Browse Topic: Globalization

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AI influence on ICE design26TOFHP02_012/1/2026
Experts offer their outlook on the future of heavy-duty internal combustion engines, and of course artificial intelligence will play a role. Internal combustion engines will continue to be the prime power for key sectors of the global economy. Future engine designs will be heavily influenced by artificial intelligence (AI) and the ecosystem of engine operation. New combustion strategies will deliver more efficiency and lower emissions, while hybrid technology and renewable fuels will be a substantial influence. These are among the key conclusions made by Allen Schaeffer, executive director of the Engine Technology Forum, during the “Engine Design for the Next 20 Years” webinar hosted by Truck & Off-Highway Engineering. Schaeffer was joined on the expert panel by Venu Gupta, who leads engine product strategy and power solutions planning at John Deere, and Mihai Dorobantu, Ph.D., director of technology, planning and government affairs for Eaton's Mobility Group. The webinar is now available on-demand at www.sae.org/webinars/smg-group.
Gehm, Ryan
Implementation of New Educational Technologies for Training Personnel for the Transport Industry2026-26-02411/16/2026
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the digital transformation of education using the example of a project to train engineering personnel for the innovative transport industry in Russia. Special attention is paid to the introduction of hybrid formats, digital platforms, inclusivity, issues of digital inequality, as well as the experience of the National Research Center of the Russian Federation FSUE NAMI and interaction with leading universities in the country. A comparative analysis with foreign initiatives, including modern AI solutions for inclusive education, is presented, as well as the impact of the project to create educational and methodological centers on the professional motivation of teachers.
Shishanov, Sergei, Kurmaev, Rinat, Revenok, Svetlana
Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability Makes Tremendous Progress in First YearTBMG-528754/1/2025
Just one year after signing a ground-breaking trilateral agreement, the Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability partnership is completing facilities construction at the first of three sites that will host a global network of advanced ground-based sensors.
Factors and Requirements for Adhesive Selection in Medical Devices, Part 1TBMG-5214912/1/2024
The global medical device market is projected to reach a value of $656 billion USD by 2032 with a CAGR of 3 percent over the coming decade.1 The preceding decades of globalization and increased prosperity has provided advancement in both medical technology and access to advanced medical care for a greater proportion of the world’s population. Further, an aging population in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia will increase the need for healthcare-related services and medical devices in the coming decades. At present, the North America market continues to dominate the industry, accounting for approximately 43 percent of the market’s revenue share; however, markets in the Asia-Pacific region have the highest expected growth rates in the coming decades.1 Growth and innovation in the medical device market will be critical in the years to come.
IMPROVING THE AGELESS ICE24TOFHP12_0212/1/2024
Clean-burning fuels, aftertreatment and other innovations place the heavy-duty combustion engine on a low-carbon emissions trajectory. Agriculture, industrial, mining, construction, freight transport and other major global economy sectors rely on vehicle power to thrive. “Internal combustion engines - those powered by gasoline, diesel, natural gas or propane - really are key to our current economy, and we see [the ICE] as a key part of our energy future,” Allen Schaeffer, executive director of the Engine Technology Forum, a U.S.-based educational organization, said during a September webinar. Hosted by the Engine Technology Forum, the “Taking Internal Combustion Engines to the Next Level” session focused on current and under-development innovations aimed at increasing engine efficiency and lowering emissions.
Buchholz, Kami
On the Application of Joule-Cycle-Based Waste Heat Recovery to Heavy-Duty Vehicles2024-01-25894/9/2024
Internal combustion engines are becoming ever more efficient as mankind seeks to mitigate the effects of climate change while still maintaining the benefits that a mechanized society has brought to the global economy. As peak values, mass production spark-ignition engines can now achieve approximately 40% brake thermal efficiency and heavy-duty truck compression-ignition engines can approach 50%. While commendable, the unfortunate truth is that the remainder gets emitted as waste heat and is sent to the atmosphere to no useful purpose. Clearly, if one could recover some of this waste heat for beneficial use then this is likely to become important as new means of mitigating fossil CO2 emissions are demanded. A previous study by the authors has identified that the closed Joule cycle (or complications of it beginning to approximate the closed Ericsson cycle) could reasonably be developed to provide a practical means of recovering exhaust heat when applied to a large ship engine. In that previous work there was a sensitivity shown between overall pressure ratio and the ratio of specific heats of the gas being used as the working fluid and, providing those variables were appropriately chosen, relatively high efficiencies and specific work outputs appeared to be achievable. While marine engines might seem to be ideal applications for this technology, in no small part due to the effectively infinite and relatively low-temperature sink available at the bottom of the cycle, their low exhaust temperatures (arising from their inherently high efficiencies) and the existing placement of scrubbers and economizers in the exhaust gas run makes the practical application of waste heat recovery (WHR) more difficult on them; nevertheless, using real exhaust gas compositions, the previous work clearly showed some significant potential in that arena, even if the exact level of upper temperature available in the cycle is still unknown. Given the early indications that Joule-cycle based WHR could work in already-efficient marine applications, this paper investigates the practicality of such methods of recovering exhaust heat in another sector – heavy-duty road transport. In this application, the challenge of a more difficult rejection of heat to the atmosphere on the cold side of the cycle is offset by a hotter exhaust gas temperature. Versus light-duty applications, long-distance transport can offer the chance for more continuous operation with fewer transients to reduce average efficiency, plus a direct economic payback in the form of lower operating costs. To investigate this opportunity modelling was performed using data in the literature already published for a diesel-engined truck which was then input to one of the Joule-cycle-based WHR models already developed for the initial marine-based project. These results show that this WHR concept could usefully be applied to truck use. An open Joule cycle system is then proposed and this too is investigated; here an increased benefit was predicted because, unlike for the closed Joule cycle approach, the working fluid flow rate in the system can be varied over a wider range, and the final heat exchange is avoided, giving a reduced lower cycle temperature.
Turner, James, Kenkoh, Kesty Yong, Gubba, Sreenivasa, Vorraro, Giovanni
Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles2024-26-00401/16/2024
Sustainability has evolved from being just a niche engagement to a fundamental necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become desirable for its ability to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a critical part of the global economy – any effort to curb emissions will have a significant impact on CO2 reduction. Engine lubricant can play an efficient and key role to enhance powertrain performance that have undergone significant hardware changes to reduce emissions. As part of a significant collaborative programme between Tata Motors and Infineum, a new engine oil formulation SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 has been developed and commercially introduced for use in the modern Bharat Stage 6 Phase 2 engines. Introduction of SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 engine oil for Tata Commercial Vehicle application is a step towards delivering a sustainable option beyond improved fuel economy, longer drain interval and enhanced engine wear protection, resulting in reduced carbon footprint of Tata commercial entire fleet. This is the first such comprehensive step towards sustainability in India that sets the trend for a strong quality upgrade in engine oils for commercial vehicles. Development of lubricants towards this must address many challenges of today’s world. Modern Commercial Vehicle engines operate at higher temperatures than before, promoting both oxidation and nitration of the lubricant. At the same time, higher levels of fuel economy require usage of lower viscosity engine oils, which must then be formulated in a manner that protects the engine and maintains hardware durability despite the presence of a thinner lubricant. Theoretical analysis depicting Minimum Oil Film Thickness using simulation software confirmed oil’s capability to provide adequate hardware protection. The formulation uses innovative additive and viscosity modifier technologies together, with base oil systems that enable higher levels of engine fuel economy without compromising durability. The new formulation has been tested extensively both on engine dynos and through field trials in India under varied conditions.
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Bondre, Sushil, Pollington, Mark, Lim, Pei Yi, Madan, Lalit
Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward ServitizationEPR20240021/9/2024
“New Space" is reshaping the economic landscape of the space industry and has far-reaching implications for technological innovation, business models, and market dynamics. This change, aligned with the digitalization in the world economy, has given rise to innovations in the downstream space segment. This “servitization” of the space industry, essentially, has led to the transition from selling products like satellites or spacecraft, to selling the services these products provide. This also connects to applications of various technologies, like cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and virtualization. Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward Servitization discusses the advantages of this shift (e.g., cost reduction, increased access to space for smaller organizations and countries), as well as the challenges, such as maintaining safety and security, establishing standardization and regulation, and managing risks. The implications of this may be far-reaching, affecting not only the space industry but also related fields, such as defense, telecommunications, and activity monitoring. This report also explores the transformative changes happening in the space sector and their impact on economic evaluation and space policy. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Khan, Samir
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Buckle Up! We're Talking Future Trends134037/17/2023
From AI and ChatGPT to geopolitics and global supply chains, a multitude of trends are converging and paving the way for a historic transformation that will reverberate across industries and sectors. Are you ready? For a rousing conversation that is as wide-ranging as it is thought-provoking, we sat down with Katrin Zimmermann, CEO and Managing Director of TLGG USA, to discuss the trends impacting mobility, technology, globalization, and much more. Fasten your seatbelts for an honest discussion that is certain to push boundaries and open minds.
Hineman, Marcie
Foreign Object Damage (FOD) Prevention Program - Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense OrganizationsAS9146 (Current)9/8/2022
This standard defines FOD Prevention Program requirements for organizations that design, develop, and provide aviation, space, and defense products and services; and by organizations providing post-delivery support, including the provision of maintenance, spare parts, or materials for their own products and services. It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to customer, and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
The origin of EV-crucial minerals22AUTP04_084/1/2022
What minerals are used uniquely in the manufacture of electric vehicles? Is the U.S. self-sufficient in these minerals, or does it rely on imports? And if the latter, what are the source countries? These questions are addressed in the two tables below. Table 1 (top) lists the minerals used in a typical electric car and a typical IC-engine conventional car. The data are from the International Energy Agency [https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary]. Importantly, they are applicable for cars and not for vehicles in general, and they are not specifically tailored to the cars made in the U.S. (Note that the relative weight does not necessarily correspond to each mineral's relative importance.)
Sivak, Michael
Direct Ship Guidance for Aerospace CompaniesARP9114B (Current)9/14/2021
This document is limited to the aerospace industry, where an approved manufacturer requests a supplier to ship an article against the approved manufacturer’s quality system directly to a customer. The direct ship process is not required or applicable to standard parts or military parts. In this process, the approved manufacturer is responsible for assurance that the article conforms to type design information.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
Autonomy's Computing Backbone21AVEP05_055/1/2021
Cloud-computing networks are speeding AV development and preparing to manage tomorrow's data-reliant AV fleets. You might never spot one, but computing clouds will be crucial for the success of autonomous vehicles (AVs). The automotive and digital worlds have begun aligning to create the cloud-based digital backbones that will enable AVs to operate safely on real roads and in real time. From an engineering perspective, the same networked resources derived from these partnerships are helping to speed AV development, with connected vehicles already paving the digital pathways. Cloud computing leverages global networks linking hardware-filled data centers to provide on-demand processing power and data storage needed to scale computing requirements via virtualized software environments. Data and requests can come from anywhere on the planet and be managed from equally separated servers. Cloud computing systems are maturing concurrently with AV development in a confluence that is helping to speed many AV engineering processes.
Seredynski, Paul
EDITORIAL: State of the industry: ubiquitous broadband is key21TOFHP02_042/1/2021
Bipartisanship and infrastructure: More of the former will (hopefully) help secure more of the latter. That sums up a recurrent theme during the Association of Equipment Manufacturers' (AEM) mid-January media call to discuss the 2020 elections and what the results mean for the $288 billion equipment manufacturing industry in 2021. Top of the list for the industry's policy priorities is infrastructure. “Passing policies that modernize U.S. infrastructure will allow our nation to address the 21st century global economy, and that's through further investments in our nation's roads, highways, bridges, rails, ports, airports and also to deliver broadband access through all of America,” said AEM president Dennis Slater.
Gehm, Ryan
Adapting to Manufacturing Challenges of COVID-19TBMG-385552/1/2021
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused great changes and challenges, disrupting not only the global marketplace but also the supply chains that keep people and essential businesses healthy and functioning. For example, amid an already growing market for infection-control gear and hygienic products made of nonwoven thermoplastic fabrics, COVID-19 has greatly strained and helped to reshape the global supply chain for nonwoven personal protective equipment (PPE).
A Twenty-five-year Retrospective Analysis of Australia's Previous Defence Aviation Safety FrameworkF-0076-2020-1634810/5/2020
Australia has embarked on an extraordinary reform to design, develop and implement a new and contemporary Defence Aviation Safety Framework. The program seeks to establish a single Defence Aviation Safety Authority (DASA) and issue a comprehensive and integrated suite of Defence Aviation Safety Regulation (DASR) for initial and continuing airworthiness, flight operations, air navigation, aerodromes (inclusive of ship-borne heliports) and safety management systems. While reforms of this scale can often be triggered by reviews into major aircraft accidents, such as The Nimrod Review by Charles Haddon-Cave QC in October 2009, Australia initiated the reform when new aircraft fleets were being introduced and at a time of arguably high-levels of aviation safety. The purpose of this paper is therefore to explain the compelling reason for change; providing a twenty-five-year retrospective analysis of Australia’s previous Defence aviation safety framework to give a rich picture of the difficulties faced by increased commercialization from the late 1990s, globalization in the 2000s, and the recent emergence of strict work, health and safety legislation in Australia.
Hood, James, Marzocca, Pier, Sinha, Arvind
FEV and the Art of EV Testing20AUTP10_0110/1/2020
The legendary powertrain-engineering group has expanded its global footprint into EV testing and development to keep pace with changing technologies and customer demand. Before the impending flood of electric vehicles (EV) expected for the 2025 timeframe enters the market, every one of them - and their subsystems - must be fully tested, validated and calibrated. Companies specializing in engineering, design and testing services are making significant investments to meet industry demand in this already-booming field. One of them, the Aachen, Germany-based FEV Group, has expanded its global footprint into the electrification-testing realm in a big way. Famous for its powertrain-development competency, FEV recently added a 12,000-m2 (∼130,000 ft2) facility dedicated to testing batteries, electric drives and related components. Dubbed eDLP, the complex is among the largest test facilities in FEV's global network and claims to be the largest independent battery-test facility in the world. With a solarpanel array integrated into its full roof area, the new complex near the village of Sandersdorf-Brehna brims with resources for the comprehensive testing of cells, modules and complete high-voltage batteries.
Brooke, Lindsay
Unsettled Topics on the Use of IVHM in the Active Control LoopEPR20200117/1/2020
The growth in global economies has led to a world that has become much more mobile in the last few decades. The number of enplanements has increased and is expected to continue to do so at an annual average rate of 1.8% through 2039 [1]. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of aircraft in service was expected to increase annually to meet the travel demand. Next-generation, more-complex aircraft were scheduled to replace the older aircraft at a pace that still allowed sufficient capacity to meet the increasing demand. The events of 2020 have driven the industry to accelerate retirement of older aircraft while deferring the introduction of new aircraft. While the length of the industry recovery period cannot be predicted, most analysts believe that demand for travel will return once a vaccine is widely available. The impact to the design of next-generation aircraft will likely be shaped by technologies that are being accelerated for the post-COVID world as well as for new mobility platforms. Technologies, such as artificial intelligence and fault-tolerant and self-adapting control, will use integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) capabilities as part of the decision-making processes. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report seeks to explore the unsettled issues surrounding embedding IVHM information into the active control loops of modern aircraft systems and in future generations of aircraft designs. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Walthall, Rhonda
SUPPLIER EYE20AUTP04_074/1/2020
Just when it seems that the industry isn't facing enough challenges, COVID-19 swoops in out of the blue. No extraneous shock that's hit the automotive sector in the past decade-including a tsunami, floods, tornados, critical-supplier facility fires and multi-week labor stoppages-compares with this global health crisis. To an extent, the previous events have had a defined impact with a light at the tunnel's end. COVID-19's full impact is much less certain. Both short- and long-term ramifications are likely to result from COVID-19. Beyond the obvious threat to life, the industry must grapple with new supply-and-demand challenges. While disruptions first became obvious through China's Wuhan area, the interconnected automotive supply chain immediately rose to the surface. Subsequent issues in other parts of China, South Korea, Italy and other countries have and will certainly stress the global ecosystem. I doubt that all issues will be behind us soon, though I'm hopeful that the virus's spread will be abated in due course.
UNDERSTANDING THE SUPPLY CHAIN ENVIRONMENT AND BEST PRACTICES FOR MANAGING RISKS IN TODAY’S COMPLEX ECONOMY2024-01-37728/13/2019
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, to inform the audience on the inherent risk of shortage of raw materials used to produce high-tech devices, sources and the different levels of stakeholders involved in the transformation process – all of which is a subset of the supply chain. Secondly, given that we live in a complex global economy within which changes are occurring rapidly, we need to develop an awareness of risks in our surrounding business environment and develop the skillset necessary to manage risks well.
Khaled-Noveloso, Lubna
The World of Civil AerospaceR-4685/28/2019
Collaboratively written by eleven experts with extensive experience in the field of commercial aviation, The World of Civil Aerospace is a unique book that defines its own category. Covering the beginnings of commercial aviation, aircraft design and certification, manufacturing and testing, airline operation, maintenance and safety, among other topics, The World of Civil Aerospace shows the reader the fundamental (yet almost invisible) aspects of how the planes and airports we use every day actually function. The title, edited by Prof. Ian Jennions, from Cranfield University in the UK, came about from the desire to share the inner workings of what it takes to create, test, approve, certify and launch a new aircraft. Not mention how to maintain it and make the user experience of flying it positive. With the commercial aviation industry expected to continue to grow for decades to come, the challenges of keeping aircraft in the air safely, reliably and economically are enormous. Thousands of engineers, support personnel, maintainers and crews go to work every day with one goal in mind: to make sure air travel happens as it should. And this is no trivial task. The World of Civil Aerospace brings to light the incredible global network of coordinated tasks and skills needed to make it happen.
Jennions, Ian K.
Welded, Flash-Controlled, Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending, Double Flaring, Beading, Forming, and BrazingJ356_201905 (Historical)5/9/2019
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded flash-controlled single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring, beading, forming, and brazing. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications, due to the potential leak path caused by the Inside Diameter (ID) weld bead or scarfed region. Assumption of risks when using this material for single flare applications shall be defined by agreement between the producer and purchaser. This specification also covers SAE J356 Type-A tubing. The mechanical properties and performance requirements of SAE J356 and SAE J356 Type-A are the same. The SAE J356 or SAE J356 Type-A designation define unique manufacturing differences between coiled and straight material. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 for metric tubing, and SAE J1065 for inch tubing. SAE J356 is produced in straight lengths that undergo a secondary heat treat operation. SAE J356 Type-A tubing is heat treated in-line to relieve stresses, and is produced in coil form. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensure that companies can remain competitive in an international market, it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes, which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Selecting Electric Traction Solutions for AGVs and Mobile RobotsTBMG-341124/1/2019
Smarter, better, faster, less expensive — those words are the mantra of today’s global economy. As organizations seek to streamline operations and do more with less, they increasingly focus on automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and similar vehicles to help get the job done. By 2022, analysts expect the global AGV market sector alone to hit $2.65 billion. To meet demand, OEMs will need traction technologies that perform unquestionably while remaining rugged, economical, and easy to install and maintain. Electric traction solutions deliver on all counts.
Welded Flash Controlled, High Strength (690 MPa Tensile Strength) Low Alloy Steel Hydraulic Tubing, Stress Relieved, Annealed for Bending, Double Flaring, Cold Forming, and BrazingJ2832_201902 (Current)2/27/2019
This SAE Standard covers stress relieved electric resistance welded flash controlled single wall high strength low alloy steel tubing intended for use in high-pressure hydraulic lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring,cold forming and brazing. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications due to the potential leak path caused by the ID weld bead. The grade of material produced to this specification is of micro-alloy content. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 and SAE J1065. Brazed and/or welded tube assembly configurations made to specific geometry and components in association with this material may require qualification testing in accordance with ISO 19879. Cold forming the tube end configurations avoids this systemic testing by not compromising the structural integrity of the tube material. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensure that companies can remain competitive in an international market, it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes, which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Servitization and Physical Asset ManagementR-47912/31/2018
Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, was developed to provide a structured source of guidance and reference information on the business opportunities linked to servitization and the management of physical assets. A growing trend in the global economy, servitization focuses on the actual deliverables of an asset from the perspective of the customer: electricity instead of the power plant, thrust instead of the engine, mobility instead of a plane or a car. The book offers high-level overviews of how to servitized and manage assets from a variety of perspectives, reviewing nearly 1,500 books, magazine articles, papers and presentations and websites. Written by Michael J. Provost, Ph.D., and a subject matter expert in modeling, simulation, analysis and condition monitoring, Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, is an invaluable reference to those considering providing asset management services for the products they design and manufacture. It is also meant to support middle management wishing to know what needs to be done to look after the assets they are responsible for and who to approach for help, and academics doing research in this field. Michael Provost, is a British engineer with a doctoral degree in thermal power from Cranfield University.
Provost, Michael John
Network LayerJ1939/31_201809 (Historical)9/13/2018
SAE J1939-31 Network Layer describes the requirements and services for Network Interconnection ECUs (NIECU) that enable electronic control units (ECUs) on a network segment to intercommunicate with other ECUs on different network segments of the vehicle network. This document defines various types of NIECUs. The information in this document applies only to ECUs that are intended to provide networking services. It is not necessary for an ECU to provide any of these services in order to be compliant with the SAE J1939 protocol.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Researchers Develop At-Home Pap Smear TestTBMG-289225/1/2018
An at-home Pap smear test is designed to reduce anxiety associated with the procedure and give women more control over their health without interfering with their work or social life. The Domi Care, designed by industrial design graduate Lauren Emmerson and current senior Anastasia Miller, was recently awarded first place in the International Housewares Association Student Design Competition.
Direct Delivery Authorization Guidance for Aerospace CompaniesARP9107A (Current)11/9/2017
Limited to the commercial aerospace industry where a request is made for a PO to have Direct Delivery Authorization (DDA), which includes an Appropriate Arrangement (AA) between the PO and the Design Organization (DO). In this process the DO is responsible for ensuring the continuous updating of design and airworthiness data to the PO, whilst the PO is responsible for assurance that the manufactured article conforms to approved design and airworthiness data. The PO is responsible to provide airworthiness release documentation.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
A Model Based Control Strategy for an Electric Power Assisted Steering2017-36-028111/7/2017
Automotive industry is looking for new design and product development practices to become more competitive. Challenges in current global market have often included sustainable development, environmental regulation and innovative solution to reach customer needs. Today, carmakers are striving to take competitive advantages over global marketplace. Model-Based-Design (MBD) seems to be a feasible answer to improve software development practices in automotive industry. Furthermore, it has been reported as a novel development approach to develop advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Among ADAS technologies often required to reduce driver fatigue is Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS). By using an auxiliary servomotor, it can reduce significantly driver effort in parking maneuvers. In this scenario, this paper aims to describe how MBD can be used to design EPAS control system. In addition, the tests Model-In-the-Loop (MIL), Software-In-the-Loop(SIL) and Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) are also performed.
Silva, Rafael Rodrigues da, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, de Almeida Pinto, André Murilo, Santos, Max Mauro Dias
Application of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) Superelement Technique for NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) Attributes on a Trimmed-Body Vehicle Structure in Order to Assist Supplier Commodity Development Based Also on NVH Requirements2017-36-008111/7/2017
The business environment is ever changing, several innovations have allowed companies to transcend borderlines and become global entities. While the opportunities are numerous so are the challenges. In this fiercely competitive global marketplace, success requires companies to pay closer attention to supplier relations. The relationship between an automotive industry and its suppliers is an example of it, so the application of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) superelement technique may improve, in terms of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness), the vehicle development efficiency, without compromising confidentiality directives. Most of NVH requirements must be tracked through Transfer Functions (TFs) analyses at response points located on the Trimmed-Body Finite Element Model (FEM), as for example: Point Mobility, Vibration Transfer Function (VTF) and Acoustic Transfer Function (ATF). As the Trimmed-Body is an assembly of sub-systems, some of them developed in-house and other by external suppliers, FEM and TFs must be cascaded to all sub-system developers, including external suppliers. Confidentiality directives do not allow FE models sharing with external suppliers, precluding commodities development by suppliers to be driven by NVH attribute targets and requirements. Although the Global Static Stiffness is not a TF analysis, it is also considered part of NVH requirements. This paper shows how to obtain the static and dynamic reductions of the stiffness, damping, fluid-structure coupling, load and mass matrices of the Trimmed-Body FEM in order to generate a superelement representation with all design variables, as geometries, materials and properties hidden, with no reversal engineering possibility. It will allow external suppliers to develop their own sub-assemblies, considering NVH attribute targets and requirements. It is also part of this paper to propose the inclusion of superelements use on the engineering statement of work (SOW) in order to integrate the suppliers to all phases of new vehicle programs.
Carvalho, Gimaezio Gomes, Martins, Luis Guilherme Mariano Viana
SUPPLIER EYE17AUTP11_0711/1/2017
Facing the new disruptors Industry leaders remain so by staying ahead of the next ‘big’ trend. They view emerging shifts in business and technology as opportunities, regardless of the disruption such trends portend. Even when faced with unexpected (i.e., a natural disaster) or expected (global regulatory) shifts, suppliers must be agile and decisive. Ignorance of disruption is not an excuse. Recent history is littered with examples of the swift exit of key technologies that were once the lifeblood of many suppliers. Sparkplug wires, incandescent bulbs, mechanical throttle control-the list is long indeed. In many cases, the decline was signaled well in advance and took several vehicle cycles to unfold-allowing those impacted to integrate new capabilities, find partners or divest. Other times, the decline was rapid and resulted in hard decisions with few alternatives.
Robinet, Michael
The Safe Handling of High Voltage Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Components within the Global Vehicle Recycling Industry2017-01-12753/28/2017
Global sales of electric and hybrid vehicles continue to grow as emission legislation forces vehicle manufacturers to build cleaner vehicles, with some 8 million already in service. Hybrid and Electric vehicles contain some of the most complex systems ever used in the automotive field, sophisticated and unique electric hybrid systems are added to modern motor vehicles which are already quite complex. As these vehicles reach the end of their lives they will be processed by the global vehicle recycling industry and the high voltage components will be reused, recycled or re-purposed. This paper explores safe working practices for businesses involved in a global marketplace who are completing battery disabling, removal, disassembly, storage and shipping; includes the various technologies and safe working practices along with some of the legal restrictions on dismantling, storage and shipping of high voltage batteries around the world. The paper will also explore how detailed safety, dismantling, storage and shipping information is currently made available to the vehicle recycling community and how this can be improved in the future to enhance the safety of people handling, dismantling, storing and shipping high voltage electric and hybrid components.
Hobbs, David, Ossenkop, Charles, Latham, Andy
State-of-the-Art of CMM-Coordinate Metrology in Automotive Industry2017-01-03973/28/2017
There is an eternal extended cooperation between the CMM-coordinate metrology and automotive industry which affecting positively the world economy. Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is considered as one of the very important techniques to increase the manufacturing quality. Hence, giving more attention to the CMM metrology can play a good role in that area to increase the outcome of the auto industry with high quality. Thus, developing CMM-coordinate metrology techniques constitutes allows important issue and needs more and more scientific research work to enhance the automotive industry. This paper aims to give an overview on the new research works performed in this area during the last few years. The article discusses the latest technology and being updates, such as micro-CMM and hybrid-multi-probe-CMM. On the other hand some new applications of CMM-coordinate metrology techniques in automotive industry have been presented.
Ali, Salah H. R.
SUPPLIER EYE17AUTP03_083/1/2017
Smaller suppliers facing global challenges Smaller suppliers: How are you coping with globalization? It's a daunting task to follow OEM or Tier-1 customers around the world. Coordinating with their rapid-fire launch cadences requires a significant investment in people, resources and capital. Several smaller, regional suppliers who were not willing to extend their enterprise and increase their exposure to greater risk have opted to consolidate with larger players, or look for alternative approaches.
Robinet, Michael
Generation of 3D-Digital Indian Public Road Profile Database and Its Application for Vehicle Development through Road-Vehicle Interaction Study2017-26-02751/10/2017
Design of vehicle for targeted customer usage is one of the key steps during vehicle development process. Due to globalization, most of vehicles, aggregates, components are being designed for global market considering worldwide load spectrum. Generally for doing this the vehicle response is being measured for different markets but this process is very time consuming. Also for getting these vehicle dependent parameters, exercises need to be repeated on each type/class of vehicle. So there is a need to have a robust procedure, tools which will helps OEM’s to predict the loads, vehicle response for different market segments at an early stage of vehicle development program using the inputs which are vehicle independent. The solution for this could be to use vehicle independent input such as digitized road profiles (2D or 3D) of target customer markets in combination with proper MBD simulation tools. This paper discuss about methodology used for generation of the 3D digital Indian road profile database and its applications in vehicle development. The paper elaborates on the methodology , process developed for measurement and the generation of vehicle independent 3D (X-Y-Z grid) digital road profile database (in .CRG/.RGR format) of typical Indian roads using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) based laser sensors. Also various features of 3D public road profiles and its effect on vehicle response through Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) simulation are studied. The different applications of generated public 3D road profile database for vehicle design development are also discussed.
Pawar, Prashant, Joshi, Omkar, Saraf, Mangesh
Aerospace Operator Self-Verification ProgramsAS9162 (Current)11/8/2016
This document identifies the basic elements and provides a standard for structuring operator self-verification programs within the aviation, space, and defense industry for producers of commercial and military aircraft and weapons platforms, space vehicles, and all related hardware, software, electronics, engines, and composite components. The requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
How to Enhance Gear Shift Feel of North-South Transmission Layout2016-01-235710/17/2016
Globalization has intensively driven focus of car manufacturers on comfort and ergonomics. Luxuries are becoming essential features of product mix. Customer’s expectations and desires are changing because of cut throat competition and increasing variety of options. In order to sustain in marketplace, OEM has to be competitive while providing features and options with appropriate quality. Vigorously changing dimensions and definitions of comfort level, luxury and aesthetics has driven the intense focus of OEM’s on customer touch points, customer touch points are those components of vehicle which customer accesses while driving the vehicle and they play vital role in generating drive feel of vehicle. Customer’s drive feel about the vehicle is most complex and critical factor and is of subjective nature. Now days drive feel is an important aspect of product differentiation. Gear shift feel is very crucial touch point in overall drive feel of vehicle. Customer desires overall Gear shift quality to be best in class for any transmission. Gear shift feel is very difficult to define because of diversities in customer aspirations and demands; many times these demands are of conflicting nature for e.g. demand of light shifting force and click feel, firmness and non-scratchy shift feel etc. In this paper different parameters of GSQ (Gear Shift Quality) and their effects on gear shift feel is explained with help of math model or relation matrix. Along with this also some practical cases explained where different shift feels were obtained on same gearbox by altering choice of shifting mechanism. This paper throws light on how to enhance this shift feel by using different combinations of damper bushes and spring stiffness and describes experimentation and procedures used to define and enhance the Gear Shift Feel and get over classic shift feel problems like stickiness, scratchiness etc.
Gurav, Onkar P., Deshmane, Santosh
Welded and Cold Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Annealed for Bending and FlaringJ525_201609 (Historical)9/9/2016
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded, cold-drawn, single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, flaring, forming, and brazing. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Seamless Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Annealed for Bending and FlaringJ524_201607 (Historical)7/27/2016
This SAE Standard covers cold drawn and annealed seamless low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as hydraulic lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for flaring and bending. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Cellular Satellites: Joint Communications with Integrated AcquisitionTBMG-239712/1/2016
It’s a familiar image: a soldier crouching with a radio next to a spidery antenna pointing skyward to reach a distant satellite. But that view of military communications is on the verge of change, being replaced by troops rapidly exchanging data while moving seamlessly around the battle space.
CITIZEN of the WORLD16AUTP02_032/1/2016
Cuneyt L. Oge begins his term as 2016 SAE International President with a vision about auto-mobility and aero-mobility 2050. He was born in Turkey, spent time in the U.S. as a young adolescent, graduated high school in Europe, returned to the U.S. for college, learned to speak multiple languages, married a Greek, and traveled the world. “As my name implies, I'm a bit of a curiosity,” allowed incoming SAE International President Cuneyt Oge (pronounced June-eight Oh-gay). The veteran management consultant, who officially took over as SAE President in January, puts no negative spin on that self-appraisal. Quite the contrary, as he goes on to say: “I think I qualify as a bona fide citizen of the world.”
Ponticel, Patrick
Looking at mobility in 205016OFHP02_052/1/2016
Cuneyt L. Oge begins his term as 2016 SAE International President with a vision about the future of auto- and aero-mobility. Cuneyt L. Oge was born in Turkey, spent time in the U.S. as a young adolescent, graduated high school in Europe, went to college in the U.S., learned to speak multiple languages, married a Greek, and traveled the world. “As my name implies, I'm a bit of a curiosity,” allowed incoming SAE International President Cuneyt Oge (pronounced June-eight Oh-gay). The veteran management consultant puts no negative spin on that self-appraisal. Quite the contrary, as he goes on to say: “I think I qualify as a bona fide citizen of the world.”
Ponticel, Patrick
Data Mining in Cyber OperationsTBMG-2306610/1/2015
Defending cyberspace is a complex and largely scoped challenge that considers emerging threats to security in space, land, and sea. The global cyber infrastructure presents many challenges because of the complexity and massive amounts of information transferred across the global network daily. The cyber infrastructure is made up of the data resources, network protocols, computing platforms, and computational services that bring people, information, and computational tools together.
An Overview of Nitinol: Superelastic and Shape MemoryTBMG-2307710/1/2015
The world population is growing, globalization has resulted in a higher standard of living in many countries, and people are living longer. With increased living standards and choices people make, lifestyle-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, are on the increase. Companies race to make medical devices to cure challenging physical conditions and diseases. Novel materials are an integral part of supporting such design and development. One such material is Nitinol (NiTi), a serendipitous discovery in 1959 by William J. Buehler during research at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, MD. Nitinol, which saw use in medical devices beginning in the late 1980s, stands for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory.
Welded Flash Controlled, SAE 1021 Carbon Steel Tubing, Normalized for Cold Forming, Welding and BrazingJ2435_201508 (Historical)8/11/2015
The SAE Standard covers normalized electric resistance welded flash controlled single-wall, carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for cold forming, welding and brazing. Material produced to this specification should not be used for single flare applications due to the potential leak path that would be caused by the ID weld bead or scarfed region. Assumption of risks when using this material for single flare applications to be defined by agreement between the producer and tube purchaser. The grade of material produced to this specification is higher in carbon and manganese content than the grade of material specified in SAE J356 and is intended to service higher pressure applications than equivalent sizes of SAE J356. Due to the higher carbon and manganese content the forming characteristics of the finished tube are diminished versus the SAE J356 product. Special attention to the overall forming requirements of the finished assembly shall be taken into consideration when specifying material produced to this specification. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Welded and Cold-Drawn, SAE 1021 Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending and FlaringJ2467_201506 (Historical)6/30/2015
The SAE Standard covers normalized electric resistance welded, cold-drawn, single-wall, SAE 1021 carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, flaring, forming, and brazing. The grade of material produced to this specification is higher in carbon content and manganese content than the grade of material specified in SAE J525 and is intended to service higher pressure applications than equivalent sizes of SAE J525. Due to the higher carbon and manganese content the forming characteristics of the finished tube are diminished versus the SAE J525 product. Special attention to the overall forming requirements of the finished assembly shall be taken into consideration when specifying material produced to this specification. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
Wireless Charging Technology and The Future of Electric TransportationR-4446/8/2015
Around the world, the major automakers are developing their strategies for conductive and wireless charging technologies, with concerted efforts to establish technical standards on wireless electric vehicle charging, mainly focused on the safety considerations and inter-operability. Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation covers the current status of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology and its potential applications to the future road and rail transportation systems. Focusing on the applications of WPT technology to electric vehicle charging and the future green transportation field, Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation was written collaboratively by nine experts in the field, led by Dr. In-Soo Suh, a professor and researcher from the Korean Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST). This book brings an in-depth analysis of the most important areas of interest in this new area, such as: • Working principles of wireless power transfer technology • Current technology and its projected future impact on electric vehicles • Comparison between conductive and wireless charging of electric vehicles • Introduction to dynamic wireless charging systems • Technological challenges and international technical standards activities • Applications in consumer electronics, rail, aviation, marine, and off-road transportation • Long-distance electrical energy transfer
Suh, In-Soo
Interactive Work Instructions for Bell 525 RelentlessF-0071-2015-102025/5/2015
The manufacturing industry has put into practice a methodology that embraces Design for Manufacturing and Globalization. Competition in the global manufacturing industry demands greater forethought in new product development. Products must transition through the development lifecycle faster, provide flexibility to transfer manufacturing operations to other countries, facilitate cost reduction and augment strategic market objectives. To achieve these goals at Bell Helicopter, the new Bell 525 Relentless has made extensive use of Engineering Digital Product Definition (DPD) and Interactive Work Instructions (IWI). A cultural change achieved the end result of a design that contains a new product structure capable of leveraging global technology resources, with creative delivery of work instructions for manufacturing.
Grenier, Isabelle
The Impact upon Applicability of Metal Fuel Tank Using Different Biodiesel2015-01-05214/14/2015
With the development of world economy, the shortage in the supply of oil energy as well as the greenhouse effect have become a public concern around the world. The application of biodiesel on vehicle transportation has become the focus of development in many countries. Biodiesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), is made during the process of transesterification of the animal and vegetable oils. Compared with fossil diesel, biodiesel has some characteristics, such as organic acid, higher water saturation, and oxygen content. From the results of the literatures [1] to [5], it showed that biodiesel would cause the inflation of some plastic and flexible products and the corrosion of metal materials. Metal fuel tanks have the characteristics of high flammability, high impact resistance, and good workability and are often used in commercial vehicles. The corrosion of metal materials is a natural chemical change and it can be influenced by the environment. The metal materials soaked in biodiesel will show different rates of corrosion and phenomenon, influenced by the factors such as water content, PH value, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, microorganism attachment and so on. Therefore, nine different oils (D100, B2, B5, B10, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100) and four different samples of metal fuel tanks (Zn, ZnSn, SUS 304 and SUS 316) were used in this study under the conditions of room temperature, and high humidity. With the samples soaked for 2400 hours, the visual investigation was used for surface observation, the film thickness gauge was used to measure the thickness of Zn coating, SEM & EDS qualitative analysis were conducted, and the conductivity of the oils was analyzed periodically to study the impacts of biodiesel on fuel tanks. The results of this study showed that after being soaked for 2400 hours, on the surfaces of the four different metal fuel tank samples, rust or corrosion were not found. There were some color changes found on the Zn coated samples soaked in B40 and above, but the thickness of Zn coating was not reduced. Using the SEM & EDS element analysis, it was found that there was some oxidization on the Zn coated samples with the increase of the percentage of the biodiesel. As for the stainless steel samples, little oxygen was measured. However, for the quality of biodiesel, the performances on conductivity, oxidation stability and the amount of dissolved Zn from the Zn coated samples using high percentage biodiesel (B20 and above) were poor. If the fuel tank was made of Zn coated material, it might increase the deterioration of high percentage biodiesel. Therefore, it is suggested that when using or transporting low percentage biodiesel (B20 and below), the material of the equipment should be coated with Zn or stainless steel. However, when storing high percentage biodiesel for long hours, the storage equipment should be made of stainless steel to avoid speeding the deterioration of the quality of the oils.
Ku, Yong-Yuan, Tang, Ta-Wei, Lin, Ko Wei, Chan, Steven
Digital Manufacturing: The Digital Tapestry2014-01-22679/16/2014
Rapid advances in cloud-based computing, robotics and smart sensors, multi-modal modeling and simulation, and advanced production are transforming modern manufacturing. The shift toward smaller runs on custom-designed products favors agile and adaptable workplaces that can compete in the global economy. This paper and presentation will describe the advances in Digital Manufacturing that provides the backbone to tighten integration and interoperability of design methods interlinked with advanced manufacturing technologies and agile business practices. The digital tapestry that seamlessly connects computer design tools, modeling and simulation, intelligent machines and sensors, additive manufacturing, manufacturing methods, and post-delivery services to shorten the time and cost between idea generation and first successful product-in-hand will be illustrated.
Bullen, George Nicholas
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