Browse Topic: Research and development

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Reverse Engineering of CAN (Controller Area network) of an Electric vehicle2026-26-0150To be published on 01/16/2026
The communication between different vehicle electronic controller units (ECU) for various applications (I.e. To propel the vehicle or for In-vehicle Infotainment) CAN (Controller Area Network) is most frequently used for In-Vehicle communication. Given the proprietary nature and lack of standardization in CAN (Controller Area Network) configurations, which are often not disclosed by manufacturers, the process of CAN reverse engineering becomes highly complex and cumbersome. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly accessible data on electric vehicles, coupled with the rapid technological advancements in this domain, has resulted in the absence of a standardized and automated methodology for reverse engineering the Controller Area Network (CAN). This process is further complicated by the diverse CAN configurations implemented by various Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), which are often not disclosed to the public. In this paper the manual approach is taken for reverse engineering
KUMAR, ROHIT, Sahu, Hemant, Penta, Amar, Bhatt, Purvish
Optimizing Vehicle Dynamics: A Methodology for Reducing Correlation Gaps2026-26-0091To be published on 01/16/2026
In the highly competitive automotive industry, final design decisions are often made early in the product development cycle. However, physical prototypes may exhibit deviations from nominal specifications due to design tolerances, manufacturing tolerances, stiffness element fitment, and other noise factors. These deviations can lead to significant performance discrepancies (correlation gaps) between real-world performance and the digital twin representation created during the design phase. Repeatedly measuring all system parameters to account for these differences can be both costly and impractical. This research aims to bridge the gap between digital and physical models by identifying key system parameters from system characteristic data generated through controlled dynamic testing. Specifically, dynamic load cases are conducted using a 4-poster test rig, where vehicle responses are recorded at various suspension locations under controlled conditions. By analyzing these target
Verma, Rahul Ranjan, Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, KUMAR, SANJEEV, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy2026-26-0009To be published on 01/16/2026
Title: Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy Rini Reginald, Ashish Chauhan, Saswat Rout, Venkatesh Muthukrishnan Mercedes-Benz Research and Development, India Key words: Thermal Runaway, Active and Passive Safety, Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol, Literature Survey, Structural Simulation Abstract The present disclosure pertains to advancements in battery modules for electric vehicles (EVs). Addressing the critical issue of thermal runaway in high-voltage battery packs, this invention introduces a novel battery module designed to enhance safety of the vehicle. The battery module comprises a plurality of battery cells housed within an enclosure, electrically connected to the vehicle's circuit via busbars and innovative connectors made of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). These connectors are engineered to transition between two states: a first state where they facilitate electrical coupling and a second state where they isolate the battery cells upon detecting temperatures exceeding a
Reginald, Rini, Rout, Saswat, VENKATESH, Muthukrishnan, Chauhan, Ashish Jitendra, Selvaraj, Elayanila
A Large Concept Model Approach for Summarizing Automotive Documents and Enhancing Vehicle Data Query2026-26-0676To be published on 01/16/2026
Technological advancement in automobile production, regulations, sales, and services leads to extensive technical documents and manuals. However, lengthy documentation, language barriers make it challenging to find quickly, highlighting the importance of summarization to bridge this knowledge gap. The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in tasks like Q&A, coding, drafting, and scientific acumen, and are commonly used to condense many complex documents. Despite LLMs being widely used in various sectors like research and journalism, LLMs face challenges in reliably summarizing content. Their word-by-word tokenization can sometimes fail to capture the true meaning and context, especially for abstractive summaries. This paper explores Large Concept Models (LCMs), which operate on principles of semantic reasoning, cross-modality integration, and hierarchical structuring at a higher conceptual level. This makes LCMs language and modality agnostic
Singh, Samagra, Ravi, Utkarsh, Vikram, Prateek, Shenoy, Lakshmi, Awasthi PhD, Anshuman
Determining Optimal Suspension & Body in White Mountings to maximize Off-Road Capability of Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0098To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive market is shifting toward SUVs, with rising customer demand for off-road capability in passenger vehicles. While pure off-roaders offer advanced performance, the goal is to achieve similar functionality in passenger vehicles through minimal design changes. A key factor in off-road performance is wheel articulation, which ensures tire contact and stability on uneven terrain by allowing independent wheel movement. Wheel articulation plays a critical role in determining a vehicle's off-road capability. The vehicle is designed with key parameters like hard point configuration, strength and durability to meet performance targets. While Kinematic and Compliance setup suits standard ride and handling needs, adapting it for off-road capability exceeds its current design limits and requires further enhancements beyond conventional development. Relationship between wheel articulation and off-road performance, emphasizing the role of suspension design and geometry in enhancing
Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib, Dwivedi, Sushil
An In-Depth Exploration of the Evolution and Global Adoption of Electric Motors in New Energy Vehicles2026-26-0161To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the global automotive sector has undergone a transformation at an unprecedented pace, driven by rapid technological advancements and evolving consumer expectations. Central to this shift has been the accelerated adoption of electric motors as the primary propulsion mechanism in New Energy Vehicles (NEVs). This research paper explores the technological trajectory of electric motor development across four vehicle segments: two-wheelers, three-wheelers, passenger vehicles, and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. It identifies the leading electric motor technologies utilized in each of these segments, along with their prevalence across key regulated global markets. Drawing upon historical data and existing academic literature, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of current e-motor technologies and their market distribution. A regional analysis is conducted to examine variations in manufacturer preferences and deployment strategies, supported by visual representations
SINGH, ASHISH, Ray, Rakesh Kumar
Optimizing Powertrain Performance: A Customer Usage-Centric Approach2026-26-0067To be published on 01/16/2026
The optimization of new generation trucks is crucial for enhancing performance, efficiency, and compliance with regulatory standards. In the conventional product development, the manufacturer often optimises the powertrain to meet the stringent emission which might not account for the customer usage. This study uses the simulation-based approach that integrates customer usage with help of logged vehicle data across various applications, to develop a single engine platform equipped with multiple drivetrain options. Using a data driven approach, real-world usage pattern analysis is conducted to identify key performance metrics required to optimize the driveline components tailored to each application. Additionally, the impact of certification requirements on vehicle performance is examined to ensure compliance while maximizing the benefits of the proposed optimization strategies. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for manufacturers and fleet operators, enabling
Mohan, Vignesh, Darzi, Mahdi
Determination of Acrylonitrile Content in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates by Py-GCMS Techniques2026-26-0546To be published on 01/16/2026
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile is known for its superior resistance to hydrocarbon oil, low gas permeability and excellent thermal stability. It is extensively used in seals, O-rings, conveyor belts and pneumatic tires. It is worth mentioning that these performance attributes are predominantly influenced by acrylonitrile content. While solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an established technique for structural characterization of rubber vulcanizates, its high cost and accessibility limits its application in routine industrial analysis. This study aims to develop Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) as a robust, precise, cost-effective alternative to determine acrylonitrile content in NBR vulcanizates. This research demonstrates and establish a method to determine the acrylonitrile (ACN) content in finished rubber vulcanizates through pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS). This method
Samanta, Rajyasree, Ghosh, Debojit, Anjana, Kanhaiya, Sen, Amit, Guria, Biswanath, Chanda, Jagannath, Samui, Barun, Ghosh PhD, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Human-Centric Automotive Interior Lighting assessment: A feedback-Based Approach2026-26-0132To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive interior lighting systems must comply with rigorous internal standards while aligning with evolving customer expectations across diverse vehicle segments. As technological advancements accelerate and consumer demands grow, these systems have become increasingly advanced. Traditionally, validation relied on physical integration with vehicle and its hardware particularly silver box unit and infotainment systems. However, this conventional approach presents several limitations, including dependency on mature hardware and software, challenges in testing and synchronization across multiple lighting modules, and constraints in design validation accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an innovative approach that employs real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation for digital lamp testing. This method facilitates autonomous and abuse testing, enabling independent validation of interior lighting systems within a controlled virtual environment while
Shah, Kunal, Joshi, Vivek S., Mandloi, Prince
Digital Twin for Motor & MCU incorporating Deep learning AI-ML algorithms for intelligent prognostics for Electric vehicles2026-26-0479To be published on 01/16/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more advanced, so ensuring the reliability of critical components like the motor and Motor Control Unit (MCU) is essential. This paper presents a digital twin model designed to predict failures in motor and MCU components using machine learning. The approach focuses on detecting early signs of failure through real-world data and advanced analytics. We collected thermal and performance data from field vehicles, capturing both normal (healthy) and abnormal (faulty) operating conditions. Using this dataset, we developed and trained an Auto Encoder-based machine learning model that learns what “normal” looks like and flags deviations as potential issues. One key outcome of this study is the successful early prediction of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) degradation, where the system identified subtle behavioral changes long before any visible failure symptoms appeared. This digital twin acts as a virtual replica of the physical components
Joshi, Pawan, Pandey, Suchit, KONDHARE, Manish, UPADHYAY, ABHAY, JaganMoahanarao, Vana, Tank, Prabhu
Correlation of Power Rating for Battery Electric Vehicles Simulation vs. Test Validation in Accordance with regulatory compliance2026-26-0575To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate power and energy assessment in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) requires high-fidelity simulation models that reflect real-world performance. This study presents a power rating correlation of the Stellantis Dodge model in compliance with the GTR 21 standard, validating the simulation’s accuracy against physical test data. Simulations conducted using STLAsim, Stellantis’ proprietary tool, estimate EDM power at the inverter input and axle output under standardized conditions. The operating parameters were shared with the testing team to ensure consistency; however, the initial test results deviated by approximately 18 kW from the simulation target. To address this delta, EDM speed and vehicle speed were optimized, achieving a close alignment with the simulation and meeting the GTR 21 power rating criteria. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the simulation and test data, confirming the model’s accuracy and reliability. This study underscores the effectiveness of
Mahajan, Prasad, ali, Shoaib
Material-Optimization in Rib-Stiffened Polymer structures: A Computational & Analytical Study2026-26-0498To be published on 01/16/2026
Background The demand for lightweight yet rigid polymer components continue to drive innovation in structural design, particularly for applications requiring optimal stiffness-to-weight ratios. This study examines an alternative rib-stiffening approach for polypropylene plates, where conventional single-rib geometries are reconsidered in favor of parallel micro-rib configurations. While single ribs have been extensively studied, the potential benefits of distributed rib architecture remain less explored, particularly regarding their combined bending and shear performance. Key objective: This study systematically evaluates how parallel rib configurations influence mechanical performance in polypropylene plates, with specific focus on:  Bending stiffness preservation through optimized moment of inertia distribution  Shear resistance enhancement via controlled rib spacing  Coupled effect of the bending and shear resistance Prior art and their limitations: Current literature primarily
Sreejith, M P, Jain, Deepak, Maheshwari, Pankaj, Kumar, Mandeep, Ravi, Abhikrishna
Implementation of new educational technologies for training personnel for the transport industry2026-26-0241To be published on 01/16/2026
Today's challenges affect the system of training highly qualified personnel for the transport industry, which is actively transforming through the introduction of innovative educational technologies. Key areas have become digitalization of the educational process, integration of virtual simulators, augmented reality technologies (AR/VR) and platform solutions for managing educational programs. Today, transport education in Russia is focused on advanced training of specialists capable of working with autonomous transport and neural network solutions. Development prospects are associated with further integration of adaptive educational trajectories and global network platforms to ensure the competitiveness of graduates in the digital economy. Taking into account the specifics of the modern Russian transport industry, using an analytical method, the article examines solutions to some priority problems, namely: • Methods of modernizing educational programs through designing «professions of
SHISHANOV, Sergei, Kurmaev, Rinat, revenok, Svetlana
Model Standardization for MBD Throughout Entire Power Unit Development Process2026-26-0428To be published on 01/16/2026
The distribution of mobility equipped with electrified power units is advancing towards carbon-neutral society. The electrified power units require an integration of numerous hardware components and large-scale software to refine high-performance system. Additionally, a value-enhancement cycle of mobility needs to be accelerated more than ever. The challenge is to achieve high-quality performance and efficient development using Model-Based Development (MBD). The development process based on V-model has been applied to electrified power units in passenger vehicle. Traditionally, MBD has been primarily utilized in the left bank (performance design phase) of the V-model for power unit development. MBD in performance design phase has been widely implemented in research and development because it refines prototype performance and reduces the number of prototypes. However, applying MBD to the entire power unit development process, from performance design phase to performance verification
Ogata, Kenichiro, Katsuura, Akihiro, Tsuji, Minako, Matsumoto, Takumi, Iwase, Hiromu, Nakasako, Seiya, TAKAHATA, Motoki
Overview of Indian Government Policies, Evolution of Indian Automotive Regulations and Striking balance approach for adoption2026-26-0242To be published on 01/16/2026
A well-regulated vehicle design and manufacturing instils driver and passengers' safety and comfort, and lays the foundation for safe and clean mobility. Evolution of Automotive regulation has a long legacy across the globe. India has been closely following the Automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. Even though India being a developing country, it has not only shown its willingness to harmonize world's best practices but also been making right preparations towards safe and clean mobility. Adoption of BS-VI directly from BS-IV is a testament to India's commitment. While doing so, Government of India (GOI) has always been striking a balanced approach between harmonization of regulations and business implications (ground reality, TCO, business sustenance and growth). Given the above context, the paper explores about: i)Trajectory of evolution of Automotive regulations in India
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
Regulatory Divergence in Autonomous Vehicle Deployment A Comparative Study of the US, EU, and China2026-26-0243To be published on 01/16/2026
Autonomous vehicle (AV) regulatory frameworks vary significantly across global regions, with the United States, European Union (EU), and China exemplifying distinct approaches. The US adopts a decentralized model, allowing state-level regulation with federal guidance, fostering testing and commercial deployment of Level 4 automation. The EU enforces a harmonized, safety-focused framework under legislation like Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2022/1426, emphasizing structured validation within defined operational domains. China employs a centralized regulatory hierarchy, integrating national standards with localized pilot programs and connected infrastructure. While the US leads in commercial deployment and China advances through coordinated efforts, the EU’s cautious framework is often perceived as a barrier to rapid AV adoption. This paper critically analyzes these regulatory models, emphasizing the need for a robust, harmonized framework that ensures safety and public trust
Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin, Flix, Oriol
System-Level Simulation to Design a Hydrogen Powered Refuse Collection Vehicle Based on Real-World Fleet Operational Data2026-26-0399To be published on 01/16/2026
This study, addresses one of the challenges in the energy transition of heavy-duty vehicles by converting a diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle (RCV) into a hydrogen-powered prototype. The research is part of the VeH2Dem project funded by NextGenerationEU and focuses on dimensioning the complete hydrogen propulsion system for a RCV, including the energy storage capacity, without compromising payload or operational functionality. The development of the propulsion system was based on a comprehensive analysis of operational data extracted from fleet management systems, complemented by detailed instrumental monitoring of various collection routes. This methodology ensured that the prototype maintained performance equivalent to the original internal combustion engine vehicle across all evaluated scenarios. The vehicle performance objectives were established following a comparative analysis with solutions currently available in the RCV market, incorporating statistical analyses to ensure
Cano, Pablo, Barrio, Roberto, Roche, Marina, de-Lima, Daniela, Batista, Sara, Bertolí, Xavier
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
Real-Time Lane Change Risk Estimation Using Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI) and Fault Tree Analysis2026-26-0040To be published on 01/16/2026
Accidents during lane changes are increasingly becoming a problem due to various human based and environment-based factors. Reckless driving, fatigue, bad weather are just some of these factors. This research introduces an innovative algorithm for estimating crash risk during lane changes, including the Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI). Unlike existing studies and algorithms that mainly address rear-end collisions, this algorithm incorporates exposure time risk and anticipated crash severity risk using fault tree analysis (FTA). The risks are merged to find the ELCRI and used in real time applications for lane change assist to predict if lane change is safe or not. The algorithm defines zones of interest within the current and target lanes, monitored by sensors attached to the vehicle. These sensors dynamically detect relevant objects based on their trajectories, continuously and dynamically calculating the ELCRI to assess collision risk during lane changes. Additionally
Dharmadhikari, Mithil, S, Mrudula, Nair, Nikhil, Malagi, Gangadhar, Paun, Cristin, Brown, Lowell, Korsness, Thomas
Vehicle usage Digital Twins - Mobility analysis test case2026-26-0394To be published on 01/16/2026
In the evolving landscape of the automotive industry, this study presents an innovative approach to developing digital twins for driver profiles, establishing a standardized and scalable procedure for collecting and analyzing driving data on a global scale. The proposed methodology centers on the development of a robust cloud infrastructure, including a Data Lake and associated services, designed for efficient storage and processing of large volumes of data from multiple markets and vehicle types. The research introduces a adaptable procedure for data collection campaigns, applicable to diverse global markets and encompassing a wide range of vehicles, from internal combustion engines to electric and hybrid models. A key feature of this approach is the establishment of advanced data decoding protocols, enabling precise interpretation of CAN network information from vehicles of different manufacturers and models, even when the CAN structure is not previously known. The study defines
Arturo, Rubio, Marín Saltó, Anna, Diaz, Francisco, Olivencia, Sergio, Medina, Alba
Master Complexity of Version Management in SDM by AI-Driven Assistance2026-26-0439To be published on 01/16/2026
Simulation-driven product development involves numerous CAE model iterations, where each version represents a critical difference. Usually, these multiple model versions are generated by hundreds of simulation engineers working in teams distributed across the globe, making functional collaboration a key for effective product development. To manage vast amounts of CAE data generated by engineers working simultaneously on a project, it is imperative to have a robust version management system to track changes in the CAE data. A robust version management is the backbone of an effective simulation data management (SDM) system. It involves capturing and documenting model changes at every design iteration. An accurate documentation of the model changes is crucial as it helps in understanding the model evolution and collaboration among engineers. However, documenting is usually considered a boring and tedious task by many engineers. This often leads to bad change documentation, which in turn
Thiele, Marko, Sharma, Harsh
A Performance-driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-0461To be published on 01/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, A Sr, Mahesh, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
A Method to Improve the System Efficiency of an Electronic Drive Unit: Variable Switching Frequency-Loss Optimization2026-26-0062To be published on 01/16/2026
In electrical engineering, designing and improving inverter and induction motor systems is very important for many industrial uses. Even though these systems are flexible and widely used, one of the main challenges is accurately measuring how much power is lost when they run. Usually, people check the system’s efficiency, but that doesn’t fully explain how or why the power loss happens inside these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. Instead, it uses analytical methods supported by MATLAB programming. The goal is to explore the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and induction motors. To do this, the study develops mathematical formulas that describe the different types of losses, such as those from conduction, switching, and magnetic effects. These formulas are based on basic physics and are turned into MATLAB code, which helps connect theory with real-world application. In the end, the project creates a
BANDA, Gururaj, Sengar, Bhan
Revolutionary EV Motors Innovation in E-mobility in Depth Analysis of Emerging Technologies, Comparative Insights & Their Ground Breaking Impact on Electric Vehicle Performance2026-26-0073To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of data streaming methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-0692To be published on 01/16/2026
In the realm of electric truck logistics, optimizing route planning is essential. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing such optimized routes. Integrating map features into the drive mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, and vehicle coordinates. This study compares the performance of Server sent events(SSE), web sockets and API polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our findings demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and timely data updates, contributing to more effective route planning and resource management. Additionally, we discuss how API Polling, Web sockets, and SSE each make
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, DADOO, VISHAL, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
Static Rollover Stability Analysis of Heavy Tipper vehicle2026-26-0090To be published on 01/16/2026
Heavy tipper vehicles are primarily utilized for transporting ores and construction materials. These vehicles often operate in challenging locations, such as mining sites, riverbeds, and stone quarries, where the roads are unpaved and characterized by highly uneven elevations in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of vehicle travel. During the unloading process, the tipper bodies are raised to significant heights, which increases the vehicle's centre of gravity, particularly if the payload material does not discharge quickly. Such conditions can lead to tipper rollover accidents, causing severe damage to life and substantial vehicle breakdowns. To analyse this issue, a study is conducted on the vehicle design parameters affecting the rollover stability of a 35-ton GVW tipper using multi-body simulations in ADAMS software. The tilt table test was simulated to determine the table angle at which wheel lift occurs. Initially, simulations are performed with the rigid body model
Vichare, Chaitanya Ashok, Patil, Sudhir, Gupta, Amit
Design & Optimization of CV shaft system to address powertrain induced NVH issues2026-26-0336To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is a crucial sector that plays a significant role globally. Government policies have a profound impact on this automotive industry in defining the regulatory standards and emission controls. Such regulations incentivized automakers to invest in research and development complying those standards towards reduction of vehicle emission which intern result in higher torsional vibrations and excitations amplitudes. To address the rising NVH related concerns in driveline system. Drive shafts (CV shafts) is an important component in power-train system in vehicle. Drive shaft’s main purpose to transfer torque from engines to wheels at multiple speeds with different articulation angles. The roughness generated by the engine follows a transfer path from engine to transaxle and transaxle to half shafts in monocoque vehicles which generates discomfort to the drivers whenever the vehicle is driven. The roughness can also be addressed by proper design of driveshaft stiffness
M A, Abdul Azarrudin, Jayachandran, Suresh kumar, KUMAR, SHIVANI, Bhardwaj, Kinshuk, M, DEVAMANALAN, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj
An analysis of material damping characteristics: A comparison of Oberst Bar Method and Center Impedance Method and their relationship to Component Level.2026-26-0317To be published on 01/16/2026
Damping materials exhibit advantageous mechanical and acoustic characteristics that enhance the structural integrity of systems. These materials find extensive applications across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and building acoustics, and are widely employed in the development of soundproofing materials. The damping characteristics of materials primarily pertain to the dissipation of vibrational energy, the reduction of oscillations, and the controlling and subsequent attenuation of vibration-induced noise emanating from structures. To improve both structural integrity and acoustic performance, it is crucial to accurately assess the damping properties of these materials. The Oberst bar test method is a standard method used in the automotive, railway and building industry for initial optimization of damping material However, questions have arisen about the degree to which the outcomes of the Oberst test truly reflect real-world applications. Numerous experimental
Kamble, Prashant Prakash, Joshi, Manasi, Jain, Sachinkumar
Integration of virtual testing methods in automotive safety: Methodology validation for rollover protection system (ROPS)2026-26-0375To be published on 01/16/2026
During recent years, the integration of virtual testing methodologies has gained significant importance in vehicle development for the passive safety evaluation. The accuracy of simulation results depends basically on the correct replication of physical test into the virtual model, for example to assign the realistic material properties from the structural components and following the boundary conditions replicated from real conditions. In this study the safety standards ISO 3471_2008 and ANSI ROHVA/OPEI-2016 have been considered as references of the safety validation process of hollow section roll-over protective structure (ROPS) integrated into a vehicle. A key objective is to stablish a virtual test methodology that could be applicable across different standards considering various industry markets, as for example European, American and Asian. A sensitivity analysis is necessary to evaluate what are the main aspects that gives significant deviations in results and in which we can
Laso Rodríguez, Manuel, Hanumantha, Chandrashekhar, Singh, Amit Kumar, Lal, Kundan
Dog Clutch Engagement Probability Simulation for Heavy-Duty Automated Mechanical Transmissions2026-26-0437To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a simulation-based approach to estimate the dog clutch engagement probability maps under different vehicle operating conditions. The developed probability function incorporates multiple critical parameters including initial speed differential between engaging components, application of countershaft brake, dog tooth quantity, friction coefficients at tooth interfaces, applied actuation force, dog tooth geometry, and component inertia. Using MATLAB and Simulink, comprehensive simulation models were developed to analyse engagement dynamics and produce detailed probability maps at different vehicle speeds, effectively outlining optimal operational zones for successful engagement while identifying critical regions prone to tooth clash and engagement failure. The effect of tooth geometry on engagement probability has been investigated using simulation model results. The resulting engagement maps serve as valuable diagnostic tools for identifying potential system
Khan, Mohammad Adeeb, KHAN, Dr. NURUZZAMA MEHADI, Koona, Rammohan
Advancing Complete Vehicle Engineering with ADAS Simulation through Virtual Development and Global Collaboration2026-26-0409To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a profound transformation, driven not only by the shift toward renewable propulsion systems but also by the increasing emphasis on the software-defined vehicle. In combination with accelerating project timelines, this shift creates challenges in integrating electrical and electronic systems throughout the complete vehicle. Magna Vehicle Engineering (MVE) faces these challenges by intensifying the use of virtual development, a strategy that spans the entire vehicle development process and necessitates global collaboration among engineering teams. This publication presents a real-world example of how the automotive sector can transition from a traditional on-premises-environment (OPE) simulation setup to a Simulation-as-a-Service (SIMaaS) model. Our primary focus is on operational and collaborative dimensions, illustrating the significant influence these new approaches have on engineering processes and the wider implications for innovation
Wellershaus, Christoph, Wakharde, Sagar, Bernsteiner, Stefan
Revolutionizing Urban Mobility in India: The Emergence of the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle and the L2-5 Regulatory Framework.2026-26-0187To be published on 01/16/2026
Urban mobility in India is evolving rapidly under the pressures of population growth, increasing congestion, and the demand for innovative transportation solutions. With infrastructure development and urbanization accelerating, there is a growing need for versatile vehicles that can adapt to both personal and commercial purposes while addressing urban vehicle density. To meet this demand, the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle has emerged as a groundbreaking modular mobility solution, enabling seamless transitions between two-wheeled (2W) and three-wheeled (3W) configurations. This is world's 1st class changing vehicle, exemplified by Hero's SURGE. It offers a single, multi-functional platform that supports agile urban mobility, e-commerce deliveries, and income generation. This innovation is underpinned by India's pioneering and newly created L2-5 category, a unique regulatory framework established by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR
Ali Khan, Feroz, Gupta, Eshan
"Addressing Reflection-Related Issues in Vehicle Interiors: Ensuring Safer and More Comfortable Driving Experiences"2026-26-0553To be published on 01/16/2026
Reflection significantly influences vehicle driving conditions, impacting both driver comfort and safety. Direct reflections from sunlight or artificial lighting can lead to stress, fatigue, and impaired road visibility, increasing the risk of accidents. Indirect reflections, such as glare from mirrors or dashboard surfaces, pose temporary challenges by distracting drivers and affecting their focus. The intensity and direction of reflections vary with the position of the sun during the day and artificial lights at night, creating visibility issues. Reflection is categorized into daytime reflection, characterized by sunlight-induced glare, and night reflection, driven by internal displays, headlights, and streetlights. To address this, our study focuses on design, vehicle interiors, colour and Pattern to mitigate the Reflection related issues. Our study also focuses on Innovative solutions like anti-reflective coatings, polarized accessories to minimize these effects, ensuring safer and
Jayapandiyan, Raja, DWARAPUDI, DURGAPRASAD, BALU, LAXSHMAANJI, Muthu, Karthikeyan, RANGARAJAN BHARATWAJ, Barath, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Study of Style wheel rim failure Due to Rim and disc assembly interference2026-26-0541To be published on 01/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, CHANDRAMOHAN, C, Santhosh
Modelling and Analysis of Hypoid Gear Churning Loss in Rear Drive Axle: The Role of Oil Viscosity and Empirical Parameters2026-26-0508To be published on 01/16/2026
This definitive study investigates the variation of churning losses occurring with hypoid ring and pinion gear sets and puts primary importance to factors that determine energy dissipation in these mechanisms. A detailed investigation shows that viscosity is critical, particularly due to large temperature-dependent variations. Besides this, the study focuses on particular attention to experimental parameters derived from measured data to model churning losses. Churning Loss itself originates in the interaction between the rotation of the gears and the lubricating oil - a source of significant inefficiency within the overall drivetrain. A robust, comprehensive model has been formulated to take this into account. It does not only account for variable oil viscosity with temperature but integrates key empirical parameters that reflect observed behaviours in gear systems. The study adopts a multidimensional approach by considering the influence of various other factors. It investigates how
Khan, Aliya Javid, Praveen, Abhinav, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, AP, Baaheedharan
Generative AI based methodology for Road Profile Mix Creation2026-26-0674To be published on 01/16/2026
The acquisition of road profile data is crucial for various automotive testing applications, including vehicle dynamics analysis, chassis endurance tests, and simulation of vehicle-road interactions. This is necessary for conducting virtual tests to accelerate research and development processes and can significantly reduce testing costs. However, most of the on-road measurements lack comprehensive and relevant road profile data. Conducting on-road trials to acquire this data is a laborious and time-consuming process, often impeded by logistical and environmental challenges. This research proposes a generative AI-based methodology for creating diverse and realistic road profile mixes from the existing on-road dataset of front axle displacement and road profile measured with a laser sensor. By leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, the proposed approach seeks to generate synthetic road profiles that accurately reflect real-world conditions, thereby reducing the dependency on
Rajappan, Dinesh Kumar, Venkatesh, Anirudh Anand, R, Suresh, N, Gopi Kannan
Study of Drive Trace Indices and their correlation with CO2 in Chassis Dynamometer testing2026-26-0517To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of CAFÉ norms in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ascertain that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter in different stages in upcoming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are various factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in test cycle such as MIDC/WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects can be significant contributors to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are standardized metrics that can be used to evaluate the driving variations. The aim of
ER, Shivram, Rawat, Vijaypal, Khandelwal, Vineet, Kumar, Arun, Malhotra, Jitendra
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-0638To be published on 01/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Right first-time route development for real drive emission measurements and challenges.2026-26-0518To be published on 01/16/2026
As the competitive world demands faster product developments, the same resembles in vehicle development area while addressing accurately customer requirements and compliance in line with regulatory standards. Hence right first-time approach at every stage of product development is highly critical. Since BS VI implementation, there has been a regulatory requirement for real drive emission (RDE) measurements and the overall focus in vehicle development is now equally on vehicle emissions rather than just engine emissions. Right first-time developing the test routes for RDE measurement is becoming a focus of attention in the vehicle industry. This paper studies the required regulatory standards and critical requirements for Heavy Duty RDE measurements. Also, it discusses the route selection based on criteria in line with regulations. The study compares different route options evaluated in India on critical selection criteria. The paper highlights the vehicle preparation & instrumentation
Kulkarni, Sadanand Shriram, Patil, Rahul
A Novel Approach to Optimal Strain Gauge Placement for Structural Assessment: Integrating Close Looping Configuration with Calibration Techniques2026-26-0551To be published on 01/16/2026
Addressing the challenge of optimal strain gauge placement on complex structural joints and pipes, this research introduces a novel methodology combining strategic gauge configurations with numerical optimization techniques. Traditional methods often struggle to accurately capture combined loading states and real-world complexities, leading to measurement errors and flawed structural assessments. For intricate joints, a looping strain gauge configuration is proposed to comprehensively capture both bending and torsional effects, preventing the bypassing of applied loads. A calibration technique is used to create strain distribution matrices and access structural behavior under different loading conditions. Optimization algorithms are then applied to identify gauge placements that yield well-conditioned matrices, minimizing measurement errors and enhancing data reliability. This approach offers a cost-effective solution by reducing the number of gauges required for accurate stress
shingate, Uttam, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
"Leveraging Python-CAN and UDS for Cost Effective Automotive ECU Re-Programming"2026-26-0543To be published on 01/16/2026
Electronics with Software plays a crucial role to realize innovations in automotive industry. Advancement in automotive features has been fast paced, with rising number of ECUs (Electronics Control Unit) architecture increasing the complexity and cost pressure. While ECUs have established themselves the core unit to process and control vehicle including diagnostics. Hence ECU programming is vital for every player contributing to automotive development. Programming of an ECU involves several files like Bootloader, Application and calibration files, which are programmed over CAN bus using few of the widely used licensed tool such as Vector’s V-Flash, INCA-Flash, FlashR, etc. Despite the existence of major tools several organizations look for alternatives due to the high cost involved with license and CAN Hardware dependencies of manufacturers. Throughout this research various programming tools and CAN hardware compatibility were evaluated in combination, including time to program. The
Khot, Shubham, Iqbal, MD Farhan, Anilkumar, Sandhya, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Bose, Indranil
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-0613To be published on 01/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
chaudhary lng, VIKASH, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Data analytics methodology for vehicle quality complaint analysis2026-26-0654To be published on 01/16/2026
Automobiles have become a part of people's everyday life. Customers base their trust on a brand's reputation while making a buying decision. With the evolving trends, feature advancements, automobiles have become a complex system. Ensuring product quality amidst system complexities is necessary to maintain the brand value & ensure customer satisfaction. Efficient addressal of customer quality complaints is pivotal in maintaining product quality. Until recent times, manual analysis using traditional data processing tools has been used for vehicle complaint analysis. However, considering the large quantum of data in new age vehicles with more number of control units, it becomes time-consuming, expertise dependent and susceptible to human errors. Given this & the advent of new age machine learning techniques & data analysis tools that can handle large amount of data, it is imperative to adopt them for vehicle complaint analysis. This research paper puts forth a method to analyze vehicle
Venkatesan, Prasanna, Raju, Vivek
Risk Based Security Monitoring Framework for CAN network2026-26-0616To be published on 01/16/2026
There is rapidly increasing advancement in Connectivity, Autonomous, Subscription and Electrification features in vehicles which are being developed. These trends have resulted in an increase in attack surface and security risks on vehicles. To handle these growing risks, it has become important to include passive security systems such as Intrusion detection systems (IDS) which can detect successful or possible attempts of intrusion into vehicle systems compromising their security. In vehicles based on Zonal Architecture, two types of IDS can be implemented, Network based IDS (NIDS) and Host Based IDS (HIDS). The NIDS is implemented in Gateway Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and can monitor multiple networks connected to Gateway, whereas the HIDS usually monitors one single host ECU. Extensive research material is available on NIDS for CAN Networks. For example, the CAN Network in a vehicle is monitored for various abnormal behaviours such as increased busload and invalid signal values
E L, Nanda Kumar, Mutagi, Megha, Sonnad, Preeti, Sharma, Dhiraj
Optimization System of E-commerce Logistics Distribution Path Based on Data Analysis2025-99-0108To be published on 11/11/2025
With the rapid development of e-commerce, the logistics industry also presents new features such as multi-level, integrated upstream-downstream operations, increasingly perfect service quality and low logistics costs. The exponential growth in online transactions and consumer expectations for faster, more reliable deliveries intensifies the pressure on logistics systems. The last-mile service network refers to the logistics nodes that have direct contact with consumers, and its geographical location and quantity will directly affect the service level, cost and customer service mode of the distribution network. However, with the rapid growth in the number of online shoppers and their imbalance on the Internet, these factors have gradually become an important basis for influencing the layout of terminal outlets. This imbalance, coupled with dynamic urban traffic conditions, renders traditional distribution planning methods inadequate. Therefore, in the e-commerce environment, how to
Tong, Tong, Gu, Xuefei, Li, Lingxiao
Research on Workshop Virtual Monitoring Technology Driven by Digital Model2025-99-0120To be published on 11/11/2025
In order to meet the demand for the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries into intelligent manufacturing, a virtual monitoring system for the production workshops of nuclear - key products has been built. There are problems such as poor environment, long distance and remote collaborative office in this production workshop, and managers lack information tools to master the workshop status in real time. In order to minimize the harm of nuclear radiation to the human body, in view of the problems of low transparency, poor real - time performance and low data integration in traditional two - dimensional forms, configuration software and video monitoring, a remote monitoring system for virtual workshops driven by digital models has been developed. This system realizes the remote dynamic display of real - time information in the workshop based on data collection and three - dimensional modeling technologies. Virtual monitoring technology improves the management efficiency of
Wu, Yiming, Chen, Rui, Li, Na
Software Radio Based ASM Signal Ranging Delay Measurement System2025-99-0121To be published on 11/11/2025
In contemporary society, where Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are utilised extensively, their inherent fragility gives rise to potential hazards with respect to the safety of ship navigation. In order to address this issue, the present study focuses on an ASM signal delay measurement system based on software defined radio peripherals. The system comprises two distinct components: a transmitting end and a receiving end. At the transmitting end, a signal generator, a first time-frequency synchronisation device, and a VHF transmitting antenna are employed to transmit ASM signals comprising dual Barker 13 code training sequences. At the receiving end, signals are received via software-defined radio equipment, a second time-frequency synchronisation device, a computing host, and a VHF receiving antenna. Utilising sliding correlation algorithms enables accurate time delay estimation. The present study leverages the high performance and low cost advantages of the universal
Li, Hao, Sun, Xiaowen, Wang, Tianqi, Zhou, Zeliang, Wang, Xiaoye
Intelligent Decision-Making and Trajectory Planning of Semi-Trailer Trains Under Multi-Vehicle Interference2025-99-0125To be published on 11/11/2025
Semi-trailer trains are the main force of highway freight. In a complex environment with multiple vehicles, accidents are easily caused by complex structures and driver operation problems. Intelligent technology is urgently needed to improve safety. In view of the shortcomings of existing research on its dedicated models and algorithms, this paper studies the intelligent decision-making and trajectory planning of semi-trailer trains under multiple vehicles. A local trajectory planning method based on global path planning and Frenet coordinate decoupling based on the improved A* algorithm is proposed. The smooth weight transition function and B-spline curve are introduced to optimize the global path. The polynomial function is combined with the acceleration rate to optimize the local trajectory. TruckSim, Prescan and Simulink are used to build a joint simulation platform for multi-condition verification. The simulation results show that the search efficiency of the improved A* algorithm
Song, Zeyuan, Geng, Shuai
DriVE-Net: A Multi-Objective Framework for Generating Diverse, Realistic, and Hazard-Aware Driving Scenarios2025-99-0133To be published on 11/11/2025
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Xie, Dongxuan, Li, Dongyang, Zhang, Youkang, Zhao, Yingjie, Hong, Baofeng, Wang, Nan
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