Browse Topics

Items (215,940)

Comparative Analysis of Flux Linkage Characterization Methods for Automotive Permanent Magnet Traction Motors: A Critical Review and Performance Evaluation Framework

2026-01-0441To be published on 04/07/2026

Accurate flux linkage characterization is essential for the design, control, performance and efficiency optimization of permanent magnet (PM) traction motors in automotive applications. Precise knowledge of flux linkage across varying load, speed, and temperature conditions directly impacts torque production, field-weakening capability, overall drive system efficiency and torque security. This paper presents a critical review and classification of flux-linkage characterization methods, encompassing offline laboratory mapping, standstill signal injection, self-commissioning inverter-only routines, and online real-time estimation. Each method exhibits distinct trade-offs in terms of accuracy, robustness to inverter nonlinearities, temperature adaptability, cost, and scalability for production and in-vehicle use. With the increasing complexity of automotive traction systems, understanding these trade-offs is crucial for optimal motor design and control. To enable systematic comparison, a

Khan, Ahmad Arshan, Haddad, Reemon, Kim, Jay, Hermann, Justin, Mohamadian, Mustafa

Development of a model-based data-driven control algorithm for a Drive-By-Wire System for a Level 4 Automated Vehicle

2026-01-0043To be published on 04/07/2026

Precision control in Level 4 Automated Vehicles is essential for enhancing operational efficiency, accuracy, and safety, including improvements in time and fuel consumption. This research, conducted as part of ARPA-E’s NEXTCAR program, focuses on developing a robust control algorithm for a 2021 Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) to enable drive-by-wire functionality. A model-based control algorithm was created for a 2021 Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) to enable drive-by-wire functionality for longitudinal and lateral motion controls. This vehicle was equipped with a set of sensors and an onboard processing unit to enable Level 4 automation. An algorithm was designed to command steering torque to the electronic power steering module, ensuring the vehicle could attain the desired steering angle position at varying speeds. The system leveraged feedforward and feedback mechanisms to command steering torque to the electronic power steering module

Adsule, Kartik, Bhagdikar, Piyush, Drallmeier, Joseph, Alden, Joshua, Gankov, Stanislav

Adaptive Torque Vector Control for Distributed Drive Intelligent Electric Vehicles Using Model and Data Driven Approaches

2026-01-0628To be published on 04/07/2026

To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of distributed drive intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) under difference road conditions, especially in combing road information and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the distributed drive intelligent EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate chassis control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis control strategy of distributed drive intelligent EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, an adaptive torque vector hierarchical controller based on road level and adhesion is proposed, which optimizes the comprehensive. First, combined with the characteristic of the unbalance dynamic force caused by the air gap between the stator and the rotor of the in-wheel motor, a

Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Gaoming, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhou, Zitao, Huang, Taishuo, Ma, Changye

Navigation Integrated End-to-end Path Planning Development and Vehicle Testing

2026-01-0032To be published on 04/07/2026

In order to achieve fully autonomous driving, point to point autonomous navigation is the most important task. Most existing end-to-end models output a short-horizon path which makes the decision process hard to interpret and unreliable at intersections and complex driving scenarios. In this research, we build a navigation-integrated end-to-end path planner on top of an openpilot open source model. We created a navigation branch that encodes route polyline geometry, distance-to-next-maneuver, and high-level instructions and combines with path plan branch using residual blocks and feed-forward layers. By adding minimal parameters, new model keeps the original openpilot tasks unchanged and have the path output based on the navigation information. The model is trained on diverse urban scenes and lighting conditions, and it shows improved route adherence in vehicle testing. The proposed model is validated in a comma 3x device installed on a 2025 Nissan Leaf test vehicle. The road test

Wang, Hanchen, Li, Taozhe, Hajnorouzali, Yasaman, Burch, Collin, li, Victoria, Tan, Lin, Arjmanzdadeh, Ziba, Xu, Bin

Aerodynamic Proximity Effects Between the DrivAer and AeroSUV Standard Models, Part 2 – Adjacent-Lane and Lateral-Offset Interactions

2026-01-0606To be published on 04/07/2026

Aerodynamic interactions between two 30%-scale passenger vehicles in close proximity were examined experimentally in a large wind tunnel, with a focus on longitudinal separations up to 2 vehicle lengths, lateral separations up to one lane width, and combinations thereof. Part 1 of this paper described the longitudinal following (platooning) configurations of these results, while this paper concentrates on adjacent-lane influences and lateral-offset effects when platooning at a single separation distance. Test models were based on the DrivAer and AeroSUV open-access geometries, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants. This provided four distinct model pairings, not all of which were tested in each positional arrangement. Adjacent-lane results matched the trends from a smaller-scale study in a different wind tunnel using the same geometry pair, with differences attributed to different blockage ratios in the two wind-tunnel studies. For three

McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh

Occupant and Seat Responses in Various Rear Impact Conditions: Focus on Head-to-Head Restraint Interactions

2026-01-0565To be published on 04/07/2026

Head restraint requirements and designs have evolved to minimize the delay in head support and reduce differential loading in the neck. As a result, they have become bigger, closer to the occupant’s head, and angled forward relative to the seat back. Head restraints have been found missing or detached in the field; they may be removed pre-crash due to occupant comfort issues, or post-crash for better accessibility during extrication. Additionally, although rare, head restraints may become detached in severe rear impacts due to occupant loading. To better understand occupant-to-head restraint dynamic interactions, nine rear sled tests were conducted. The test conditions were selected to represent worst case severe loading scenarios. An instrumented 50th Hybrid III ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) was lap-shoulder belted on a right-front seat. The neck was equipped with a bracket and lower neck load cell designed for rear impacts. Three series of sled tests were performed wherein the

Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Davidson, Russell

Design and Simulation Analysis of an Integrated Honeycomb-filled Front Bumper for a Special Vehicle

2026-01-0475To be published on 04/07/2026

In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front impact beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front impact beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure is carried out and

王, Xufan, Yuan, Liu-Kai, Zhang, Tangyun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Liangmo

From LLM to Deep Learning: Efficient Simulation of Last-Mile Energy Behavior in Campus Communities

2026-01-0461To be published on 04/07/2026

Communities are critical nodes in the urban energy network, integrating energy, transportation, and building systems to enhance overall energy efficiency. Accurate management of these systems depends on characterizing individual energy-demand behaviors. However, traditional last-mile behavioral models often fail to capture the complex and non-linear nature of human decision-making, creating a need for advanced simulation techniques. Although agent-based simulations powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy across diverse domains, their substantial computational demands—specifically in terms of token consumption—pose pronounced constraints in large-scale simulations involving tens of thousands of agents, considerably limiting their practical applicability. To address this challenge, a deep learning-based approach is proposed for single-step prediction of last-mile behavior. A hybrid architecture, consisting of an MLP encoder and a Transformer

Yang, Zhifeng, Chen, Yongjian, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Evaluating the Effects of Improper Positioning and Unbuckling of a Restraint System on a 10-year-old Child ATD in a Far Side Side-Impact Environment

2026-01-0562To be published on 04/07/2026

Five sled tests were performed with a Hybrid III 10-year-old child ATD positioned in the 2nd row left seat of a three row 2006 Sport Utility Vehicle. The sled buck was positioned and accelerated on a Hyge Sled to replicate an intersection side impact collision to the passenger (right) side of the Sport Utility Vehicle. 3 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 17 mph, with one test performed with a properly restrained ATD and two tests performed with improper restraint positioning. 2 of the 5 tests were performed with a delta-V of 24 mph, and both tests included improper restraint positioning effectively identical to the two 17 mph delta-V tests. The first scenario of improper restraint positioning involved moving the torso belt from the left shoulder, over the head, and onto the right shoulder. The second scenario involved the same belt re-positioning as the first scenario, but additionally disengaged the latch plate from the buckle, essentially creating a condition of seat

Luepke, Peter, Hewett, Natalie, Betts, Kevin, Van Arsdell, William, Weber, Paul, Stankewich, Charles, Miller, Gregory, Watson, Richard, Sochor, Mark

Low Speed Bumper System Impact Variation Study

2026-01-0474To be published on 04/07/2026

Variation studies are an important part of the product development (PD) process. They help to understand and estimate real-world deviation from design nominal parameters, optimize designs for robustness, reliability, and cost-efficiency. CAE and Virtual tools enable us to simulate a great number of different variation types and capture the full bandwidth of actual field performance - rather than the validation from a limited number of physical tests. In this study, the effects of various factors on vehicle performance during low-speed impacts, utilizing a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach have been investigated through virtual simulation. Low-speed impacts, typically defined as collisions occurring at speeds less than 2.5 mph, are critical for understanding vehicle insurability and compliance with regulatory standards. The factors examined include vehicle impactor position, impact speed, and angle of collision, part thickness variation, material card variation. The DOE methodology

Suravaram, Raghu Mohan Reddy, Islam, ABM Iftekharul, Larson, John, Tehrani, Babak, Koch, Lisa, Mathur, Mohit Sain

Techno-economic assessment of battery recycling and cascade use for legal and illegal recyclers in China

2026-01-0456To be published on 04/07/2026

With the strong momentum of electric vehicles (EVs), the battery recycling industry is undergoing rapid growth. While the Chinese government has implemented a white-list mechanism under which only approved recyclers are allowed to process retired batteries, small-scale illegal battery recycling vendors have posed a serious challenge. This study compares the techno-economic performance of battery recycling between legal and illegal recyclers in China, and makes recommendations to eliminate illegal operations. Our research covers two battery chemistries: lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as well as two technological pathways: resource recycling and cascade utilization. For the general case, the costs of illegal vendors are 35-46% lower than that of legal companies. Although legal companies achieve high resource utilization, their overall economic performance lags behind due to their high costs associated with equipment, environmental protection

Du, Shilong, Li, Haoyang, Dou, Hao, Hao, Han

Quasi-Static Head Restraint Pull-Tests to Assess Retention Performance: Maximum Load and Damage Characteristic

2026-01-0564To be published on 04/07/2026

Head restraint requirements and designs have evolved to minimize the delay in head support and reduce differential loading in the neck. As a result, head restraints have become bigger and more angled forward, sitting, closer to the occupant’s head. Head restraints separation from seatbacks are sometimes observed in the field. Are head restraint detachments resulting from occupant comfort issues prior to the crash, occupant loading during the crash or were they removed by emergency personnel for extrication? Understanding the retention strength of head restraints and the type of evidence left behind by a forced removal may help researchers resolve the question of how a head restraint may be found post-crash separated from the seat. Quasistatic pull tests were conducted to measure vertical retention capabilities, compare vertical adjustment and release mechanisms, and document deformation and damage. Eighteen different front seat head restraint designs were evaluated. The model years

Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Davidson, Russell

Enabling Sustainable E-Mobility: An Edge–Cloud Collaborative Framework for Battery Lifecycle Health Management in Electric Vehicles

2026-01-0460To be published on 04/07/2026

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, uncertainty regarding battery degradation remains a significant obstacle, hindering vehicle energy efficiency, operational safety, and the recovery of end-of-life value. Accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are therefore critical for sustainable vehicle lifecycle management. This study proposes an edge–cloud collaborative intelligent framework for in-vehicle deployment that leverages a Transformer-based architecture to jointly model SOH and RUL. The cloud-side model retains the full configuration to capture long-term degradation trajectories for high-accuracy RUL prediction. A lightweight edge-side model, engineered via pruning and knowledge distillation, delivers millisecond-level inference for real-time SOH estimation onboard the vehicle. To ensure efficiency, only four core health indicators are

Gao, Weimin, Lv, Zhilong, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highways

2026-01-0615To be published on 04/07/2026

This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study[1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the CD yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence frequency. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course[2]. The driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw frequency and CD yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw frequency varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weight the road environment type frequency when calculating the driving energy. The frequency was calculated using machine

Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt

Energy-Aware Traffic Signal Optimization for Sustainable Urban Networks Using Valid Action Policies

2026-01-0462To be published on 04/07/2026

Optimizing signal control across urban networks is crucial for reducing energy consumption and improving traffic efficiency. Advances in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies have enabled deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to demonstrate significant promise in traffic signal control. However, many existing studies focus primarily on agent performance while neglecting practical operational constraints, which can lead to fairness issues in traffic control. Moreover, prior work often treats energy optimization as a by-product of efficiency. To address these gaps, this study proposes a multi-agent DRL framework to mitigate peak-hour congestion and reduce excessive emissions in urban networks. Building on this framework, a variant of Independent Proximal Policy Optimization (IPPO), termed Global State Independent PPO (GS-IPPO), is developed to enhance IPPO's coordination capability. To further improve practical applicability and fairness, this study incorporates constraints imposed by the

Qian, Wangrui, Jiang, Shuyan, Qi, Hao, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)

Trajectory Prediction Model for Autonomous Vehicles in Highway Scenarios Based on Spatiotemporal Interaction Feature Extraction

2026-01-0027To be published on 04/07/2026

Accurately predicting the future trajectories of surrounding vehicles is one of the core tasks in autonomous driving, and its precision is directly related to the safety and reliability of decision-making, path planning, and control execution. However, challenges such as the complexity of traffic participants’ behaviors, the variability of interactions, and the highly dynamic nature of traffic environments make it difficult for existing methods to effectively model spatiotemporal dependencies and achieve accurate long-term prediction in dynamic scenarios, thus limiting their applicability in real-world settings. In this paper, we propose a Transformer-based trajectory prediction model with a spatiotemporal attention mechanism to extract and effectively model vehicle motion and spatial interactions. Specifically, the temporal attention module captures the motion patterns of the target vehicle across the time dimension, while the spatial attention module constructs vehicle interactions

Zhang, Lijun, Hu, Xingyu, Meng, Dejian, Zhu, Zhehui

A System-Level Calibration Framework for Embedded Vision: Integration of Sensor, Firmware, and Software Enhancements

2026-01-0013To be published on 04/07/2026

Embedded vision systems are essential for contemporary applications, including robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent surveillance; yet they frequently experience diminished image quality due to resource constraints, environmental variability, and inconsistent illumination conditions. Such degradations impact multiple visual attributes-sharpness, contrast, color accuracy, noise levels, and structural similarity-that are critical for reliable perception in safety- and performance-driven domains. This study introduces a comprehensive system-level calibration architecture that integrates three coordinated layers: sensor-level adjustment, firmware optimization, and adaptive software enhancements. At the sensor level, exposure control, gain tuning, and white balance adjustments mitigate luminance imbalance and color shifts under changing light conditions. Firmware optimization leverages image signal processor (ISP) parameters to reduce temporal and spatial

Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar, Vishnoi, Nitin, Kamadi, Venkata

Sensor Fusion Method for In-Cabin Humidity Prediction

2026-01-0131To be published on 04/07/2026

Maintaining optimal in-cabin humidity levels is part of occupant comfort, air quality, and the effective operation of climate control systems, particularly for functions like windshield defogging. This paper introduces a novel sensor fusion methodology for predicting in-cabin humidity distribution without dedicated humidity sensor. The proposed approach leverages readily available vehicle data, integrating information from ambient temperature sensors, in-cabin temperature sensors, occupant detection systems, window status, and climate control settings. By intelligently fusing these diverse data streams, a predictive model is developed to infer the dynamic humidity conditions within the vehicle cabin. We discuss the complex interactions between these parameters, such as the moisture contribution from occupants, the influence of external air ingress through open windows, and the dehumidifying or humidifying effects of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system. The paper

Ghannam, Mahmoud, Schroeter, Robert, Shaik, Faizan

Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Drizzling-Based Evaporative Cooling for Enhanced Thermal Management of FCEV Stack

2026-01-0115To be published on 04/07/2026

In response to increasingly stringent global emissions regulations, including Euro 7, the automotive industry is intensifying its focus on eco-friendly propulsion systems. Among them, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have emerged as a promising alternative in the commercial transport sector, offering high energy density, rapid refueling, long driving range, and minimal payload limitations. However, the operational efficiency and durability of fuel cell stacks heavily depend on effective thermal management, and insufficient cooling can lead to power degradation and reduced lifespan. This study proposes a novel thermal management strategy that enhances stack cooling performance by directly applying fuel cell discharge water onto the radiator surface, utilizing latent heat of evaporation. To overcome the structural complexity and control challenges of high-pressure spray systems, a gravity-driven low-pressure drizzling method was adopted, achieving both system simplification

Lee, Dongkeon, Seo, Jungmin, Lee, Seogjun, Son, Dongwook, Lee, Hoseong, Shin, Yoonhyuk, Kang, Hyunsung

An Efficient Approach to Key Negotiation in an Automotive Environment

2026-01-0087To be published on 04/07/2026

Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is

Van Dam, Theo, Mazzara, Bill

THE IN-VEHICLE CONNECTIVITY FOUNDATION POWERING AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

2026-01-0009To be published on 04/07/2026

Achieving full vehicle autonomy is not just about adding sensors or compute-it requires a fundamental shift in how vehicles are architected. Autonomous systems rely on higher-resolution sensors, massive processing power, and the ability to fuse data from multiple sources in real time. Centralized in-vehicle architectures, which consolidate computing and enable sensor fusion, place unprecedented demands on connectivity. Precise time synchronization across all systems becomes critical, as does advanced control to ensure safe and reliable operation. Any delay or data loss can impact decision-making, making robust, resilient communication links essential. High-performance connectivity is the backbone of this evolution. It must deliver the highest bandwidth to handle massive streams of sensor data, support long-reach connections across the vehicle, and maintain error-free performance even in the most challenging electromagnetic environments. This combination of speed, reach, and reliability

Shwartzberg, Daniel

Development and Application of SAE J3260 & J3290 Recommended Practice for Minimizing Spread of Infections in Motor Vehicles

2026-01-0128To be published on 04/07/2026

In response to COVID pandemic, and at the persistent urging of the late Ward Atkinson, long-time SAE leader in Interior Climate Control Committees, the SAE Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee was formed in May 2021. Towards that end, two SAE J-standards have been produced by this committee: SAE J3260, Identification of Acceptable Cleaning and Disinfection Products for Vehicle Interior Surfaces and Exterior Touch Points, and SAE J3290, Selection and Use of Technologies and Methods for Vehicle Cabin Air Disinfection. This SAE paper will unpack the background and application of these J-Standards to minimize the probability of spreading of infection during the operation of motor vehicles while in normal operation, before and after vehicle servicing, and when in use as paid-for-hire operation - for both ‘normal’ environmental conditions, and during times of pandemic emergencies. Additionally, recent advances in air and surface disinfection technologies—including methods relevant to SARS

Schaeber, Steven, Mathur, Gursaran, Taylor, Dwayne

Collaborative Development Framework for electric-based Software-Defined Vehicles – The European Research project CODE4EV

2026-01-0113To be published on 04/07/2026

The automotive industry is subject to major transformation initiated by societal and economical pull (reducing emissions, zero fatalities, European competitiveness) and accelerated by technology push (electrification, CCAM, C-ITS). Following this trend, the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) targets the integration of SW development methodologies for vehicle development as well as the value delivery shift toward customers along the entire lifecycle. In the context of the Industrial Action Plan for the European automotive sector , different funding mechanisms have been designed to accelerate development and uptake of SDV. It is the target of this paper to introduce different European programs on SDV - focusing on their main objectives, expected benefits for the R&D&I community, and complementarity of these initiatives. Especially, this paper will introduce Chips-JU programs targeting the creation of a vivid ecosystem for European Software Defined Vehicle of the Future (SDVoF) Initiative

Armengaud, Eric, Permann, Robert, Joergler, Sabrina, Barcelona, Miguel Angel, García, Laura, Rodriguez, José Manuel, Ivanov, Valentin, Li, Zhenqian, Nguyen Quoc, Trieu, Rodrigues, Sandy, Kowalczyk, Bogdan, Avdić Čaušević, Amra

ENERGY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF SHARED AUTONOMOUS FLEET

2026-01-0464To be published on 04/07/2026

Electrifying shared autonomous fleets (Robotaxis) presents challenges in balancing decarbonization, service quality, and operational costs, given the limited driving range, long charging times, and suboptimal planning of charging infrastructure. This study develops an integrated energy management and fleet dispatching simulation framework to support cost-effective, low-carbon Robotaxi deployment. The proposed system models both battery electric vehicles (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) technologies, and is extensible to other powertrain types. The study also integrates a life cycle assessment module to evaluate well-to-wheel carbon emissions. A total of 1,440 scenarios are designed to test the performance of two service modes (ride-hailing vs. ride-pooling) in terms of energy consumption, emissions, service quality, and operational costs, across varying levels of trip demand and market penetration of different powertrain technologies. The test aims to verify the

Tang, Kang, Abdulsattar, Harith, Yang, Hao, Wang, Jinghui

EV Propulsion Drive Converter SiC Power Device Over-Temperature Protection under Low Motor Speed Operation

2026-01-0436To be published on 04/07/2026

Monitoring power device temperature in an electric vehicle propulsion drive converter is extremely important to achieve full power delivery within the maximum power capability envelope. Usually, on-die temperature sensors are installed on Si-IGBT power devices in electric vehicle propulsion drive converters to enable monitoring device temperature and achieve over-temperature protection. Currently, SiC MOSFET is a promising power device in power converters of electric drives because of its lower loss, higher switching speed, higher voltage capability, and higher junction temperature limit in comparison with widely used Si-IGBT. However, SiC MOSFET is a more expensive device, so the present technology trend is trying to reduce its chip size. Installation of an on-die temperature sensor on SiC MOSFET will significantly increase its cost and complexity. So presently, there is no junction temperature sensor installed in SiC MOSFET due to which there is great difficulty protecting SiC MOSFET

Thongam, Jogendra Singh, Ge, BAOMING, Bradford, Steven, Kulkarni, Milind

Advancing Sustainable Electric Vehicles: A Simulation-Driven Study on Rare Earth-Free Motors and Battery Technologies

2026-01-0242To be published on 04/07/2026

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the growing dependence on rare earth materials in their motors and batteries has raised concerns about supply risks, environmental impact, and rising costs. Finding alternatives to these materials is essential to making EVs more sustainable and affordable for everyone. This study aims to explore new motor designs and battery chemistries that reduce or eliminate the use of rare earth elements. We will focus on promising options like induction and wound rotor motors, as well as ferrite and iron-nitride magnets that can replace traditional rare earth magnets in EVs. On the battery side, we will look at lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries, which offer a safer and more cost-effective alternative while maintaining good performance. A big part of this work involves using advanced simulations to predict how these new materials and designs will perform. This lets us optimize the components before building physical prototypes

Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant

Development of the Honda S+ Shift Utilizing e:HEV System

2026-01-0418To be published on 04/07/2026

Honda is promoting mobility electrification to realize a carbon-neutral society by 2050. Hybrid vehicles will remain advantageous over electric vehicles in terms of manufacturing cost and driving range until renewable energy usage increases, charging infrastructure is sufficiently developed, and battery costs are reduced. In response to this situation, Honda has developed a new control system, “Honda S+ Shift”, which further enhances the “emotional value of driving pleasure” inherent to the e:HEV system and creates new value for hybrid vehicles. Honda S+ Shift synchronizes the engine and vehicle speed and selects a virtual gear position according to the driver's operation such as acceleration, cornering, and deceleration. Subsequently, the system achieves the required system output in cooperation with a dedicated energy management system. It also works with each vehicle system, such as drive force control, sound control, and meter cluster, to stimulate all five senses of the driver

Murata, Naoya, Narimoto, Ryosuke, Saito, Masatoshi, Ishida, Daichi, GUNJI, HIROKI, UKAI, YOHEI, Kurachi, Shinobu, SHIKI, KAZUKI, Nagakura, Akari, Maeda, Sadaharu, Mitogawa, Terumasa

Predictive Maintenance of EV Drive Unit Oil Pumps via Machine Learning on Fleet Telemetry

2026-01-0161To be published on 04/07/2026

The reliability of Drive Unit (DU) oil pumps is critical to the performance and safety of electric vehicles, as these pumps provide essential lubrication and thermal management. However, direct physical sensors for real-time pump health monitoring are absent in current architectures, making early fault detection particularly challenging. To address this limitation, we present a novel, data-driven anomaly detection framework that leverages large-scale customer fleet telemetry and advanced machine learning to identify incipient pump degradation that traditional diagnostic methods often fail to capture. The core of the approach is an XGBoost regression model trained on time-series features—including commanded pump speed, oil temperature, and historical pump current—to predict expected current behavior under nominal conditions. Deviations are quantified using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) between predicted and actual currents, providing a continuous and interpretable measure of

Li, Jingman, Yao, Mengqi, Rahimi, Sahil, Lin, Joanne

Achieving Euro 7 WHSC NOx emission targets from a Spark ignited engine using Methanol-Hydrogen co-fuelling.

2026-01-0321To be published on 04/07/2026

E-methanol is increasingly seen as a promising clean fuel because its chemical makeup is close to fossil fuels, making it easier to use in existing engines. It offers a carbon-neutral option to help reduce greenhouse gases in sectors where cutting emissions is especially difficult, such as transportation. However, while e-methanol avoids adding new carbon dioxide, burning it in internal combustion engines still releases harmful gases like NOx and other toxic by-products like formaldehyde and formic acid that damage both health and the environment. This report explores a new strategy that combines methanol with hydrogen to run engines under “ultra-lean” conditions and its impact on emissions, performance and efficiency. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine, with directly injected methanol and port fuelled injection of hydrogen. The findings show that adding about 15% hydrogen at low engine loads can extend the lean limit from λ=1.7 to λ=2. This change

Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Cairns, Alasdair, Varaei, Amirata, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger

Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends

2026-01-0357To be published on 04/07/2026

Natural gas (NG) is a domestically abundant, low-cost fuel with the potential to displace gasoline and diesel fuel in commercial and off-road vehicles. NG engines typically produce lower engine-out pollutant emissions, such as NOx, CO and particulate matter, which could simplify emission control systems. Blending NG with hydrogen (H₂) can improve engine performance and increase combustion efficiency to further reduce engine-out emissions. Additionally, the presence of H2 in the exhaust stream may also facilitate the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane

Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh

Evaluation of Current and Next-Gen Diesel Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ LD/MD Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation

2026-01-0369To be published on 04/07/2026

Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have been part of vehicle after-treatment solutions in the US since being adopted in 2007 as the “go-to” solution for meeting particulate mass (PM) standards as set by the EPA for HD diesel engines. Within the highly popular LD/MD truck segment, defined as trucks weighing between 8501lb-14000lb, these limits have seen additional reduction in PM levels to 8 or 10 mg/mile as these vehicles have transitioned mostly over to chassis-based certification since 2014-2017. However, these reductions in PM requirements have been relatively minor allowing for the DPF technology used on these platforms to remain mostly unchanged over the same time period. With the finalization of MY27+ LD/MD vehicle emissions standards; PM limits are now set to make significant reductions down to 0.5 mg/mile, with phase-in to be completed by MY31. While the new limits present significant challenges for gasoline vehicles and most likely will require the use of gasoline particulate

Warkins, Jason, Sadek, Ghadi, He, Suhao

The impact of various renewable hydrocarbons on performance and emissions in a super lean burn engine

2026-01-0306To be published on 04/07/2026

Biofuels can play a key role as carbon-neutral transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to significantly enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in a PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with a high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel

Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji

Proactive Faulty Detection in EV Batteries Via Hybrid method: Cell-to-Cell Variation Pattern And Physics-Based Model insights.

2026-01-0391To be published on 04/07/2026

This study presents a distinct methodology for the early detection of faulty cells in electric vehicle (EV) battery systems, leveraging temporal voltage deviation patterns under real-world charging scenarios alongside outputs from a physics-based model. A comparative longitudinal analysis was conducted on a fleet of ten EVs—five exhibiting stable performance and five demonstrating early-stage anomalies characterized by intermittent transitions from drive to neutral mode. These behavioral cues were investigated as precursors to deeper battery degradation. The analysis focused on cell-level voltage dispersion during the mid-to-high state-of-charge (SoC) range (approx. 20–30% to full charge). Vehicles in healthy condition consistently displayed minimal voltage differentials among cells, whereas those with latent faults showed markedly higher variance, particularly between the highest and model-expected voltages. Notably, this voltage divergence was often accompanied by a modest yet

Jawle, Bharat Sanjay, Selvakumar, Ashwin, Puttoji Rao, Nagaraj Kumar

Experimental Evaluation of After-treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to meet future CNVII Regulations

2026-01-0376To be published on 04/07/2026

The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe NOx and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally, PN emissions from natural

Jiahui, Gao, Marc C, Besch, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye

Assessing Energy Use, Cost, and Emissions of Small Regional Rail Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study on a German Track

2026-01-0419To be published on 04/07/2026

The decarbonization of regional rail remains a pressing challenge in the European Union, where nearly half of the 200,000 km network remains unelectrified. Lightweight, single-car railbuses historically provided efficient service on such lines, but modern replacements are scarce. This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined

Ahrling, Christoffer, Tuner, Martin, Gainey, Brian, Torkiharchegani, Amir, Scharmach, Marcel, Hertel, Benedikt, ALAKÜLA, Mats

Low-Cost Packaging of SiC Power Modules for EV Traction Inverters

2026-01-0119To be published on 04/07/2026

The increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective power electronics in electric vehicle (EV) traction inverters necessitates innovative power module designs. This paper presents a novel SiC power module packaging focused on low-cost fabrication and assembly.. The proposed design features a simplified sandwich structure consisting of a lead frame, the innovative epoxy composite deposited on a high-performance cold plate. The novel epoxy composite eliminates the critical solder connection typically found between the DBC/AMB and the cold plate. This significantly streamlines the thermal path by reducing the number of material layers and interfaces between the SiC chip and the coolant. As a result, the integrated stack-up achieves significantly low junction-to-coolant thermal resistance (Rth) while delivering substantial cost savings related to power module module packaging. This work provides the details on the power module prototype fabrication steps and functionality including the

Chen, Yu, Mena-Garcia, Javier, Chen, Hao, Xiao, Kewei, Gupta, Man Prakash, Degner, Michael

Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 2.1: Inter-Ring Pressure Measurements and 2D/3D Ring Dynamics Analysis Across Multiple Engine Platforms – Light Vehicle

2026-01-0281To be published on 04/07/2026

The growing demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. The first part of this publication series highlights the significance of 2D simulation as a crucial and computationally efficient tool for the precise development of hydrogen Power Cylinder Units. This approach demonstrates predictive capability proofed through engine tests, achieving a reduction in lube oil consumption by 5–7 g/h during high-load operations, alongside a 28% decrease in blow-by and an 11% reduction in hydrogen flow to the crankcase. To provide deeper insights into the complexities identified in Part 1, this study employs inter-ring pressure measurements across various engine types and configurations, including light vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and large-bore applications, covering a broad range of engine displacements from 2 to almost 100 liters. This investigation in Part 2.1 focuses on understanding

Moreira, Rui, Rösch, Hannes, Ehnis, Holger, Köser, Philipp

Technology Development of Novel Aftertreatment High Pressure Diesel Delivery Unit to Meet Future Emission Regulations for Medium-Heavy Duty Diesel Engines

2026-01-0358To be published on 04/07/2026

Future emission regulations (Euro VII, LEV IV, Tier V, China VII, etc.) will impose more stringent requirements both in terms of regulated pollutants emissions and CO2 for On-Road and Off-Road Diesel applications. The higher regulatory stringency will require more complex AfterTreatment System (ATS) architectures featuring a more frequent implementation of a Diesel Dosing Unit (DDU) in the exhaust as technology enabler for the overall compliance. Currently available DDUs work at low pressure (LP) fuel supply around 5 bar and often require a mixer downstream in the exhaust line to ensure the right level of fuel atomization, evaporation and mixing. The usage of high pressure (HP) fuel supply at around 200 bar, together with component design enhancement and dedicated spray targeting generates advantages in terms of CO2 and pollutant emissions both during Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and normal modes. To quantify the advantages, steady state and transient tests were

Ciaravino, Claudio, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Negro, Cosma, Cosseddu, Cinzia, Gallo, Giovanni, Gestri, Luca, Soriani, Matteo, Cipriani, Massimiliano, Cibella, Marco, Giannantoni, Lorenzo, Di Nieri, Aldo, Mital, Rahul

BEV incremental CO2 emissions in a ranked order electric grid

2026-01-0424To be published on 04/07/2026

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have been promoted and required by many governments towards the need to reduce transportations CO2 emissions. BEV are not “Zero Emissions Vehicles” because they run on grid electricity, but could be ‘effectively ZEV’ if the incremental CO2 is ‘very small’. To answer this question at the national level, three metrics are needed and estimated: (1) ICEV fuel consumption, approximated by the total US gasoline consumption divided by the total fleet miles driven, 25 mpg or 350 g CO2/mi. For strong HEV it is about one third less, 240 g CO2/mi. (2) BEV energy consumption, using data from systematic on-road testing of a wide range of vehicles, estimated at 40 kWh/100 mi for a US sales mix. (3) Electric grid marginal CO2, with ranked order sourcing: zero-CO2 sources are prioritized and supplemented by fossil sources. IEA hourly data show that the US 48 contiguous states are nearly self-contained, with zero-CO2 sources providing about a third of total demand. The

Phlips, Patrick

Development of a zeolite-based (HC Trap type) cold-start catalyst (CSC) for meeting Tier4/LEV IV tailpipe emission standards, Part IV

2026-01-0364To be published on 04/07/2026

This is a follow-up paper to the three previous reports [1, 2&3] regarding the development of a zeolite-based hydrocarbon (HC/NOx) trap-type of cold-start catalyst (CSC) as a cost-effective approach to meet future more stringent vehicle tailpipe emission standards, such as Tier 4/LEV IV. One of the main challenges of meeting Tier 4/LEV IV tailpipe emission standards is both SC03 and US06 test cycles start at room temperature (cold) in steady of at elevated temperature (hot) in Tier 3/LEV III. In this paper, a hybrid vehicle with a Tier3 Bin30 and a Tier3 Bin20 certified aftertreatment systems were tested in cold SC03 and cold US06 cycles. It requires about 64% and 52% tailpipe emissions reduction, respectively, in cold SC03 for the HEV with these two aftertreatment systems to meet Tier 4/LEV IV Bin30 tailpipe emission engineering target of (NOx+NMHC) 13.13 mg/mile. In cold US06 tests, it requires to decrease 50% and 38% of tailpipe emissions, respectively, for the HEV with these two

Xu, Lifeng

Beyond PFAS: Unlocking the Potential of R290 and R744 for EV Efficiency

2026-01-0127To be published on 04/07/2026

The anticipated PFAS ban in the US by 2029 has created a need to evaluate alternative refrigerant solutions for automotive thermal management systems. This work compares three candidates—Propane (R290), Carbon Dioxide (R744), and R1234yf—through system-level testing and demonstration projects. R1234yf remains the current industry baseline. Test results show that Propane (R290) delivers comparable efficiency while offering a significantly lower global warming potential. However, its flammability presents integration challenges, not present with R1234yf or R744. CO₂ (R744) demonstrated promising performance as well. In AVL’s Refrigerant Cooling Project, direct CO₂ cooling battery plate simplified the thermal system architecture and provided adequate cooling capacity during high charging loads. To address safety concerns with Propane, AVL developed mitigation measures including rapid leak detection, robust containment strategies, and optimized circuit layouts designed to reduce ignition

bires, Michael, Possegger, Jonathan

Electrochemical-Thermal Simulation for Evaluating Indirect and Immersion Cooling in High-Power EV Charging

2026-01-0403To be published on 04/07/2026

With the rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) fast-charging technology, battery thermal management faces increasingly critical challenges due to elevated heat generation and stringent safety requirements. Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution because of its superior heat dissipation and uniform temperature distribution compared to conventional indirect cooling methods. This study develops an electro-thermal coupled simulation framework for evaluating indirect and immersion cooling performance under high-power charging conditions. A pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical battery model of an electric vehicle was developed in GT-Suite and validated against vehicle on-board charging data. In parallel, an immersion cooling system model was developed and validated using battery bench test results. This model was subsequently integrated into the vehicle model to allow comparisons with a conventional indirect cooling system under high-power DC fast-charging scenario

Guo, Yuyang, Rockstroh, Toby, Haenel, Patrick, Oezdag, Erdal, Bodemann, Basil, Toghyani PhD, Somayeh

Optimizing EV Battery Models for Full Vehicle Simulations

2026-01-0389To be published on 04/07/2026

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) demands accurate yet computationally efficient battery models that can be integrated into full vehicle simulations. At the cell level, mechanical battery models often employ fine-scale elements to capture localized deformation and failure phenomena. While such detailed discretization enables high-fidelity predictions, it also imposes significant computational costs that become prohibitive when scaling up to pack-level or full-vehicle crash and durability simulations. This research addresses the challenge by systematically simplifying cell-level mechanical models to reduce computational burden while preserving predictive accuracy. We propose an approach in which larger elements and reduced complexity representations are introduced without compromising the model’s ability to replicate experimentally observed behaviors. The methodology emphasizes model validation against targeted loading conditions, ensuring that the essential mechanics

Sahraei, Elham, Brar, Bavneet, Parmar, Dhruv, Muralidharan, Umachandran

A Novel Development Method for a Control Model of TWC in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Mechanism Simplification and Temperature Update

2026-01-0371To be published on 04/07/2026

Under increasingly stringent emission regulations, hybrid electric vehicles face heightened requirements for tailpipe emission control. Their complex operational profiles and frequent transitions between power modes pose significant challenges to experimental efforts in emission measurement and aftertreatment control, leading to substantially increased economic and temporal costs that severely constrain emission optimization. To address these challenges, this study employs the development and calibration of a high-accuracy virtual model to conduct simulation experiments that accurately replicate real-world driving conditions, significantly reducing development costs while maintaining predictive accuracy. Focusing on hybrid electric vehicles, we developed an aftertreatment model integrating catalytic reaction mechanisms and energy conservation equations, incorporating coupled temperature and concentration calculations. This model enables real-time monitoring of dynamic oxygen storage

Lian, Xuetong, Wang, Zhiao, Liu, Weiqiang, Chen, Tao

Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation

2026-01-0278To be published on 04/07/2026

The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as explosive crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates simulation capabilities validated through detailed comparisons of measured and simulated inter-ring pressures across light vehicle, heavy-duty, large-bore, and motorsport applications, spanning a broad range of engine sizes covering displacements from 2 to 96 liters. Inter-ring pressure obtained via inhouse telemetry measurements within the power cylinder unit provided crank-angle resolved data throughout the ring pack, serving to validate 2D and 3D ring and gas dynamics

Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo

Effect of Exhaust Gas Components on Oxygen Storage Capacity Measurements of Automotive Catalysts

2026-01-0360To be published on 04/07/2026

Three-way catalytic converters (TWC) are one of the most popular methods to help reduce harmful tailpipe emissions emitted from internal combustion (IC) vehicles. To help improve conversion efficiency, TWCs can store and release oxygen via an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) mechanism. During engine control unit (ECU) calibration, on board OSC measurements are correlated to TWC and vehicle emissions to monitor emissions performance throughout the full useful life (FUL) of the vehicle. It is known that different test conditions, including temperature, space velocity and background gases in the exhaust stream affect OSC measurement, potentially altering the calculated OSC values and thus the perceived level of OSC and emissions preformance during operation. This study utilises an OMEGA test bench to complete OSC measurements on the full-scale automotive catalyst samples to quantify the effects of different background gases including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide on OSC

Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Elliott, Matthew, Istrate PhD, Oana, Nockemann, Peter

Improving EV Energy Forecast Accuracy via ML Residual Correction: The Role of Wind Speed in Data-Driven Predictions

2026-01-0150To be published on 04/07/2026

The increasing demand for electrified transportation is leading to accelerated development of highly efficient hybrid and battery electric vehicles. A major concern for customers adapting to battery electric vehicles (BEV) is range anxiety due to low charging speeds, charging infrastructure not matching expectations and unreliable range estimations shown to the customers by their vehicles. Estimating the range more accurately has been difficult due to the sensitivity of vehicle’s energy consumption to real-world environmental and driving conditions. This paper aims to find out the effect of true wind in the road load experienced by BEVs in the real-world driving scenarios and how using a highly accurate wind speed measurement improves the energy consumption estimation better. On-road tests were conducted on public roads and in controlled test-track environments to collect reliable wind speed measurements using a wind probe. Additional coastdown tests were also conducted to find more

RAGHUPATHY, Vishnu Prasaad, Kim, Shinhoon, Evans, Nic, Niimi, Keisuke, Mochihara, Takahiro

Effect of passive pre-chamber geometry on performance and emissions of a single-cylinder natural gas large bore engine.

2026-01-0333To be published on 04/07/2026

The maritime industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, characterized by high fuel consumption and significant environmental impact. As global trade mainly relies on shipping, the challenge of reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions becomes ever more pressing. Natural gas (NG) is regarded as a transitional fuel, capable of lowering CO₂ emissions by 20–30% compared to conventional marine fuels. However, to fully harness this potential, significant advances in combustion technology are necessary, particularly when ultra-lean combustion strategy is adopted. One of the most promising pathways is pre-chamber combustion, a solution that can simultaneously improve the efficiency and sustainability of NG marine engines. In this scenario, the passive pre-chamber geometry plays an important role, as it directly influences ignition behavior, combustion stability and exhaust emissions. This work presents an experimental study carried out on a single-cylinder marine engine

Marchitto, Luca, Tornatore, Cinzia, Pennino, Vincenzo, Mariani PhD, Antonio, Beatrice, Carlo, Accurso, Francesco, Gorietti, Valentina, Pesce, Francesco, Giardino, Angelo, Vitti, Luciano

Propulsion System Design Considerations for HEV versus EV Applications

2026-01-0641To be published on 04/07/2026

The design and development of EVs and HEVs has become a growing issue recently due to concerns about pollution and dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels. Accordingly, General Motors (GM) has an evolving vehicle electrification plan over the past several decades and into the future to deliver low-cost and efficient EVs and HEVs. Propulsion system requirements for the applications of EV and HEVs are quite different and therefore, the design principles and directions are also distinct between these cases. From micro-hybrid and full plug-in hybrid applications to full EV applications, design requirements, strategies and outcomes can widely vary. Continuous and peak duty are substantially different depending on the application of the vehicle. Motor operational duty is significantly higher for EV compared to the electric motor of a hybrid electric vehicle. Motor torque, power and efficiency requirements are also higher for EV motors, which greatly influences the choice of motor type and

Momen, Faizul, Jensen, William, Das, Shuvajit, Chowdhury, Mazharul, Alam, Khorshed, Anwar, Mohammad, Reinhart, Timothy

Aerodynamic Proximity Effects Between the DrivAer and AeroSUV Standard Models, Part 1 – Same-Lane Interactions

2026-01-0605To be published on 04/07/2026

Road-vehicle platooning is traditionally defined as close-distance longitudinal following in laterally-aligned formation. In this paper, the effects of aerodynamic interactions on the drag of a two-vehicle system are examined by considering the influence of separation distance, cross winds, vehicle size and shape. Testing was undertaken at 30% scale in a large wind tunnel with road-representative freestream turbulence. Separation distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vehicle lengths were examined over a range of yaw angles between ±15deg. A highlight of the current study is the characterization of platoon drag-reduction benefits for different sizes and shapes of the lead and follower models, by using a DrivAer model and an AeroSUV model, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants, providing four distinct model pairings. Drag reduction for the lead model appears to be affected mainly by the size of the follower vehicle, while the follower model shows a

McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 215940