Browse Topic: Needs assessment

Items (95)
The planning of mountain campus bus routes needs to take into account user demand, convenience, and other factors. This study adopts a comprehensive research method that combines quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. From the perspective of university students, this article studies the demand of campus public transportation and proposes the layout of campus bus routes in mountainous universities to meet the needs of users. The psychological needs questionnaire was used to investigate college students’ expectation of bus station service function. Taking three mountain universities as examples, the integration and selectivity of campus road networks are evaluated by using space syntax analysis, which provides valuable insights into the quality of bus stop areas. This article discusses the correlation between psychological needs assessment of college students and objective conditions of campus road network. The study concludes with the following findings: (1) The pedestrian environment
Duan, RanTang, RuiWang, ZhigangZhao, YixueWang, QidaYang, JiyiSu, Jiafu
ABSTRACT This presentation shows the process a team should use to initiate a design project based on the needs of the customer. The VRS project supports the future integration and development needs of four combat platforms (Abrams, AMPV, Bradley, and Stryker) and TARDEC’s PM CVP. For this presentation, and to simplify the explanation, the TRADOC developed capability for Silent Watch is used to demonstrate the processes of analyzing Capability Description Documents (CDD), creating and deriving good requirements, allocating them to specific functions and activities, describing those activities to the lowest level, designing, building, and eventually testing
Ratajczak, Gregor A.MacFadyen, Keith
ABSTRACT Of the tests of any good theory or suppositional work, the most critical is whether it can forecast the need or accurately describe the number, timing, event and impact of the endeavor. In order to reduce the risk and to exponentially increase the rate of success a continual reevaluation of the data and reconfiguration of the plan will be required, must be properly front-loaded with the appropriate human capital. This is precisely where the application of Six Sigma, Project Management and, Six Sigma for Human Capital works’ intimately with Risk Management to mitigate error and insure the ultimate success of the effort. This is critical in business, critical in the field for greater energy efficiency for soldiers. Unified in concert as core disciplines, the identification of human capital for specialists required at any particular point in the project especially in the definition and design phases, is determined with greater accuracy. Critically predictable and integrated into
Maholick, WilliamGodell, Carl J
ABSTRACT This paper addresses the Program Management Office’s perspective of the robotic technology needs required to meet the capability gaps identified by the Warfighter. The objective is to relay these needs to the Science and Technology (S&T) community and industry in order to guide their investment dollars in the right direction. The Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO) has been working closely with the Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC) to establish near, mid and far term needs for robotic technologies. The hope is to communicate those needs to successfully steer the robotic research and development efforts to meet the capabilities most needed by our Warfighters
Brennan, AdamHart, Aaron D.Saxon, NancyRappold, RobertMazzara, Mark
ABSTRACT System complexity continues to grow, creating many new challenges for engineers and decision makers. To maximize value delivery, amidst this complexity, “both” Systems Engineering and Decision Analysis capabilities are essential. For well over a decade the systems engineering profession has had a significant focus on improving systems engineering processes. While process plays an important role, the focus on process was often at the expense of foundational engineering axioms and their contribution to system value. As a consequence, Systems Engineers were viewed as process shepherds which diluted their technical influence on programs. With the recent shift toward Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) the Systems Engineering discipline is “getting back to basics,” focusing on value delivery via foundational engineering axioms built upon first principles, using established laws of engineering and science. This paper will share how Pattern Based Systems Engineering (PBSE), as
Peterson, TroySchindel, Bill
ABSTRACT While complex systems transform the landscape, the Systems Engineering discipline is also experiencing a transformation to a model-based discipline. In alignment with this, one of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) strategic objectives is to accelerate this transformation. INCOSE is building a broad community that promotes and advances model based methods to manage the complexity of systems which seamlessly integrate computational algorithms and physical components across domains and traditional system boundaries. This paper covers contextual drivers for transformation as well as challenges, enablers, and INCOSE resources aligned with accelerating the transformation of Systems Engineering to a model-based discipline
Peterson, Troy
ABSTRACT This GVSETS paper outlines the strategy for integrating Digital Engineering (DE) practices into the Detroit Arsenal (DTA) acquisition, engineering, and sustainment communities. A DTA DE Community of Practice (CoP) is being led by Program Executive Office (PEO) Ground Combat Systems (GCS), PEO Combat Support & Combat Service Support (CS&CSS), Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Ground Vehicles Systems Center (GVSC), and Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command (TACOM). In addition, Program Management Offices (PMOs) will document their DE implementation plans as part of all planning documents per Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics & Technology (ASA[ALT]) guidance [1]. In this paper, each of the DTA organizations will address the following: Ongoing DE Related Efforts; Upcoming / Planned Efforts / Opportunities; Lessons Learned; and Challenges / Issues / Help Needed. Additionally, each DTA organization explains its current and future states along
Alexander, EricReilly, GlennKwietniewski, AndrewBerklich, Bill
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have rapidly grown as a means for clean mobility, as they zero down tail pipe emission of greenhouse gases. Additionally, greenhouse gases such as Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon (HFCs) based refrigerants used in Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) are under global scrutiny for their high Global Warming Potential (GWP). To prevent earth environment to pass the climate tipping point that will be irreversible within human capacity, actions such as rapid phase down of high GWP rated HFCs under Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol are enacted. India being amongst signatory nations is now working to fast track phase-down use of high GWP refrigerant and transit to low GWP refrigerant options. Nearly half of national HFCs use and emissions are for manufacture and service MAC. Vehicle OEMs supplying to markets in developing countries (e.g. European nation and non-Article 5 Parties) have already phased out HFC-134a (GWP=1400) through alternate refrigerant solutions. The work presented
Maurya, AnuragVenu, SantoshKapoor, SangeetKhan, Farhan
A digital twin is a virtual model that accurately imitates a physical asset. This can be as complex as an entire vehicle, a subsystem, and down to a small functioning component. The digital twin has a level of fidelity that aligns to the goals of the project team. The usage of a digital twin inside a digital engineering (DE) ecosystem permits architecture and design decisions for optimized product behavior, performance, and interactions. This paper demonstrates a methodology to incorporate the digital twin concept from requirement analysis, low fidelity feature level simulation, rapid prototypes running inside a System Integration Lab, and high fidelity virtual prototypes executing in an entirely virtual environment
Kanon, Robert J.Griffin, Kevin W.Fernando, RaveenShah, AmirKouba, RussFeury, Mark
Computer modelling, virtual prototyping and simulation is widely used in the automotive industry to optimize the development process. While the use of CAE is widespread, on its own it lacks the ability to provide observable acoustics or tactile vibrations for decision makers to assess, and hence optimize the customer experience. Subjective assessment using Driver-in-Loop simulators to experience data has been shown to improve the quality of vehicles and reduce development time and uncertainty. Efficient development processes require a seamless interface from detailed CAE simulation to subjective evaluations suitable for high level decision makers. In the context of perceived vehicle vibration, the need for a bridge between complex CAE data and realistic subjective evaluation of tactile response is most compelling. A suite of VI-grade noise and vibration simulators have been developed to meet this challenge. In the process of developing these solutions VI-grade has identified the need
Franks, GrahamTcherniak, DmitriKennings, PaulAllman-Ward, MarkKuhmann, Marvin
This chapter delves into the field of multi-agent collaborative perception (MCP) for autonomous driving: an area that remains unresolved. Current single-agent perception systems suffer from limitations, such as occlusion and sparse sensor observation at a far distance. To address this, three unsettled topics have been identified that demand immediate attention. First, it is crucial to establish normative communication protocols to facilitate seamless information sharing among vehicles. Second, collaboration strategies need to be defined, including identifying the need for specific collaboration projects, determining the collaboration partners, defining the content of collaboration, and establishing the integration mechanism. Finally, collecting sufficient data for MCP model training is vital. This includes capturing diverse modal data and labeling various downstream tasks as accurately as possible
Chen, GuangChalmers, SethZheng, Ling
Radical greenhouse gases emissions reduction necessity is bringing deep evolution in mobility behaviors and is the core reason for a significant diversification of automotive powertrain technologies, making it more and more complex for customers to find the best suited technology. This paper proposes a customer-oriented approach that translates needs into technical requirements that can be used as choice guidelines. First, customers answer a small survey on their driving habits and the class of car they want. Real life driving cycles are then recorded, and Simulink simulations, based on lowest equivalent consumption calculations, allow to identify and size an ideal powertrain that can then become a benchmark for vehicle final selection. As a methodology development step, this paper focused on Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and on two case studies: a customer driving in urban areas with a small city car, and another
Couillandeau, MatthieuEl Ganaoui-Mourlan, OuafaeMiliani, El HadjCarlos Da Silva, DanielOussedik, NassilaLombard, TristanMendes Alves, Breno
As model-based systems engineering is proliferating throughout the aerospace industry as a method to manage the development of complex cyber-physical systems, opportunities to leverage formal methods for verification and validation purposes are significant. As a system model described in SysML can contain the level of semantics required to define strict system requirements, it is possible to create a translation tool to generate SRL (SADL (Semantic Application Design Language) Requirements Language) to leverage ASSERT™ (Analysis of Semantic Specifications and Efficient generation of requirements-based Tests) for verification and validation of the system requirements. SADL [13] is a controlled English grammar that translates directly into OWL (Web Ontology Language) [14]. As part of the validation of the SRL requirements, ASSERT™ leverages a theorem prover to look for conflict and completeness errors. For verification, ASSERT™ uses a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver for the
McMillan, CraigLee, LawrenceRussell, DanielPrince, DanielHasanovic, NihadDurling, MichaelSiu, KitVaranasi, Sarat ChandraMeng, BaoluoKleven, Everett
Historically, patch antennas have been used for SmallSat communications. While new antenna technologies are in development, some are not optimized for size, mass, and performance — especially beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO). Engineers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center identified the need for a small form factor antenna to provide high data rate communications for such missions
Automotive system functionalities spread over a wide range of sub-domains ranging from non-driving related components to complex autonomous driving related components. The requirements to design and develop these components span across software, hardware, firmware, etc. elements. The successful development of these components to achieve the needs from the stockholders requires accurate understanding and traceability of the requirements of these component systems. The high-level customer requirements transformation into low level granularity requires an efficient requirement engineer. The manual understanding of the customer requirements from the requirement documents are influenced by the context and the knowledge gap of the requirement engineer in understanding and transforming the requirements. The manual way of understanding the requirements of the automotive systems always involve a certain amount of ambiguity, misunderstanding, bias etc. in analyzing the functionality of the
D H, SharathP.C., KarthikTG, SreekanthAnsari, Asadullah
Non-exhaust and exhaust particles from traffic were evaluated to account for nearly equal proportions in traffic-related emissions. Among non-exhaust emissions, tyre wear has been a crucial contributor to Particulate matter (PM), with its mass contribution as high as 30% to non-exhaust emissions from traffic. As exhaust emissions control regulation becomes stricter, which leads to a substantial reduction in exhaust emissions from road traffic, currently relative contributions of non-exhaust particles generated from tyre wear to PM is becoming more important. Accordingly, possible regulatory requirement and effectively control strategy of tyre wear particles needs to be developed. This review paper covers the physical properties, chemical composition, emission rates, and mathematic model development of tyre wear particles. Three main methods, including the road simulation in the laboratory, the source analysis, and the on-road direct measurement under real driving conditions, were used
Liu, YeChen, HaiboGao, JianbinDave, KaushaliChen, Junyan
Privately-owned vehicles were never so safe as they are today. Nor have they made so much sense. That thought hit me between the nostrils recently, as I sprayed a pungent disinfectant on the steering wheel of my family's B-segment runabout. Carefully wiping down the car's touch points with antibacterial cleaners has become a new pandemic ritual for us after returning home from food shopping and other essential missions. My little tribe generally keeps the interiors of our two vehicles tidy. Finding the occasional French fry buried in a seat track is, however, preferable to the dangerous microbes deposited every minute in the typical bus, train, or ride-share. The term “clean,” as understood by transit passengers, means a few spritzes by a custodial crew racing to meet uptime targets
Brooke, Lindsay
Note: On April 17, 2020, the European Parliament adopted the Commission proposal to postpone the Medical Devices Regulation until May 26, 2021, due to COVID-19
The U.S. Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Military Engineering Program on Remote Assessment of Infrastructure for Ensured Maneuver (RAFTER) Boreal Aspects of Ensured Maneuver (BAEM) identifies the need for modeling over-snow vehicle performance, as many factors related to vehicle setup and land surface condition contribute to vehicle efficiency. Accurately estimating snow macromechanical characteristics—such as elastic modulus, stiffness, and strength—is critical for understanding how effectively a vehicle will travel over snow-covered terrain
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to three-point hitch (Type A) backhoes as defined in SAE J326 when mounted on either an agricultural tractor as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390 or other off-road self-propelled work machine as defined in SAE J1116. This criterion is intended for the manufacturer of the backhoe, whether or not the backhoe is manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactures or markets the propelling machine
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
During Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, improvised explosive devices were used strategically and with increasing frequency. To effectively design countermeasures for this environment, the Department of Defense identified the need for an under-body blast-specific Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan). To help with this design, information on Warfighter injuries in mounted under-body blast attacks was obtained from the Joint Trauma Analysis and Prevention of Injury in Combat program through their Request for Information interface. The events selected were evaluated by Department of the Army personnel to confirm they were representative of the loading environment expected for the WIAMan. A military case review was conducted for all AIS 2+ fractures with supporting radiology. In Warfighters whose injuries were reviewed, 79% had a foot, ankle or leg AIS 2+ fracture. Distal tibia, distal fibula, and calcaneus fractures were the most prevalent. The most common
Danelson, KerryWatkins, LauraHendricks, JonathanFrounfelker, PatriciaPizzolato-Heine, KarenValentine, RayLoftis, Kathryn
Engine Stop/Start System (ESS) promises to reduce greenhouse emissions and improve fuel economy of vehicles. Previous work of the Authors was concentrated on bridging the gap of improvement in fuel economy promised by ESS under standard laboratory conditions and actual driving conditions. Findings from the practical studies lead to a conclusion that ESS is not so popular among the customers, due to the complexities of the system operation and poor integration of the system design with the driver behavior. In addition, due to various functional safety requirements, and traffic conditions, actual benefits of ESS are reduced. A modified control algorithm was proposed and proven for the local driving conditions in India. The ways in which a given driver behaves on the controls of the vehicles like Clutch and Brake Pedals, Gear Shift Lever were not uniform across the demography of study and varied significantly. In addition, Authors also discovered that some drivers also deployed the
Athani, GopalGavarraju, Srinivasa RajuJain, PunitAddala, ShashankP, Satishkumar
The release of the ISO 26262 in November 2011 was a major milestone for the safeguarding of safety-related systems that include one or more electrical and / or electronic (E/E) systems and that are installed in series production passenger cars. Although no specific requirements exist for a model-based software development process, ISO 26262 compiles general requirements and recommendations that need to be applied to model-based development. The second edition of the ISO 26262 has been distributed for review with a final publication scheduled for 2018. This revised edition not only integrates the experiences of the last few years but also extends the overall scope of safety-related systems. In order to determine the necessary adaptions for already existing software development processes, a detailed analysis of this revision is necessary. In this work, we focus on an analysis and the impact on model-based software development of safety-related systems. First, it is important to point out
Doerr, HeikoEnd, ThomasKaland, Lena
The popularity of new Human-Machine-Interfaces (HMIs) comes with growing concerns for driver distraction. In part, this concern stems from a rising challenge to design systems that can make functions accessible to drivers while maintaining drivers’ ability to cope with the complex driving task. Therefore, engineers need assessment methods which can evaluate how well a user interface achieves the dual-goal of making secondary tasks accessible, while allowing safe driving. Most prior methods have emphasized measuring off-road glances during HMI use. An alternative to this is to consider both on-road and off-road glances, as done in Kircher and Ahlstrom’s AttenD algorithm [1]. In this study, we compared two types of prevalent visual-manual user interfaces based on AttenD. The two HMIs of interest were a touchscreen-based interface (already in production) and a remote-rotary-controller-based interface (a high-fidelity prototype). Five in-vehicle tasks were evaluated, including a continuous
Zhang, YuAngell, LindaPala, SilviuHara, TetsuyaVang, Doua
The Deep Orange framework is an integral part of the graduate automotive engineering education at Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR). The initiative was developed to immerse students into the world of an OEM. For the 6th generation of Deep Orange, the goal was to develop an urban utility/activity vehicle for the year 2020. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a multimaterial lightweight Body-in-White (BiW) structure to support an all-electric powertrain combined with an interior package that maximizes volume to enable a variety of interior configurations and activities for Generation Z users. AutoPacific data were first examined to define personas on the basis of their demographics and psychographics. The resulting market research, benchmarking, and brand essence studies were then converted to consumer needs and wants, to establish vehicle target and subsystem requirement, which formed the foundation of the Unique Selling
Flegel, ChristopherBhivate, ParthLi, LiangMathur, YashPhalgaonkar, SanketBenton, MarkMuralidharan, PrasanthBrooks, JohnellPilla, SrikanthVenhovens, PaulLewis, DavidDeBry, GarrettPayne, Craig
The Deep Orange framework is an integral part of the graduate automotive engineering education at Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR). The initiative was developed to immerse students into the world of an OEM. For the 6th generation of Deep Orange, the goal was to develop an urban utility/activity vehicle for the year 2020. The objective of this paper is to explain the interior concept that offers a flexible interior utility/activity space for Generation Z (Gen Z) users. AutoPacific data were first examined to define personas on the basis of their demographics and psychographics. The resulting market research, benchmarking, and brand essence studies were then converted to consumer needs and wants, to establish technical specifications, which formed the foundation of the Unique Selling Points (USPs) of the concept. Then the various sub-systems within the vehicle were developed; a systems integration approach was used to balance design, engineering
Kale, ManjilDiwan, RajatRenganathan Dinesh, FnuBenton, MarkMuralidharan, PrasanthVenhovens, PaulBrooks, JohnellLiu, ChunKaiJacobs, JuliePayne, Craig
The Deep Orange framework is an integral part of the graduate automotive engineering education at Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR). The initiative was developed to immerse students into the world of an OEM. For the sixth generation of Deep Orange, the goal was to develop an urban utility/activity vehicle for the year 2020. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of a dual-purpose powertrain system enabling vehicle propulsion as well as stationary activities of the Deep Orange 6 vehicle concept. AutoPacific data were first examined to define personas on the basis of their demographics and psychographics. The resulting market research, benchmarking, and brand essence studies were then converted to consumer needs and wants, to establish vehicle target and subsystem requirement, which formed the foundation of the Unique Selling Points (USPs) of the concept. The Deep Orange 6 vehicle contains a very low floor
Ivanco, AndrejMariappan Selvaraj, BalanMurali, KawshikNarayanan, ArjunSarkar, AvikSingh, AviralSoni, AkshayBenton, MarkMuralidharan, PrasanthBrooks, JohnellVenhovens, PaulPayne, Craig
The automotive industry strives to develop high quality vehicles in a short period of time that satisfy the consumer needs and stand out in the competition. Full exploitation of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can enable quick evaluation of different vehicle concepts and setups without the need of building physical prototypes. Addressing the aforementioned statements this paper presents a method for optimising the Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS) ECU parameters employing solely CAE. The objective of the optimisation is to achieve a desired steering response. The developed process is tested on three specific steering metrics (friction feel, torque build-up and torque deadband) for two function parameters (basic steering torque and active return) of the EPAS. The optimisation method enabled all metrics to fall successfully within the target range
Ljungberg, MarcusNybacka, MikaelGil Gómez, GasparKatzourakis, Diomidis
Car infotainment systems feature an increasing number of functions to keep pace with consumer needs. The GENIVI Alliance aims to facilitate this evolution of infotainment systems by developing a common baseline where services of different suppliers can easily be integrated on a single hardware platform. Since the huge number of services creates more dependencies and interactions, more effort is required to ensure the same level of quality. We present a novel approach and effective tooling to reduce the effort for the interface verification of in-vehicle software components. Our models create different views of the system. Consistency checks and automated transformations between the views reduce the modeling effort and ensure compatible interactions of distributed software components. Layered reference models separate the description of the structure and the behavior of the services' communication. This simplifies the behavior descriptions and facilitates the usage of different
Drabek, ChristianPaulic, AnnetteWeiss, Gereon
The U.S. National Research Council recently identified the need for a near-term space mission of Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS). The primary objective of the ASCENDS mission is to make CO2 column measurements across the troposphere during the day and night over all latitudes and all seasons, and in the presence of scattered clouds. These measurements would be used to significantly reduce the uncertainties in global estimates of CO2 sources and sinks, provide an increased understanding of the connection between climate and CO2 exchange, improve climate models, and close the carbon budget for improved forecasting and policy decisions
The death toll due to traffic accidents in India is on a rise, according to the latest Road Transport ministry report, a total of 4.97 lakh road accident was reported in 2011. Though compared to 2010, the accidents have gone down by 1,945, the number of deaths at 1,42,485 has increased by over 7,000.[1] This paper proposes a design of an Emergency Intimation System (EIS) tailored to fit for Indian consumer needs and available infrastructure. EIS is an emergency alert technology devised to assist drivers and passenger in an event of vehicle crash. Majority of deaths are caused by slow accident response time. EIS is aimed to lower this response time and ensure that the required rescue and medical services are made available in time. This device employed to make this emergency alerts will be fitted into the vehicle Electrical and Electronics (E/E) architecture and will have interfaces with crash sensor network, CAN network and GSM etc. In an event of crash, this device shall send an SMS
Bhagat, Vishakha SMurugesan, SivaVenkataramaiah Belavadi, ShamsundaraMannikar, Abhay Vijay
HEV and EV markets are in a rapid expansion tendency. Development of low-cost regenerative cooperation brake system is needed in order to respond to the consumers needs for HEV and EV. Regenerative cooperation brake system which HEV and EV are generally equipped with has stroke simulator. We developed simple composition brake system based on the conventional ESC unit without the stroke simulator, and our system realized a low-cost regenerative cooperation brake. The key technologies are the quiet pressurization control which can be used in the service application, which is to make brake force depending on brake travel, by gear pump and the master cylinder with idle stroke to realize regenerative cooperation brake. Thanks to the key technologies, both the high regenerative efficiency and the good service brake feeling were achieved
Naito, MasayukiKoike, YasuhiroOsaki, ShintaroMorishita, ShinichiroQuan, Nanhao
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] This paper describes the implementation of lean in the Human Resources department at Tenneco Europe. In the past, the implementation of lean transactional was mainly focused on Sales & Engineering and Finance. Our experience shows that the lean approach can be applied in a similar way as in Finance or Sales & Engineering. This paper illustrates some examples of critical processes related to Human Resources which have been improved. These include the “on-board” or integration process the management of employee flextime accounts process to create and manage a resignation certificate absenteeism reduction in one Tenneco plant For these three last processes, the key workshop deliverables are: project charter. Outline the problem and objectives identify the internal customers and their expectations set up current / future value stream maps. perform gap analysis of the current status and generation of improvement ideas develop metrics to reflect the
Garcia, PatrickFries, Wolfgang
The overall technology trend of Active Safety and Driver Assistance systems is relatively clear: increasing capability to avoid crashes as well as convenience on a path toward autonomous driving. What's less obvious, though, is the selection of features/technologies will make sense at each step along the path. Specific vehicle contenting decisions get made early in the vehicle planning process and rely on forecasting factors such as technology readiness, consumer interest, the economics in the supply base, and projected government regulations and consumer metrics. Additionally, for these technologies to be effective, often they need to be introduced in conjunction with other features and grouped in ways that are intuitive and relevant to current consumer needs. This paper will use specific examples of features being introduced into the marketplace to provide insights on some of the challenges, and considerations, to selecting the technologies for specific vehicle/timeframe, from an OEM
Capp, John P.
In the automotive sector, few changes are more disruptive than moving powertrains away from the century-long tradition of liquid petroleum fueling. Powertrain development is one of the largest areas of long-term investments in the automotive sector, requiring research, development and testing years before production and significant commitments of capital by the OEM and suppliers to establish and sustain complex vertical production systems. Once in series production, incremental improvements (”kaizen”) will be expected to keep the powertrain current through a decade or more of changing conditions in consumer needs, regulatory requirements, retail dealer sales & service, and supporting infrastructure. Powertrain systems are particularly dependent on externalities outside of the automaker and direct supply chain. Fuels, lubricants, additives, and other consumable materials must be readily available to consumers throughout the planned production run plus the expected vehicle lifespan, a
Williamsen, Paul M.
Since the industrial application of the internal combustion engine, the number of vehicles and their technologies has continuously grown world-wide to over 50 million vehicles yearly since 2000 and are forecast to grow to 180 million yearly by 2050. Over time societal and consumer needs with regard to vehicles have changed and environmental considerations have become much more important such as increasing fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle emissions. The precious metals group (PGM) plays an important role in meeting these needs. The continuously increasing use of metals combined with the fact that natural resources are finite make that business as usual is not sustainable. The automotive industry is the single largest user of PGM's and those contained in end of life catalytic converters are richer than any known primary source of PGM. The vehicle is a “mine on wheels” not only for the PGM contained in the converters but also for other metals used in the advanced technology vehicles
Caffarey, MarkMeskers, ChristinaVan Kerckhoven, Thierry
The development and validation of a brake pad insulator damping measurement procedure by the SAE Brake NVH Standards Committee was presented at the 2010 SAE Brake Colloquium (Paper 2010-01-1685). In Europe, in 2010, the EKB Working Group identified the need to develop a similar procedure, and started some activities which lead to the release of a standard similar but different than the SAE J3001. The SAE and EKB working groups agreed that having a global standard was of paramount importance, so the 2 groups decided to meet in November of 2010 to flush out the details of the J3001 global procedure. The details of the new test procedure, test setup and recommendation for proper test practices are described in this paper. This description provides an excellent foundation for evaluating the insulator damping properties over a range of temperatures and frequencies. An application example is given to illustrate how this procedure could be used to select the best insulator for a specific
Denys, Eric
To make informed decisions about travel and vehicle purchase, consumers need unbiased and accurate information of the fuel economy they will actually obtain. In the past, the EPA fuel economy estimates based on its 1984 rules have been widely criticized for overestimating on-road fuel economy. In 2008, EPA adopted a new estimation rule. This study compares the usefulness of the EPA's 1984 and 2008 estimates based on their prediction bias and accuracy and attempts to improve the prediction of on-road fuel economies based on consumer and vehicle attributes. We examine the usefulness of the EPA fuel economy estimates using a large sample of self-reported on-road fuel economy data and develop an Individualized Model for more accurately predicting an individual driver's on-road fuel economy based on easily determined vehicle and driver attributes. Accuracy rather than bias appears to have limited the usefulness of the EPA 1984 estimates in predicting on-road MPG. The EPA 2008 estimates
Lin, ZhenhongGreene, David
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