Browse Topic: Research and development

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Assessing Excavator Quick Couplers: A Customer-Centric Study to Application Suitability2025-28-0268To be published on 11/06/2025
In the fast-paced world of construction, the demand for machine Uptime is paramount. Various construction machines play crucial roles in applications such as digging, loading, landscaping, and demolition. One critical component that significantly enhances machine uptime for these operations is the quick coupler. This innovative attachment facilitates rapid tool changes, enabling operators to switch between attachments seamlessly. It also boosts operator safety by eliminating frequent interaction between the operator and the attachments. Additionally, the ease of replacing attachments ensures that operators can easily use the correct attachment for specific tasks optimizing overall attachment usage. This paper aims to study the trade-off between breakout force and productivity when using quick couplers. This research assists customers in determining whether to utilize quick couplers based on their specific application requirements. The findings of this study are designed to help
Bhosale, Dhanaji Haridas, PARAMESWARAN, SANKARAN, Narayanan, Arun
Leveraging AI for Enhanced Cybersecurity in Off-Highway Vehicles2025-28-0328To be published on 11/06/2025
The integration of advanced systems in off-highway vehicles, such as construction and agricultural machines, has revolutionized operational efficiency, user experience and job quality. However, this technological advancement also introduces significant cybersecurity challenges. This presentation explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing cybersecurity management systems for these vehicles. Threat Landscape: Off-highway vehicles are increasingly targeted by cyber threats due to their reliance on interconnected systems and electronic control units (ECUs). Potential threats include unauthorized access, malware infections, data breaches, and vulnerability exploitation. These threats can compromise vehicle safety, operational integrity, and user data, leading to negative financial impacts on both customers and manufacturers. Customers may face increased maintenance costs and downtime, while manufacturers could incur expenses related to recalls, repairs, and loss
Panchal, Nirav
Optimizing the Structural simulation process of Automobile Airvent knob design to evaluate the sustainability for human accidental sliding load2025-28-0289To be published on 11/06/2025
The research work elaborated the structural integrity of airvent by skipping the assembly level snap fit analysis of knob to reduce computational complexity of air vent knob sliding test post stopper. During assembly, the strain based mechanical breakage prediction of airvent sliding knob snaps is investigated in prestressed condition. The function of airvent knob is to rotate the vertical fins to divert the air flow as per comfort in intended direction identified by passenger. The airvent knob slides on central horizontal fin on a grove feature provided. Post sliding the knob to extreme end it gets stopped at end of grove feature of H fin. The sliding knob is assembled by compressing it against a silicon rubber elastomer inlay. The compression of inlay produces a constant tension on the knob snaps. The knob assembly has to sustain a passenger accidental and abrupt sliding loads while in stopped condition. The knob snaps in this press fit condition are the weak link in the accidental
Shah, Viren
Analysis of simulators for designing network architecture in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) applications2025-28-0338To be published on 11/06/2025
Recent advancements in energy-efficient wireless communication protocols and sensor technologies have led to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications in diverse industries. Wireless sensors are crucial in both smart factory applications and in introducing autonomy in harsh environment agricultural operations, where traditional wiring systems have higher chances of failure. These WSNs are generally designed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, and Wi-Fi communication protocols, depending on the range and reliability requirements of the application. The design of these WSN applications also depends on several factors. First, the environment in which devices operate varies with the industries and products they are employed in. Second, the energy availability for these devices is limited, so higher signal strength for transmission and retransmission significantly reduces the lifetime of these nodes. Finally, the size of networks is increasing, making scheduling
Periwal, Garvit, Koparde, Prashant, Sewalkar, Swarupanand
Visibility study for Tractor with Rear Implement2025-28-0320To be published on 11/06/2025
This paper details a process involving digital content creation tools to conduct visibility studies for machinery that utilize vision-based perception system. In this paper we go through the process of preparing over 50 unique tillage implements with Light geometry attached to assess areas of potential sensor occlusion. We optimized the CAD Geometry of the model by removing Duplicate parts, Wiring, Floating geometry. Also, optimization of heavier parts was required and ensuring of high-altitude parts (i.e. SMV, Starfire, Lights, brackets) was important to ensure proper visibility studies. Making sure that the setup of the implement matched that of its corresponding vehicle was also Pertinent. The developed high-fidelity models that are used to Conduct perception occlusion analysis, develop simulations, quickly verify component geometries. Occlusion analyses facilitate cross-team discussions of the perception system coverage and expedite product development. Moreover, the generated high
Kumar, Pravin, GUMASTE, Amey, Rode, Aboli, Goč, Matej
Transformative Deep Learning for Image Colorization with Machine Learning-Based Classification2025-28-0317To be published on 11/06/2025
Imagine a user opening a technical manual, eager to troubleshoot an issue, only to find a mix of stark black-and-white illustrations alongside a few color images. This inconsistency not only detracts from the user experience but also complicates understanding. For technicians relying on these documents, grayscale graphics hinder quick interpretation of diagrams, extending diagnostics time and impacting overall productivity. Producing high-quality color graphics typically requires significant investment in time and resources, often necessitating a dedicated graphics team. Our innovative pipeline addresses this challenge by automating the colorization and classification of existing grayscale graphics. This approach delivers consistent, visually engaging content without the extensive investment in specialized teams, enhancing the visual appeal of materials and streamlining the diagnostic process for technicians. With clearer, more vibrant graphics, technicians can complete tasks more
Khalid, Maaz, Akarte, Anurag, Kale, Aniket, Rajmane, Gayatri, Nalawade, Komal
Design Optimization of Rolling Resistance Product Development Using Linear Regression2025-28-0314To be published on 11/06/2025
Simulation, physical testing, and a combination of both is an indispensable tool for developing reliable product designs in the automotive industry. Engineers rely on this integrated approach to thoroughly explore design possibilities and fine-tune products for varying configurations. Drawing insights from existing designs, engineers can effectively tackle important design challenges, such as reducing rolling resistance. This study introduces a pragmatic solution, leveraging simulation and real-world test data, and demonstrates the effectiveness of employing Linear Regression (LR) techniques for improving rolling resistance in vehicles. Integrating LR algorithms into the design process enables swift and cost-effective optimization of parameters, offering a quicker pathway for product development.
ALTHI, Tirupathi Rao, Manuel, Naveen, K, Manu
Mechanical Boom Vibration Mitigation using Active Force Control2025-28-0345To be published on 11/06/2025
In off-highway vehicles, an undesirable vibration in a mechanical structure is a well-known problem. Such vibrations are discomforting in humans and can even lead to serious health issues related to orthopedics. Passive vibration attenuation approaches are popular in engineering practice but rely heavily on vehicle structural changes. Moreover, such approaches are known to be less effective on low frequency vibrations. In the last decade or so, there has been significant technological advancement in actuators as well as sensing mechanisms. This has enabled us to realize active vibration control as an important tool in managing excessive vibration levels. It is noteworthy that a typical active vibration control assumption is that the controlled structure maintains its dynamic properties throughout the control procedure. This simplifies linear-time invariant (LTI) model-based control design approaches. We note that in certain applications, such as gantry cranes, spraying mechanical booms
Patil, Bhagyesh, Bawankar, Shubham
E-Motor thermal management using 2D-3D coupling2025-28-0225To be published on 11/06/2025
In the electrical machines, detrimental effects are resulted often due to the overheating, such as insulation material degradation, demagnetization, decreased lifetime and efficiency of the motor and Joule losses. Hence, it is vital to optimize the reliability and performance of the electric motors (E-Motor) and to reduce the maintenance and operating costs. This study brings the analysis capability of CFD for the air-cooling of an E-Motor powering on E-Machines. With the aggressive focus on electrification across automotive industry, there is an increasing need of CFD modeling to perform virtual simulations of the E-Motors to determine the viability of the designs and their performance capabilities. The thermal predictions are extremely vital as they have tremendous impact on the design, spacing and sizes of motors. With this study using Ansys Fluent - Maxwell coupling, a complete 3D CFD with CHT modeling of an Electric Motor, including all the key components like the windings, rotor
Singh, Bhuvaneshwar, Tirumala, Bhaskar, Badgujar, Swapnil, HK, Shashikiran
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in biofuel industry: A case study2025-28-0341To be published on 11/06/2025
Increasing reservations about the consumption of fossil fuels due to their detrimental impact on our ecosystem has led to an increased focus to look for renewable alternative. In the last decade, biofuels have attracted much attention as a promising replacement for fossil fuel-based diesel, especially in the transportation sector. Biofuels are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and carbon-free fuel that can be made from naturally available resources. Biofuel production and its further utilization requires identifying unknown parameters having nonlinear relationships between each other. Accurate and better predictive tools are required at different stages during its usage. AI technique is one such tool that can provide support during production and utilization. The same is utilized to design handle, control, optimize, and monitor the system. The present research investigates the different areas of AI usage which makes use of production modeling methods, machine learning for better
Vashist, Devendra
Enhancing Tipper Stability During Descent with Dynamic Angle Adjustment2025-28-0276To be published on 11/06/2025
This study addresses critical challenges faced by tippers transporting bulk cargo during descent, focusing on two major risks: cargo displacement and rear axle lifting. Prolonged descents often lead to uncontrolled shifting of cargo, such as loose aggregates or soil, within the tipper body. This phenomenon, driven by gravity, momentum, and insufficient restraint systems, poses threats of cabin damage and unpredictable ejection of materials onto the roadway. Additionally, rear axle lifting occurs due to load imbalances, increasing pressure on the front steering axle. This results in front tire slippage and inefficient steering. To tackle these issues, the study proposes a novel approach involving dynamic adjustment of the tipper lift angle to align with the road descent angle. Synchronizing the trailer bed angle with the terrain slope minimizes gravitational forces on the cargo, stabilizes its center of gravity, and ensures consistent contact between the rear tires and the road surface
Vijeth, Abhishek, Bhosle, Devidas Ashok, Cherian, Roshni, Dash, Prasanjita, Nautiyal, Anusheel
Optimizing Forklift Performance Through Multibody Simulation: Analyzing the Role of Tires and Counterweight in Derated Capacity2025-28-0254To be published on 11/06/2025
The derated capacity of forklifts plays a crucial role in determining their safety, efficiency, and overall performance, particularly when modifications are introduced to meet stringent industrial standards. The term "derated capacity" refers to the reduction in a forklift's rated load-carrying capacity caused by various factors, including load center shifts, lifting height, attachment usage, tire types, and counterweight adjustments. This reduction occurs as a safety measure to account for potential instabilities or mechanical limitations when operating under less-than-ideal conditions. Accurate understanding and calculation of derated capacity are vital to ensure safe and efficient forklift operation. This research provides a detailed examination of forklift variants, specifically evaluated under the IS 4357:2004 standards, to understand the intricate relationship between tire types and counterweight adjustments on the derated capacity. Through the use of advanced Multibody
Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Hingade, Nikhil
Structural Evaluation and Improvement of Mobile Vehicle Battery Storage Architecture2025-28-0259To be published on 11/06/2025
Environmental concerns are prompting the global mobility sector to transition towards electrification. Increased research and development in the field of electric vehicles have made them an increasingly efficient and compelling option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the sustainability of freight transport. Electric vehicles require batteries that offer long range, shorter charging times and high energy efficiency. During long-distance travel, for customer convenience, mobile charging stations have become a trending and highly meaningful solution. For such mobile charging stations, it is essential to ensure the durability and safety parameters of the battery and its structure. For this to happen, it is mandatory that the system possess the strength and stiffness behavior to withstand the various dynamic loads arising from the environment and acting on the vehicle and system. Moreover, the system should maintain a weight that is as low as possible so that it is both
SONARE, PUSHPESH, Ganeshan, Subramanian, Dattawade, Vishal
Digital Simulation of Rear Axle Brake Lines Articulation for Commercial Vehicles.2025-28-0257To be published on 11/06/2025
This paper focuses on defining the optimal length of rear axle brake lines (flexible polyamide tubes) for commercial vehicles by simulating the lines digitally by considering tube behavior and various axle articulation conditions. Currently, the length of rear axle brake lines are predominantly defined with the help of a physical mockup by articulating axle conditions in a vehicle. This approach requires actual components such as frame, axle, suspension, etc., which consumes considerable time and cost. Through technological advancements, prototyping can be reduced and convergence on digital to build can be achieved through digital simulation. This paper explores tube properties, axle configurations and definitions, and various methods of digitally simulating line articulation. Boundary conditions, space reservations and design criteria for pneumatic routing are defined for the type of line designed. Digital simulation of rear axle brake lines articulation was performed and compared
Duraiswamy, Rupesh, Sankaran, Bhargav, Raj, Santhosh
Study on CO2 Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications2025-32-0076To be published on 11/03/2025
This study aimed to absorb and capture CO₂ emissions from small engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. We investigated the conditions necessary for atomizing the sprayed droplets by utilizing the relationship between the surface tension of the droplets and the surface free energy of the impingement plate with surface textures.
Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki
Development of a Fuel Cell System for Small Mobility Applications with Severe Load Fluctuations2025-32-0038To be published on 11/03/2025
In recent years, small electric mobility powered by fuel cells have been proposed as a way to achieve a carbon neutral society. One reason for the proposal is that fuel cells have an advantage over battery electric vehicle (BEV) in traveling range and refueling time. This study develops a hybrid system combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) for small electric mobility applications with severe load fluctuations. The proposed system achieves a 53% reduction in size, a 50% reduction in weight, and a 23% improvement in acceleration performance compared to a configuration using a lithium-ion battery (LiB) as the secondary battery, while also reducing load fluctuations in the fuel cell. Although LiCs tend to be compact, lightweight, and capable of high output, they have limited discharge capacity. To address this, a prototype hybrid system combining a fuel cell and an LiB was initially constructed to verify the system’s ability to suppress load fluctuations through current
Suzuki, Masaya, Nakata, Nobuhiro
Design and development of a novel automatic powershift transmission for battery-electric vehicles2025-32-0096To be published on 11/03/2025
The increasing adoption of battery-electric propulsion systems in small vehicles such as two- and 3-wheelers but even smalls cars has created a growing demand for technological advancements to improve their autonomy. Due to cost and weight constraints, these vehicles cannot incorporate highly sophisticated electric motors, as seen in the premium car sector. Therefore, achieving the best possible efficiency in urban and extra-urban commuting requires innovative solutions. One promising approach is the integration of a two-speed transmission into the drivetrain, which allows for load point shifting within the electric motor’s operating map. This strategy significantly reduces energy consumption while maintaining optimal performance. The presented research focuses on the design and development of a simple, cost-efficient two-speed transmission that provides a viable alternative to direct drive systems. While direct drive configurations are highly efficient, they often lack flexibility in
Tromayer, Juergen, Stückler, David, Kirchberger, Roland
Investigation of Driving Characteristics for Road Alignments with High Traffic Accident Rates on Hilly and Mountainous Roads Using a Motorcycle Simulator2025-32-0035To be published on 11/03/2025
Accidents involving riders visiting mountainous areas such as Nagano Prefecture in Japan on motorcycles for sightseeing and driving are common. In a previous study, analysis of traffic accident statistics data suggested that the fatality and serious injury rates for uphill right curves and downhill left curves are high, however the true causes of these accidents remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, a motorcycle simulator was used to evaluate the driving characteristics due to these road alignments. Evaluation courses based on combinations of uphill/downhill slopes and left/right curves were created, and experiments were conducted. The subjects of the study were expert riders, specifically police motorcycle riders, and novice student riders. The results showed that right curves are even more difficult to see near the entrance of the curve when accompanied by an uphill slope, making it easier to delay recognition and judgment of the curve. Expert riders recognized curves faster than
Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Katayama, Yuta, Kitagawa, Taisei, Numao, Yusuke
The effect of differential humidification and membrane thickness on PEMFC operation2025-32-0039To be published on 11/03/2025
In the recent years, the urgency to decarbonize the mobility sector has highlighted the importance of the electrochemical hydrogen use in fuel cells to complement the battery-based electrification. Hydrogen is as an excellent energy carrier, and low-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are part of an ever-evolving scenario, with particularly promising use in high energy demand mobility sectors. This paper presents a 3D-CFD study to analyse the behaviour of PEMFCs by examining the role of humidification conditions, covering fully humidified (anode and cathode), anode-only, cathode-only, and fully dry operations. This is simulated for several membrane thicknesses, reproducing a wide matrix of operating conditions and separator choices, and examining their respective effect on the cell’s resistance. In the first part of the paper, a part-specific mesh sensitivity analysis is conducted to establish general validity guidelines for the through-plane and in-plane grid
Scialpi, Leonardo, D'Adamo, Alessandro, Marra, Carmine
Obstacle Avoidance Capability of a Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism under Braking Conditions2025-32-0033To be published on 11/03/2025
This study delves into the dynamics of three-wheeled Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) equipped with an active tilting mechanism. In three-wheeled vehicles with a single front wheel, the risk of tipping over during sudden braking and sharp turning is often highlighted. To address this issue, the authors have focused their research on three-wheeled PMVs with two front wheels and one rear wheel, equipped with an active tilting mechanism. Previous studies using dynamic simulation tools have demonstrated that such PMVs possess higher obstacle avoidance capabilities compared to motorcycles and even passenger cars. However, these simulations were based on the assumption of avoidance maneuvers without braking, and no studies have yet examined the behavior of three-wheeled PMVs with an active tilting mechanism under the more complex conditions of braking during turning. Therefore, prior to conducting dynamic simulations under braking and turning conditions, this study aims to clarify the
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
Machine Learning-Enhanced Electrical Circuit Model Parametrization for Battery Cells: Reducing Experimental Workload Through GITT Testing with Altair RapidMiner®2025-32-0097To be published on 11/03/2025
This study addresses the challenge of reducing the experimental workload involved in characterizing battery cell behavior as a function of state of charge and temperature. Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique tests were carried out in a climate chamber across a wide temperature range, from -20 °C to 70 °C, with 10 °C intervals. The voltage and current response data collected from these tests were used to train several machine learning algorithms. The trained models could then be used to predict the cell voltage response every 5 °C from -15 °C to 55 °C. While the models were experimentally validated at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, the predicted voltages across this range contribute to enhancing the characterization process. In particular, the inclusion of these predicted voltage profiles—combined with the experimental data collected every 10 °C from -20 °C to 70 °C—allows for the creation of more accurate lookup tables for the parameters of the equivalent circuit model. These
Giuliano, Luca, Peretto, Lorenzo, Canella, Nicholas, Nefat, Damir
Experimental analysis of wheel bearing friction losses under realistic driving cycles on a component and roller test bench2025-32-0100To be published on 11/03/2025
The ongoing electrification of vehicle powertrains brings attention to components with a minor contribution to overall friction losses in research and development. To optimize the overall energy efficiency, it is essential to analyze and reduce the losses in these components. Wheel bearings are of particular interest in this context, as their friction losses affect both the driving and recuperation phases. These losses are dependent on temperature, mechanical loads and the bearing mounting situation into the vehicle. The analysis of friction losses and their dependency on the factors mentioned above is usually conducted by measurements on component test benches to allow an isolated evaluation. In contrast, the friction losses of the complete drive system are measured on powertrain or roller test benches. In this context, the factors affecting the losses in wheel bearings may deviate from the measurements obtained on component test benches. The purpose of this paper is to analyses the
Hartmann, Lukas, Erxleben, Lars, Rebesberger, Ron, Henze, Roman, Sturm, Axel
Artificial Intelligence application in biodiesel production and usage for better resource utilization2025-28-0385To be published on 10/30/2025
Increasing reservations about the consumption of fossil fuels due to their detrimental impact on our ecosystem has led to an increased focus to look for renewable alternative. In the last decade, biodiesel has attracted much attention as a promising replacement for fossil fuel-based diesel, especially in the transportation sector. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and carbon-free fuel that can be made from any kind of vegetable oil or fat. Biodiesel production and its further utilization requires identifying unknown parameters having nonlinear relationships between each other. Accurate and better predictive tools are required at different stages during its usage. AI technique is one such tool that can provide support during production and utilization. The same is utilized to design handle, control, optimize, and monitor the system. The present research investigates the different areas of AI usage which makes use of production modeling methods, machine learning for
Vashist, Devendra, KUMAR, VIVEK
Smart Energy Management System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Integrating Fuel Cells and Ultra-Capacitors using Neural Network2025-28-0365To be published on 10/30/2025
This study explores the realm of energy management in fuel cell/ultra-capacitor hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) in the presence of uncertainties. Resilience, alongside fuel efficiency and the slow dynamics of the fuel cell (FC) system, is considered a crucial performance criterion. Unlike previous research that mainly aimed at achieving optimal performance in deterministic settings, this study considers uncertainties affecting power generation, conversion, and demand. Errors can arise from various factors, including variations in operational conditions, estimation, and modeling. Neglecting such uncertainties in real-world scenarios can lead to increased operational costs, reduced overall system efficiency, performance failures, and even impractical outcomes due to violations of constraints. To address this, a Neural Network (NN) based energy management system (EMS) is proposed to ensure optimal yet resilient performance when input parameters are unknown. The suggested NN-based
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, M, Boopathi, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, Karthick, K N, R, Nithiya, R, Krishnamoorthy, V, Dayanithi
An Assessment Framework for HVAC energy consumption in Indian transport sector: Amplifying India’s Climate Goal efforts2025-28-0391To be published on 10/30/2025
India is the third-largest automotive industry and one of the fastest-growing economies. As India’s auto sector continues to expand rapidly, the country’s energy demand is expected to increase significantly. To meet this energy demand efficient energy sources will play a major role. India experiences diverse weather conditions, with a significant duration is hot and humid summers ranging upto 50°C. Due to this extreme weather conditions HVAC systems becomes necessity for a comfortable driving. Trend shows that global temperature is increasing which is causing higher cooling demand and this may continue to rise. Globally there are methods available to assess HVAC efficiency in passenger cars. In the work presented, we investigated the assessment method of energy demand by HVAC system in passenger cars. This will help to create the baseline for India-specific condition that can be used to define energy efficiency in HVAC systems in transport. Efforts are put to investigate influencing
Sarna, Nishant, Jaiswal, Harsh Kumar, Yadav, Diyya, Vashisth, Ajay, Dwivedi, Vipin
3D CFD Analysis on Flow and Thermal Dynamics of PEM Water Electrolyzer2025-28-0350To be published on 10/30/2025
The proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer is an emerging technology to produce green hydrogen due to its compactness and producing high purity hydrogen. This study presents a numerical investigation of multiphase flow dynamics and heat transfer within the anode side of a PEM water electrolyzer, focusing on the anode plate and porous transport layer (PTL). Different channel configurations, i.e., rectangular, semicircular, and wavy channels are considered while varying the PTL thickness within the commercially available ranges. Simulations are conducted under varying oxygen generation rates (corresponding to different current densities) and different inlet water flow rates. The effects of channel configuration and PTL thickness on pressure drop, flow uniformity, and temperature distribution within the cell are illustrated pictorially and graphically. Additionally, impact of PTL thickness on crucial cell performance parameters are reported. The impact of varying water flow
Dash, Manoj Kumar, Bansode PhD, Annasaheb
CFD Simulation Techniques for Optimizing Operating Torque in HVAC Kinematics2025-28-0369To be published on 10/30/2025
This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of the methodology employed in leveraging CFD for optimizing HVAC kinematics, focusing on reducing the operating torque by improvising the flap geometry. The aim here is to utilize the CFD simulation in order to predict the torque generated on the actuator motor connected to the flap when the flap is placed in high speed airflow and based on this value work out an optimized geometry of the flap, since its geometry plays a significant role when it comes to determining the torque values. This torque is generated because of the force acting on the flap which is acting as a buffer in the path of airflow. The torque generated should be less than the stall torque of the actuator motor in order for smooth performance/movement of the flap. Initial geometry of the flap generated a torque of around 95 Ncm which was much higher than the stall torque of actuator motor. So in order to bring these torque values within the working range of actuator
Madaan, Ashish, Kumar, Ravi, Behera, Suresh, Chauhan, Arpit
Numerical study to predict the Impact of Geometric Modification on Aero-Acoustic behaviour of a Commercial Vehicle2025-28-0426To be published on 10/30/2025
To address the growing concern of increasing noise levels in urban areas, modern automotive vehicles need improved engineering solutions. The need for automotive vehicles to have a low acoustic signature is further emphasized by local regulatory requirements, such as the EU's regulation 540/2014, which sets sound level limits for commercial vehicles at 82 dB(A). Moreover, external noise can propagate inside the cabin, reducing the overall comfort of the driver, which can have adverse impact on the driving behavior, making it imperative to mitigate the high noise levels. This study explores the phenomenon of change in acoustic behaviour of external tonal noise with minor geometrical changes to the A-pillar turning vane (APTV), identified as the source for the tonal noise generation. An incompressible transient approach with one way coupled Acoustics Wave solver was evaluated, for both the baseline and variant geometries. Comparison of CFD results between baseline and variant showed
Pawar, Sourabh, Sharma, Shantanu, singh, Ramanand
Actuator-to-Vehicle Joint Estimation of Clamping Force for Sensorless Control of the Electro-Mechanical Brake System2025-01-0338To be published on 09/15/2025
The electro-mechanical brake (EMB) is a promising brake actuating system for electrified vehicle. To enhance the system function safety while saving space from redundancy sensors, this paper studied sensorless climbing force control for the EMB where a new climbing force estimator is proposed by fusing the information from vehicle dynamics and EMB states. The work was done with three contributions: 1) The priori clamping force characteristics were implemented to build the estimator with two parallel models, one of which was derived from the actuator rigid-body dynamics while the other was derived from vehicle longitudinal dynamics model; 2) a proportional-integral (PI) observer utilizing wheel speed residual signals was developed to correct the initial estimates iteratively; 3) a fuzzy control controller was proposed to optimize the key parameters of the PI observer. Comparative study was conducted on a co-simulation platform and the results showed that the actuator-to-vehicle joint
Xing, Yipu, Zhou, Quan, Cheng, Yulin, Li, Congcong, Han, Wei, Zhuo, Guirong, Xiong, Lu
Effects of Moisture Behavior on Corrosion Stiction in Friction Materials2025-01-0333To be published on 09/15/2025
This study investigates the correlation between moisture behavior and corrosion stiction mechanisms in NAO friction materials. While previous studies on corrosion stiction have primarily focused on electrochemical approaches, this study aims to elucidate the mechanism by examining moisture behavior within the friction material. Although recent research has investigated changes in pad properties in humid environments, most studies have primarily focused on variations in pad stiffness and the friction coefficient. To date, no studies have investigated the behavior of moisture within pads using Fick’s Second Law and its impact on corrosion stiction. In this study, Fick’s Second Law was applied to model moisture behavior in friction materials. The diffusion coefficient and maximum moisture content were quantified, revealing that moisture behavior in the friction material can be divided into two distinct stages: one following Fick’s Second Law and the other not. For NAO friction materials
Choi, Nakcheon, Ju, Joungsu, Youn, Deokki
Water Interaction and Its Effect on the Tribological Behavior of NAO Friction Materials2025-01-0336To be published on 09/15/2025
Moisture is known to be a relevant factor during a friction material life, affecting tribological behaviors such as friction coefficient and torque variations. In this study we investigated the interaction between friction materials and water; employing various techniques such as contact angle measurements, water adsorption, and exposure to controlled environmental condition changes. Focusing on NAO friction material, mix modifications were studied to highlight differences and understand mechanisms, in particular, organic content and hydrophobic agents, were examined. Characterization results showed that brake pads hydrophobicity can be influenced by water interaction conditions; even low-wettability surfaces, such as those treated with hydrophobic modifiers, can still absorb water depending on internal factors (e.g., porosity) and external conditions (e.g., contact time, humidity). Additionally, we investigated the capacity of a friction material to adsorb water and desorb it back to
Iodice, Valentina, Durando, Pietro, Balestra, Simone, Pellerej, Diego
Improving the Comparability of Brake Wear Solid and Total Particle Number Emission Measurement2025-01-0362To be published on 09/15/2025
Brake wear emissions are a significant contributor to particle mass (PM) emissions originating from road transport. In Europe, this is taken into consideration by including emission limits for brake wear particles in the legislation. UN GTR (United Nations Global Technical Regulation) No.24 is a technical description of how to measure the particle number (PN) and PM emissions of brakes. PN measurement includes solid particle number (SPN) and total particle number (TPN), meaning excluding and including the volatile particle matter, respectively. In this study, we examine over 500 TPN and SPN emission factors, in terms of SPN-TPN ratio. To interpret the emission factor data, we present results of a characterization of SPN and TPN measurement instruments in a laboratory setting. We discuss the benefits of using a flow splitter in the PN measurement and present an experimental demonstration of its suitability for measurement of brake wear PN. Combining the results of this investigation
Martikainen, Sampsa, Pramstrahler, Madlen, Weidinger, Christoph, Rainer, Andreas, Engler, Dieter, Huber, Michael
Effect of Pressure Losses and Reynolds Number on Active Grille Shutter Characteristics and Its Prediction2025-01-505909/10/2025
In the present article it is investigated why active grille shutters (AGS) can have very different aerodynamic characteristics, ranging from progressive to strongly degressive, and which factors influence them. For this purpose, the authority concept known from the field of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is referred to. According to this theory, the control characteristics of dampers depend primarily on the ratio of the pressure losses at the fully open damper to the pressure losses of the rest of the system. The adaptation of the concept to the automotive field shows that, in addition to the pressure losses, the geometry of the cooling air ducting plays a decisive role in motor vehicles. The effect of driving speed and fan operation on the characteristic curves is also being investigated. In addition, authority theory can also be used to derive the conditions under which the opening characteristic curve of an AGS provides a good prediction of the real characteristic
Wolf, Thomas
Research on Validation and Research Platform for Automotive Air-Conditioning Control Strategy2025-01-505809/10/2025
In order to improve the efficiency of verification and optimization of control strategies for air-conditioning systems, a thermal management platform is established based on a rapid control prototyping (RCP) approach in the article. The platform is composed of a HVAC hardware bench, a real-time control system, and a control software model. This article describes the overall architecture of the platform, the control strategy, and an efficient method for development and optimization of air-conditioning control strategies. The cooling and heating modes of the air conditioner are tested. The results show that the control strategy can be directly modified via the platform to improve the performance of the whole system. The experimental results show that after modifying the control strategy, the cooling effect of the air conditioner is optimized and the cooling time is reduced by 10.6%. The CLTC cycle is also tested in this work to verify the dynamic control performance of the air
Liu, Shuqi, Yu, Yilong, Wang, Wei, Wang, Yuan, Zhang, Yilun, Xu, Xiang
Evaluating Safety Behavior of Li-Ion Batteries Regarding Negative Electrode Composition2025-24-014909/07/2025
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus Armando, Lecompte, Matthieu, Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo, Pelissier, Serge, Abada, Sara
New Hybrid Powertrain Architectures for European Passenger Car Market2025-24-009709/07/2025
This study presents a comprehensive methodology for the design and optimization of hybrid electric powertrains across multiple vehicle segments and electrification levels. A full-factorial simulation framework was developed in MATLAB/Simulink, featuring a modular, physics-based vehicle model combined with a backward simulation approach and an ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy) -based energy management algorithm. The objective is to evaluate three hybrid powertrain architectures, namely Series Hybrid (SH), Series-Parallel Hybrid with a single gear stage (SHP1), and Series-Parallel Hybrid with a double gear stage (SHP2), across three vehicle classes (Sedan, Mid-SUV, Large-SUV), four different internal combustion engines (ICEs), and three application types (HEV, PHEV, REEV). More than 10,000 unique configurations were simulated and filtered through a two-step performance requirements analysis. The first phase assessed individual vehicle-level performance targets, while
Amati, Nicola, Marello, Omar, Mancarella, Alessandro, Cavallaro, Davide, Ianni, Luca, Cascone, Claudio, Paulides, Johannes JH
Thermal Characterisation of a High-Power Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell and Surface Temperature Prediction for Motorsport Applications2025-24-014209/07/2025
Accurate cell thermal characterisation is vital for battery modelling and thermal management, especially in motorsport, where minor temperature estimation errors can have severe consequences. Conventional methods for determining key thermal parameters, such as the specific heat capacity, often require costly calorimeters or destructive testing. Recent studies propose an alternative approach using a 1D lumped thermal network to solve the thermal balance of a heat-generating cell. However, these studies often overlook critical aspects of the heat generation equation, particularly the entropic term, which is essential for capturing nonlinear thermal behaviour, especially under dynamic cycling conditions. This study presents a cost-effective approach for rapid cell thermal characterisation and accurate surface temperature prediction. A pouch LCO cell was first tested to determine the entropic coefficient, followed by experiments under two convective conditions to evaluate its specific heat
Sciortino, Davide Domenico, Schommer, Adriano, Costa, Andre
Design of a Reconfigurable Winding Switch for an In-Wheel Automotive Motor2025-24-013009/07/2025
A design is presented for an electro-mechanical switchgear, intended for reconfiguring the windings of an electric machine whilst in operation. Specifically, the design is developed for integration onto an in-wheel automotive motor. The motor features 6 phase fractions, which can be reconfigured by the switchgear between series-star or parallel-star arrangements, thereby doubling the torque or speed range of the electric machine. The switchgear has a mass of only 1.8kg – around one tenth of the equivalent 2-speed transmission which might otherwise be employed to achieve a similar effect. As well as the extended operating envelope, the reconfigurable winding motor offers benefits in efficiency and power density. The mechanical solution presented is expected to achieve efficiency and cost advantages over equivalent semiconductor-based solutions, which are practical barriers to adoption in automotive applications. The design uses only mechanical contacts and a single actuator, thereby
Vagg, Christopher, Thomas, Luke, Pickering, Simon, Herzog, Matic, Trinchuk, Danylo, Romih, Jaka
Experimental Investigation of the Comparison between Helium and Hydrogen Jets Exiting a DI Outward-Opening Injector via Schlieren Technique2025-24-006809/07/2025
This paper deals with the hydrogen-to-helium jets comparison within the framework of the assessment of helium as a potential hydrogen surrogate. The comparison is centred on the assessment of the combined action of pressure ratio with gas properties on the dynamics of the jet exiting an outward-opening injector. The shots are performed at injection pressures and backpressures ranging from 21 to 36 bar and from 1.2 to 5 bar, respectively. The Schlieren technique is deployed to capture the jets images. The study demonstrates that at certain pressure ratios helium is an appealing solution bridging the lab safety with fidelity to hydrogen-like jet behaviour. Decreasing pressure ratio minimizes the hydrogen-to-helium difference in axial penetration and area, enabling helium to yield a hydrogen-like development. The findings underscore the impact of the pressure ratio on how the gas properties, such as density and diffusivity, dictate the evolution of the axial propagation and area
Coratella, Carlo, Tinchon, Alexis, Hespel, Camille, Dober, Gavin, Foucher, Fabrice
Smart Capsule Designed to Study GI TractTBMG-5377309/01/2025
Engineers have developed a smart capsule called PillTrek that can measure pH, temperature, and a variety of different biomarkers. It incorporates simple, inexpensive sensors into a miniature wireless electrochemical workstation that relies on low-power electronics. PillTrek measures 7 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length, making it smaller than commercially available capsule cameras used for endoscopy but capable of executing a range of electrochemical measurements.
New Technique Could Accelerate Noise-Free Superconducting Qubits for Quantum ComputingTBMG-5371909/01/2025
A research team led by scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) has developed a new fabrication technique that could improve noise robustness in superconducting qubits, a key technology for enabling large-scale quantum computers.
Noninvasive Imaging Method Can Penetrate Deeper Into Living TissueTBMG-5370109/01/2025
Metabolic imaging is a noninvasive method that enables clinicians and scientists to study living cells using laser light, which can help them assess disease progression and treatment responses. But light scatters when it shines into biological tissue, limiting how deeply it can penetrate and hampering the resolution of captured images.
Products of TomorrowTBMG-5372509/01/2025
Fitting More Functionality Into Increasingly Smaller, Smarter Devices: Heterogeneous IntegrationTBMG-5376909/01/2025
The increased functionality of today’s medical devices is astounding. Optical devices, for example, analyze chemicals, toxins, and biologic specimens. Semiconductor devices sense, analyze, and communicate. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices utilize inertial methods to detect motion, direct light, and move components over short distances. Radiofrequency (RF) devices communicate wirelessly to other devices directly and remotely over the Internet. Handheld acoustic devices scan the body and build a virtual 3D model that shows conditions in the body. The innovation currently happening in the medical device industry is staggering, limited only by imagination and finding technical methods to implement the vision.
How ISS Will Be Evaluating Photovoltaic MaterialsTBMG-5372109/01/2025
Solar cells account for approximately six percent of the electricity used on Earth; however, in space, they play a significantly larger role, with nearly all satellites relying on advanced solar cells for their power. That’s why Georgia Tech researchers will soon be sending 18 photovoltaic cells to the International Space Station (ISS) for a study of how space conditions affect the devices’ operation over time.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Women Breaking Barriers in Aerospace & Beyond1352108/19/2025
Despite decades of progress, the number of women in engineering remains stubbornly low -- especially in aerospace and mechanical engineering. But that isn't stopping the winner of the Aerospace/Defense category in the inaugural Women in Engineering: Rising Star Awards. Heather Cummings is Senior Engineer, Flight Controls & Autonomy for Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company. She leads the development of hybrid electric propulsion controls and vehicle management systems for Sikorsky's next-gen HEX and RBW, including groundbreaking work on fully autonomous cargo aircraft. A licensed pilot, Heather is passionate about improving flight safety through automation and mentoring the next generation of aspiring engineers. In this special episode, Heather and Chitra Sethi, Director of Editorial & Digital Content, SAE Media Group, discuss the mission behind the Rising Star Awards, the importance of visibility for women in STEM, and why inspiring the next generation is just as critical as
Hineman, Marcie
Optimal Weight Design of Spur Gear Using a Modified Jaya Algorithm05-19-02-001508/14/2025
Gears are essential components in industrial machinery, and their design needs to be optimized to ensure the proper functioning of mechanical systems across various industrial applications. In this study, an optimization approach is proposed to determine the optimal design of a spur gear. This approach is based on an improved Jaya algorithm, which features a straightforward formulation without any algorithm-specific control parameters. Utilizing a simple and parameter-free updating mechanism, the strength of this algorithm lies in its iterative ability to enhance candidate solutions by moving them toward the best solution while avoiding the worst one, providing a flexible framework for optimization. However, since the original Jaya algorithm was primarily designed for continuous optimization problems, this research incorporates adjustments to adapt it effectively for mixed-variable optimization problems and to manage multi-objective functions. The effectiveness of the proposed
Rezki, Ines, Ferhat, Djeddou, Hamouda, Abdelatif, Abderazek, Hammoudi
Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural RobotsEPR202501208/13/2025
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable
Muelaner, Jody E.
New Laser Technique Revolutionizes Ultra-High Ceramic Manufacturing for Spacecraft25AERP08_0708/01/2025
Researchers have demonstrated a new technique that uses lasers to create ceramics that can withstand ultra-high temperatures, with applications ranging from nuclear power technologies to spacecraft and jet exhaust systems. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC A new technique that leverages the concept of sintering, can be used to create ceramic coatings, tiles or complex three-dimensional structures, which allows for increased versatility when engineering new devices and technologies. “Sintering is the process by which raw materials - either powders or liquids - are converted into a ceramic material,” says Cheryl Xu, co-corresponding author of a paper on this research and a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at North Carolina State University (NCSU). “For this work, we focused on an ultrahigh temperature ceramic called hafnium carbide (HfC). Traditionally, sintering HfC requires placing the raw materials in a furnace that can reach temperatures of at least 2,200
Diagnosing a Dud May Lead to a Better BatteryTBMG-5352708/01/2025
How quickly our society can maximize the benefit of electrification hinges on finding cheaper, higher performance batteries — a reality closer to hand through new research from Virginia Tech.
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