Browse Topic: Data management

Items (11,885)
The proposed Digital Mesh/Fabric concept builds upon the Digital Thread Framework (refer to AIR7161) by representing the interconnection of multiple digital threads across multiple data stores, logical organizing segments, and product life-cycle stages. Unlike a single digital thread, which follows a linear or sequential flow of data utilization through a product life cycle, the Digital Mesh/Fabric forms a complex mesh of n-dimensional interconnected digital threads, allowing for greater value creation, flexibility in data utilization, scalability, and integration.
G-31 Digital Transactions for Aerospace
In this paper, we focus on satellite production lines and design and implement a digital twin simulation and verification system for them. This is to improve manual documentation efficiency and provide sufficient process controllability in the small satellites’ batch production and assembly testing. We built a layered architecture. This allows the system to dynamically interact with AIT data management systems, structured process systems, and equipment data by fusing multi-source data. We also develop functional modules that combine lightweight 3D model visualization, dynamic simulation engines, and hybrid scheduling optimization algorithms. These modules can perform twin simulation, execute processes, intelligently schedule production, manage work reporting, conduct intelligent analysis, trigger anomaly alarms, and perform system management. We also dynamically simulate complex workflows like satellite transfer and automated assembly. These workflows are then verified using 3D virtual scene modeling and physical engines. We use time-series analysis to improve scheduling accuracy and multidimensional dynamic monitoring and hierarchical response to enhance production stability. In practice, the system can provide visualized control over the full process of satellite production. This greatly improves assembly efficiency and process controllability. It can also be an extensible digital way for aerospace manufacturing. The use of hierarchical architecture design and multimodal data fusion can be further applied in the complex equipment intelligent manufacturing.
Zhao, Fenghua
To ensure the successful implementation of the separation, evacuation, and return processes of manned spacecraft after long-term docking at the space station, regular on-orbit health assessments must be conducted. Based on this requirement, a technical method for evaluation through autonomous on-orbit testing is proposed. First, the docking status and characteristics of the manned spacecraft’s systems, such as information management, crew environmental control, thermal control, power management, docking function, attitude, and orbit control function, are described. Then, the functional requirements for the separation, evacuation, and return of the manned spacecraft, such as the relative measurement, the relay communication, TT&C and data transmission, image and voice, instrument display and alarm, and the attitude measurement, are analyzed. Subsequently, the on-orbit testing system, test items, test procedures, and test methods for health assessment are detailed. It also provides the design of TT&C support, the design of energy support, and the main principle explanation for autonomous on-orbit testing of the system.
Cheng, WeiNan, HongtaoTian, YeZhao, Zheng
This paper reviews data fusion strategies for generating aerodynamic databases and evaluates their suitability for motorsport aeromaps, with emphasis on the operational constraints specific to Formula One. A structured survey and classification of the state of the art is presented, grouping approaches into (i) surrogate-agnostic methods, (ii) kriging-based methods, and (iii) neural network–based methods. In addition, the survey explores advanced techniques currently underutilized in aerodynamic database applications but that show promise. These methodologies are discussed in the context of addressing limitations inherent in traditional approaches, such as dependency on nested sampling plans and linear correlation assumptions between low- and high-fidelity datasets. The review indicates that, although multi-fidelity data fusion is well established in aerospace aerodynamic database generation, its direct translation to motorsport requires additional considerations. In the Formula One context, the most plausible deployment may involve fusing legacy and current datasets, rather than combining low- and high-fidelity evaluations of the same geometry. This shift in premise could increase exposure to negative transfer and therefore necessitate additional methods to minimize it. This study provides one of the first motorsport-focused reviews and syntheses of data fusion methods for aerodynamic database generation. It is intended to guide motorsport engineers and researchers toward more efficient and effective aeromap generation strategies. Collectively, the findings establish a foundation for subsequent phases of a broader project to minimize the number of data points required to generate an aeromap, with the present survey constituting the first part of that effort.
Ongley, Thomas James HenryTeschner, Tom-RobinAshton, NeilSiampis, Efstathios
The detection of free space plays a fundamental role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of heavy-duty vehicles, particularly in environments where the available area to maneuver is severely constrained, such as construction zones, rest areas, or loading docks. An accurate estimation of free space is essential to prevent collisions, maintaining operational continuity and minimizing vehicle downtime. As observed from the reviewed literature, despite the large number of proposed free-space detection methods, there is no concise and established definition about how free space should be determined, represented, and inferred, nor agreement on the semantic classes to be considered. This heterogeneity complicates systematic comparison and benchmarking across approaches. This paper presents a structured survey and methodological analysis of recent free-space detection and semantic segmentation approaches across automotive LiDAR-, camera-, and radar-based perception systems, as well as multimodal sensor fusion. The review spans classical geometric and occupancy-based techniques together with deep-learning methods, along with datasets commonly used for evaluation. The main contributions are (i) a structured taxonomy and comparative analysis of existing free-space definitions and detection strategies, categorized by their assumptions, representation forms, and sensing modalities; and (ii) a unified and application-independent definition of free space together with the required semantic classes. These contributions aim to provide a consistent conceptual foundation to support future research and to aid the systematic evaluation of upcoming free-space detection systems.
Martinez, CristianPeters, Steven
Despite advances in CFD, wind tunnel testing remains indispensable for aerodynamic validation, correlation, and homologation. Increasing configuration complexity, shortened development cycles, and stringent result robustness and documentation requirements demand a shift from isolated facilities to integrated, data-driven ecosystems within the overall development and company-wide test processes. We present a software-centric approach integrating wind tunnel operations into a strategic element of the Digital Thread. By orchestrating test planning, execution, data acquisition, and documentation within a unified framework, experimental data becomes reusable across projects and traceable for compliance and homologation. The interaction between CFD and physical testing is important. Such approach systematically improves simulation models with wind tunnel tests. And CFD results guide efficient test matrix definition. Extended measurement methodologies include automated actuation of active aerodynamic components in test sequences, while BEVs introduce further aerodynamic and thermal aspects for range and efficiency. Thus, extended and automated test definition down to the step-level of test sequences is introduced. Within such integrated environment, AI can be a supporting engineering tool to enhance testing. AI-based methods can assist in identifying relevant test points within complex parameter spaces and in correlating experimental and simulated results, assisting but not replacing established engineering judgment. Also, for the operating department, analyzing process data for maintenance predictions and efficiency optimizations can be assisted by AI-based methods and supporting AI-agents. The approach boosts efficiency by reducing test effort and tedious manual tasks, leading to shorter development cycles, supporting improved time-to-market. Structured workflows and standardized data handling enhance data quality, improve comparability of results, and ensure robust documentation for reliable audit trails. By combining physical testing, simulation, and intelligent processing, the wind tunnel becomes a reproducible, innovation-enabling element in modern product development, positioning software as the backbone of efficient, future-proof aerodynamic testing.
Jacob, Jan D.
Occupant protection has been at the forefront of risk evaluation regarding vehicle crashworthiness design. However, the vehicle is a member of a larger transportation system with varied stakeholders. This article identifies an opportunity for assessing risk in a crash event through emerging safety science paradigms. Conventional Safety I and Safety II frameworks handle well-defined hazards but falter with uncertainty, variability, and emergent behaviors in real crashes. A comprehensive literature review was performed on peer-reviewed research to situate automotive crash safety risk within the Safety III paradigms. The review addresses two questions: (1) How is “risk” defined across the crash safety literature and adjacent safety science domains? and (2) What limitations arise from these definitions in practice? Findings show a dominant probabilistic framing alongside a minority of system-oriented interpretations. Current crash safety practice lacks a coherent, system-level definition of risk that integrates uncertainty and knowledge strength, leading to fragmented methods and limited alignment with modern safety science. Based on this synthesis, the article proposes guiding principles for Safety III-aligned guidelines and recommendations that integrate consequences, uncertainty, and knowledge strength to improve transparency, traceability, and adaptability in crash safety decision-making.
Rye, Patrick J.
Circular-economy principles are increasingly central to aerospace sustainability strategies, aiming to extend asset life, improve asset valuations, and enhance benefits to stakeholders in the part ownership and maintenance lifecycle. In aircraft engines, achieving circularity hinges on safe reuse, repair, and recirculation of high-value components. Life-Limited Parts (LLPs) are among the most critical in this context, but their reuse is strictly contingent on complete Back-to-Birth (BtB) traceability. Any gap in BtB records—often due to fragmented data across multiple airline operators, shop visits, document formats, and time expanse—renders otherwise serviceable LLPs unusable, leading to premature scrappage and lost circular value. This paper presents a Generative AI (GenAI)-driven methodology to reconstruct and validate complete LLP BtB histories from heterogeneous, unstructured, and legacy maintenance datasets. By combining aerospace domain-trained language models with embedded life accounting logic and regulatory compliance reasoning, the approach produces audit-ready documentation that assists the asset owners in meeting regulatory standards from aviation authorities such as EASA and FAA. Enhancing traceability to LLPs enables their safe re-entry into operational service, supports the module swaps market, and optimizes part pooling strategies. The result is a digital enabler for circularity in the engine lifecycle—preserving material value and maintaining uncompromised safety and compliance in aviation.
Bhate, UjwalJain, Dilip KumarKulkarni, NinadKalaiyarasan, AravindhJha, AshishShenoy, Karthik
Aircraft verification and certification entail a variety of testing tasks and require coordination among numerous stakeholders across different disciplines to ensure alignment on requirements. Historically, certification strategies have relied on both physical testing and high-fidelity simulation. The integration of these complementary approaches is essential to address their respective blind spots and to support credible certification evidence. A key challenge lies in the rigorous correlation of simulation models with physical test data. Flutter verification, for instance, is a critical component in defining the aircraft’s flight envelope and plays a foundational role in certifying safe operational boundaries. In this work, the process of freedom from flutter verification is demonstrated. This work introduces a novel approach to combining simulation and test data with the aim to accelerate and streamline the verification process leading to more efficient and cost-effective aircraft development. In addition, it is shown how the flutter verification process can be deployed using a simulation process and data management (SPDM) tool from which tasks are assigned and results are collected allowing transparency about the status of the workflow and providing stakeholders access to the data they need when they need it. The workflow is demonstrated using ground vibration test measurement performed on a full-scale F16 aircraft. Throughout the process, simulation data, test results, requirements, and supporting documentation are systematically managed within the SPDM framework. This enables effective cross domain collaboration between simulation and test engineers while also maintaining a single source of truth for proof of compliance and progressively building a robust digital thread throughout the development lifecycle.
Hallez, RaphaelYadabettu, Dayanand Kumarde Boer, JensAspasiou, Vicky
A common-open data exchange standard for rotorcraft health and usage monitoring systems (CODEX-HUMS), SAE Aerospace Standard AS7140, was issued in September 2025. This standard provides a definition for the CODEX-HUMS open data format produced or used by an on-board or off-board system. The centerpiece of the standard is the data model. This paper describes how the two main data types, stream and batch data, are defined and modeled distinctly by AS7140. The batch data model, targeted at high-frequency, short-duration recorded data, features and delineates a "source", an "indicator", and a "status" element. The streaming data model, intended for lower-frequency, longer-duration HUMS data, covers events and parametric data. The data model is structured by defined data collections to describe the data collected or supporting metadata specifying details about the system or underlying data. In particular, there are definition-type entities and recorded data-type entities. This data model is designed to be flexible and efficient in order to accommodate existing HUMS as well as future HUMS development that support legacy and new rotorcraft platforms.
Cheung, CatherineKloda, JaredLarsen, DavidFok, DerekTucker, Brian
This paper presents a mission architecture framework for enabling interoperability in Next Generation Command and Control (NGC2) systems by integrating Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) principles with a shared mission data model. Current C2 systems are fragmented and cannot dynamically integrate capabilities to meet requirements across systems-of-systems (SoSs). This work introduces a Multi-Level MOSA-to-Mission Framework (ML-MMF), which aligns modular system interfaces, a common data model, and mission execution threads to enable composable mission capabilities. The framework supports dynamic orchestration of heterogeneous system functions and enables interoperability across domains from a common data model. The approach is demonstrated conceptually through mission-engineering constructs, such as mission threads and integrated kill chains. The results suggest that aligning MOSA with mission-level data and behaviors enables scalable, adaptive, and reconfigurable C2 architectures.
Kroculick, Joseph
This study investigates the post-failure flight dynamics of a 1200 lb classical octocopter under single motor inoperative condition using nonlinear time-domain simulations with a baseline feedback controller. A physics based propulsion sizing strategy is developed using IEC duty cycle definitions where continuous requirements are derived from nominal hover with margin and short time capability is used to accommodate elevated post failure loads. The selected motor satisfies both regimes and enables transient overdrive without excessive weight penalty. Simulation results in hover and forward flight at the best range speed showing that the vehicle can recover from any single motor failure and retrim using inherent redundancy without fault identification. However, recovery involves significant transient attitude excursions and altitude loss, and requires substantial increases in motor power, with multiple motors exceeding S1 power limits. Post-failure maneuver simulations indicate retained controllability with some degradation and increased coupling. These simulations demonstrate that the proposed motor sizing enables necessary operation post-failure while avoiding unnecessary oversizing.
Lemelin, DakodaGandhi, FarhanFong, Weston
Various methods are traditionally used in the helicopter rotor aerodynamics applications, ranging from high-fidelity CFD, which is the most computationally expensive, to much faster approaches based on lifting-line theory coupled with wake models. However, detailed assessments of these methods are still scarce. Here, we propose to evaluate a wide range of approaches (CFD, actuator line, vortex particle, free wake, and finite-state inflow) on the HVAB rotor in hover, for which an extensive experimental database is available. The analysis of the results enables a precise evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of each method in predicting performance, blade loading and rotor wake flow.
Richez, FrançoisBoisard, RonanBasset, Pierre-MarieValentin, Johan
This presentation discusses the evolution of SMART Layer, based SHM system from a targeted inspection aid to a key enabler of IVHM and CBM strategies. Lessons learned from fielded rotorcraft applications are discussed, along with a practical path for integrating the SHM system components into both sustainment programs and future aircraft designs. The role of automation, data management, and health-state awareness in supporting aircraft readiness and lifecycle optimization is will also be discussed.
Chang, Fu-KuoWang, LujunLi, FranklinChang, GrantKumar, Amrita
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Documenting and mapping using three-dimensional (3D) technologies have become essential in crime- and crash-scene investigations in recent years. Traditionally, this has been accomplished using terrestrial laser scanners (TLS), which often come with significant upfront costs. In contrast, Recon-3D, launched in 2022, leverages the capabilities of Apple’s light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor, available in Pro and Pro Max models since 2020. This study aims to evaluate the relative accuracy of documenting vehicles in both pre- and post-collision conditions using these technologies. A deviation analysis was conducted utilizing CloudCompare software to compare point cloud data collected from the Leica RTC360 laser scanner with that obtained from Recon-3D for 7 vehicles in a pre- and post-impact condition for a total of n = 14 vehicles. At the 1, 2, and 3 cm deviation thresholds, the average percent of points which fell below each threshold level for all vehicles was 66%, 91%, and 97%, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that Recon-3D delivers point cloud data that is useful for pre- and post-collision vehicle documentation.
Lim, JihwaLiscio, Eugene
The useability of development processes in the automotive sector has decreased in the past years to a level at which their application and true benefit to is being questioned. Such degradation can be attributed to new additions to the processes and introduction of FuSa and Cybersecurity standards. The processes try to keep up with the shift from the traditional ‘plan–implement–test–roll-out' methodology to more agile methods. In addition, process departments typically in charge of these processes, focus on compliance to the letter of the standard to achieve certification, often with little thought to the actual implementation and the process they will be used by their engineering teams. Process growth to meet the needs of new and more complex technologies often mandates the use of new tools, which if implemented incorrectly can lead to unnecessary bureaucracy and additional overheads. Furthermore, the language of these new processes is in a form from assessor, making it difficult for an engineer to understand, interpret and implement. As a result, engineers become annoyed, losing productivity and motivation when working with what they perceive as burdensome standards, that simply exist to slow development. This has a huge impact on the competitiveness of companies especially in markets that are facing existential threats from internal and external pressures such as the automotive industry. Against popular belief, the application of generative AI (and large language models) will not solve the problem. On the contrary, it risks automating complex processes in the same unfamiliar language and creating documents to serve process overhead, rather than engineering development. This paper presents inefficiencies in the current state-of-the art processes used in the automotive sector and proposes a structured approach that increases the efficiency of automotive software development. It does so by documenting and implementing development processes based on how engineers actually perform their work. In the second step the adjustments that are necessary to ensure compliance of the product with industry standards are made. Such an approach produces efficient, compact and compliant process definition.
Weber, MatthiasKmiec, MateuszRomijn, MarcelNedkov, Detelin
Reliable component libraries are the foundation of the engineering process and the starting point for all intelligence within CAD tools. In practice, however, libraries created and maintained by librarians often contain incomplete, inconsistent, or outdated data. This paper introduces the component data consistency and relationship inference AI system, developed within Amoeba software, which addresses these challenges by improving component library quality. The system uses AI to infer component attributes such as component type, gender, color, material, etc. Moreover, it can identify relationships such as the family a connector is associated with based on its attributes and geometry. The system improves data consistency in areas such as resolving mismatched wire size constraints imposed by the connector and cavity components. It also utilizes computer vision to identify common connector footprints, cavity sizes, and 2D symbol geometries. Deployed within Amoeba software, the system has shown an ability to create parts ~30 times faster than manual methods with 98.81% accuracy. The novelty of this system is two-fold. First, it represents a unique integration of AI-based attribute inference and relationship reasoning for improving component library data quality. Second, the system enables a new paradigm of on-demand component creation within Amoeba software that allows engineering teams to obtain tailored components immediately rather than waiting for delivery from librarians. By enabling agile component library management and maintaining data integrity, the system brings benefits in the environment of Industry 4.0 and the increasing digitization of engineering processes.
Phan, DungHorvat, Bryan
The development of electric vehicle powertrains is driven by diverse and often conflicting requirements. In early development phases, these requirements are often vague, incomplete, continuously refined and subject to change as development progresses. Moreover, powertrain designs must be competitive regarding multiple key performance indicators (KPIs) such as performance, cost, energy efficiency, and package integration. This challenges engineers to concurrently develop the powertrain design alongside the requirements on which the design is based on. Managing this combination of uncertain requirements and multi-KPI design optimization represents a complex challenge in automotive engineering. The present work introduces a requirements engineering approach based on OPED (Optimization of Electric Drives). OPED digitalizes the transition from requirements to technical solutions by integrating parametric system models with an AI-based evolutionary optimization algorithm. This enables systematic exploration of trade-offs, robust handling of uncertainties, and the effective specification of requirements. The outcome is a Pareto front of optimal and feasible powertrain solutions, providing engineers and decision makers with a quantitative basis for requirement definition and product design in the development process. A case study demonstrates the approach by determining the optimal requirement regarding the maximum speed of an electric passenger car. OPED evaluates the influence of the maximum speed requirement on cost, energy efficiency, and ensures a suitable package integration. A Pareto front is generated that contains optimal powertrain solutions alongside the respective maximum speed requirement. Results show that OPED effectively combines requirements engineering and system design optimization, thereby supporting agile and robust powertrain development.
Hofstetter, MartinLechleitner, Dominik
Global geopolitical volatility is recognized as a critical threat to the resilience of the electric vehicle battery supply chain. Static, manually updated databases are inadequate for capturing the sector’s rapid dynamics, resulting in significant information gaps for strategic planning. To address this, an Artificial Intelligence-driven methodology is proposed for constructing a comprehensive and dynamic database. An automated pipeline was implemented. First, real-time textual data are collected from curated news and industry sources using specialized web crawlers. Then, the unstructured data obtained undergo preprocessing, including deduplication and cleansing, to ensure quality. A core innovation involves the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for deep semantic parsing and extraction of structured information. These models are utilized to accurately identify key entities—such as corporations, facilities, and production capacities—and to delineate complex multi-tier relationships spanning from raw material extraction to final distribution. The output is a structured database that provides a data-rich representation of the global supply chain. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed semantic deduplication framework achieves a recall of 86.3% in identifying duplicate content across multilingual texts, significantly outperforming traditional methods. Through this system, over 200,000 news and industry reports have been successfully processed and structured, encompassing more than 5,000 companies worldwide. This approach highlights the transformative potential of LLMs in industrial intelligence, offering a critical tool for enhancing visibility, fostering resilience, and enabling data-driven decision-making for sustainable mobility amid global disruptions.
Zhu, JuntongLuo, WeiZhang, XiangYang, ZhifengOu, Shiqi(Shawn)He, Xin
Crashes involving passenger vehicles increasingly include vehicles equipped with infotainment systems that are unsupported by commercial vehicle system forensics hardware and software. Examiners facing these systems must overcome challenges in acquiring and analyzing user data, requiring an understanding of both digital forensics principles and the proprietary characteristics of the modules. This paper presents a methodology for acquiring data from previously unsupported Lexus infotainment modules, including techniques to bypass CMD42 security locks on SD cards and extract data. Once acquired, the paper outlines methods for analyzing user data through data carving techniques, enabling recovery of information from binary images even when the full file system cannot be reconstructed. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the integrity of the evidence and validating findings through controlled testing. These validation procedures ensure that the recovered information is both accurate and admissible, providing examiners with actionable intelligence relevant to crash reconstruction and related investigations. A detailed case study demonstrates the application of these methods on an exemplary Lexus infotainment module, illustrating the technical process of bypassing security restrictions, recovering user data, and analyzing the information to uncover relevant insights. Key considerations include correlating extracted data, verifying data integrity, and adapting general forensic principles to a previously unexamined platform. By sharing these findings, the paper provides a roadmap for examiners encountering unsupported vehicle systems, offering practical guidance for overcoming security mechanisms, performing advanced data recovery, and validating results through documented testing. Lessons learned from this work contribute to the broader understanding of automotive digital forensics and underscore the importance of innovative approaches when confronting emerging technologies and proprietary storage protections.
Burgess, Shanon
This SAE Information Report establishes procedures and terminology for measuring, calculating, and referencing the percent vehicle overlap for a case vehicle in real-world or staged end plane collisions where the end plane of the case vehicle is engaged at one of the two bumper corners but not both. This SAE Information Report may be applied to rear or front plane impacts.
Crash Data Collection and Analysis Standards Committee
This SAE J2971 Recommended Practice describes a standard naming convention of aerodynamic devices and technologies used to control aerodynamic forces on trucks and buses weighing more than 10000 pounds (including trailers).
Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
This document provides a summary of names commonly used throughout the industry for aircraft fuel system components. It is a thesaurus intended to aid those not familiar with the lexicon of the industry.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
J1939 Enhanced DBCJ1939DBC_2026033/10/2026
The SAE J1939 Enhanced DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1939 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: The SAE J1939 Enhanced DBC file with Includes 2,400+ Parameter Group Numbers (PGNs) and 16,000+ Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPNs), derived from the J1939 Digital Annex (DA) released in March 2026. One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1939: Convert J1939 data in wide range of software/API tools Combines the J1939DBC and J1939-73DBC files into a single resource REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch Improved Accuracy & Reliability A fully standardized DBC file ensures precise signal decoding, eliminating errors and ensuring reliable data interpretation. Interoperability Seamlessly compatible with many different software stacks, enabling frictionless adoption and significantly expanding market reach. Partnership with Vector Informatik GmbH Works seamlessly with Vector’s free software (CANdb++), used by over 90% of the industry, with free download link provided on SAEI’s J1939DBC file landing page. What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. It contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained within which 'messages' (i.e. CAN IDs). In the J1939 standard, messages are referred to as Parameter Group Numbers (PGN) and signals as Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPN). Further, a DBC file includes names, descriptions, positions, and lengths of the signals - as well as how to offset & scale them.
The scope of this document is to provide considerations, guidelines, and best practices for extracting knowledge from long-term archival data. The document is intended to cover the data generated across all life cycle stages of an aircraft starting from concept to disposal. This document does not standardize the process, nor does it allow regulatory authorities to recognize the document as an acceptable means of compliance. It is only a guideline document to discover, capture, store, retrieve, process, and consume knowledge.
G-31 Digital Transactions for Aerospace
Path selection for the transport of hazardous materials (Hazmats) is a multi-facet decision problem that needs to account for multiple factors such as accident risk as well as transportation cost. Most existing literature has modeled the risk of Hazmats transportation as the product of accident loss, and its probability-based expected utility theory, however, could be problematic since such a risk definition does not necessarily reflect the real perceived risk by the decision-maker. This article proposes a novel approach to the path selection of Hazmats transportation based on the cumulative prospect theory (CPT). Specific steps in the decision of path selection are first laid out in the framework of CPT. Value (Loss) functions of accident in Hazmats transportation are then derived, together with the decision weighting function reflecting accident probabilities. For illustration, a case study is conducted using transportation data from a Hazmats transportation firm in Shanghai. Comparisons of path selections among the newly proposed approach, the existing methods based on expected utility theory, and the actual outcome from the decision-makers clearly indicate the superior performance of the proposed method. The results will enhance the safety level of road transportation of Hazmats.
Wang, XuleiSun, Chunwei
This SAE Standard applies to directional drilling electronics and tracking equipment of the following types: Tracking transmitter Tracking receiver Telemetry device Remote display This type of tracking equipment is typically used with horizontal earthboring machines as defined in SAE J2022.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected VehiclesR-5591/20/2026
The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.
Quigley, Jon M.Gulve, AmolKrishnamoorthy, Jayalekshmi
In the evolving landscape of the automotive industry, this study presents an innovative approach to developing digital twins for driver profiles, establishing a standardized and scalable procedure for collecting and analyzing driving data on a global scale. The proposed methodology centers on the development of a robust cloud infrastructure, including Data Lake and associated services, designed for efficient storage and processing of large volumes of data from multiple markets and vehicle types. The research introduces an adaptable procedure for data collection campaigns, applicable to diverse global markets and encompassing a wide range of vehicles, from internal combustion engines to electric and hybrid models. A key feature of this approach is the establishment of advanced data decoding protocols, enabling precise interpretation of CAN network information from vehicles of different manufacturers and models, even when the CAN structure is not previously known. The study defines standardized parameters for data recording, ensuring comparability across different markets and vehicle types, while developing adaptive analysis methodologies to identify specific driving patterns based on vehicle segment, propulsion technology, and demographic characteristics. This comprehensive approach is underpinned by a framework that ensures compliance with data protection regulations globally, facilitating ethical and legal data management across different jurisdictions. The anticipated outcomes include the creation of a highly flexible data-as-a-service platform capable of integrating and analyzing driver data worldwide, and the establishment of a standardized procedure for characterizing driver profiles. The development of advanced vehicular data decoding capabilities allows for the inclusion of a wide variety of brands and models, enabling truly global insights into driver behavior. This study lays the groundwork for a global understanding of driver behavior, providing automotive manufacturers with a powerful tool to adapt their designs to the needs of users worldwide, accelerating innovation in vehicle design and improving the safety of future vehicles.
Arturo, RubioMarín Saltó, AnnaDiaz, FranciscoOlivencia, Sergio
This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount challenges of functional safety (ISO 26262) and cybersecurity (ISO/SAE 21434) in this new landscape. Finally, we identify open research challenges, ethical considerations, and the future trajectory of SDVs toward fully AI-defined, intelligent, and connected mobility.
Ahmad, AqueelHemanth, KhimavathKumar, OmKumar, RajivHaregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC) integration for continuous monitoring, standardized incident classification based on severity and potential impact, and well-defined communication channels with national Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) and regulatory authorities. By integrating this framework, OEMs can significantly elevate their cybersecurity resilience, strengthen stakeholder confidence, and effectively meet evolving global cybersecurity regulatory demands.
Chaudhary lng, VikashDesai, ManojChatterjee, AvikChatterjee lng, Avik
Automotive OEMs can derive significant cost savings by reducing the quantity of physical crash tests and thereby accelerate product development, when they follow the Euro NCAP Virtual Testing procedure. It helps in optimizing the overall vehicle development process via more efficient simulations, as well as facilitates in early adoption of new safety regulations. In this pursuit, companies must comply with strict Euro NCAP requirements, which includes transparency and traceability of virtual tests. A major challenge therein is model validation – which requires highly precise detailing and extensive use of data for accurately replicating real physics of the problem. Deploying these workflows into an existing simulation process can be a complicated and time-consuming task, particularly when integrating various simulation and testing methods. A powerful simulation process and data management system (SPDM) can thereby assist companies to automate their entire simulation process, ensures transparency for all stakeholders and optimizes the collaboration experience. In this paper, authors demonstrate how companies can use a SPDM system to integrate Virtual Testing into their simulation workflows, ensuring end-to-end automation, comprehensive documentation, data traceability and maximum transparency. Various aspects of Virtual Testing can be efficiently managed within SPDM system - definition and tracking of project requirements, efficient management of model data, automatic simulation setup, automated analysis of results and generation of interactive web reports consisting of Virtual Testing specific checks, which drastically reduces CAE engineer’s manual effort, followed by a secured and efficient transfer of data to Euro NCAP web portal. Ensuring input and output data against any manipulation is a key concern in an industrial level Virtual Testing process, which is addressed via automatic hash generation for the simulation data. The process of making data tamper proof can be managed and tracked within a SPDM system, which ensures confidence in simulation results.
Thiele, MarkoSharma, Harsh
Simulation-driven product development involves numerous computer aided engineering (CAE) model iterations, where each version represents a critical difference. Usually, these multiple model versions are generated by hundreds of simulation engineers working in teams distributed across the globe, making functional collaboration a key to effective product development. To manage vast amounts of CAE data generated by engineers working simultaneously on a project, it is imperative to have a robust version management system to track changes in the CAE data. A robust version management is the backbone of an effective simulation data management (SDM) system. It involves capturing and documenting model changes at every design iteration. Accurate documentation of the model changes is crucial as it helps in understanding the model evolution and collaboration among engineers. However, documenting is usually considered a boring and tedious task by many engineers. This often leads to bad change documentation, which in turn reduces data discoverability and causes knowledge loss. With the onset of artificial intelligence (AI) in engineering simulations, engineers can now learn even more from their simulation data. In this paper, authors have explored an AI-assisted approach for facilitating the change documentation by augmenting the change comments via automatically extracted details, as studied in the SAFECAR-ML research project. The project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the “KI4KMU” initiative (Research, Development, and Use of AI Methods in SMEs). The main goal of SAFECAR-ML is to develop an AI model that understands the nature of design changes and automatically generates change descriptions. When a detailed and informative change documentation is available, large language model (LLM)-based generative AI can be used for discovering and creating simulation-related content in an SDM system, for example by using retrieval augmented generation (RAG) approaches. A long-term outlook is to build an AI-assisted capability to perform complex tasks in an SDM system, like search and summarization of the data, automatic evaluation of simulation results, and thinking models for researching the available simulation data making recommendations on further model changes.
Thiele, MarkoSharma, Harsh
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Full width tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension lamp volume, thereby providing reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by panel stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper presents a comprehensive design and engineering approach aimed at enhancing the modal performance of automotive tailgate systems, with a particular focus on configurations incorporating full width taillamps. The study addresses key structural challenges associated with maintaining stiffness and durability while accommodating complex styling and packaging constraints. By optimizing outer panel joinery, refining mounting strategies, and redefining inner structural reinforcements, the proposed methodology achieves significant improvements in dynamic stiffness characteristics. Experimental and simulation-based evaluations demonstrate a 12% increase in modal stiffness for conventional tailgate architectures and a 45% improvement in coupe-type liftgate configurations. The findings offer valuable insights into the co-development of structural and styling elements in modern tailgate systems, contributing to improved vehicle performance, NVH behavior, and customer satisfaction.
Beryl, JoshuaMohanty, AbhinabUnadkat, SiddharthSelvan, Veera
The purpose of this report is to identify systematic approach of formation of India specific automotive database matrix. At first the paper reviews the practices used to prepare automotive dataset catalogue with established pattern to showcase automotive dataset from which appropriate data clusters can be picked up judiciously in order to train ADAS algorithms. The work applies this framework which helps to establish strategy to build a grid in which Indian automotive dataset can be contoured and selection of serviceable data bunches can be picked. This would make sure prompt selection of database aiming model training with valid input. This serves the purpose of implementation and evaluation of varied ADAS levels in India which insist upon good quality of distinguished dataset pertaining to Indian scenarios. The paper describes the approach with the example of AEB scenarios and present appropriate matrix readiness comprising of relevant data objects excluding unnecessary junk data targeting aftermath. The methodology can be base for amalgam of various Indian specific scenarios layered as per traffic objects and functions which can be picked up based on prerequisites of the test criteria and model training.
Behere, Sayali RajendraKarle, ManishKarle, Ujjwala
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical considerations and public trust. Future research directions include developing real-time monitoring techniques and certification processes for adaptive systems.
Lujan Tutusaus, CarlosHidalgo, Justin
This paper presents an in-depth study on configuration management for civil aircraft electromechanical systems, grounded in process methodologies and practical experience of configuration management. Beginning with the definition and significance of configuration management, the study analyzes existing configuration management practices in domestic and international aviation enterprises. It systematically examines the requirements and frameworks for configuration management in civil aircraft electromechanical systems, refining critical elements through two primary dimensions: the establishment, refinement and implementation of configuration management processes. Critical refined elements are highlighted to offer actionable insights for civil aviation enterprises in advancing their configuration management practices.
Cai, Yiyang
This SAE Standard applies to planning and mapping various types of information associated with directional boring/drilling machines. This type of planning and mapping information is typically used with horizontal directional drilling (HDD) machines as defined by ISO 21467:2023.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
It is necessary to save fuel, shorten flight time and reduce cost in order to achieve maximum economic benefits. In this paper, based on the flight performance of aircraft, a database based on the optimal index of fuel saving is established, and the corresponding four dimension (4D) trajectory prediction information and vertical profile are generated on this basis. Finally, the vertical guidance simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The algorithm can reduce air traffic congestion and improve airport operation efficiency while saving fuel.
Hui, HuihuiLi, Zhiyi
This specification covers particle size classifications and corresponding particle size distribution requirements for metal powder feedstock conforming to a classification.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
The global electronics supply chain has always run in cycles — tight supply followed by sudden gluts — but in recent years, the pace and scale of disruption have accelerated. From semiconductor shortages to shifting trade policies and pandemic-driven bottlenecks, OEMs across every sector have been forced to rethink how they source and secure critical components.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report presents a glossary of terms commonly used in the ground delivery of fuel to an aircraft and pertinent terms relating to the aircraft being refueled.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Aviation carbon verification plays a crucial role in China’s achievement of its “dual carbon goals”. Traditional manual sampling methods are difficult to meet the timeliness requirements of the rapidly increasing volume of flight data. A rapid verification system for flight carbon emissions designed based on process reengineering relies on three spatio-temporal verification methods: weekly cycle verification, flight segment verification, and flight tail number verification. A comprehensive verification framework that can replace manual sampling has been constructed. The system adopts a modular architecture, integrating the functions of data management and rapid verification. Experimental results show that in scenarios with 100,000 flight data, the average verification time of the system is 0.12 hours. Compared with manual methods, the efficiency has been greatly improved, and the f1 score has remained stable at over 89.5%. These findings confirm that the system has advantages in both accuracy and speed, providing crucial technical support for aircraft operators to fulfill their compliance obligations in China’s carbon market.
Ding, WeichenChen, Jingjie
This paper introduces an AI-powered mobile application designed to enhance vehicle warranty management through real-time diagnostics, predictive maintenance, and personalized support. The system supports multi-modal inputs (text, voice, image, video), integrates real-time On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data, and accesses OEM warranty terms via secure APIs. It employs supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning to deliver accurate fault detection, tailored recommendations, and automated claim decisions. Contextual analysis and continuous learning improve precision over time. The application also provides service cost estimates, part availability, and proactive maintenance alerts. This approach improves customer satisfaction, reduces warranty costs, and streamlines aftersales support. Utilizing advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, the application interprets customer queries through multiple input modes—text, voice, video, and image—and retrieves relevant information from the manufacturer’s database to provide accurate and timely responses. Continuous data collection and learning (Model retraining monthly or quarterly as per new data availability) enhance the system’s precision over time, significantly improving customer satisfaction and support quality. Beyond warranty management, the application offers comprehensive features such as product quality assessments, tailored servicing plans, estimated service and replacement costs, part availability from nearby dealers, and streamlined warranty support requests. By analyzing contextual factors like vehicle make, model, usage patterns, and environmental conditions, the system delivers highly personalized responses. Integration with real-time On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data further refines the app’s capabilities, enabling it to address customer concerns with precision. As the system evolves through ongoing data accumulation, its machine learning models continuously improve, ensuring increasingly accurate and relevant support. This holistic approach bridges the gap between vehicle owners and manufacturers, providing users with transparent, intelligent, and proactive warranty and maintenance solutions throughout the vehicle ownership lifecycle.
Ramekar, Vedant MadhavChaudhari, Hemant
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