Browse Topic: Research and development

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Design of a Fully Automated Tea Packaging System Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm2026-99-01137/31/2026
Manual operations in traditional tea packaging lines often suffer from low productivity, safety risks, and inconsistent labeling quality. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a fully automated tea packaging system guided by an improved genetic algorithm. The system integrates five functional modules—bag feeding, bag opening, material filling, sealing, and labeling—into a seamless workflow. By applying the optimization capability of the improved genetic algorithm, the system achieves better coordination among modules, higher adaptability to different bag shapes and sizes, and improved operational efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed design not only simplifies the packaging procedure but also enhances precision, reliability, and production speed. The system provides a flexible and intelligent solution applicable to a wide range of tea packaging requirements.
Guo, Hui, Zhao, Zhikai, Yuan, Weilong, Lin, Lin, Yu, Yunchang, Gao, Jiashun
Parameter Identification for the Dynamics Model of a Robotic Grasping Process Based on SFOA2026-99-01237/31/2026
To precisely simulate the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a robotic arm grasping cylindrical objects from storage units, this study establishes a dynamic model of the robotic grasping process incorporating Coulomb and viscous friction models to characterize frictional properties. Furthermore, to effectively identify unknown parameters in the dynamic model, a parameter identification method based on the Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) is proposed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the displacement responses from the dynamic model and the experimentally acquired displacement data serves as the optimization objective. Multiple sets of experimental data are utilized to identify the unknown parameters of the dynamic model. The results demonstrate that when the identified parameters are applied to the dynamic model, the goodness-of-fit between the model’s response displacement data and the experimental displacement data exceeds 0.999. This validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for identifying unknown parameters in dynamic models.
Shen, Shaofeng, Yang, Liu, Wang, Zihan, Han, Qunyi
A Simple Method for Synthesizing Wear-Resistant Superhydrophobic Anti-Icing Coating2026-99-01297/31/2026
This research demonstrates a facile method for fabricating an anti-icing coating through spray deposition on a metallic substrate. A dual-layer structure was designed to enhance icephobic properties: a primer layer incorporating fluorocarbon resin, butyl acetate, and rod-shaped micrometer-sized metal oxides to establish a secondary roughness morphology, followed by a topcoat composed of butyl acetate and nano-scaled superhydrophobic particles. Evaluation of the coating performance revealed a maximum water contact angle of 171.9°, indicating exceptional hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the coating exhibited notable abrasion resistance and anti-icing capabilities against overlaying ice.
Li, Dongyang, Xu, Zelong, Wu, Jiang, Tong, Wei, Wang, Weiqing, Cong, Rimei, Qian, Jiawei, Qu, Shaohui
Design and Optimization of Hollow Rotating Traveling Wave Ultrasonic Motor Based on Laser Beam Expander2026-99-01547/31/2026
To meet the critical need for rapid response and miniaturization in laser beam expander drive systems, this study proposes an innovative actuation solution based on a hollow rotary traveling-wave ultrasonic motor. By thoroughly analyzing the optical adjustment mechanism of laser beam expanders and the electromechanical coupling behavior of ultrasonic motors, the motor structure was systematically optimized. Using a multiphysics coupling approach, the performance of stators fabricated from three distinct materials was compared, and parametric optimization was conducted. Experimental verification confirms that the developed ultrasonic motor precisely matches the load characteristics of beam-expanding optics while fulfilling the stringent requirements for both fast response and compact design. This research provides a reference for the miniaturization drive of high-precision optical systems, with promising applications in space optics and precision instrumentation.
Qiu, Haihui, Niu, Chuanhu, Xiao, Zhong, Xu, Zhangfan, Li, Jialiang, Pan, Song
Study on the Adaptability of Underwater Propeller-Driven Bernoulli Adsorption Device on Irregular Walls2026-99-01727/31/2026
The propeller-driven Bernoulli adsorption device (PBD) has both propulsion and adsorption functions, being suitable for dual-mode underwater robots. Currently, there have been studies on the adsorption performance of PBD on the flat surface. However, the surface morphology of underwater engineering structures is different, and PBD’s adsorption performance on irregular walls still remains unknown. In this letter, based on the potential application scenarios of underwater dual-mode robots, we established four types of irregular wall models to investigate PBD’s adsorption performance on irregular walls. Through CFD simulations and experiments, the adsorption state was analyzed, and the adsorption performance was quantitatively studied.
Liu, Siyue, Hua, Zhong, Yang, Canjun
Research on a Multilayer Membrane Electrothermal Microdriver Based on MEMS Process2026-99-01657/31/2026
Based on the principle of the bimetallic effect of the electrothermal microdrive, polymer SU-eight glue is used as the functional material, nickel metal is used as the structural material, and copper metal is used as the sacrificial layer to make the electric heating microdrive. We process and manufacture them based on specific MEMS processes such as lithography, mask plating, and magnetron sputtering, and perform basic characterization, observation, and electrical signal analysis on the samples. The results show that the overall electrothermal micro-driver device is complete, the electrode and resistance wire structure is complete, and the I-V signal is normal.
Xue, Yunhao, Tan, Xiaolan, Jiang, Xin
Study on Energy-related Mechanisms of Aeroelastic Instability of Ultra-Long Flexible Wind Turbine Blades Under Various Working Conditions2026-99-01347/31/2026
With the continuous increase in wind turbine power capacity, ultra-long flexible blades face intensified aeroelastic instability risks due to reduced structural stiffness, enhanced modal coupling, and aerodynamic nonlinearity. In addition to the analysis of basic vibration characteristics, this study focuses on energy-related mechanisms of aeroelastic instability under various working conditions. Using a numerical model integrating Dynamic Blade Element Momentum Theory (DBEMT) and Geometrically Exact Beam Theory (GEBT), over 400 time-domain simulations were conducted to characterize instability onset and development. Results reveal four distinct aeroelastic instability regions, each dominated by specific modes. In Region A, flutter dominated by the 2nd flapwise mode is observed. In Region B, flutter dominated by the 1st edgewise mode is observed. In Region C, flutter dominated by the 2nd edgewise mode is observed. While in Region D, where the medial angle of attack (AoA) of the blade has exceeded the stall angle, stall-induced vibration dominated by the 1st flapwise mode is observed. Energy analysis shows aerodynamic work concentration near the blade tip drives instability, with diverse energy exchange patterns across regions. Except for some operating conditions in region C, where instability is dominated by edgewise energy absorption, most aeroelastic instability conditions are dominated by flapwise energy absorption. Torsional degree of freedom contributes minimally to aerodynamic work, but the torsional vibration exerts a notable influence on the AoA. This, in turn, changes the comprehensive aerodynamic forces impacting the blade as well as the general aeroelastic stability. This study clarifies the relationship between operating conditions and energy-driven instability, offering some reference values for the design work and safety assurance of ultra-long flexible blades of the wind turbine.
Wang, Su, Chen, Jiajia, Zhou, Le, Shen, Xin, Li, Chun, Du, Zhaohui
Design and Application of Simulation-Based Lifting Tool for Fabric Truck Roller Replacement2026-99-01377/31/2026
In the process of replacing the rollers of the fabric cart of the tobacco storage cabinet, in order to solve the problems of low replacement efficiency and high safety risk.This article proposes a specialized lifting tool for fabric cart rollers with a self-locking and adopts the screw lifting structure, which facilitates roller maintenance operations, and conducts SolidWorks Simulation calculations and dynamic simulation methods. Jinan Cigarette Factory fine cigarettes special line leaf silk temporary storage cabinet fabric car roller replacement, for example, the results show that: the average operating personnel reduced by 50%, the replacement time from 6.7h to 1.2h, efficiency increased by 458%, This innovation significantly reduces the labor intensity of maintenance personnel and ensures a safe and reliable replacement process.
Zhang, Lei, Xue, Yifei, Zhang, Ge, Sun, Yanzhao, Wang, Hongbin, Cheng, Linfeng
An Automatic Cleaning System for Copper Bar Chain of Cigarette Cutting Machine2026-99-01317/31/2026
The cutting machine is a critical component in the cigarette processing line, and its cutting quality depends on the operational condition of the copper bar chain. The grooves on the surface of the copper bar chain accumulate dust during the operation of the machine, which often causes unstable conveyance of raw materials, significant width variations, and a high defect rate. To address this issue, this study developed a linear reciprocating automatic cleaning system for copper bar chains to remove dust from the groove surface and hinge joints. Experiments have verified that the system improved the cutting qualification rate, increased the operational stability of the cutting machine, reduced manual cleaning workloads, and reached higher cleaning efficiency. This innovative system is also expected to provide a valuable reference for similar equipment manufacturers and advance technological innovation in the cigarette processing industry.
Li, Haitao, Zhang, Chunyuan, Fang, Junqing, Su, Lin, Chen, Peng, Guo, Zhiwei, Xing, Dongdong
Durability Study of Electronic-grade Glass Fibers in Salt-Alkali Environments2026-99-02197/31/2026
Electronic substrates and copper-clad laminates are widely used in modern life, particularly in electronic products such as coastal communication base stations and ship communication and navigation system. In these environments, salt particles carried by sea fog can adhere to the surface of the substrates along with moisture, leading to salt-alkali corrosion of the products. As a core material in electronic components, electronic-grade glass fiber urgently requires investigation into its durability under salt-alkali conditions. Therefore, this study focuses on a specific type of electronic-grade glass fiber and explores its corrosion behavior in three different environments: 2 mol/L NaOH, 1 mol/L cement solution, and 3.5 % NaCl. Soaking durations of 6, 12, 24 hours and 3, 7, and 14days were selected as key parameters. The mechanical properties and surface morphology of the fibers before and after corrosion were observed and analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the glass fiber exhibits higher durability in saline solutions than in alkaline environments. This study provides theoretical support for evaluating the long-term performance of Electronic grade glass fibers in practical applications. It also contributes to the optimization of raw materials and manufacturing processes, enhancing the performance of such fibers in salt-alkali conditions, and offers valuable reference for future research on glass fiber-reinforced composites.
Pu, Qixin, Sun, Siqi, Fang, Qiang, Dong, Shuo, Li, Peng, Wang, Yu, Zhang, Mengxuan, Zhang, Yubo, Yang, Wenfeng, Guo, Peng
Research and Development of Wheelchair Assisted Intelligent Boarding and Landing Device for Barrier-Free Bus Based on TRIZ Theory2026-99-01477/31/2026
With the intensifying global trend of population aging, enhancing public-transport accessibility for seniors and people with disabilities has become critical. Current wheelchair-assist boarding devices on low-floor buses suffer from cumbersome operation, excessive space occupation, poor adaptation to varying curb heights, and an inability to modulate power output dynamically, all of which compromise travel convenience. This study applies TRIZ theory to solve these problems. Functional analysis, causal-chain analysis, and the nine-screen method were used to identify key issues: excessive space use, insufficient dynamic power adjustment, poor curb-height adaptability, and the lack of self-service capability. TRIZ tools— including the contradiction matrix, substance-field models, and the Ideal Final Result (IFR)—generated conceptual solutions such as a foldable ramp, an adaptive tilting mechanism, an intelligent power-assist system, and an automatic extension device. The resulting integrated unit employs a planetary-gear train combined with a four-bar linkage for compact folding, a servo motor with torque-limiting springs for adaptive height adjustment, torque sensors for real-time power modulation, and a scissor-type telescoping mechanism for automatic stowage. Experimental validation through 50 trials showed that the device completes extension/folding in 7 s, achieves angle adjustment within 3.5 s, covers a pitch range of 0°–43°, and attains a 100 % extension success rate. These features significantly increase automation, adaptability, and user independence, thereby improving the quality of accessible bus services.
Zhu, Zongchuang, Hu, Zhiyong, Liu, Zeshuo, Liu, Yijia, Zhang, Ziqian
Implementation Strategies of Requirements Engineering in Commercial Aircraft Airframe Forward Design2026-99-01837/31/2026
Focusing on the requirements engineering activities, this study analyzed the problems in the implementation process of the forward design practice of commercial aircraft airframe, introduced the breakthrough methods, including the convergence and integration with the traditional design process, the supporting work organization model, process optimization, and specification, and proposed the airframe stakeholder need capture model based on the theory of systems engineering. Practice has shown that the requirements engineering implementation strategy introduced in this paper can effectively resolve conflicts and redundancies between the requirements system and the original top-level document system requirements. It ensures clear requirements sources, sufficient basis, reasonable allocation, controllable changes, adequate change assessments, clear design status, and controllable design risks. It effectively overcomes human resource bottlenecks during the early stage of requirements engineering implementation while cultivating talent reserves for systems engineering implementation, saving approximately 23.5 person-years in labor costs. It significantly optimizes non-value-added processes, reducing approximately 100 reports. It unifies the team’s understanding of requirements work, improves coordination efficiency, and significantly improves the requirements validation rate between aircraft-level and system-level requirements by an average of approximately 46%. It assists stakeholders and engineers in systematically and scientifically capturing product requirements during the design phase, with original product design specifications covering approximately 70% of subsystem specifications on average. Given its generality across the airframe forward design domain, the airframe requirement management paradigm established by this implementation strategy holds significant importance for the comprehensive and in-depth application of systems engineering methods in commercial aircraft development.
Sun, Luyan, Chang, Liang
Force-Balance Analysis of Surface Instability in a Tri-Layer Film/Substrate Structure2026-99-02157/31/2026
Driven by increasing engineering demands, the need for high-performance flexible electronics has surged, accelerating the development of stretchable devices within mechanics. Among multilayer structures, the film/substrate architecture serves as a typical example, and its buckling behavior remains a longstanding focus of mechanical investigation. This work examines how an elastic film bonded to a soft tri-layer substrate loses stability, producing wrinkled surface patterns under compression. We first construct a mechanical model, then derive an analytical expression for the wrinkle amplitude using a force-balance approach, and finally employ finite-element simulations and theoretical comparisons, we systematically explore how the middle layer’s stiffness and thickness jointly govern the onset, wavelength and amplitude of surface buckling, revealing quantitative selection rules that have not previously been reported for tri-layer structures. The results show that the tri-layer film/substrate structure exhibits two instability modes: film-intermediate co-buckling and film-only wrinkling. By simply varying the middle layer’s elastic modulus or its thickness, one can move the structure across the boundary that separates the film-only and bi-layer buckling regimes, providing a direct mechanical selection for on-demand mode. In addition, the wrinkle amplitude increases monotonically with the applied initial strain. Those findings offer a theoretical reference for designing flexible electronics based on film/substrate structures.
Chen, Hao, Zhang, Wulin, Song, Yahui
Reliability Evaluation of CNC Machine Tools from a Design Team Perspective2026-99-01947/31/2026
Reliability evaluation aims to quantify the reliability level of equipment and to verify its compliance with reliability requirements. Existing reliability evaluation methods primarily rely on operational phase data, which means reliability evaluation may lag behind actual needs. In practice, both users and design teams are more concerned with how to estimate CNC machine tools’ reliability before they are put into operation. Moreover, current reliability evaluation methods usually ignore the design team’s influence on CNC machine tool reliability. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel reliability evaluation method that accounts for the influence of the design team on the reliability of CNC machine tools. By analyzing the impact of the design team’s technical capabilities and reliability capabilities on CNC machine tool reliability, a set of quantifiable evaluation indicators was established. Then, the weight coefficients of all indicators were determined using the expert scoring method. Finally, all data were integrated using the vector projection method, which enabled a quantitative reliability evaluation of CNC machine tools from different design teams within the same category. Additionally, the proposed method was applied to conduct practical case studies on multiple CNC external cylindrical grinding machine tools designed by different design teams, thereby validating the feasibility of the proposed method. The reliability evaluation results not only determine the reliability level of each CNC machine tool but also identify the weak points in the technical capabilities and reliability competencies of each design team. This study concludes by discussing the significance of this approach for enhancing the reliability capabilities of design teams and its practical implications for end users.
Sun, Dongyang, Zheng, Weixu, Chu, Hongyan, Xu, Jingjing, Cheng, Qiang
Research on the Influence of Creping Process and Microstructure on the Properties of Crepe Paper Products2026-99-02067/31/2026
Crepe paper has extensive applications in the electrical field and significantly influences the operation of power equipment. The creping process and microstructure play a crucial role in determining its performance. However, optimizing them to improve the performance of crepe paper remains a challenge. Therefore, in this study, univariate and multi - factor interaction experiments were set up to explore the impact of the creping process on crepe paper. X - ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to analyze the microstructure of crepe paper. The results show that smaller scraper angles and moderate pressures can increase the paper density, and the use of different creping aids can improve the paper’s performance. Higher crystallinity enables crepe paper to have better mechanical and thermal stability. Moreover, based on the experimental results, a scheme for optimizing process parameters was proposed to help improve the quality of domestic crepe paper and provide support for the development of domestic electrical crepe paper production technology.
Meng, Gao, Ran, Zhuo, Yuan, La, Zengchao, Wang, Bin, Zhang
Research on the Axial Assembly Stress and Fatigue Life of 60-Series Harmonic Reducers2026-99-01917/31/2026
This study presents a systematic investigation into the assembly stress and fatigue life of 60-series harmonic reducers. A sophisticated finite element simulation model is constructed to precisely simulate the real assembly process and calculate stress distribution in the flexspline under axial assembly errors. In addition, corresponding fatigue life tests are designed to explore the influence of different axial assembly errors on the number of rotation cycles and transmission efficiency of the harmonic reducer. By comparing the predictions of the fatigue life mathematical model with the test data, a reliable fatigue life prediction method is established, providing a solid theoretical basis for the whole-machine assembly process and reliability design of this series of harmonic reducers.
Du, Yuefei, Qiu, Haodong, Fan, Yong, Li, Ziyuan, Dong, Yi, Zhang, Chi, Li, Chenzheng, Li, Yuan
A New Ternary Phase Diagram Prediction Descriptor Combined with Machine Learning Research2026-99-01807/31/2026
The morphological characteristics of ternary phase diagrams play a pivotal role in optimizing material properties and facilitating the design of novel alloys. In this study, machine learning (ML) is used to predict the number of phases in ternary alloy systems. A new feature descriptor for phase diagram prediction is proposed in ML, which includes the characteristics of element properties, thermodynamic properties of materials and CALPHAD parameters. Initially, this study constructed a dataset comprising various feature descriptors and validated their correctness employing ML models such as LRC, SVM, RFC, Bagging and GBDT. Subsequently, comparing the performance of different models, and the better-performing models Bagging and GBDT were selected for further prediction studies. The models were fine-tuned using grid search and random search methods to optimize their predictive performance. Ultimately, by predicting phase diagram data for multiple ternary systems at different temperatures, the accuracy rate near the temperature range of the given experimental data was approximately 82%. This demonstrates phase diagram descriptors in conjunction with machine learning to predict ternary phase diagram proposed in this study is practicable. The predicted data also provide guidance for experimental determination of phase diagrams and lay the foundation for future material design and optimization.
Fan, Hanchao, Su, Yu, Jin, Zongxiao, Li, Jun, Lee, Soowohn, Tang, Jianguo, Fu, Huaqing, Du, Zhi
Research and Application of Low-Cost Aerospace Chip Burn-in Systems2026-99-01587/31/2026
In view of the key problems—low chip burn-in efficiency and high burn-in costs—caused by high R&D costs and a limited number of veneer stations in the traditional burn-in system used in the military aerospace field, this project has carried out a series of innovative research. Through systematic scheme optimization design and strict cost control measures, a new burn-in system with significant cost advantages and supporting multi-station parallel processing has been successfully developed for the aerospace field. The core technical breakthroughs of the system are mainly reflected in three aspects: first, through architectural reconstruction, the number of single incubator stations has been increased by leaps and bounds from the traditional 60 to 720; secondly, the use of intelligent monitoring technology can expand the scale of the workstation while using the display for process monitoring and data collection; Finally, the modular design concept is innovatively introduced, which greatly reduces the construction cost per workstation. Actual tests have verified that the processing efficiency of the AD1120 chip burn-in system has achieved a significant improvement of 1100%, which is equivalent to increasing the processing capacity of a single batch by 11 times. Up to now, the system has completed the 160-hour continuous burn-in test of 5,000 AD1120 chips, during which the system operation is stable and reliable, and there is no abnormality in the use of the test chip manufacturers. This breakthrough performance improvement not only significantly shortens the product development cycle but, more importantly, provides a practical technical solution for batch screening of high-reliability chips. Subsequent promotion and application can meet the mass production needs of a variety of chips in the aerospace industry, and provide a way to reduce costs and increase efficiency for the same type of unit.
Gu, Zucheng, Kang, Xiao, Jiang, Shang
Study on Stiffness Model of Bump Foil in Bump Foil Gas Bearings Based on Ansys Simulation Considering Axial Variable Loads2026-99-01747/31/2026
To address the inaccuracy of existing models in describing the stiffness distribution along the axial direction of bump foils, this study first establishes a simulation model applicable to bump foils based on Ansys Workbench. Specifically, by applying axial variable load at a node that matches the distribution of actual operating conditions, the deformation and stiffness characteristics of the bump foil are investigated. The research results show that, compared with the classic Heshmat model, the bump foil stiffness is not uniformly distributed in the axial direction; instead, it exhibits a trend of being higher in the middle and lower at both ends. Notably, when the nominal stiffness values are similar, the axial end displacement obtained from the Ansys simulation differs significantly from the result calculated by the Heshmat model, with the deviation reaching up to 17.7% of the peak displacement from the latter. Furthermore, this study also systematically analyzes the influence of the laws of the bump foil’s curvature radius, length, and friction coefficient on its stiffness.
Wu, Yixuan, Shi, Yiming, Zhu, Jianjun, Liu, Jiajie
Docking Methodology for Large-Sized Irregular Castings via Industrial Robot Manipulation2026-99-01707/31/2026
Large-sized irregular castings are critical components extensively employed in large-scale equipment manufacturing. Due to their substantial dimensions and complex geometries, the assembly and docking processes between different components present significant challenges. To address the docking problem between large-scale irregular castings, this study proposes a casting docking method based on relative pose, along with a modeling approach for irregular castings, and accomplishes the docking process through the control of an industrial robot. Firstly, the current poses of feature points on the docking surfaces are measured. Based on these measurements, the relative pose transformation relationship between the center point of the docking surface and the robot’s Tool Center Point (TCP) is established, thereby constructing the docking model. This model calculates the relative deviation between the current pose and the theoretical pose. Subsequently, the robot motion is controlled according to this deviation to achieve precise docking. Finally, a simulation environment was built using KUKA. Sim Pro with Office Lite to simulate the docking process of large-sized irregular castings. The results demonstrate that the relative pose-based docking method effectively accomplishes the docking task. This study provides an effective solution for the docking of large-sized irregular castings.
Liu, Haoran, Jia, Haili, Wang, Aimin, Xigang, Fan, Peidong, Su
Effects of Arrangement Patterns on Static Stability and Leakage Characteristics in Hybrid Labyrinth-Honeycomb Seals2026-99-01667/31/2026
In this work, three-dimensional models of axial hole labyrinth-honeycomb seals (AHLHS) and circumferential hole labyrinth-honeycomb seals (CHLHS) were established by CFD to investigate the influence of different arrangement patterns on the static stability and leakage characteristics of two seals under choked and unchoked flow conditions and various eccentricities with different values. The results show that the two configurations have different advantageous ranges, and the hole arrangement pattern will not significantly change the pressure difference distribution between the two seals. Under most studied conditions, AHLHS maintains lower absolute values of stiffness coefficients, pressure difference groove, and negative cross-coupled stiffness coefficients, resulting in higher stability.
Li, Qing’an, Gao, Tongxin, Li, Zeze, Pang, Shuai, Lü, Yanjun, Zhang, Yongfang
Research on the Erosion and Wear Characteristics of Gathering and Transportation Pipelines by Cyclone Abrasive Process Parameters2026-99-01847/31/2026
Cyclone abrasive pigging technology, with advantages like environmental friendliness, easy construction, and low destructiveness, has broad application prospects. Studying how the process parameters affect the erosion-wear characteristics of gathering pipelines is crucial for improving pigging efficiency and effectiveness. This study adopted numerical simulations based on gas-solid two-phase flow erosion theory to explore such effects and verified the simulations via a self-designed experimental platform. Results showed that within the given parameter range, erosion rate rose significantly with velocity, especially at 20-30 m/s, peaking at 60 m/s; 0.6 mm abrasives and 0.25 kg/s mass flow rate led to higher erosion rates. Experimental data matched simulations with <10% error, confirming accuracy. Thus, cyclone abrasive process parameters significantly influence pigging performance, and the findings can guide practical operations within the studied range.
Wang, Haoran, Zhou, Xianjun, Li, Long, Song, Huifang, Zhang, Jin, Jv, Xiaolong
Research on Sealing and Vibration Reduction Performance of Large Sized Packaging Box2026-99-02027/31/2026
With the continuous development of large precision equipment, the reliability requirement for long-distance transportation is also constantly increasing. Large packaging box with sealing and vibration reduction performance is crucial during transportation. This article introduces the sealing measures for large-sized packaging box, as well as the sealing structure design methods for key parts, vibration reduction measures and the selection and design of vibration dampers. The designed packaging box has been used for long-distance transportation of various types of equipment and the reliability of sealing and vibration reduction performance has been verified in practical applications, providing reference for the design of similar packaging boxes.
Zhang, Ruoyu, Jiang, Shouli
Modelling Failure Propagation in Material-Driven Collaborative Manufacturing Networks Using Cellular Automata2026-99-01207/31/2026
Collaborative manufacturing networks enhance production efficiency but are increasingly vulnerable to cascading failures due to their complex interdependencies, particularly in critical processes like gear manufacturing. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a dynamic modelling framework based on Cellular Automata. Utilizing manufacturing resource and task scheduling data, a material flow-driven Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is constructed to capture the network’s hierarchical topology. Key innovations include state transition rules with memory effects, where dynamic failure probability integrates neighbouring node states and historical failure records, governing normal node failure, recovery, and re-failure (with an attenuation factor reflecting enhanced resilience). The case study focusing on the gear manufacturing industry, through simulations on a 100-node gear production network, reveals spatiotemporal failure propagation patterns. By implementing resource redundancy configuration and material flow optimization, iterations generally converge around 35 steps, demonstrating significant self-recovery potential and strong network robustness in collaborative manufacturing networks. This approach provides a scientifically grounded tool for identifying cascading risks in collaborative manufacturing networks.
Bai, Hao, Kou, Zhida, Liang, Jingya, Zhang, Cheng
Optimization of Pneumatic Conveying Elbows to Reduce Grain Particle Normal Contact Forces via CFD-DEM Coupling Method2026-99-01167/31/2026
This study presents a refined design for pneumatic conveying pipelines, featuring a grooved structure at the bend aimed at reducing particle breakage during transportation. Using soybean particles as a focus, the research employs a gas-solid two-phase flow approach to explore how different groove depths and widths influence the breakage rate. We used CFD-DEM simulation techniques, combining fluid mechanics with discrete element modeling to achieve a more accurate representation of particle motion and collision forces during expressing. Based on these simulations, we identified the most effective combination of groove width and spacing. Experimental results showed that a groove width of 4.5 mm coupled with a 40 mm spacing could decrease impact forces on particles by approximately 5% to 10% at expressing speeds of 15 m/s and 20 m/s. Throughout all measured time intervals, the impact forces remained stable, with turbulence exerting minimal influence on the particle forces.
Luo, Xinhao, Yang, Tiancheng, Huang, Bo, Mao, Genwu, Dong, Deliang, Shi, Heng, Li, Xiaoliang, He, Bo
Study on the Contact Stress Distribution and Calculation Method of Cylindrical Roller Bearings Considering Clearance Changes2026-99-01247/31/2026
The distribution of contact stress in roller bearings has a significant impact on operational performance and safety. Firstly, we established a bearing clearance change model that combines interference fit and thermal expansion effects. Then, we studied the clearance changes of key parameters’ influence under different operating conditions. Using Hertz contact theory, we analyze the nonlinear coupling relationship between clearance changes, load distribution, and contact stress. Through MATLAB analytical calculations, load and stress distribution contour maps were obtained under typical operating conditions, which provided theoretical support for bearing optimization design and reliability analysis. The result depicts that an increase in interference fit and temperature difference leads to clearance decrease, triggering a redistribution of contact stress. As clearance decreases, the maximum contact stress exhibits a nonlinear growth trend. To further enhance engineering practicality, this paper uses the MATLAB platform to develop a visualization of digital image processing software. The software enables interactive analysis throughout the entire process of clearance input, stress calculation, and graphical display.
Pang, Yiqing, Cai, Hongbin, Ren, Siyang
Simulation Research on Non-Destructive Testing of Pipeline Based on Ultrasonic Guided Wave2026-99-01437/31/2026
Ultrasonic guided waves enable long-range, low-intrusion inspection of pipelines. This study examines how array topology and axial spacing influence the quality of defect echoes when the longitudinal axisymmetric mode L(0,2) is used. We build COMSOL finite-element models of a steel pipe and excite it with PZT-4 at 80 kHz; three practical layouts are compared: (i) odd–even receiving, (ii) 8-transmit/8-receive, and (iii) 16-transmit/8-receive, arranged as two axially separated groups. The spacing between the groups is chosen to suppress parasitic modes such as L(0,1) and to strengthen L(0,2). Results show that the two-group configuration sharpens the defect echo and reduces modal interference; increasing the number of transmitters further raises the defect-wave amplitude and improves the separation from end-reflection echoes. Among the schemes, 8×8 performs well for small-defect identification, while 16×8 yields the clearest boundaries and fastest defect indication. These findings clarify how sensor number and placement govern modal purity and sensitivity, and they offer practical guidance for designing guided-wave arrays that improve the reliability of long-range pipeline inspection. - Ultrasonic guided waves Pipeline non-destructive testing L(0,2) mode; Sensor array layout; Finite element simulation; Guided wave signal processing.
Liao, Wei, Li, Tengfei, Zhang, Wenhui, Lin, Qingming, Guo, Yanbing
SiO2 Particle Charging Behavior with a Nonionic Surfactant in Low-Permittivity Liquids2026-99-02247/31/2026
Phase angle light scattering (PALS) was chosen to study the charging behaviors of metal oxide SiO2 distributed in nonpolar solvents, including nonionic surfactant, often known as “charge control agents”. Zeta potential was examined systematically in relation to the concentration of Span80 (Sorbitan monooleate) and particle size and concentration. The findings showed that Zeta potential was unaffected by the surfactant concentration of Span80 over the critical micelle concentration (CMC) at various particle concentrations (volume percentages ranging from 10^–4 to 10^–2). Over a considerable range, the charging of the particles was not significantly affected by the particle concentration. Additionally, the particles showed a size-independent zeta potential. A straightforward model based on meanfield Poisson-Boltzmann theory and preferential adsorption was offered to predict SiO2 particles’ charging procedure in Span80-dodecane solution. The experimental data and the simulated findings agreed well. It was shown that the preferential adsorption of micelles that carry a charge is the cause of the charging of the SiO2 particle in Span80-dodecane solution.
Jiang, Liyuan, Chen, Jiayi, Lv, Qunsong, Cao, Huiying
Preparation and Characterization of Glycerol-Based Fe3O4 Magnetic Fluids2026-99-02447/31/2026
To optimize the preparation protocol and tribological performance of glycerol-based Fe^3O^4 magnetic fluids, three hybrid agitation systems—(i) chemical co-precipitation coupled with magnetic stirring (H+C), (ii) chemical co-precipitation coupled with mechanical stirring (H+J), and (iii) chemical co-precipitation integrated with mechanical plus ultrasonic agitation (H+J+C)—were systematically investigated with respect to their influence on the physicochemical characteristics and lubricating behaviour of the resulting magnetic nanoparticles. Relative to the H+C and H+J protocols, the H+J+C protocol effectively suppressed intermediate agglomeration, yielding a 15 % increase in Fe^3O^4 productivity and a 15 % reduction in the full-width at half-maximum of the particle-size distribution. A binary surfactant system composed of oleic acid and citric acid achieved complete surface passivation, producing nanoparticles with a saturation magnetization of 59.2 emu g^–1. Under a magnetic flux density of 0.0341 T, tribometric evaluation revealed that the friction coefficient of the fluid prepared via the H+J+C route decreased to 0.041, corresponding to reductions of 7.1 % and 22 % relative to the H+J and H+C counterparts, respectively, thereby demonstrating superior tribological performance. The present work furnishes an experimental foundation for the rational design of high-performance magnetically responsive lubricants and the optimization of magnetic-fluid synthesis protocols.
Hu, Rui, Zhong, Shihao, Xu, Chunxia, Chen, Binhua, Liu, Yang
Research on Electromagnetic Characteristics Calculation of Small Lead Bismuth Ring Linear Induction Electromagnetic Pump Device2026-99-02017/31/2026
Compared to traditional reactors, lead-bismuth eutectic reactors (LBE) have higher neutron economy and stability. As a device for driving the coolant, the electromagnetic pump features non-contact operation, simplifying the sealing apparatus and achieving complete sealing inside the pump. It meets the requirements of miniaturization and modularity, while offering excellent flow regulation performance. Its input parameters determine the output performance in both performance analysis and structural design of lead-bismuth electromagnetic pumps . This article focuses on a small-scale annular linear induction electromagnetic pump (ALIP) as the simulation object and establishes an electromagnetic pump model. Based on Maxwell’s equations and N-S equations, and with the background of three-dimensional multiphysics coupling of electromagnetic field, flow field and heat transfer field, the coupling mechanism between the flow velocity of LBE and the Lorentz force was studied in detail. From the perspective of electromagnetic-flow coupling, the influence of different coil turns, input currents, and excitation frequencies on the Magnetic flux density and pressure of electromagnetic pumps was analyzed. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the output characteristics of ALIP under various input parameters is performed, and the research results provide a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of lead-bismuth ALIP.
Peng, Chunyu, Xiao, Changzhi
Research and Application of Mechanical Voltage Stabilization Control Device2026-99-01197/31/2026
This study carefully designed and successfully developed a mechanical voltage stabilizing control device. The device uses silicone oil as the key component material of the liquid spring and 1Cr13 as the main material of the pressure control unit, enhancing its high-pressure resistance (up to 35 MPa), oxidation resistance, and acid-alkali corrosion resistance. By optimizing the transmission mechanism and simplifying the pressure regulation module, the device achieves a pressure regulation range of 0.1–21 MPa with an accuracy of ±0.01 MPa, significantly broader and more precise than traditional devices. To address manufacturing challenges, advanced CNC machine tools, ceramic cutting tools, and optimized heat treatment processes (e.g., quenching and tempering) were adopted, ensuring component machining accuracy within ±0.02 mm. Field applications in 13 oil wells demonstrated a 15.6% increase in daily oil production (from 25.5 t/d to 29.5 t/d) and a 17.9% increase in daily gas production (from 2800 m^3/d to 3300 m^3/d), with stable casing pressure control at 5.3 MPa. The device has created 1.225 million yuan in economic benefits while eliminating safety hazards, providing critical technical support for efficient and environmentally friendly oil and gas production.
Wang, Gang, Liu, Cuicui, Tong, Deshui, Cao, Jian, Mu, Taiji, Han, Baidong
Experimental Study on Suppression of Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Using Clean and Efficient Aqueous Fire Extinguishing Agents2026-99-01337/31/2026
This study investigates the suppression of lithium-ion battery (LIB) fires using composite aqueous extinguishing agents, with a 20 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery as the experimental subject. Based on the functional selection of coverage-isolation and cooling-smothering, three aqueous extinguishing agents, S-E-1, S-E-2, and S-E-3, were designed and developed using hydrocarbon surfactants. The results indicate that all three aqueous fire extinguishing agents can effectively suppress LIB fires. Through a comprehensive evaluation of extinguishing time, cooling rate during extinguishing agent release, and physical and chemical parameters of the extinguishing agents, the optimal formulation was determined to be 2% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), 1% SDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate), 3.5% CAB (cocamidopropyl betaine), 1% APG0810 (alkyl polyglycoside), 1% CDEA (coconut oil acid diethanolamine), 0.32% CH4N2O (urea), 1.5% NH4H2PO4 (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate), 0.5% C2H6O2 (glycol), 1.5% Na3PO4 (sodium phosphate), and deionised water, demonstrated the best performance. Reducing the extinguishing time to 14 seconds, a 41.7% reduction compared to pure water, and increasing the cooling rate to 0.816 °C·s^–1, which is 4.4 times that of pure water, with no reignition observed. This work contributes to the theoretical principles needed to engineer next-generation fire suppression materials for lithium-ion batteries that are both efficient and eco-friendly.
Yu, Tao, Zhu, Shunbing, Li, Ke, Zhang, Menglan
Dynamic Assessment and Optimization of Bridge Resilience under Multi-Hazard Coupling2026-99-08297/30/2026
Traditional methods for assessing bridge resilience often focus on single hazards or static conditions. Yet bridges today face more complex multi-hazard threats. To address this, this research develops a dynamic model to evaluate bridge resilience under multi-hazard conditions, which is intended to provide scientific support for decision-making to improve resilience. The study first establishes an index system that measures a bridge’s ability to absorb impacts, adapt during an event, and recover afterward. We also propose a method to calculate the coupling degree, which quantifies the amplification effect of multiple hazards, such as an earthquake followed by a flood, on each other’s impacts. Next, we clarify the interrelationships among key resilience factors. Using this understanding, we construct a system dynamics model that simulates the variation of bridge resilience over a full disaster cycle. Finally, a numerical simulation is carried out for a concrete continuous girder bridge in China’s coastal areas as a case study. The results confirm the model is valid and clearly show the differences in bridge resilience between single-hazard and multi-hazard events. More importantly, they prove that combined hazards make the bridge system much more vulnerable. The model also identifies the best strategies for intervention: a strategy that coordinates actions across all disaster phases performs best, as it most effectively reduces the impact of compound hazards and keeps the resilience curve smoother. In short, this study presents a new method for assessing bridge resilience and provides engineers and managers with a practical tool to identify structural weaknesses and optimize resource allocation for resilience improvement.
Lin, Jiachen, Chai, Liang
A Standardized Mid-Fidelity Aerodynamic Comparison of Four Tiltrotor eVTOL Configurations Using SUAVE and VSPAero2026-99-08397/30/2026
This study compares 4 representative tiltrotor platforms: Joby S4, Archer Midnight, Vertical Aerospace VX4, and Uber eCRM-001 in a typical UAM mission profile under standardized rotor and wing assumptions using an integrated OpenVSP-SUAVE-VSPAero framework. This work aims to isolate the influence of eVTOL configuration from proprietary optimizations on thrust generation and aerodynamic interaction by using standard wing airfoils and a consistent rotor design tool. Vehicle geometries were modeled in OpenVSP. Rotor Operating conditions were obtained from the SUAVE conceptual design platform. Mid-fidelity aerodynamic analysis was done using VSPAero. SUAVE results show a decrease in thrust requirements as the tilt angle decreases, with the most complexity occurring in the transition phase where lift shifts from rotors to wing. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show higher hover thrust requirements due to their high takeoff weights. They display localized thrust increase near mid transition due to numerical adjustments made to achieve solver convergence. Joby S4 and Uber eCRM-001 display a smoother thrust requirement trend. VSPAero simulations also show a gradual decrease in thrust from hover to cruise. Joby S4’s continuously active rotor configuration maintained more stable performance than the hybrid configurations, which deactivate lift-only rotors after takeoff. A comparative flight feasibility analysis was conducted, defined as the difference between VSPAero-predicted thrust and SUAVE-required thrust. This analysis reveals that Joby S4 maintains a positive margin across most flight phases. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show a marginal deficit in near-cruise phases. Uber eCRM-001 showed negative margins throughout the mission, indicating limited aerodynamic robustness under standardized assumptions. Rotor-wing interactions enhances rotor thrust across all mission segments, while creating periodic pressure oscillations on the wings. Rotor-rotor interactions provide limited near-field benefits that dissipate in forward flight. The findings of this study highlight the significance of eVTOL configuration in determining performance and aerodynamic efficiency.
Sawron, Md Sadat Shahrier
Research on Multi-Physical Field Accelerated Life Test for Long-Life Rotary Mechanism for Space Applications2026-99-08147/30/2026
The coupled multi-physical field environment in space, including vacuum, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradients, is the key factor affecting the life of the spacecraft’s rotary mechanism. Aiming at the use requirements of long-life space rotary mechanisms, this paper designs a multi-physical field accelerated life test scheme. This scheme simulates the vacuum environment, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradient conditions encountered during on-orbit operation. Ground-based accelerated life tests were conducted based on this scheme to verify the life of the mechanism under a comprehensive environment. Taking a certain type of space rotary mechanism as the test object, an integrated test platform was constructed, incorporating a vacuum simulation system, a temperature gradient control system, and a mechanism performance test system. Corresponding test procedures and failure criteria were established. Test results verified that after accumulating 130,000 ±7° small-angle reciprocating swings, the mechanism’s lifespan indicators met expectations. Post-test, the overall performance of the mechanism still satisfied the design requirements, with key moving components remaining in good condition. This study provides important experimental evidence for the on-orbit application of this mechanism type and offers valuable engineering reference for the design and evaluation of life tests for space mechanisms under multi-physical field coupling conditions.
Wang, Haomiao, Du, Yuefei, Huang, Mengzhe, Yang, Jinping
Development of an Electronic Braking System Applied to Commercial Vehicles Focused on Improvement of Braking Pedal Feeling and Braking Performance2026-36-03087/30/2026
Embedded electronics are becoming increasingly common in solutions developed for commercial vehicles. Technological advancements enabled the development of electronic solutions that provide braking systems with functions to improve safety, comfort, performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness of wear components. In this context, the electronic braking system, EBS, has become increasingly present in the electronic architecture of commercial vehicles. Considering the functions that can be developed within the electronic braking system, the following stand out: the pedal characterization, which potentially improves comfort and increases the sensation of safety during braking; and the brake force distribution, which can be adjusted to ensure that the vehicle achieves an optimal balance between performance and friction material’s durability. This work consists of the presentation of tests and results of technical activities required to develop an EBS for medium-heavy and heavy-duty vehicles designed for a variety of applications. EBS was developed to prioritize comfort and safety, with optimized braking sensation and performance without compromising the durability of the wear components of the vehicles. Activities started with the experimental determination of the brake factor—a value that transmits to EBS the braking capacity of the truck. In sequence, brake pedal setup was performed based on data extracted from a vehicle equipped with a mechanical braking system and validated by subjective assessment. In addition, the braking force distribution definition started by establishing its target: friction material’s wear equalization or braking performance; went through balancing the mechanical braking power per axle; and finished being validated by data obtained from vehicles in use. Results showed that the implementation of electronic braking systems in commercial vehicles brought several benefits to the product, in particular, improvement of braking feeling when pressing the brake pedal, and in both braking performance and friction material’s durability, which resulted in a better balance between maintenance costs and technical advantages.
Travaglia, Carlos A. P., Rodrigues, André, Rudek, Claudemir, Dias, Eduardo Miranda, Silveira, Juliana
Experimental Study on the Temperature Impact of a Typical Cabin Fire on Adjacent Cabins2026-99-08667/30/2026
The cabins of ships are mainly made of steel. When a fire breaks out, the temperature inside the cabin rises rapidly, and an extensive body of heat spreads through the bulkheads to adjacent cabins. Understanding the variation law of the temperature field in adjacent compartments after a fire occurs in the compartments is of great significance for the research on the thermal safety of ship compartments. This paper designs an L-shaped cabin test system. We conduct fire tests of different scales and obtain the temperature distribution of adjacent compartments. The test results show that as the fire area in the pool keeps rising, the temperature in the adjacent compartments keeps rising. Due to the fact that an extensive body of high-temperature smoke produced by combustion is suspended at the ceiling of the compartment of fire, the temperature of the vertically adjacent compartments is higher than that of the horizontally adjacent compartments.
Hu, Wei-guo, Hu, Yang, Wei, Jin, Yuan, Ya-long
Influencing Factors Indicator System of Crew Performance in Multi-Vehicle Cooperation Based on DEMATEL-TAISM Method2026-99-08527/30/2026
As multi-vehicle cooperation becomes an increasingly important operational mode for armored vehicles, the performance of cooperative crews plays a crucial role in accomplishing coordinated missions and enhancing the functionality of the human–machine system. In this study, the influencing factors of crew performance in multi-vehicle cooperation of armored vehicles were initially extracted through a literature review. The Delphi method was then employed to collect expert opinions and perform a preliminary simplification of the indicator system, followed by an optimization of the system using exploratory factor analysis. The final indicator system consisted of 11 indicators, and the DEMATEL–TAISM method was further employed to analyze the interaction relationships among the identified key influencing factors. In terms of the interrelationships among influencing factors, the fundamental determinants of armored vehicle crew performance include individual capability and experience, operational characteristics, shared screen and auditory design, display–control interface and cabin layout, and intelligent and automated design. The findings suggest that improving crew capability and experience through training, optimizing the interface, cabin, and auditory design, and promoting intelligent and automated system design can significantly enhance armored vehicle crew performance.
Wang, Rulan, Chen, Xingjiang, Zhou, Yue, Xie, Fang, Wanyan, Xiaoru, Liu, Shuang
Adaptive Attitude Adjustment Mountain Transport Vehicle for Electric Tower Material2026-99-08507/30/2026
Transporting large steel materials for mountain electric towers is challenging due to steep gradients, narrow roadways, and uneven terrain. To address these issues, this study designs an adaptive attitude adjustment mountain transport vehicle. This mountain transport vehicle has a compact structure, measuring 1.4 meters in length and 1.1 meters in width, which enhances its suitability for confined mountainous environments. This vehicle adopts a design scheme that combines hydraulic lateral adjustment, load-bearing platform follow-up adjustment and frame adaptive adjustment mechanisms. The transportation of tower materials, measuring 12 meters in length and 1.2 tons in weight, is accomplished by employing two vehicles working in coordination. The three-dimensional model of the entire vehicle is established by using SolidWorks software. The lateral stability of the mountain vehicle and the limit working conditions of its adjustment mechanism are analyzed through theoretical calculation. The dynamic simulation of the virtual prototype is carried out using Adams software, including the processes of lateral leveling, follow-up adjustment and frame adjustment. The results show that the leveling mechanism can achieve an adjustment range of more than ±25°. The results confirm the vehicle’s excellent stability and adaptability to mountainous conditions. This study provides a more effective and more reliable solution for the construction of mountain electric towers than traditional manual or animal-powered transportation methods.
Zhang, Rui, Kong, Fanfang, He, Yuling, Lv, Jiahui, Chen, Changlong, Zhan, Lulin, Liang, Ke
Casing Wear Degree Analysis Considering the Buckling and Whirling Effects of the Drill String2026-99-08417/30/2026
Drill string whirl and buckling cause impact-rub contact against the casing inner wall, which induces casing wear and threatens wellbore integrity. This study incorporates both whirl and buckling to analyze the wear mechanism. Finite-element dynamic models are established for three drill string states: stable unbuckled, sinusoidally buckled, and helically buckled. Transient dynamic simulations are performed in the ANSYS Workbench Transient Structural module to obtain whirl trajectories, contact pressures, and contact characteristics at multiple sections along the string. A casing-wear volume calculation based on the Kumar–Samuel formulation with time-varying contact pressure is then used to quantify wear at the lower drill collar, the upper stabilizer, the upper drill collar, the heavyweight drill string, and the buckled segment. Results show that once buckling occurs, whirl concentrates in the bottom-hole assembly and decays progressively from the bottom of the well toward the wellhead. Casing wear increases across all locations, with the largest increments at the lower drill-collar interval and within the buckled segment. Helical buckling produces greater casing wear than sinusoidal buckling. Neglecting drill string buckling, especially helical buckling, leads to underestimation of casing wear and thus underestimation of wellbore-integrity risk.
Liu, Junlin, Cao, Genpei, Wan, Zhiguo, Yang, Zheng, Li, Long, Dou, Yihua, Gu, Runpeng
Design of a Digital Twin Interactive System for a 3D Printer2026-99-08597/30/2026
This paper takes a 3D Printer proposed by the project team in the early stage as the research object, constructs a digital twin entity including 3D models and data models in order to develop a digital twin interactive software. By activating the real-time correlation between 3D models and data models, valuable data exchange can be achieved between the digital twin entity and the physical entity, and valuable data can be used to drive both to refresh their operating status.
Li, Qi, Wu, WenKai, Lang, ZhiQi, Jiao, HongCheng, Jing, Tao, Zhao, HanTao, Dong, Shen, Shi, Lei
Numerical Investigation on Semisolid Closed-Die Forging of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Scroll Plate Based on the Arrhenius Constitutive Model2026-99-08367/30/2026
As a key structural component of scroll compressors, the forming quality of the scroll plate directly affects overall performance. To address the issues of high forming load and poor rib filling in conventional processes, this study investigates the semisolid closed-die forging of 6061 aluminum alloy through numerical simulation. Semisolid rheological data were obtained from high-temperature compression tests. We also formulated an Arrhenius-type constitutive model to predict material behavior. This model proved highly reliable, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.99547 and keeping the average absolute relative error down to 3.67%. By employing both orthogonal experiments and simulations, we evaluated how different process parameters impacted the outcome. This analysis ultimately yielded an optimal parameter combination: a die temperature of 350°C, a billet temperature of 600°C, and a punch velocity of 10mm/s. Under these conditions, the forming load, flow behavior, stress–strain distribution, and temperature evolution were analyzed. The results show complete rib filling, uniform deformation, and absence of defects, providing theoretical guidance for industrial applications of semisolid closed-die forging of scroll plates.
Xiong, Linhua, Zhang, Mengjiao, Chang, Ming, Liu, Boyang, Wang, Yongfei, Zhao, Shengdun
A Study on the Nested Velocity Planning Method for NURBS Curves2026-99-08577/30/2026
To ensure that NURBS curve interpolation meets motion constraints during machining while maintaining low velocity fluctuations, this paper proposes a nested look-ahead velocity planning algorithm. Traditional methods require identifying feedrate-sensitive points and segmenting the curve, which may lead to local velocity exceeding the limits and can involve significant computational effort. The proposed method does not require sensitive-point detection and instead constructs the velocity profile in a globally consistent manner. The algorithm combines a backtracking S-curve acceleration/deceleration strategy to ensure compliance with motion constraints with the Gear prediction–correction method for parameter interpolation, achieving low velocity fluctuation. Through nested iterative refinement, the planned feedrate is continuously corrected until all segments satisfy the imposed constraints. Simulation results show that the method effectively prevents local velocity overshoot, significantly reduces velocity fluctuations compared with conventional second-order Taylor expansion methods, and generates feedrate profiles with continuous acceleration that minimize dynamic shocks during motion. Therefore, the proposed approach provides an effective solution for NURBS-based machining, fully meeting motion constraints while maintaining low velocity fluctuation.
Hu, Jinpeng
Study on Particle Dispersion Mechanism of Ribbon-Type Composite Impeller Based on CFD-DEM2026-99-08187/30/2026
For the solid-liquid mixing of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene, which is a high-viscosity fluid with a viscosity of 3.5 Pa · s, and micron-sized silicon dioxide particles, this study employs the CFD-DEM numerical simulation method to analyze the solid-liquid mixing process of the ribbon-type composite impeller (RTC impeller). The stirring performance of the RTC impeller is investigated from perspectives including fluid flow field distribution and particle dispersion mechanism. The research results show that the main circulating flow generated by the RTC impeller generally exhibits a roughly symmetric distribution characteristic, and the flow pattern of the main circulating flow on both sides of the central structure is relatively balanced; however, there is a certain difference in the flow trend of the secondary circulating flow pattern on both sides of the central structure. The main circulating flow provides basic flow power for the secondary circulating flow, while the secondary circulating flow adjusts the local energy distribution through vortex motion. These two flows act synergistically to achieve an efficient solid-liquid mixing process.
Li, Ruizheng, Zhang, Yan, Sun, Zhenxing, Wu, Qiong
Design and Experiment of a Stable Seed Supply Control System for an Elevating Type Sugarcane Seed Supply Device2026-99-08197/30/2026
Aiming at the problems of seed cane pile-up and unstable seed supply efficiency in the sugarcane seed production line caused by the seed supply device, a stable seed supply control system was designed, which consists of a seed collection box, an elastic seed-clearing plate and an electrical control system, etc. The EDEM-RecurDyn coupling simulation was adopted to analyze the seed supply process, and the optimal elastic seed-clearing plate structure was designed. Using the single factor test and Box–Behnken experimental design analyzed the effects of the seed supply belt speed, the speed of the first conveyor belt, the number of sugarcane seeds in the collection box and the seed cutting efficiency on the supply efficiency. Establish a quadratic regression model for the efficiency of seed supply and determine the optimal parameter combination: the seed supply belt speed of 0.097 m/s, first conveyor belt speed of 1.639 m/s, and the number of sugarcane seeds is 14. Using the number of sugarcane seeds as the input quantity for the controller, the real-time data is fed back by the TOF sensor. The controller automatically adjusts the seed-cutting efficiency to maintain the continuity and stability of the seed supply process of the seed supply device. The test results show that after applying this system, the seed supply efficiency reached 1.77 setts/s, which was 6% higher than that of the fixed-parameter system. This research can provide technical support for the stable seed supply of integrated equipment for sugarcane seed production.
Li, Shangping, Xu, Hechang, Ouyang, Runhong, Li, Kaihua
Design and Construction Technology for Remotely Deployed Sacrificial Anode Supports of High-pile Wharves2026-99-08157/30/2026
In port construction, high-pile wharves—a primary structural form—are constantly exposed to marine environmental erosion, making corrosion a particularly prominent issue. Traditional anode installation typically relies on underwater diving operations, which suffer from low efficiency, high risks, and significant costs. To address these challenges, a novel installation technique requiring no divers has been developed. Through specialized equipment design and optimized construction processes, this technology enables remote, efficient, and safe anode installation. Research focuses on the design of non-diver anode support installation equipment, safety validation, and construction methodologies. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field construction trials, this technology significantly enhances construction efficiency while reducing operational risks and costs. It provides a reliable solution for corrosion protection in high-pile wharves and holds significant importance for advancing port construction technology.
Lan, Jinping, Zhang, Shoulong
Analytical Analysis of Wellbore Stresses under Fluid Pressure and In-Situ Stress in Three-Dimensional Wellbores2026-99-08317/30/2026
During fluid injection operations such as fracturing and well killing, the casing, cement sheath, and borehole wall rock are subjected to three-dimensional in-situ stresses and internal pressure. If the equivalent stress exceeds the material’s yield strength, component failure may occur, leading to wellbore failure or even blowout accidents. In order to investigate the stress distribution in wellbores under specific working conditions, a three-dimensional mechanical model of curved wellbores was established. By adopting the superposition principle and stress function method, the influence of horizontal in-situ stress non-uniformity on the fourth equivalent stress of various components was analyzed. The study demonstrates that under three-dimensional in-situ stress, the fourth equivalent stress of each component increases with the rise of horizontal in-situ stress load non-uniformity and azimuth angle. Meanwhile, borehole azimuth angle and in-situ stress load non-uniformity exert a greater influence on the fourth equivalent stress of the casing, while internal pressure has a lesser impact on it. The effects of azimuth angle, horizontal in-situ stress load non-uniformity, and internal pressure on the fourth equivalent stress of the casing are more significant than those on the cement sheath and borehole wall rock. The research results can provide theoretical and technical references for wellbore design and safety improvement, as well as for the structural safety assessment of components such as automotive chassis and body frames under complex dynamic loads.
Zhang, Wenzhe, Jiang, Wu, Guo, Ziwang, Cao, Yinping, Dou, Yihua
Research on the Design Technology of Anti-Roll Attachment for Seaplanes2026-99-08037/30/2026
This paper takes a seaplane as the research object, based on the roll damping commonly used in the field of ships, to carry out the applicability analysis and design technology research of the roll damping for the seaplane. A T-tail configuration was selected as the attachment. The design process involved sequentially selecting the horizontal stabilizer airfoil, designing the aspect ratio parameters, and determining the strut airfoil. Consequently, two T-tail design schemes with aspect ratios of 0.76 and 1.53 were proposed. Through the hydrodynamic performance analysis of the T-tail design installed on the seaplane, the advantages and disadvantages of the two T-tail designs in the wave environment are studied. The results demonstrate that the aspect ratio of the T-tail’s horizontal stabilizer directly affects the seaplane’s wave-induced motion response. The proposed design with a larger aspect ratio of 1.53 significantly reduces wave resistance and motion response across various conditions. In the case of a relatively small aspect ratio, the maximum pitching motion is reduced by 38.4%, and the maximum heave is reduced by 59%.
Jiang, Ting, Pi, Xufeng, He, Chao, Wen, Changqing, Li, Xu
Surface Modification of SiCw Optimises Impact Resistance of Dual-Polymer Composites2026-99-08627/30/2026
Addressing the performance degradation bottleneck of conventional impact-resistant materials under complex operating conditions, and the limitation of existing research focusing primarily on enhancing single properties while neglecting material equilibrium, this study employs silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) as the reinforcing phase. Through surface modification techniques, SiCw/celluloid and SiCw/polyimide dual-polymer composite systems were constructed and systematically investigated. Surface modification of SiCw was achieved using titanate and silane coupling agents. Through mechanical testing and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterisation, the effects of SiCw loading and modification treatments on composite mechanical properties and interfacial bonding were analysed. Results indicate that SiCw introduction significantly enhances the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the polymer matrix, with optimal addition ratios identified: 6% for the celluloid system and 1.0% for the polyimide system. Surface modification further optimises toughening effects by reducing surface oxide layers and impurities on SiCw particles while strengthening interfacial bonding. This study provides practical guidance for the system design of high-performance impact-resistant composites. The resulting materials hold broad application prospects in sectors demanding high structural impact resistance, such as aerospace and transportation.
Xue, Kaiming, Hu, Haobang
Research on Model State Machine-Based Simulation and Validation of Civil Aircraft Ground Deceleration Functional Architecture2026-99-08347/30/2026
The implementation of the ground deceleration function in civil aircraft represents a critically complex process that deeply relies on the seamless collaboration of multiple onboard systems, including but not limited to braking, thrust reversal, spoiler, and steering systems. The operational logic governing these systems is highly intricate, characterized by tightly coupled interactions, stringent safety requirements, and a vast array of diverse physical and logical interfaces. This inherent complexity makes it exceptionally difficult to gain a thorough, system-level understanding of the implementation mechanisms and collaborative principles solely through traditional means of examining extensive, yet often fragmented, design documentation. The limitations of document-based analysis frequently lead to unforeseen integration conflicts, which are typically discovered late in the development cycle, resulting in substantial rework costs and project delays. To address this pervasive industry challenge, this paper selects the aircraft ground deceleration function as a representative case study and proposes an innovative, simulation-based validation methodology. This approach systematically utilizes model state machines to create a dynamic digital representation of the system-of-systems, enabling rigorous validation of aircraft deceleration requirements under various operational scenarios. By adopting this model-based systems engineering (MBSE) paradigm for mechanism representation, our approach effectively captures the nuanced coordination, timing dependencies, and dynamic interactions within the multi-system operational logic. It thereby facilitates the intuitive identification, analysis, and resolution of potential design flaws, including logical conflicts, deadlocks, race conditions, and uncovered or ambiguous requirements. Consequently, the method not only provides a robust framework for validating the aircraft’s function-related design requirements with greater confidence but also offers crucial, data-driven support for the iterative optimization and evolution of the overall functional architecture. The fundamental value proposition of this research lies in its transformative capability to convert implicit design knowledge and assumptions—originally scattered across voluminous documents, specifications, and expert minds—into an integrated set of executable, observable, and analyzable formal models. This digital thread enables systems engineers and designers to identify deep-seated integration and coordination issues proactively during the early conceptual and detailed design stages, rather than relying on discovery during the late, costly integration and testing phases. By shifting validation left in the development V-cycle, this approach significantly reduces the risk of major design changes and associated cost overruns later in the project lifecycle. Ultimately, it effectively enhances the overall maturity, safety, certifiability, and operational reliability of complex aircraft function development, paving the way for more efficient and predictable engineering processes.
Wang, Mingqian, Yu, Qiao, Yu, Miao, Tang, Chao
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