Browse Topic: Developing countries
As the brain and the core of the electric powertrain, the traction inverter is an essential part of electric vehicles (EVs). It controls the power conversion from DC to AC between the electric motor and the high-voltage battery to enable effective propulsion and regenerative braking. Strong and scalable inverter testing solutions are becoming more essential as EV adoption rises, particularly in developing nations like India. In India, traditional testing techniques that use actual batteries and e-motors present several difficulties, such as significant safety hazards, inadequate infrastructure, expensive battery prices, and a shortage of prototype-grade parts. This paper presents a comprehensive approach for traction inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system incorporating an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing eradicating the need for actual batteries or mechanical loads. Testing across signal and power levels and the validation of both inverter hardware and software under real-world driving scenarios can be facilitated with proposed test system. Indian OEM challenges like reduction in battery development costs, ensuring high replication precision, and managing thermal and power instability in early-stage prototypes are primary focus areas for this test system. With the Inverter TS, various motor types (IM, EESM, PMSM), switching strategies, and SiC based 800V architectures with different control architectures can be emulated and validated, which can further be optimized for powertrain efficiency. Inverter efficiency maps can be derived and fast control strategy can be iterated which facilitates the the overall drivetrain optimization. This paper focus on how adopting such emulation test methodologies can help EV developers to overcome infrastructure gaps, reduce time-to-market, and enhance powertrain efficiency at a lower cost.
Low-Cost Mobile Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: A Cost-Effective Solution for India's Sustainable Transportation” The likely depletion of fossil fuel reserves in the next fifty years and growing environmental concerns caused by petroleum fuel-based vehicles highlight the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. India, a developing country, requires a significant amount of energy to sustain its growth, most of which is imported. Hydrogen is one of the cleanest fuels and offers sustainable pathways to a low-carbon future. The government of India has already launched a Green Hydrogen mission and has set up a very ambitious target for 2030. However, the absence of adequate refueling infrastructure is a significant blockade to India's widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles. The mobile hydrogen refueling station (MHRS) is a flexible system that enables lower initial capital costs than fixed hydrogen refueling stations and allows for the gradual build-up of hydrogen mobility fleets. Such a system could be very useful in India, and it integrates advanced safety features, including hydrogen leak detectors, pressure and temperature sensors, flame detectors, and gas composition analyzers, to ensure the safe dispensing of hydrogen. Such a system can significantly boost local economies by creating employment opportunities at various hydrogen supply chain stages and reducing air pollution. These can dispense hydrogen at both 350 bar and 700 bar pressures, ensuring compliance with international safety standards such as ISO 14687 and ISO/TR 15916. This paper studies the design and economics of a low-cost, scalable Mobile Hydrogen dispensing system. It evaluates its cost-effectiveness, scalability, safety, socio-economic, and environmental impact (using Life Cycle Analysis) in a developing country like India. The results of the study are very promising and suggest that MHRS has a sustainable future in India.
Researchers have created a portable device that can detect colorectal and prostate cancer more cheaply and quickly than prevailing methods. The team believes the device may be especially helpful in developing countries, which experience higher cancer mortality rates due in part to barriers to medical diagnosis.
The creators of the designs hope that their promising technology, initially developed for emergency short-term ventilators in response to the coronavirus pandemic, will help to address the shortage of mechanical ventilators in developing countries in the long term.
In response to the growing need for increased mobility and road safety, India, like other developing nations, is placing a high focus on modernizing its transport infrastructure. This report performs a thorough technical analysis of the challenges and implementation issues that were encountered when deploying Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in India. This paper provides valuable information about successful ITS deployment and the unique challenges faced in the Indian context, drawing on global research and case studies. A detailed understanding of cutting-edge technologies and how they integrate with current infrastructure is essential for India's adoption of ITS to be successful. Collaboration with a range of stakeholders, including governmental organizations, transportation authorities, and technology businesses, is essential for effective deployment. Using examples from around the world, this study intends to find the best stakeholder management practices.
Nine out of 10 amputees in the world don't have access to a proper prosthetic. The startup company, LIMBER Prosthetics & Orthotics, Inc. aims to do something to address this problem by 3D printing complete one-piece structurally sound prosthetic limbs.
Methanol is sometimes referred to as ethanol's deadly twin. While the latter is the intoxicating ingredient in wine, beer, and liquor, the former is a chemical that becomes highly toxic when metabolized by the human body. Even a relatively small amount of methanol can cause blindness or prove fatal if left untreated.
The increasing rates of violence and the lack of effective public security policies, especially in large urban areas in developing countries, have reflected directly in the automotive civil armor market, making Brazil the world leader in the segment of ballistic protection type III-A level against handguns according to the NIJ 0108.01 standard [1], followed by Mexico. Faced with this scenario, to speed up the armoring process on brand new automobiles, the armoring companies have adopted shop floor procedures to quickly assembly the ballistic protection parts, without considering automotive design engineering and manufacturing criteria of the vehicle. One of the solutions for improving the quality of this process and optimizing costs is the adoption of the DFMA® tool, Design for Manufacturing and Assembly. Since, there is no specific DFMA® literature regarding automotive armoring processes, the authors have addressed this through a systematic literature review to obtain the references of the state of the art related to DFMA® tool. Based on this context, this review intends to present the following aspects: the related techniques and their main results, challenges and opportunities, its support as a reference in the armoring service area and the advantages of keeping the warranty and original functionalities of the civil armored vehicles.
During the 20th century, the energy landscape in India was dominated by fossil fuels, with diesel, petroleum, and kerosene used for most industrial and domestic purposes. In rural India, a large part of the population was still using coal, wood, or dung fires for cooking. However, the last few decades have seen the country strive to become a more gas-based economy, with widespread use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) for cooking and even transportation. Recently, piped natural gas has also been made available to many urban households, providing the comfort of uninterrupted cooking gas directly to consumer homes. This new development calls for the gas utility providers to measure how much gas is being consumed. How? With the help of gas meters.
It has been predicted that the prevailing COVID-19 situation would result in increased demand for personal vehicles. There is a renewed interest in the 3 wheeled vehicles for short urban mobility in western countries due to their inherent cost advantages which will make it affordable for the common man. As the world is moving towards electric vehicle technology, a light 3 wheeled vehicle option will also help in reducing battery weight and thereby help in addressing the range concerns. In addition, slow speed 3-wheelers need not pass extensive safety regulation tests in many western countries including the USA. Three-wheeled vehicles are not new to developing countries like India as three-wheeled auto-rickshaws are quite popular for short distance shared travel. The existing single front wheel design known as delta design may have a stigma attached to it due to historic reasons in India. There is also a perception that the three-wheeled vehicles are highly unstable. Therefore, the current paper studies in detail an alternate design known as the tadpole design having two wheels in the front. The tadpole configuration facilitates decent styling and good aerodynamics. The tadpole configuration is modeled and analyzed using CAE multibody dynamics software, MSC Adams Car. To get confidence in the simulation results, a few benchmarked and tested vehicles are selected from the available literature [1] and the MBD results are compared for correlation. The studies also include a standard four-wheeled vehicle and a delta configuration 3-wheeler for reference purpose. The MBD virtual analyses provide results for vehicle stability and handling characteristics like overturning speed limit, oversteer and understeer behavior during constant radius cornering tests. The paper, by keeping in mind the typical urban driving condition and pattern, gives its feedback and recommendation about the tadpole configured 3-wheeler.
The air purifier industry has seen a growth in terms of demand and sales lately. All credit goes to massive Industrialization in developing countries such as India. The most harmful of the pollutants are PM 2.5 articulates and NOx Emissions. This leads to the new trend of customers become health and comfort conscious and willing to pay more for better and improved transportation. To satisfy these demands, COEM’s are developing more numbers of Air conditioning buses. Although the OEM’s are meeting this demand of quantity, the quality of air from air conditioner is still suffer. One of the main reasons for this poor air quality is because of the ineffectiveness of conventional air conditioner air filters to control particulate materials i.e. PM2.5, biological pollutants i.e. microbes, bacteria, viruses, and gaseous pollutants i.e. CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, O3 & VOCs in air. As per various researches, health problems associated with bus occupant compartment air quality appear more frequently. This article presents a study of the current scenario of the problems of air pollution. Severity of the issue has been highlighted. A Compilation of the most common and significant methods of purifying air such as those employing the use of filters.
China's auto market has developed rapidly in recent years and has become the world's largest auto market. The rapid increase in sales of passenger cars has brought a series of environmental and energy problems. In response to these problems, “The Parallel Management Method for Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicles Credits” (Dual-credit Regulation) has been enacted in 2018. However, some problems about the regulation were gradually exposed with the NEV subsidies decreasing, such as too much surplus new energy vehicle credit. To promote the development of NEV, the reform of dual credit regulation was issued in June,2020. Based on the reform of the" dual-credit " regulation in 2020, this paper proposes the three-stage dynamic game model to solve the auto market’s Nash Equilibrium, then analyzes and predicts the impact of the " dual-credit " reform on the development of China’s 2020 automotive industry, aimed at providing some references for the reform of “dual-credit” regulation.
In the modern automobile scenario in developing countries, customers are getting more meticulous and market more competitive. Now even the budget vehicle customer expects desirable vehicle performance in specific use cases of the vehicle that were previously not focused by designers. Hence, the focus on perceived quality challenges automobile engineers to go the extra mile when it comes to the cost-effective design of parts that are tangible to the customer. A vehicle's cowl cover is one such exterior component. The primary functions of this part are to provide air intake opening for the HVAC system and cover the components like wiper motor. The aesthetic function is to cover the gaps between windshield, hood, and fender as seamlessly as possible. A specific role of cowl cover, which calls for a designer's attention, is its load-bearing capability. This component has to be stiff enough to bear external loads like snow accumulation or application of hand on the part by customer or service personnel. Simultaneously, it plays a significant role in absorbing the energy of a pedestrian's head impact during a crash. This engenders a need to optimize the cowl cover design for energy absorption in one direction and deformation resistance in another direction. This paper explains the methodology in which a cowl cover can be designed to cater to the need for directional load bearing without adversely affecting the pedestrian impact performance of the part. With the help of FEA, cost-effective design approaches for improving the stiffness of cowl cover assembly are studied, and their effect on pedestrian energy absorption is checked. Finally, the study identifies and discusses the concepts which have favorable stiffness with a limited impact on pedestrian energy absorption.
Vehicular accidents are life-threatening and result in fatal casualties in developing country such as India. According to estimates, traffic accidents kill more people in India than diseases like Cancer and AIDS. More than 150,000 people are killed every year in traffic accidents in India, which works out to 400 fatalities a day, far higher than developed auto markets like the U.S., which had logged about 40,000 deaths in 2016. The World Health Organization estimates road accidents cost most countries about 3 per cent of their gross domestic product. India being the fastest growing economy will be the world’s third-largest car market after China and the U.S. by 2020, according to automobile researchers. According to research study most of death cause due to not getting help on time to the injured person. Research has proven that if injured person is not found any option of help then they also lose the power to fight such critical situation due to psychological effect. When vehicle met accident, people are not getting on time support, this delay is the major cause of death in developing nations. Presently there is no robust system available in market for passenger & commercial vehicles which helps to provide on time help to the injured persons & saves human life. In current situation “low cost life saving device” is need of our society. This paper deals with the design & development of the low cost-life saving device. This paper also comprises the scenario when any vehicle meet an accidents within certain speed limit then how the intelligent life saving device will work & save the life. Further it explains the type of life saving device design, logical programming and system packaging. The system has been validated on the vehicle to check the response time & accuracy of calling of the electronic controlled system. Safety features include SMS & voice call based alerts, sharing of vehicle geographical location.
The surge in economic activities, in the developing nations, has resulted in rapid expansion of urban centres. This expansion of cities has caused a rapid increase in vehicular traffic, which in turn has caused deterioration of air quality. To overcome the problem of unprecedented air pollution, the governments worldwide have framed policies for faster adoption of electric vehicles. One of the major challenges faced is the development of low- cost drive for these vehicles and keeping the imports to a minimum. As a result of this, the trend is to move away from the permanent magnet-based motor technology and to use induction motor-based drivetrain. For the induction motors to be successful in electric vehicle drivetrain application, it is important to have a robust speed control algorithm. This work aims at adapting a direct torque control technique for induction motor’s speed control. The work addresses the impact of reference flux linkage on the operation of an induction motor for direct torque control over a wide range of operation. A Finite Element Analysis based induction motor model is used to obtain values of reference flux linkage. The method uses offline calculations to determine the reference flux linkage, and a lookup table is generated using these flux linkage values. This lookup table is eventually implemented with the direct torque control algorithm. The proposed methodology for selecting reference flux linkage is compared with variable flux technique for various vehicle driving cycles. The comparison shows that the proposed approach gives satisfactory performance (in terms of speed response, torque and flux linkage) over a wide operating speed range. Furthermore, energy consumption analysis for considered driving cycles is also discussed.
India being a developing nation, there is significant improvement of road infrastructure across the country as well as the spending power and earnings of the common man. This leads to the new trend of customers willing to pay for a more comfortable travel through AC buses. To satisfy these demands, OEM’s are forced develop and manufacture huge numbers of AC buses. Although the OEM’s are meeting this demand of quantity, the quality aspect of the buses, i.e., climate comfort, is still subpar. One of the main reasons for this sub-quality comfort is the non homogenous distribution of air flow along the bus. This non homogeneity leads to the centre of the bus having very high air flow and thus overcooling conditions, while the front and rear of the bus receive very little air flow and thus receive under-cooling conditions. To solve this concern of non homogeneity, we incorporated a new design in the hatrack, through the implementation of baffles and deflector in the hatrack. With this new design, air flow distribution was analyzed through CFD and corroborated with the physical trial of a vehicle with this new design. The results of the air flow variation, achieved through the physical trial of the vehicle, was that of homogenous air flow distribution with a variation of 1 m/s between front, middle and the rear zone of the hatrack. We then went on to implement this new design in few of the buses sold to customer. The feedback from the customers, received by us, was overwhelmingly positive and was encouraging, leading to roll out implementation of this new design for all production buses.
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