method, moving from concentrated winding to distributed winding, as the output increases. This shift occurs around 8 to 10 kW. However, there is a paucity of empirical investigations examining these combinations to ascertain their optimality. In order to verify this trend, a verification model has been constructed which allows for the comparison of the capacity and weight of the motor and cooling system according to the vehicle’s required output and thermal performance. A comparison and verification of the combinations of winding methods (concentrated winding or segment conductor distribution winding) and cooling systems (water-cooled or air-cooled) was conducted using the model that had been constructed. In the motor designed for this study, when the maximum output of the vehicle was 35 kW or less (European A2 license), the total
Otaki, RyotaTsuchiya, TeruyukiSakai, YuYamauchi, TakuyaShimizu, Tsukasa
Topology optimization (TO) in electrochemical systems has recently attracted many researchers. Previous studies suggested minimal performance differences between 2D and 3D designs, indicating that 2D models suffice to enhance performance, especially in unidirectional flow scenarios. A later study found that the concentration distribution in an optimized 2D flow system differed from that in a unidirectional flow system. We posited that pulsating flow could further enhance the performance of such systems. First, we initiated TO for a diffusion-reaction system in a steady state. The optimized structure obtained from this process served as the foundation for subsequent investigations involving a pulsating flow source in convection-diffusion-reaction systems. We introduced two different systems with distinct flow natures: one characterized by a flow nature of 1D and the other by a flow nature of 2D. The results demonstrated that the optimized structure with a heterogeneous distribution
Long, MenglyAlizadeh, MehrzadSun, PengfeiCharoen-amornkitt, PatcharawatSuzuki, TakahiroTsushima, Shohji
The EU currently has very ambitious plans for the electrification of vehicles, particularly in the field of urban logistics. For example, the so-called “Transport White Paper” [1] aims to achieve essentially CO2-free logistics in major urban centers by 2030, while “Europe on the move” [2] has presented a series of legislative initiatives. The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Transport proposes research priorities and actions to deploy innovative solutions, with a particular focus on the electrification of transport. Numerous advancements in electromobility have led to a growing number of vehicles available in various areas, particularly in urban logistics. New concepts like cargo bikes and micro-vehicles are being developed, but they cannot fully replace traditional light commercial vehicles. While some electrified options exist, they are often modified versions of existing platforms with internal combustion engines swapped for electric drives. The research work in this
Königshofer, ThomasTromayer, JürgenSchacht, Hans-JürgenWang, Eric
The relation between the multiple auto-ignition in the premixed charge with fuel concentration distribution and associated pressure wave are numerically investigated. This study assumes that the auto-ignition phenomenon in the end-gas of PCCI combustion, a next-generation combustion method which is expected to achieve both low fuel consumption and low emissions at a high level. Detailed numerical analysis considering the elementary chemical reactions of the compressible reacting fluid flow described in the one-dimensional coordinate system with high spatial and time resolution was performed to clarify the detailed phenomena of the onset of the multiple auto-ignition and the pressure wave propagation in the gas.
Iizumi, KotaYoshida, Kenji
In order to rapidly achieve the goal of global net-zero carbon emissions, ammonia (NH3) has been deemed as a potential alternative fuel, and reforming partial ammonia to hydrogen using engine exhaust waste heat is a promising technology which can improve the combustion performance and reduce the emission of ammonia-fueled engines. However, so far, comprehensive research on the correlation between the reforming characteristic for accessible engineering applications of ammonia catalytic decomposition is not abundant. Moreover, relevant experimental studies are far from sufficient. In this paper, we conducted the experiments of catalytic decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen based on a fixed-bed reactor with Ru-Al2O3 catalysts to study the effects of reaction temperature, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) and reaction pressure on the decomposition characteristics. At the same time, energy flow analysis was carried out to explore the effects of various reaction conditions on system
Li, ZeLi, TieChen, RunLi, ShiyanZhou, XinyiWang, Ning
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes supplemental requirements for 9100 and 9145 and applies to any organization receiving it as part of a purchase order or other contractual document from a customer. AS13100 also provides details of the reference materials (RM13xxx) developed by the SAE G-22 AESQ committee and listed in Section 2 that can also be used by organizations in conjunction with this standard.
G-22 Aerospace Engine Supplier Quality (AESQ) Committee
Los Angeles-based plastics contract manufacturer Kal Plastics deployed UR10e trimming cobot for a fraction of the cost and lead time of a CNC machine, cut trimming time nearly in half, and reduced late shipments to under one percent — all while improving employee safety and growth opportunities.
Distributed electric vehicles, equipped with independent motors at each wheel, offer significant advantages in flexibility, torque distribution, and precise dynamic control. These features contribute to notable improvements in vehicle maneuverability and stability. To further elevate the overall performance of vehicles, particularly in terms of handling, stability, and comfort, this paper introduces an coordinated control strategies for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical motion of distributed electric vehicles. Firstly, a full-vehicle dynamics model is developed, encompassing interactions between longitudinal, lateral, and vertical forces, providing a robust framework for analyzing and understanding the intricate dynamic behaviors of the vehicle under various operating conditions. Secondly, a vehicle motion controller based on Model Predictive Control is designed. This controller employs a sophisticated multi-objective optimization algorithm to manage and coordinate several critical
Jia, JinchaoYue, YangSun, AoboLiu, Xiao-ang
This study introduces an innovative torque vectoring control strategy designed to enhance ride comfort in autonomous electric vehicles. The approach seamlessly integrates steering and rear axle force control within a model predictive control (MPC) framework, enabling real-time optimization of comfort and handling performance. The proposed control method is applied to a two-rear-motor vehicle model, where the MPC algorithm adjusts steering angles and tire forces to minimize discomfort caused by yaw rate and lateral acceleration. Simulation results from a lane-change scenario demonstrate significant improvements in comfort metrics compared to conventional torque vectoring control strategies. The findings highlight the ability of the proposed method to significantly enhance ride comfort without compromising vehicle dynamics. This integrated and adaptive control strategy offers a promising solution for improving passenger satisfaction in autonomous electric vehicles, with potential
Zhao, BolinLou, BaichuanHe, XianqiXue, WanyingLv, Chen
Nowadays, more than in the recent decades, the design process for the body in white for passenger cars is driven by efficiency. This results in the enhanced usage of large-scale cast components made of aluminum, for the battery compartment, the front or rear body and other components. While the automotive industry is striving towards even larger structures made with so-called “Giga-Casting”, challenges in the casting and supply chain processes, but also maintenance and repair processes of these large structures, arise. Other tasks to solve might follow from controlling local microstructures, and thus the strength of the parts, when the flow length of the molten metal increases with component size, especially in relation to an increased fraction of recycled aluminum. Within the Fraunhofer-internal project “FutureCarProduction”, focus is directed towards understanding what drives efficiency, availability and sustainability of modern processes for the production of a car body. Moreover
Bleicher, ChristophQaralleh, AhmadLehmhus, DirkHaesche, MarcoFernandes Gomes, LeonardoPintore, ManuelKleinhans, RobertSommer, SilkeTlatlik, Johannes
A methodology for optimizing natural properties of a powertrain for an electric vehicle has been presented. A model with six-degree-of-freedom was proposed utilizing ADAMS, and the natural frequencies and energy distribution of the powertrain are estimated using the proposed model. The calculated natural frequencies and energy distribution shown that the initial design of mount stiffness does not meet requirements of natural frequency and decoupling ratio, and vibration isolation standards. To overcome the limitations of conventional optimization techniques, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was adopted for the enhancement optimization the mounts parameters. The optimization objectives included the refinement of the decoupling rates and frequency distribution at all mounting directions. Stiffness parameters of the mounts were optimized via the NSGA. The optimized results confirmed significant improvements for powertrain natural characteristics. This study presented an
Jin, YangLi, DeweiZhao, YangXiao, LeiGuo, Yiming
Fatigue design is invariably of prior concern for the automotive industry, no matter of the evolution of the mobility market: at first because carmakers must stay compliant with general structural integrity requirements for reliability, notably applicable to the chassis system, then due to the endless competition for lightweighting in order to mitigate product costs and/or enhance vehicle efficiency. In the past, this key performance was often tackled by basic reference load cases, making use of the simplest signal content, e.g. sinus functions, to practice constant amplitude loads on test rigs and for computations, respectively. Nowadays, full time series coming from proving ground measurements, or any corresponding virtual road load data computations, may be applied to feed complex vehicle computations for virtual assessment and complex test facilities for final approval, under variable amplitude loads. In between, the concept of load spectra (i.e. distribution of amplitudes with
Facchinetti, Matteo LucaTjhung, TanaJaffre lng, SébastienDatta, SandipHayat lng, RomainGuo, Mingchao
In Automobile manufacturing, maintaining the Quality of parts supplied by vendor is crucial & challenging. This paper introduces a digital tool designed to monitor trends for critical parameters of these parts in real-time. Utilizing Statistical Process Control (SPC) graphs, the tool continuously tracks Quality trend for critical parts and process parameters, predicting potential issues for proactive improvements even before parts are supplied. The tool integrates data from all Supplier partners across value chain into a single ecosystem, providing a comprehensive view of their performance and the parts they supply. Suppliers input data into a digital application, which is then analyzed in the cloud using SPC techniques to generate potential alerts for improvement. These alerts are automatically sent to both Suppliers and relevant personnel at the OEM, enabling proactive measures to address any Quality deviations. 100% data is visualized in an integrated dashboard which acts as a
Sahoo, PriyabrataGarg, IshanRawat, SudhanshuNarula, RahulGupta, AnkitBindra, RiteshRao, Akkinapalli VNGarg, Vipin
Comprehensive requirements generation is a critical stage of the design process. Requirements are used to bound the design space and to guide the selection and evaluation of various solutions. Requirements can be categorized as either functional, defining things that the solution must do (such as produce a certain amount of horsepower), or non-functional, defining desirable qualities of the solution (such as weigh less than a particular value). Functional requirements are relatively easy to define and are often associated with particular components or subsystems within the design. As such, they can be the main focus of academic design instruction and therefore the design projects undertaken by novice designers. However, non-functional requirements (NFRs) capture important characteristics of the design solution and should not be ignored. Because of their nature, they are also difficult to assign to a particular subset of components or subsystem within the system. In this study, a group
Sutton, MeredithAnbuvanan, AadithanCastanier, Matthew P.Turner, CameronKurz, Mary E.
It is a well-known fact that a substantial part of the effort in the development of a semiconductor Intellectual Property (IP) goes into verification. Since the cost of incomplete or incorrect implementation increases exponentially in the later stages of the semiconductor supply chain, it is critical to identify, in early stages of development, a wide range of test cases that provides the assurance that the design achieves the functional specifications. This challenge is compounded for security as identifying verification scenarios for security specification and design decisions is complicated and often not approached methodically. The problem is further compounded by the fact that third-party IPs (3PIP) are generally developed following a standard specification of the relevant technology without complete knowledge of the environment or the application of the 3PIP. Such third-party IPs also carry the risk of trojans installed into them through supply chain. In this paper we discuss how
Ashrafi, GulamDunn, ChrisRoberts, Fred
Mesekon Oy, a Finnish welding manufacturer that produces complex welded steel structures for the marine, energy, and paper industries, needed a flexible and collaborative solution to improve efficiency, reduce defects, and enhance workplace ergonomics by automating repetitive and physically demanding welding operations.
Accurate object pose estimation refers to the ability of a robot to determine both the position and orientation of an object. It is essential for robotics, especially in pick-and-place tasks, which are crucial in industries such as manufacturing and logistics. As robots are increasingly tasked with complex operations, their ability to precisely determine the six degrees of freedom (6D pose) of objects, position, and orientation, becomes critical. This ability ensures that robots can interact with objects in a reliable and safe manner. However, despite advancements in deep learning, the performance of 6D pose estimation algorithms largely depends on the quality of the data they are trained on.
Bendix® EC-80™ and certain EC-60™ ABS control units contain an event data recorder called the Bendix® Data Recorder (BDR). Raw BDR data is obtained using commercially available software, however, the translation of the raw data into an event report has only been performed by the manufacturer. In this paper, the raw data structures of the commercially available datasets are examined. It is demonstrated that the data follows uniform and repeatable patterns. The raw BDR data is converted into a conventional report and then validated against translation reports performed by the manufacturer. The techniques outlined in this research allow investigators to access and analyze BDR records independently of the manufacturer and in a way previously not possible.
DiSogra, MatthewHirsch, JeffreyYeakley, Adam
This paper presents a new regression model-based method for accurate predictions of stiffness of different glass laminate constructions with a point-load bending test setup. Numerical FEA models have been developed and validated with experimental data, then used to provide training data required for the statistical model. The multi-variable regression method considered six input variables of total glass thickness, thickness ratio of glass plies as well as high-order terms. Highly asymmetrical, hybrid laminates combining a relatively thick soda-lime glass (SLG) ply joined with a relatively thin Corning® Gorilla® Glass (GG) ply were analyzed and compared to standard symmetrical SLG-SLG constructions or a monolithic SLG with the same total glass thickness. Both stiffness of the asymmetrical laminates and the improvement percentage over the standard symmetrical design can be predicted through the model with high precision.
Yu, ChaoCleary, ThomasJoubaud, Laurentkister, EvanFisher, W Keith
As a crucial tool for lunar exploration, lunar rovers are highly susceptible to instability due to the rugged lunar terrain, making control of driving stability essential during operation. This study focuses on a six-wheel lunar rover and develops a torque distribution strategy to improve the handling stability of the lunar rover. Based on a layered control structure, firstly, the approach establishes a two-degree-of-freedom single-track model with front and rear axle steering at the state reference layer to compute the desired yaw rate and mass center sideslip angle. Secondly, in the desired torque decision layer, a sliding mode control-based strategy is used to calculate the desired total driving torque. Thirdly, in the torque distribution layer, the optimal control distribution is adopted to carry out two initial distributions and redistribution of the drive torque planned by the upper layer, to improve the yaw stability of the six-wheeled lunar rover. Finally, a multi-body dynamics
Liu, PengchengZhang, KaidiShi, JunweiYang, WenmiaoZhang, YunqingWu, Jinglai
Using SolidWorks software's precision capabilities, an initial 3D digital model of the tire changer was constructed and then imported into Ansys for static structural analysis. By applying different meshing forms to the bow-shaped component of the tire changer and executing an exhaustive array of load simulation solutions, the total deformation and distribution of maximum principal stress of the bow-shaped component were obtained, enabling an assessment of its stress distribution and structural response under operating conditions. According to the results of the solution calculations, the total deformation and maximum principal stress distribution obtained from the hexahedral-dominated meshing method were nearly identical to those from the surface meshing method. Based on the finite element analysis results, structural optimization design was carried out on the initial 3D model of the tire changer, mainly through the reinforcement and local hollow design to achieve the increase of
Zhu, HengjiaGao, YunyiYao, YananChao, Wang
Battery cell aging and loss of capacity are some of the many challenges facing the widespread implementation of electrification in mobility. One of the factors contributing to cell aging is the dissimilarities of individual cells connected in a module. This paper reports the results of several aging experiments using a mini-module consisting of seven 5 Ah 21700 lithium-ion battery cells connected in parallel. The aging cycle comprised a constant current-constant voltage charge cycle at a 0.7C C-rate, followed by a 0.2C constant current discharge, spanning the useful voltage range from minimum to maximum according to the cell manufacturer. Charge and discharge events were separated by one-hour rest periods and were repeated for four weeks. Weekly reference performance tests were executed to measure static capacity, pulse power capability and resistance at different states of charge. All diagnostics were normalized with respect to their starting numbers to achieve a percentage change
Swarts, AndreSalvi, Swapnil S.Juarez Robles, Daniel
The automotive aerodynamic development relies on wind tunnel testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where the former provides reliable values to be used for fuel economy calculations, and the latter enables the investigation of flow features responsible for improvement/degradation of the average large-scale performances in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. The abovementioned procedure overlooks a crucial factor however: natural wind. The speed and the direction of natural wind encountered while driving alters the vehicle’s effective yaw angle. Such condition implies that the minimization of the drag coefficient at zero-yaw, commonly performed through wind tunnel and CFD simulations in an industrial context, may not yield real-world optimal shapes. While it is possible to reproduce natural wind-like conditions in a wind tunnel using flaps, for example, the input signal to the flap system must be available beforehand, and such key element is the focus of the present research
Nucera, FortunatoOnishi, YasuyukiMetka, Matt
With the advancement of intelligent transportation and smart logistics systems, tractor semi-trailers have gradually become one of the primary modes of transport due to their substantial cargo capacity. However, the growing number of tractor semi-trailers has raised significant traffic safety concerns. Due to their significant spring mass and strong body strength, accidents involving tractor semitrailers often result in severe consequences. Active collision avoidance control strategies provide assurance for vehicle safety. However, existing research predominantly focuses on passenger cars and small commercial vehicles. Research specifically addressing tractor semi-trailers, which have longer bodies and more complex dynamic characteristics, is relatively sparse. Therefore, this paper proposes a collision risk assessment-based longitudinal collision avoidance control strategy for tractor semi-trailers with slip ratio control. Firstly, the paper introduces the braking characteristics and
Yan, YangZheng, HongyuZhang, Yuzhou
The demand for eco-friendly electric powertrains has increased significantly in recent years. Cells are the most crucial component of a battery pack, directly influencing the dimensions, range, lifespan, performance, and cost of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells outperform other cell chemistries due to their higher energy density, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs while providing longer operational ranges. It is crucial that lithium-ion cell packaging complies with assembly requirements to maximize its lifespan and ensure operational safety. Assembly force requirements of lithium-ion cells are critical to ensure optimal cell performance throughout its lifetime & enhance the longevity of the battery pack. The compression pad between cells ensures appropriate cell assembly pressure. The service life is how long a lithium-ion cell can operate effectively, while the cyclic life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles before cell functional degradation. The cell
Varambally, VishakhaSithick basha, AbubakkerChalumuru, MadhuSasikumar, K
This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq = 2300÷3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg = 4÷10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution
Ha, NguyenQuan, NguyenManh, VuPham, Phuong Xuan
The research object of this project is the anti-slip and lateral stability control technique for a distributed three-axis drive vehicle. What differs from the traditional four-motor power system layout is that the third axle has two motors, while the second axle only has one motor. Compared with the traditional design, this layout can reduce dependence on battery performance and maintain motor operation in a high-efficiency range by switching between different operating modes. For example, when driving at high speeds, only the motor on the second axle works, which can improve motor efficiency. When accelerating or climbing, all motors work to provide a large power output. In the research, the vehicle model was first established in Simulink, and then co-simulated with TruckSim. The drive anti-slip control first identified the optimal slip rate for the road, and then used the sliding mode control to determine the driving torque for each wheel, achieving good control effects under various
Shen, RuitengZheng, HongyuKaku, ChuyoZong, Changfu
Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern about electric utilities’ ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed to keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two grid-edge Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) providers, the OVGIP (recently incorporated as ChargeScape, a joint venture of Ford, BMW, Honda, and Nissan) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. The pilot program, launched in Summer 2022 enrolled approximately 1,200 EVs over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM vehicles. The goal of this pilot program was to evaluate the business case for managed charging to mitigate
Liddell, ChelseaSchaefer, WalterDreffs, KoraMoul, JacobKay, CarolAswani, Deepak
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