Browse Topic: Traceability

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Multi-Agent LLM Architecture for Systems Engineering Automation2026-01-07777/1/2026
The increasing complexity of modern software-intensive systems, particularly in the automotive domain, demands new approaches to bridge the gap between high-level engineering specifications and executable, safety-compliant code. This need is amplified by the rapid transition toward software-defined vehicles, where highly dynamic, updateable software functions significantly enlarge the scope and frequency of engineering activities and require scalable, transparent, and adaptive development processes. While recent advances in Large Language Models have demonstrated strong capabilities in automating tasks such as requirements analysis, code generation, and documentation, their deployment in safety-critical engineering workflows remains challenging due to the need for transparency, traceability, and controlled decision-making. This paper presents a modular multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) pipeline that automates key steps of the systems engineering lifecycle - from requirement structuring and compliance checking to code and test generation - using specialized LLM agents orchestrated within a unified architecture. A central contribution of this work is the integration of a Human-in-the-Loop subsystem, which introduces configurable review checkpoints at critical stages such as requirements analysis, compliance assessment, code generation, and test creation. The human-in-the-loop module enables engineers to approve, reject, or modify intermediate results, ensuring human oversight, enhancing trustworthiness, and enabling adherence to functional safety standards. The system supports heterogeneous input formats and provides end-to-end traceability through structured outputs and detailed monitoring of performance metrics including model usage, token consumption, and automation efficiency. Initial evaluations indicate that the combination of multi-agent specialization and human-in-the-loop-guided oversight can significantly reduce engineering effort while maintaining the transparency and reliability required for regulated domains. By embedding controllable human supervision into the LLM-driven pipeline, this work offers a practical and scalable architecture for integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) automation into safety-critical systems engineering processes, with particular relevance to automotive software development.
Padubrin, Marcel, Kulzer, André Casal, Guerocak, Erol
Multi-Agent LLM Workflow for Regulatory-Driven Requirement Generation in Automotive Software Development2026-01-07877/1/2026
The increasing regulatory complexity in automotive development places significant pressure on engineering teams to derive complete and correct requirements. This paper presents a multi-agent-based large language model (LLM) workflow designed to support requirement extraction from technical specifications and regulatory documents in compliance with automotive requirement guidelines. The approach structures the requirement derivation process across collaborating agents that interpret specification and regulatory text, generate candidate requirements for the early engineering activities, and cross-validate their outputs to improve consistency and traceability. To evaluate the applicability of the workflow in an industrial context, we applied it to the draft Euro 7 emissions regulation. The agents produced requirements for relevant functional domains, which were subsequently reviewed by domain experts at FEV. The evaluation focused on correctness, completeness, and coverage. Results indicate that the agentic workflow can achieve high alignment with expert expectations, demonstrates robust coverage of regulatory intent, and reduces manual effort in the early requirements engineering phase. The findings highlight the potential of structured multi-agent LLM systems to accelerate compliant software development processes and to enhance the reproducibility and quality of regulatory requirement interpretation in the automotive domain.
Abdalla, Abdelrahman, Schäfers, Lukas, Schmidt, Fabian, Schaub, Joschka, Lee, Sung-Yong, Andert, Jakob
A Modular Method for Certified Virtual Validation of NVH Performance in Automotive Platforms2026-01-06846/20/2026
This work presents a modular engineering methodology (DiPhyBa - Digital Physical Balance) for the virtual validation of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance in automotive development. The approach addresses the inefficiency of repeated physical testing across vehicle variants by introducing a structured two-phase process—Launcher and Reskin—centered on quantitative performance indicators with formal acceptance thresholds. In the Launcher phase, a digital replica of the base vehicle is built and iteratively correlated with physical test data. Validation is governed by objective indicators of confidence, conformity, and correlation, each evaluated against predefined thresholds. Once validated, the model becomes a certified reference, enabling its reuse across derivative configurations in the Reskin phase. Physical testing is only required if indicators fall below threshold, with a final gate test on pre-series vehicles ensuring industrial robustness. DiPhyBa formalizes the decision to replace physical testing with simulation, introducing automation, traceability, and repeatability into the validation workflow. The method is scalable across platforms and adaptable to other technical domains such as durability, thermal, and safety. The long-term industrial ambition is to progressively minimize redundant NVH testing on vehicle variants. Early applications demonstrate significant reductions in development time and cost, while enhancing confidence in simulation-based decisions. DiPhyBa bridges the gap between digital simulation and industrial validation, offering a new standard for virtual engineering in the automotive sector.
Celiberti, Lucia, Camia, Andrea
A Comprehensive Review of System Risk in Automotive Crash Safety15-19-02-00106/9/2026
Occupant protection has been at the forefront of risk evaluation regarding vehicle crashworthiness design. However, the vehicle is a member of a larger transportation system with varied stakeholders. This article identifies an opportunity for assessing risk in a crash event through emerging safety science paradigms. Conventional Safety I and Safety II frameworks handle well-defined hazards but falter with uncertainty, variability, and emergent behaviors in real crashes. A comprehensive literature review was performed on peer-reviewed research to situate automotive crash safety risk within the Safety III paradigms. The review addresses two questions: (1) How is “risk” defined across the crash safety literature and adjacent safety science domains? and (2) What limitations arise from these definitions in practice? Findings show a dominant probabilistic framing alongside a minority of system-oriented interpretations. Current crash safety practice lacks a coherent, system-level definition of risk that integrates uncertainty and knowledge strength, leading to fragmented methods and limited alignment with modern safety science. Based on this synthesis, the article proposes guiding principles for Safety III-aligned guidelines and recommendations that integrate consequences, uncertainty, and knowledge strength to improve transparency, traceability, and adaptability in crash safety decision-making.
Rye, Patrick J.
Enabling Circularity in the Aerospace Maintenance Ecosystem through Generative-AI Driven Back-to-Birth Traceability of Life-Limited Engine Parts2026-26-07196/1/2026
Circular-economy principles are increasingly central to aerospace sustainability strategies, aiming to extend asset life, improve asset valuations, and enhance benefits to stakeholders in the part ownership and maintenance lifecycle. In aircraft engines, achieving circularity hinges on safe reuse, repair, and recirculation of high-value components. Life-Limited Parts (LLPs) are among the most critical in this context, but their reuse is strictly contingent on complete Back-to-Birth (BtB) traceability. Any gap in BtB records—often due to fragmented data across multiple airline operators, shop visits, document formats, and time expanse—renders otherwise serviceable LLPs unusable, leading to premature scrappage and lost circular value. This paper presents a Generative AI (GenAI)-driven methodology to reconstruct and validate complete LLP BtB histories from heterogeneous, unstructured, and legacy maintenance datasets. By combining aerospace domain-trained language models with embedded life accounting logic and regulatory compliance reasoning, the approach produces audit-ready documentation that assists the asset owners in meeting regulatory standards from aviation authorities such as EASA and FAA. Enhancing traceability to LLPs enables their safe re-entry into operational service, supports the module swaps market, and optimizes part pooling strategies. The result is a digital enabler for circularity in the engine lifecycle—preserving material value and maintaining uncompromised safety and compliance in aviation.
Bhate, Ujwal, Jain, Dilip Kumar, Kulkarni, Ninad, Kalaiyarasan, Aravindh, Jha, Ashish, Shenoy, Karthik
Digitalization of Mechanical Labs for Enhanced Traceability and Virtual Verification2026-26-07156/1/2026
Digitalization is the process of leveraging digital technologies to transform business operations, processes, and models, enabling organizations to improve efficiency, create new value, and enhance customer experiences. It is essential as it enables data-driven decisions and reduces product development time. It’s easier to Digitalize new products however, transforming existing products and processes is a challenging task, as constituents are in various phases of lifecycle. Also, the existing/ legacy data acts as a starting point for future programs. Currently, teams are spending hours to weeks finding the right processes and data, costing ~$14,000 per test based on labor hours. To tackle this challenge, Mechanical labs are digitalizing their data and processes alongside physical tests via 3DEXPERIENCE application to capture data in digital models and ensure traceability for which Requirement Functional Logical Physical (RFLP) framework is leveraged. This traces Requirements to its functional elements that are allocated to the logical elements forming a basis for behavior analysis. Further integrating the physical entities (Virtual product/s) to RFL enables realistic simulation capability. This framework has been implemented on some structural tests involved in the development of composite material for future. Results show a clear traceability between requirements and their chain of elements, estimated to reduced 2 hours of search efforts into 15 minutes. Now teams spend more time on analysis of required systems. The realistic simulation capability was used to verify a step in the test machine configuration, thereby saving time to verify during test execution and paving way for virtual verification of requirements.
Karpur, Anoop, Inapakolla, Bharat Kumar, Harris, Jason
Agentic Digital Thread for Managing the Non-Conformities in Manufacturing of Aerospace Products2026-26-07636/1/2026
Aerospace manufacturing operates within an intricate ecosystem where quality, compliance and traceability are critical to success. Conventional digital thread frameworks provide connectivity but remain largely passive, lacking the intelligence to autonomously manage complex non-conformities across the product lifecycle. This paper introduces an Agentic Digital Thread powered by Agentic AI, designed to transform non-conformity management into an adaptive, self-orchestrating system that actively drives decision-making and corrective actions [1, 4]. The proposed architecture employs a Master Agent to coordinate workflows and maintain end-to-end data continuity, while specialized Agents autonomously manage domain-specific tasks. In the pre-manufacturing phase, these agents proactively validate requirements, material conformity and process planning through integration with PLM, MES, ERP, QMS and supplier systems. In the post-manufacturing phase, the framework extends to concession management, enabling structured workflows for identifying, evaluating and approving deviations during inspection or final assembly. By embedding AI-driven anomaly detection, semantic search of historical concessions, and Generative AI-powered report authoring, the system accelerates resolution and predicts concession acceptance with high confidence. Continuous feedback loops between design, production and quality assurance transform the digital thread from a static data conduit into an intelligent ecosystem that ensures compliance, reduces delays and rework, and fosters continuous improvement. This approach delivers a resilient and adaptive aerospace manufacturing process aligned with the demands of next-generation aircraft production [9, 10].
Veluri, Sastry, Gopala Krishnan, Kannan
Process and Calculation Models for Electric Vehicle Battery Traceability: An Illustration of the SAE J3327 Standard2026-01-03794/7/2026
This paper presents a model for implementing the SAE J3327 standard, which establishes a digital traceability record for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Additionally this paper outlines the objectives of SAE J3327, and its harmonization with global standards such as the European Union’s Digital Product Passport and with U.S. battery production tax credit requirements. The SAE J3327 standard also aligns with ISO standards for chain of custody and mass balance. Through detailed process models and sample calculations, this paper demonstrates how to document the provenance, processing, and recycling of critical battery minerals—such as lithium—across complex supply chains. The methodology in the SAE J3327 standard emphasizes the importance of consistent data formats, reliable chain of custody, and dynamic traceability practices to support responsible sourcing, manufacturing, and recycling. The results highlight the need for robust verification systems and ongoing revision of traceability records to adapt to evolving technologies and regulatory priorities. Recommendations are provided for industry stakeholders to adopt global best practices and ensure transparency throughout the battery lifecycle.
Menchaca, Frank
From Reactive to Proactive: Applying Data Analysis and Automation to Mitigate PLC Communication Disruptions2026-01-02504/7/2026
PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) are critical devices in manufacturing, enabling the functioning of machinery and the transmission of build data to other systems in a production facility. Thus, maintaining uptime of these devices is crucial for ensuring that a facility can keep its line running, as even a few minutes of downtime can cost a company thousands in lost units and revenue. One particular pain point that causes downtime is broken communication between the devices and downstream applications, especially those that track orders and traceability. While advances in computing and digital technology have enabled the quick detection of lost signaling and the quick restoration of communication channels, there is much work left to be done in this realm. Besides causing downtime, an incident disrupts the flow of the line, leading to significant effort to restore normal production flow, even after resolution of the incident. In addition, the outage and the post-incident recovery can require extensive IT and Controls personnel, especially at undesirable times of the day. Overall, restoration of communication has been a reactive procedure, where most effort so far has been spent minimizing impact instead of eliminating it. This paper proposes an architectural framework and presents a reference implementation, plc-remedy, demonstrating automated monitoring and remediation via Common Industrial Protocol (CIP). Performance projections derived from IT automation benchmarks suggest a potential 90% reduction in end-to-end resolution time. Empirical validation with production PLC hardware is identified as essential future work.
Jan, Jonathan, Preston, Joshua
Agile Safety Case Assessments for Autonomous Vehicle Fleets2026-01-05214/7/2026
Rapidly upcoming deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs), including robotaxis and trucks, has intensified the need for rigorous safety assessment of complex AI-driven systems. While considerable effort has been invested in constructing safety cases for AVs, systematic approaches for evaluating these safety cases remain underdeveloped. This paper presents a three-stage methodology for assessing AV safety cases. A process for assessing argumentation is presented that involves traceability to pre-reviewed and peer-reviewed safety cases such as the Open Autonomy Safety Case (OASC). Next, we present a structured process for evaluating the quality of evidence supporting these arguments. We applied this methodology to evaluate safety cases from multiple AV developers, enabling iterative refinement throughout the development lifecycle. Our agile approach supports efficient assessments by establishing clear traceability to industry standards and enabling early identification of potential gaps. This work provides regulators, operators, and developers with a practical framework for systematically evaluating AV safety cases and identifies lessons learned and areas for continued improvement.
Wagner, Michael
An Interpretable Deep Learning Decision-Making Framework for Autonomous Lane-Change Inspired by Human Driving Experiences2025-01-733912/31/2025
Lane change plays a critical role in autonomous driving and directly affects traffic safety and efficiency. Although deep learning-based lane-change decision-making frameworks have achieved promising results, they still face fundamental challenges in producing human-consistent and trustworthy behavior, mainly due to: 1) Inadequate psychology-informed personalization, as most frameworks focus on physical variables but neglect psychological factors (e.g., risk tolerance, urgency), limiting their ability to capture individual differences in lane-change motivations. 2) Limited holistic understanding of traffic context, most frameworks lack consideration of high-level and interpretable indicators (e.g., traffic pressure) in comprehensively assessing dynamic traffic scenarios, limiting their capacity for human-like contextual understanding. 3) Lack of transparent and interpretable decision logic, as many frameworks operate as black boxes with opaque reasoning processes, hindering human-aligned explanation, weakening user trust, reducing accident traceability, and impeding model refinement. To this end, a policy-oriented contextual-reasoning fuzzy neural network (POCR-FNN) is proposed as a deep learning-based decision-making framework for personalized and interpretable autonomous lane-change. First, we develop a psychology-informed driving style classification by learning distinct fuzzy membership functions to enable style-specific policy learning. Second, we design a human-inspired local interaction-aware module that estimates traffic tension by combining interaction salience and contextual risk, enhancing contextual understanding. Finally, we integrate fuzzy logic with a deep learning-based policy network to enable rule-level decision reasoning with real-time interpretability and transparent traceability. Extensive experiments on multiple public highway and urban datasets demonstrate that POCR-FNN achieves state-of-the-art performance while significantly improving personalization and interpretability across various driving styles and scenarios.
Chen, Yanbo, Chen, Jiaqi, Yu, Huilong, Xi, Junqiang
Construction of an Intelligent Decision-Making System for Pavement Maintenance of Gansu Highway Based on DeepSeek2025-99-045612/10/2025
Pavement maintenance decision-making is the key to determining the maintenance program and ensuring the maintenance effect. Still, the existing pavement maintenance decision-making methods have problems, such as incomplete and inaccurate data. Based on this, this study develops an intelligent decision-making system for pavement maintenance on highways in Gansu Province by combining DeepSeek artificial intelligence technology with dynamic capability theory. The proposed framework integrates multi-source data fusion, predictive analytics, and organizational collaboration mechanisms to address the systematic challenges of resource allocation and decentralized decision-making. A spatio-temporal graph convolutional network enables accurate pavement performance modelling, while a redesigned decision-making process enhances cross-departmental coordination through game-theoretic optimization and blockchain-based traceability. The results show significant improvements in operational efficiency, risk responsiveness, and organizational learning, validating the architecture’s ability to rack up validation at both the technical and institutional levels of infrastructure management and providing a technical reference for pavement maintenance decisions.
Xie, Zilong, Liu, Chunya, Huang, Tao, Kou, Yujiao, Xie, Binglei, Xue, Xue
Modeling and Understanding Large Scale Complex Systems2025-01-04439/16/2025
The objective of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, provide guidance to best implement end to end traceability from program requirements to physical implementation, and Secondly provide techniques to review and understand large scale complex systems. Even with a Digital Engineering Environment (DEE) being an enabler towards applying Systems Engineering practices to develop large scale complex systems, many organizations are unclear on the methodology for modeling their architectures and enabling stakeholders to easily review, understand and assess those architectures. An architecture can be a conceptual, logical or physical architecture, depending on the system’s lifecycle state. For the context of this paper, the modeling environment is any System’s Modeling Language (SysML) based tool along with modeling tools for electrical, mechanical and software development and product life cycle management tool. The intended audience is any engineering organization defining end-to-end architecture within a DEE, and all stakeholders tasked with reviewing conceptual, logical and physical architecture. The outcome of this paper is to provide engineering organizations with guidance on underlying principles for modeling and understanding or assessing architecture that describe large complex systems.
Khaled-Noveloso, Lubna
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Tracking Critical Minerals Across the EV Battery Lifecycle135349/15/2025
The battery supply chain is one of the most complex in the world, built on critical minerals that stretch across continents and raise tough questions about accountability. But how do you bring order and transparency to something so massive? Listen in as we sit down with Frank Menchaca, Founder, Auzolan LLC, and sponsor of SAE International Battery Global Traceability Committee, to explore how a new global standard (SAE J3327) has been developed to tackle EV battery traceability, combat issues like child labor and forced labor, and comply with various government regulations. We'll also dive into the economic benefits -- like cost savings and recycling -- and the impact on national security, defense, and data storage. From lessons learned to practical solutions for suppliers of all sizes, this conversation uncovers what a fully transparent, circular battery economy could look like -- and why automakers, regulators, and consumers should all pay attention. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Patterson, Lori
Effect of Pressure Losses and Reynolds Number on Active Grille Shutter Characteristics and Its Prediction2025-01-50599/10/2025
In the present article it is investigated why active grille shutters (AGS) can have very different aerodynamic characteristics, ranging from progressive to strongly degressive, and which factors influence them. For this purpose, the authority concept known from the field of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is referred to. According to this theory, the control characteristics of dampers depend primarily on the ratio of the pressure losses at the fully open damper to the pressure losses of the rest of the system. The adaptation of the concept to the automotive field shows that, in addition to the pressure losses, the geometry of the cooling air ducting plays a decisive role in motor vehicles. The effect of driving speed and fan operation on the characteristic curves is also being investigated. In addition, authority theory can also be used to derive the conditions under which the opening characteristic curve of an AGS provides a good prediction of the real characteristic curve. And finally, the authority theory offers the possibility of predicting the AGS characteristics in detail. To this end, a concept is being developed that draws on suitable inherent reference characteristics of control dampers from the HVAC sector. The practical application of the concept will be demonstrated using various examples of AGS from real vehicles. The comparison of the predicted characteristic curves with the measured data shows good agreement, with characteristic curve details also being reproduced. A prerequisite, however, is the knowledge of the pressure losses of the AGS in the fully open state as well as the pressure losses of the remaining cooling air duct. For this purpose, a method is shown, which can be used to estimate the relevant pressure losses. Overall, this provides a new calculation method that can be used to estimate the aerodynamic characteristics of AGS in the early development phase of motor vehicles.
Wolf, Thomas
Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Traceability RecordJ3327_202509 (Current)9/8/2025
The initial scope of this standard is focused on the broadly supported set of objectives named above. The committee recognizes the need for standardization in other important areas that will form the basis of future revisions to this standard and other related standards. These include, among other topics, supply chain modeling, critical mineral information verification, and extended Producer responsibility. As the International Energy Agency (IEA) notes: “Traceability systems can enable the collection of data on product origin, geographic path, the sequence of entities that held ownership or control over the product and its physical evolution.”1 This standard centers on establishing a consistent, globally recognized practice for Electric Vehicle Battery data collection that is the foundation of an audit trail and independent verification within the EV Battery supply chain. This practice also supports Reuse and Recycling.
Battery Global Traceability Standards Committee
Accelerating EV Motor Design using MBSE Approach2025-01-86604/1/2025
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) enables requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation associated with the development of complex systems. Obtaining data for such systems is dependent on multiple stakeholders and has issues related to communication, data loss, accuracy, and traceability which results in time delays. This paper presents the development of a new process for requirement verification by connecting System Architecture Model (SAM) with multi-fidelity, multi-disciplinary analytical models. Stakeholders can explore design alternatives at a conceptual stage, validate performance, refine system models, and take better informed decisions. The use-case of connecting system requirements to engineering analysis is implemented through ANSYS ModelCenter which integrates MBSE tool CAMEO with simulation tools Motor-CAD and Twin Builder. This automated workflow translates requirements to engineering simulations, captures output and performs validations. System Architecture Model is created in CAMEO with requirements and structure diagram. Motor-CAD is used to calculate motor performance and efficiency map. Twin Builder is used to develop an integrated system (EV) model and calculate vehicle level performance characteristics such as vehicle range, acceleration and gradeability etc. Trade studies are performed to evaluate design alternatives. Ansys ModelCenter empowers engineers and decision makers by providing early requirement verification capabilities thereby reducing re-work and enhancing efficiency in product development.
Upase, Balasaheb, Shroff, Roopesh
Overview of Blockchain-Based Digital Authorized Release CertificateAIR7123 (Current)1/21/2025
The scope of this document is to provide an overview, process, and implementation guidance on use of blockchain technology for a secure, immutable, and traceable digital authorized release certificate. This document does not standardize the process nor is it meant for authorities to recognize the standard as an acceptable means of recording data collected through the required authorized release certificate (ARC) tags.
G-31 Digital Transactions for Aerospace
A Case Study of Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach Applied in the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign Competition2024-36-006212/20/2024
Systems Engineering is a method for developing complex products, aiming to improve cost and time estimates and ensure product validation against its requirements. This is crucial to meet customer needs and maintain competitiveness in the market. Systems Engineering activities include requirements, configuration, interface, deadlines, and technical risks management, as well as definition and decomposition of requirements, implementation, integration, and verification and validation testing. The use of digital tools in Systems Engineering activities is called Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). The MBSE approach helps engineers manage system complexity, ensuring project information consistency, facilitating traceability and integration of elements throughout the product lifecycle. Its benefits include improved communication, traceability, information consistency, and complexity management. Major companies like Boeing already benefit from this approach, reducing their product development time. In the academic environment, competitions such as Formula SAE BRAZIL, Baja, and AeroDesign offer students opportunities to face real challenges like multidisciplinary optimization and prototype testing. Therefore, this work aims to develop the preliminary architecture of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign competition, using the MBSE approach. This allows integrating decisions from various departments into a single repository, generating customized maps and tables to represent the created traceability. The UAV architecture focuses on aerodynamics and its impact on landing and takeoff performance. The secondary objective is to provide a study of best practices for teams participating in the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign competition and for industries facing systemic challenges in their products. Utilizing the MagicGrid method, SysML language, and relevant aeronautical references, the results include interconnected maps and tables that maintain updated information, enable quick verification of aircraft configurations against competition requirements, and reduce the need for constant manual rework.
Azevedo, Marcos Paulo, Lahoz, Carlos Henrique Netto
Traceability E-Fuels 20352024-01-30227/2/2024
EU legislation provides for only local CO2 emission-free vehicles to be allowed in individual passenger transport by 2035. In addition, the directive provides for fuels from renewable sources, i.e. defossilised fuels. This development leads to three possible energy sources or forms of energy for use in individual transport. The first possibility is charging with electricity generated from renewable sources, the second possibility is hydrogen generated from renewable sources or blue production path. The third possibility is the use of renewable fuels, also called e-fuels. These fuels are produced from atmospheric CO2 and renewable hydrogen. Possible processes for this are, for example, methanol or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The production of these fuels is very energy-intensive and large amounts of renewable electricity are needed. Thus, national production of these fuels in the EU is inefficient in terms of cost and carbon footprint due to the low utilisation rate of renewable energy plants. Outsourcing these processes to regions where renewable energy production takes place under high utilisation rates and thus the amount of installed capacity can be reduced seems to make sense. Nevertheless, it is to be expected that the costs of the renewably produced fuel will be considerably higher than for the respective fossil equivalent. This makes the production and distribution chain susceptible to fraud by mixing it with, or substituting it for, fossil fuel. This problem can only be controlled by appropriate regulations and controls. This paper presents different options for product control and certification, both for the global and the EU trade area. It conceptually discusses different procedures for control, certification and fuel labelling. First, the draft for a global, certificate-based system for production volume control is presented. This draft enables independent trading of certificates and the product. This makes it possible to implement both pure certificate trading and product-linked certificate trading. Thus, each trading zone can implement the system that suits them best, without disturbing the control of the global production volume. In a second step, an automated monitoring system for tracking imported renewable fuels in the EU trading zone is presented. This is done via a second certification authority and continuous digital and governmental monitoring. In a third step, possibilities are presented with which the fuel or the refuelling in the vehicle can be monitored. Finally, a conclusion is given on the practicability of such a monitoring system.
Stoll, Tobias, Kulzer, Andre, Berner, Hans-Juergen
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - The Trouble With EV Mineral Sourcing134575/31/2024
From human rights abuses to detrimental environmental impacts, mineral sourcing for EV batteries and electric motors has a dark side. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Tim Stevens, a freelance journalist who recently wrote an article for Motor Trend about the troubling side of EV mineral sourcing. Listen in as they discuss what Tim's research uncovered, potential solutions like the battery passport and electric motors without rare earth minerals, and how we can ensure more accountability throughout the EV supply chain. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can read about how lithium-ion batteries continue to be the best bet for some EV applications and that the technology around these batteries continues to evolve.
Hineman, Marcie
Bridging the Design Gap: Next-Level Automation in Automotive Design with the IncQuery AUTOSAR-UML Bridge2024-01-20504/9/2024
The IncQuery AUTOSAR-UML Bridge is an innovative solution for Assisted Documentation Creation and Automated Handover, aiming at driving a paradigm shift in integrated digital engineering in the automotive domain. The AUTOSAR-UML Bridge is addressing a well-known gap in the engineering ecosystem of automotive design, where the co-design of AUTOSAR models and other model-based artifacts is often hampered by tedious workflows involving manual syncing of model contents between AUTOSAR and UML/SysML tools. The Bridge is aiming at streamlining the workflow by generating high-quality UML models from AUTOSAR projects, with built-in ISO26262 and ASPICE compliance. Automotive software architects and systems engineers spend a lot of time with creating ISO26262-compliant documentation, by creating UML models from AUTOSAR architecture designs, or establishing traceability between requirements captured in SysML and design artefacts that exist in both modeling languages. However, as a project progresses and the work of engineers diverges, keeping AUTOSAR and UML/SysML in synch can be a tedious, slow, and error-prone task – especially when you are already grappling with tight timelines and limited resources. The AUTOSAR-UML Bridge mitigates these workflow issues, by providing assistance for Automotive Software Architects to expedite documentation creation by generating UML models from AUTOSAR for architecture design. Moreover, it assists Automotive Software Engineers with transitioning to detailed design by adding UML-based internal behavior and interface descriptions to AUTOSAR projects. The IncQuery AUTOSAR-UML Bridge's seamless integration with Sparx Systems Enterprise Architect helps to streamline the overall design process. Furthermore, it can also work with LieberLieber’s LemonTree, to enable agile iterations where collaborating architects and engineers can easily merge changes from AUTOSAR into the corresponding UML model, without having to redo or delete anything.
Kulcsár, Géza, Ráth, István, Grill, Balázs, Horváth, Ákos
Component Traceability Requirements for Life-Limited PartsARP6943 (Current)3/12/2024
This document contains the recommended practices for the traceability of civil aircraft life-limited parts (LLPs) applicable to landing gears. A unified means of tracking flight cycles, flight hours, and calendar time is provided, which will ease the interchange of parts between companies and through the component’s life cycle. A harmonized means of defining “back-to-birth” (BtB) traceability is provided to ensure airworthiness of service LLPs.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Integrating MIL-STD Requirements into SysML Projects: A Unified Approach2024-01-19453/5/2024
In support of developing complex systems, integrating requirements from various source standards, such as the Military Standard (MIL-STD) series and others, presents a significant challenge. This paper explores the development of Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) Systems Modeling Language (SysML) projects that incorporate MIL-STD requirements. The study begins by defining the critical need for integrating multiple standards into MBSE projects, emphasizing the importance of adhering to MIL-STD requirements when invoked by the customer. The study further defines the limitations inherent in managing standards independently and propose a unified approach within a SysML-based framework. The research introduces a systematic methodology for mapping MIL-STD requirements and other relevant standards onto SysML constructs, ensuring traceability and consistency throughout the system development lifecycle. Comparing traditional methods with the use of MBSE methods highlight the advantages of an integrated approach in terms of reducing redundancy, enhancing traceability, and improving overall system development efficiency. In conclusion, this research paper asserts that a comprehensive methodology for encompassing MIL-STD requirements and constraining data in new MBSE SysML projects is the recommended approach. This approach bridges the gap between complex standards and system development, promoting efficiency, compliance, and traceability. It serves as a valuable resource for engineers, project managers, and organizations engaged in the development of systems requiring compliance with MIL-STDs.
Watson, Paul
Optimizing Intralogistics in an Engineer-to-Order Enterprise with Job Shop Production: A Case Study of the Control Cabinet Manufacturing05-17-01-00061/16/2024
This study underscores the benefits of refining the intralogistics process for small- to medium-sized manufacturing businesses (SMEs) in the engineer-to-order (ETO) sector, which relies heavily on manual tasks. Based on industrial visits and primary data from six SMEs, a new intralogistics concept and process was formulated. This approach enhances the value-added time of manufacturing workers while also facilitating complete digital integration as well as improving transparency and traceability. A practical application of this method in a company lead to cutting its lead time by roughly 11.3%. Additionally, improved oversight pinpointed excess inventory, resulting in advantages such as reduced capital needs and storage requirements. Anticipated future enhancements include better efficiency from more experienced warehouse staff and streamlined picking methods. Further, digital advancements hold promise for cost reductions in administrative and supportive roles.
Bründl, Patrick, Stoidner, Micha, Nguyen, Huong Giang, Abrass, Ahmad, Franke, Jörg
Systems Engineering – A Key Approach to Transportation Electrification2024-26-01281/16/2024
The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level requirement for subsystem development as well as compatibility between systems. This paper addresses common methodologies and tools within the systems engineering discipline to overcome integration complexity for the E-Mobility sector. Focal points of the systems engineering discipline, including architecture, requirement definition, and integration, are examined in the context of overall product lifecycle. Impact on functional safety is a key consideration, which is integrated into every phase of product development in accordance with ISO 26262. Systems engineering is an essential role for integration of subsystem and component level activities into a coherent framework using the V-model for product development.
Narasipuram, Rajanand Patnaik, Karkhanis, Varad Abhimanyu, Ellinger, Michael, K M, Saranath, Alagarsamy, Guruprasath, Jadhav, Ravindra
Automated System/Software Safety Analysis Using Model-Based Systems Engineering2024-01-40808/10/2023
We present a data model for performing system and software safety in a way that is compatible with Digital Engineering and Model-Based Systems Engineering. This requires imposing structure into the system/software safety process that allows for interfacing with other data models and for other data models to interface with the system safety model. Doing this allows for high amounts of traceability, and it has allowed for Safety Assessment Reports for small projects to be generated and analyzed in weeks.
Czerniak, Gregory P., Proenza, Rodolfo
A Cobot Spot Welder Promises Ergonomic Safety and Productivity GainsTBMG-486578/1/2023
Sometimes an innovation comes along that changes the manufacturing landscape. Pro Spot International has created a unique Cobot Spot Welding solution. By bringing this new tool to the sheet metal fabrication market, the company aims to bring game-changing gains in productivity, reliability, traceability, and ergonomic safety to the manufacturing world.
OBD Traceability MatrixJ1939-90_202212 (Historical)12/16/2022
This Information Report is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the application of SAE RP J1939 to OBD data communications in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual regulations and standards documents, and any discrepancies between this document and the published documents must be resolved in favor of the published documents. This spreadsheet outlines elements in ARB OBD II and HD OBD requirements and identifies which J1939 SPNs and messages may be used to satisfy the datastream, readiness, in-use ratio, and test results requirements.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Open System Software for Critical ApplicationsTBMG-393046/1/2021
It’s no secret that bringing a novel idea for a safety-critical application from concept to market can take a ton of time, dedication and smarts, along with a whole lot of luck. Since it’s initially uncertain the idea will even work, a proof of concept (PoC) seems a logical place to start, focusing specifically on science while other considerations like the rigorous traceability requirements to comply with standards can be worried about far down the road.
Why Traceability is an Essential Foundation for IIoT-Enabled Manufacturing SystemsTBMG-386823/1/2021
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies can lead to a dramatic increase in production quality and throughput but they're often not the plug-and-play solutions that many companies in the manufacturing sector may expect. To get the most value from an IIoT solution, manufacturers need to thoroughly understand the nature of their operations and invest in a robust, real-time traceability system to collect relevant data in a proactive and systematic way.
OBD Traceability MatrixJ1939-90_201902 (Historical)2/5/2019
This Information Report is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the application of SAE RP J1939 to OBD data communications in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual regulations and standards documents, and any discrepancies between this document and the published documents must be resolved in favor of the published documents. This spreadsheet outlines elements in ARB OBD II and HD OBD requirements and identifies which J1939 SPNs and messages may be used to satisfy the datastream, readiness, in-use ratio, and test results requirements.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Mission Engineering and Prototype Warfare: Operationalizing Technology Faster to Stay Ahead of the Threat2024-01-36948/7/2018
ABSTRACT Prototype Warfare represents a paradigm shift in how the US Department of Defense (DoD) executes acquisition of defense systems in a manner that is significantly faster than traditional acquisition. At its core, Prototype Warfare shifts focus from large fleets of common one-size-fits-all exquisite systems to small quantities of rapidly fielded, highly tailored systems that are focused on specific capabilities within a specific theater to address a specific (and typically urgent) requirement. This paper does not address the programmatic or policy implications of implementing Prototype Warfare, but instead provides an approach to achieving Prototype Warfare from a technical perspective. The key to executing a Prototype Warfare program is to establish and execute a robust Mission Engineering practice that uses the operational context of a system to drive performance requirements, allowing the modeled end use of the system to be root of all requirements traceability. “Success no longer goes to the country that develops a new fighting technology first, but rather to the one that better integrates it and adapts its way of fighting….” -The National Defense Strategy (2018)
Horning, Matthew A, Smith, Robert E, Shidfar, Shaheen
THE RDECOM INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK (ISEF) AND ITS USE IN SUPPORT OF THE COMBAT VEHICLE PROTOTYPE (CVP)2024-01-35758/2/2016
Abstract The Integrated Systems Engineering Framework (ISEF) is an RDECOM solution to capture, leverage, and preserve/reuse Systems Engineering (SE) knowledge generated throughout a system’s lifecycle. The framework is a system of tools designed to support decision making with confidence through embedded SE process management, high quality data visualizations, and system lifecycle information traceability. A web based tool architecture supports near zero IT footprint and allows real time collaboration between team members. The Combat Vehicle Prototype program is a large S&T effort within the Army community to create a virtual demonstrator to influence the next Future Fighting Vehicle program of record. The program is made up of “leap-ahead” technology development efforts pursuing TRL 6 demonstrations. These technologies are being coordinated with the CVP central program office to ensure an effective system level concept is transitioned at the end of the program. This paper will begin by providing an overview of current capabilities within ISEF as well as in-development and funded efforts to come in the near future. Next, it will discuss the implementation of the ISEF toolset on the CVP program, success stories, and areas for improvement through continued development.
Umpfenbach, Edward, Blasky, John
Milling Tooling Developments Increase Quality and Productivity in the Machining of Orthopedic Replacement ComponentsTBMG-243804/1/2016
The manufacturing of medical components must meet standards of accuracy, reliability, quality, and traceability that equal and sometimes exceed those required for aerospace and nuclear parts. In addition, global competition and efforts to restrain health care expense create great pressure to maximize productivity and reduce manufacturing costs. Tooling manufacturers are helping medical partmakers meet these challenges with a selection of milling tools custom-engineered for the machining of complex orthopedic replacement components.
Integrated Motion Solution Keeps Laser Marking Machine Costs DownTBMG-190772/1/2014
As the demands of traceability and compliance are put on manufacturers, using a laser provides permanent marking of a variety of information, including 2D bar codes, serial numbers, company information, and logos.
Laser Marking for ID and Traceability Within the Medical IndustryTBMG-171699/1/2013
The use of lasers to mark surgical instruments has become of greater significance, however, the parameters used in these applications are not always fully appreciated. The medical industry, in particular, has utilized laser technology primarily to mark, weld, and cut medical devices for years. Lasers address the need for microscopic applications: to cut widths measurable in microns, spot welds with heat affected zones barely visible to the unaided eye, and highly resolved biocompatible markings that enable traceability of instruments and implants. In common with other industries, medical devices and pharmaceutical businesses turn to lasers for a one-step, fast, flexible, permanent, and a highly automated marking process.
THE TARDEC ADVANCED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CAPABILITY (ASEC) FRAMEWORK2024-01-33978/20/2013
ABSTRACT The Advanced Systems Engineering Capability (ASEC) developed by TARDEC Systems Engineering & Integration (SE&I) group is an integrated Systems Engineering (SE) knowledge creation and capture framework built on a decision centric method, high quality data visualizations, intuitive navigation and systems information management that enable continuous data traceability, real time collaboration and knowledge pattern leverage to support the entire system lifecycle. The ASEC framework has evolved significantly over the past year. New tools have been added for capturing lessons learned from warfighter experiences in theater and for analyzing and validating the needs of ground domains platforms/systems. These stakeholder needs analysis tools may be used to refine the ground domain capability model (functional decomposition) and to help identify opportunities for common solutions across platforms. On-going development of ASEC will migrate all tools to a single virtual desktop to promote a more seamless and consistent user experience. The capability to read data stored in remote DOORS databases will be added to enable broader collaboration across RDECOM and the Army. This paper will provide an overview of the current state of the Advanced Systems Engineering Capability (ASEC) framework, highlight the growth and diversity of the ASEC user base and its applications to the Army/DoD and explain the roadmap for continued ASEC development and deployment.
Mendonza, Pradeep, Fitch, John
Traceability in the Age of Globalization: A Proposal for a Marking Protocol to Assure Authenticity of Electronic Parts2012-01-210410/22/2012
Proposes adoption of an industry standard marking protocol to assure the authenticity of high-reliability electronics. The protocol is seen as a key ingredient in the industry's effort to control counterfeit electronic parts escapes. The specifications of the marking protocol have been informed by the experience of the authors, who are currently participating in a DNA marking program mandated by the Defense Logistics Agency. The protocol would set out these criteria for an effective marking program: Simplicity Proven uncopyability Reportability: transparency and ease of oversight Legal validity: empowering of law enforcement Quick ramp-up and seamless implementation Extreme fidelity and absolute character of results - reliability of the mark at a very high level Universal adoption
Miller, Mitchell, Meraglia, Janice, Hayward, James
Systems Engineering the Lifecycle – An Approach for Developing Complex Systems Using Control Theory2024-01-31468/17/2010
ABSTRACT Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary approach that concentrates on the design and application of the whole as distinct from the parts. For complex systems, this includes the challenge that the behavior of the system as a whole is not intuitively understood by understanding the components. Classic System Engineering models establish a perception of a beginning and an end of the systems engineering process. Unfortunately, a long period between product launch and discovery of unexpected behavior for systems may occur with a protracted lifecycle. A Systems Engineering approach based upon the “control theory” model establishes a high correlation between interdisciplinary models to facilitate feedback throughout the system lifecycle to tune capabilities to user satisfaction. This close coupling extends well beyond tracing of requirements to qualification testing fulfillment as practiced in the traditional “V” model. The system itself is a traceability link providing lifecycle feedback control on the current fulfillment of requirements versus expected fulfillment. The institution of this approach will establish a Systems Engineering feedback measure of user satisfaction from system inception to retirement, rather than merely a front-end design activity.
Dorny, Jonathan, Miller, Tim
Configuration Management of Software for Designing HSCT4.0TBMG-3004310/1/1999
A report discusses the development of a highly complex system of distributed-computing, multidisciplinary design-optimization software, called "CJOpt," for use in research on model 4 of the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) airplane (HSCT4.0). The emphasis in the report is on the application of formal software configuration management (SCM) to ensure the integrity of, and the traceability of changes in, the optimization software.
RESOLUTION OF INSERVICE ANOMALIES THROUGH ASAPPARINC640 (Current)9/30/1997
Defines a generalized process by which anomalies in aircraft systems can be detected. This process is intended to improve timely isolation and resolution of those anomalies. The objective is to reduce costs to the airlines, airframe manufacturers and aircraft systems suppliers by removing anomalous behavior from aircraft systems in a timely manner.
Avionics Maintenance Committee
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