Browse Topic: Vehicles and equipment

Items (42,962)

A Study on the Development of Optimal Brakes for Electric Vehicles Using Simulation

2025-01-0345To be published on 09/15/2025

As the internal combustion engine vehicle change into the electric vehicle, we can use regenerative brake. It can improve not only the energy consumption, but also reduce the hydraulic brake usage. The less hydraulic brake usage mitigates the heat load on the brake disc. From this reason, the lightweight brake can be used in the electric vehicle. However, when the lightweight brake is applied, the brake NVH can be increased. The optimization design of the lightweight brake should be done to prevent the brake NVH. In this paper, the optimal brake disc thickness and brake interfaces are determined by using of disc heat capacity analysis. The lightweight brake should be optimized by using of the brake squeal analysis. We can verify the results from both analysis and tests. Finally, we can have the lightweight brake, which is competitive in terms of cost, weight and robust to the brake NVH

Kim, Sungho, Kim, Jeongkyu, Hwang, Jaekeun, Kang, Donghoon

Design Considerations for Wheel Bearing Outer Ring for Electric Vehicles

2025-01-0367To be published on 09/15/2025

Electric vehicles demand better drag performance from wheel bearings in order to achieve longer range. Electric vehicles are heavier than their corresponding ICE vehicles. They also have higher torque output. Due to this there would be higher loads at bearing to knuckle joint. The higher loads may require higher clamp loads to keep the joint secure. The higher clamp load may increase wheel bearing outer ring distortion or out of roundness. The outer ring distortion would increase the drag permanently and reduce the bearing life. So, it is critical to minimize outer ring distortion even after the assembly with higher clamp load and throughout the life. In this paper it is planned to cover the design considerations for wheel bearing outer ring and knuckle interface to keep distortion minimum. A DOE will be used to understand the effects of M12 vs. M14 mounting bolts, knuckle stiffness, OR mounting area, knuckle bolt PCD, bearing outer ring flange thickness. A 2nd DOE will investigate the

Mandhadi, Chaitanya Reddy, Callaghan, Kevin, Sutherlin, Robert, Lee, Seungpyo, LEE, YEONSIK, Bovee, Benjamin

Brake System Homologation: A Holistic, Simulation-based Approach

2025-01-0351To be published on 09/15/2025

To comply with EU7 in a first step brake systems of newly homologated passenger cars and light commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tons must fulfil the upcoming certification limits, according to the EU7 implementation timeline. Based on a wide range of brake emission measurements since 2022, it can be seen that almost no brake system is fulfilling these currently foreseen limits. Brakes have been optimized for decades now for mainly performance and comfort improvements, but now legal emission requirements are acting as a game changer and huge efforts will be necessary to fulfil new and tradtitional purposes, which are causing new modelling and testing approaches to understand the complete vehicle picture with all its attributes. A possible contribution to solving this challenge is the use of the vehicle-specific individual friction brake share coefficient ("iFBSC"), which is currently mostly evaluated by performing a WLTP-Brake cycle on a roller testbed and analysing the relative amount of

Grojer, Bernd

Real-Time HIL Testing and Validation for Multi-ECU Smart Brake Systems: Design, Implementation, and System Optimization

2025-01-0344To be published on 09/15/2025

This paper presents applied methodologies and results from real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing of smart braking systems, based on experience gained during European Tier-1 supplier development programs. It outlines how HIL accelerated control software validation, enhanced fault coverage, and improved development cycles for emerging technologies like brake-by-wire and regenerative braking systems. As braking systems evolve to meet the demands of electrification and autonomy, their complexity has grown significantly requiring robust, scalable, and safety-focused validation techniques. Modern smart braking architectures often employ decentralized control, with individual ECUs managing each brake corner. To ensure safe and reliable operation of such systems, a real-time HIL test bench was developed to simulate a wide range of driving conditions and validate critical functionalities including Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC), and regenerative braking

Sathiyamoorthy, Pradeepraja

Durable aluminum alloys for brake disc and rotor applications

2025-01-0358To be published on 09/15/2025

Lightweight materials are essential in reducing the overall weight and improving the efficiency and performance of ICE and electric vehicles. The use of aluminum alloys is critical in transitioning to a more energy sustainable and environmentally friendly future. The accessible combinations of high modulus to density and strength to weight ratios, as well as their excellent thermal conductivity, make them an ideal solution for weight reduction in vehicles, thereby improving fuel efficiency and reduce emissions generated during braking events. Aluminum alloys with high strength and lifetime thermal stability have been industrialized for usage in brake rotor applications. Amongst the most used aluminum alloys with high thermal stability are 2618 and 4032 used both in aerospace and automotive industries. However, when it comes to prolonging the life of a product at temperatures that exceed 200°C, these alloys will degrade their properties quickly within the first 300 hours. Therefore, a

Duchaussoy, Amandine, Lorenzino, Pablo, Franklin, Jack, Tzedaki, Maria

Analysis of Front Axle Wheel End Temperature Measurements in Heavy-Duty Trucks

2025-01-0364To be published on 09/15/2025

The Front Axle wheel end assembly is a critical component of Vehicle functionality, comprising a wheel hub positioned to rotate smoothly on an Axle spindle. This rotational movement is enabled by bearings positioned between the hub and the spindle, allowing for frictionless rotation. The Front Axle wheel ends' temperature typically depends on several factors such as type of Vehicle, Load & driving conditions and health of the components involved. In general, the wheel ends can become warm during normal operation owing to friction generated by the rotation of the wheels and the interaction of various mechanical components such as Bearings and Brakes. However, if the temperature of the wheel ends becomes excessively hot, it could indicate potential issues such as Overheating brakes, Wheel bearing problems, improperly inflated tyres, and faulty components. As temperature rise, materials tend to expand. This expansion can affect the dimensions of critical components in the Front Axle wheel

P, Mahendran, Jayaraman, Karthik, R, Sabari, B, Ellavarasan, Bhanja, Subrat Kumar

Impact of Return Spring Positioning on Brake Drag Forces and Gaps

2025-01-0330To be published on 09/15/2025

This study investigates the impact of return spring positioning on brake drag forces and brake gaps in an S-Cam brake assembly. A detailed analysis reveals that the offset placement of the shoe return spring leads to a shoe tilting phenomenon, resulting in uneven brake gaps. This misalignment reduces the clearance on the dust cover side, increasing drag forces and adversely affecting brake performance, fuel efficiency, and liner wear. To address this issue, an optimized design is proposed, that effectively eliminates tilting, restores uniform brake gaps, and significantly reduces drag forces. Validation through dynamometer testing confirms the effectiveness of the revised spring placement in minimizing brake drag and improving system efficiency. By optimizing return spring positioning, the study highlights improvements in braking efficiency, extended brake liner life, and enhanced durability of the braking system. The findings underscore the importance of precise spring placement in S

Rajput, Ganesh, ambekar, Prasad, PREMLAL, P, Mittal, Jayant

Actuator-to-vehicle joint estimation of clamping force for sensorless control of the electro-mechanical brake system

2025-01-0338To be published on 09/15/2025

The electro-mechanical brake (EMB) is a promising brake actuating system for electrified vehicle. To enhance the system function safety while saving space from redundancy sensors, this paper studied sensorless climbing force control for the EMB where a new climbing force estimator is proposed by fusing the information from vehicle dynamics and EMB states. The work was done with three contributions: 1) The priori clamping force characteristics were implemented to build the estimator with two parallel models, one of which was derived from the actuator rigid-body dynamics while the other was derived from vehicle longitudinal dynamics model; 2) a weighted-sum function is developed to fuse the estimation results from the two parallel models; 3) a proportional-integral observer utilizing wheel speed residual signals was developed to correct the initial estimates iteratively. Comparative study was conducted on a co-simulation platform and the results showed that the proposed method can reduce

Xing, Yipu, Zhou, Quan, Li, Congcong, Han, Wei, Zhuo, Guirong, Xiong, Lu

A Novel Simulation Method for Vehicle Brake Wear Emissions

2025-01-0361To be published on 09/15/2025

The effective reduction of particulate emissions from modern vehicles has shifted the focus to tire, brake, road wear and re-suspended particulate emissions. To meet future EU air quality standards and even stricter WHO targets for PM2.5, a reduction in non-exhaust particulate (NEP) emissions seems to be essential. For this reason, the EURO 7 emissions regulation contains limits for PM and PN emissions from brakes and tire abrasion. Graz University of Technology develops test methods, simulation tools and evaluates technologies for the reduction of brake wear particles and is involved in and leads several international research projects on this topic. The results are applied in emission models such as HBEFA (Handbook on Emission Factors). In this paper, we present our brake emission simulation approach, which calculates the power at the wheels and mechanical brakes, as well as corresponding rotational speeds for vehicles using longitudinal dynamics equations integrated in the

Landl, Lukas, Ketan, Enis, Hausberger, Stefan, Dippold, Martin

Methodology for Replicating and Quantifying Clicking-Noise Phenomenon in Gen 3 Wheel Hub Bearings and CVJ Using NVH Analysis and Data Processing

2025-01-0368To be published on 09/15/2025

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for replicating and quantifying the clicking-noise phenomenon occurring between Generation 3-wheel hub bearings and Constant Velocity Joints (CVJ), particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) where quiet operation makes this noise more noticeable. The study focuses on characterizing the system through contact pressure and distribution measurements, alternating torque tests, and advanced NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) data processing. The methodology includes detailed descriptions of the physical phenomena, driving conditions generating the noise, and the specific test setup used to simulate real-world conditions. The NVH analysis employs high-pass filtering techniques to isolate clicking-noise events from background noise, ensuring accurate identification and quantification. Promising solutions, such as SKF's laser texturing technology, are evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the clicking noise without the need for additional

Nardicchia, Riccardo, Mauro, Ivan

Brake Drag Optimization: A Perspective on Virtual and Physical Tools for Developing Near-Zero Drag Sliding Calipers

2025-01-0360To be published on 09/15/2025

The ever-increasing prevalence of electric vehicles in the global market continues to push automakers towards more stringent brake drag requirements. As OEMs seek to differentiate themselves with greater vehicle range to offset consumer anxiety as a barrier for entry to EVs, brake caliper suppliers see requirements for zero or near-zero drag at the component level becoming commonplace. Despite this pressure, many practical concerns exist with torque measurement capabilities in the sub 1.0 N-m range. Additionally, the authors have observed an industry tendency to employ suboptimal engineering methodology for assessing drag concerns, with trial and error attempts continuing to perplex engineers more than it provides solutions. This paper will seek to reintroduce to the reader the basic physics of brake drag from a fundamental free body diagram level, review statistical approaches for characterizing the individual forces acting within the caliper, and propose a simple – yet effective

Robere, Matthew, Retting, Joshua

Preliminary Multi-Physics Modelling and Characterization of a Magneto-Rheological Brake

2025-01-0347To be published on 09/15/2025

Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluid is a smart material used in several applications for its ability to switch from fluid behaviour to solid-like conditions if a magnetic field is present. The dependency of viscosity on magnetic field makes this fluid suitable for braking system of electric vehicles, thanks to its high controllability and response time in the whole operative range. The main parameters that influence the behaviour of the fluid, and so the braking action of the system, are magnetic field and rotational velocity. In general, the extremely variable properties make complicated to simulate the system and its behaviour in different operating conditions. Therefore, after some simulations a physical prototype is necessary to experimental verify the response of the braking system at different driving conditions. The aim of this paper is the development of a virtual model of Magneto-Rheological Brakes whose validity is extended to different driving conditions. This goal can be

De Luca, Elena, Imberti, Giovanni, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana

Enhancing Brake Pedal Feel in Hydraulic Brake high tonnage Vehicles Using Hydro-Actuated Vacuum Assist Booster

2025-01-0359To be published on 09/15/2025

Brake pedal feel is very important factor for driver brake application confidence. In Indian low and medium truck application, driver is loading vehicle with max overload condition and, pedal feel deteriorated with increased in vehicle GVW. However, brake system aggregate size increment with respective weight increment is not feasible due to modulator architecture of vehicle. To overcome this concern, we have developed innovative solution “Remote hydro-actuated vacuum assist booster”. In this proposal, Actuator unit is a hydraulic tandem master cylinder assembled inside driver cabin. The hydro-actuated vacuum assist booster is consisting of slave cylinder and vacuum assist booster with hydraulic tandem master cylinder (HAVB) located on chassis. Driver’s foot input force is transferred from the brake pedal to the hydro-actuated vacuum assist booster (HAVB) via an actuator unit. The hydro actuated vacuum assist boosters have amplified driver input force and generate hydraulic pressure

Sonar, Milind, Shaikh, Matin Hanif

Effect of PEM Fuel Cell Technology Advancement on the Energy Efficiency of a Heavy-Duty Vehicle

2025-24-0111To be published on 09/07/2025

Advancements in fuel cell stack technology—such as improved power density, catalyst utilization, and durability—have significantly enhanced system efficiency and reduced hydrogen consumption in heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). In parallel, innovations in auxiliary subsystems, including air supply management, thermal regulation, and energy storage integration, have minimized parasitic losses, optimized fuel usage, and improved battery state-of-charge dynamics. These technological improvements collectively influence vehicle operation under varying load conditions, affecting both transient response and overall energy efficiency. To systematically assess these impacts, this study evaluates key performance metrics such as compressor-related energy losses, fuel utilization, and battery performance. The current vehicle simulation model relies on an outdated fuel cell system based on technology from 20 years ago, which no longer accurately reflects the efficiency potential of

Dursun, Beyza, Johansson, Max, Tunestal, Per, aronsson, Ulf, Eriksson, Lars, Andersson, Oivind

Method to Analyze Driving Dynamics During Faults in the Electric Drivetrain on a Vehicle-in-the-Loop Test Bench

2025-24-0123To be published on 09/07/2025

The mechanical components of drive systems for electric vehicles are less complex than those of conventional drives and are therefore generally less prone to faults. On the other hand, a challenge lies in the relatively limited experience in dealing with faults in the electric drivetrain and their effects on driving dynamics compared to conventional drives. To meet these challenges, this paper presents a method to simulate faults in the electric powertrain of a real demonstrator vehicle on a full vehicle test bench and to evaluate the influence on driving dynamics. For this purpose, the demonstrator vehicle was modeled in detail in a co-simulation between the driving dynamics simulation software CarMaker and the real-time solution for simulating and testing electrical components Typhoon HIL. This enabled the investigation of the vehicle’s behavior in the event of a fault. Subsequently, tests with the vehicle were performed on the Vehicle-in-the-Loop full vehicle test bench and the

Rautenberg, Philip, Konzept, Anja, Hitz, Arne, Frey, Michael, Reick, Benedikt

Influence of MPC based Driver Types on the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Vehicles

2025-24-0113To be published on 09/07/2025

Electric vehicles are increasingly important to reducing emissions and promoting sustainable mobility. Despite their advantages over conventional vehicles, the energy consumption of electric vehicles is heavily influenced by various factors such as driving behavior, elevation profile, and environmental conditions. In particular, the driving style plays a crucial role in determining range and energy consumption. This influence is also observed in the context of the Interreg project FreeE-Bus. This project focuses on the development of optimized charging management for electric buses in the public transport system of the Lake Constance region. Due to strict data protection regulations that prevent a detailed analysis of driver data, assessing the impact of driving styles is difficult. This paper addresses this issue by developing an innovative driver model that simulates different driver types and analyzes their effects on energy consumption. The driver model employs a Model Predictive

Konzept, Anja, Reick, Benedikt, Miller, Marius, Rautenberg, Philip, Störzer, Martin

Overview of Current Developments of Pre-chamber Spark Plugs for Passenger Car Applications

2025-24-0152To be published on 09/07/2025

The internal combustion engine (ICE) will remain the key technology in the transport sector over the short and medium term. While alternative technologies such as battery electric vehicles face charging and storage limitations, there is still potential for improvements in fuel economy and reduced emissions from ICEs. A promising technology to further improve the efficiency of the spark ignition engine is the passive pre-chamber spark plug. The main advantages of pre-chamber-initiated combustion are knocking mitigation, increase of the in-cylinder turbulence, and combustion, which is faster and more stable in comparison to the conventional (J-gap) spark plug. Moreover, the higher ignition energy compared to J-gap spark plugs enables the operation of load points with higher intake pressure, similar exhaust recirculation rates, and leaner combustion. These advantages are mainly due to volumetric ignition by hot and reactive jets. The pre-chamber plug has two main disadvantages, which are

Korkmaz, Metin, Juressen, Sven Eric, Rößmann, Dominik, Kapus, Paul E., Pino, Sandro

Supervised Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Optimal Equivalence Factor for Predictive Energy Management Strategies of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2025-24-0119To be published on 09/07/2025

Achieving minimal fuel consumption in map-based energy management strategies or equivalent consumption minimization strategies (ECMS) for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) requires prior knowledge of the optimal equivalence factor (EF). This factor, which weights the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric energy consumption, can be calculated if the exact driving profile is known. However, in real-world scenarios, the exact driving profile and consequently the optimal EF is unknown. This uncertainty motivates the use of predictive information to estimate this factor, aiming to enable fuel optimal control in real world driving. This paper presents a methodology to predict the optimal EF across various initial battery states of energy and real-world driving profiles using a regression model for a given powertrain configuration. Initially, the optimal EF is determined, and a range of possible input features based on driving profiles are calculated and

Kimmig, Nikolai, Schlomann, Jan Philipp, Goerke, Daniel, Schmiedler, Stefan, Geringer, Bernhard, Hofmann, Peter

Combustion System Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Hydrogen Engines Via 3D CFD Simulations and Single Cylinder Engine Measurements: Injector Cap, Injection Strategy and Intake Duct Design

2025-24-0008To be published on 09/07/2025

The development of hydrogen fueled engines has accelerated dramatically in recent years. They have gained much in operating reliability and the specific power outputs is at least comparable to those of current natural gas engines. This has been made possible by combining specific development tools derived from the development of compression ignition and spark ignition engines. These include jet visualization techniques (Schlieren, PIV, and LIF), video endoscopy on engine, and 3 D fluid dynamics simulations. In hydrogen engines for commercial vehicles, efforts have so far been made to keep engine components as unchanged as possible from similar diesel or gasoline versions. Similarly, some manufacturers have favored the port fueled injection (PFI) solution beca use it is easier to implement than the in cylinder (DI) injection one. The present work concerns the evaluation of the further improvement potential made possible by using direct injection (DI) technology, and intervening on both

Gaballo, Maria Rosaria, Iacobazzi, Marino, Burtsche, Thomas, Cornetti, Giovanni

Effects of the battery pack temperature on the energy management strategy and fuel consumption of a series hybrid quadricycle

2025-24-0101To be published on 09/07/2025

Nowadays, a push towards decarbonisation to reduce the problem of environmental pollution is increasingly pressing. In the current automotive context, a tendency among the cars manufacturer to consider the development of hybrid vehicles is growing. Indeed, thanks to the battery downsizing due to the presence of the range extender (REx), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) allows to overcome the limitations of pure electric vehicles (EV) such as the infrastructure which is linked to the battery charging process. Moreover, the performance of battery in terms of efficiency and operating limits are strictly related to the temperature of battery pack and to the energy management strategy (EMS). The proposed work aims to analyse the performance of a series hybrid vehicle (S-HEV) depending on the temperature of battery pack and the EMS. The considered S-HEV is equipped with a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine that is used as REx. First, a lumped thermal model of the battery pack is

Cervone, Davide, Sicilia, Massimo, Polverino, Pierpaolo, Pianese, Cesare

BEV powertrain analytics: Network Pulse Ringing - Ripple Currents - NVH Topics

2025-24-0134To be published on 09/07/2025

The interaction of electric, electronic and mechanical components defines the quality of a BEV’s powertrain. Component selection, their integration and calibration aim at meeting legal requirements for EMC and safety and competitive targets for efficiency, NVH and driving comfort. These tasks in particular need attention on electromagnetic events on the DC bus, the highpower electronics of inverters, the e-motors, and the drive shaft. Each component within this environment is defined by its electromechanical features with variabilities selected from a large set of software accessible operating parameters. Consequently, a complete powertrain and its controllers give rise to endless combinations for powertrain operation. How to understand and avoid riskful and ineffective parameter options, how to find powertrain control parameters for safe, efficient and comfortable operation? And how to find solutions within competitive development timeframes? Two examples: • A high voltage DC bus is

Winklhofer, Ernst, Berglez, Manuel, Kiss, Gergely, Platzer, Thomas

An eco-charging strategy for heavy-duty electric vehicles via graph optimization

2025-24-0116To be published on 09/07/2025

The adoption of heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEVs) presents significant challenges in trip planning due to high energy consumption, limited battery capacity, and the reduced availability of high-power charging stations. Unlike passenger EVs, HDEVs require careful coordination of routing and charging decisions to ensure both operational efficiency and feasibility. This work proposes a graph-based optimization framework for eco-charging strategies that jointly optimizes energy consumption, travel time, and charging costs while considering road, traffic, and infrastructure constraints. The methodology relies on constructing first a routing graph, where nodes represent waypoints, and edges represent road links with attributes such as speed limits, traffic conditions, and energy consumption. This graph is then extended into a hypergraph, where nodes incorporate information about both vehicle location and state-of-charge (SOC), while edges represent either driving or charging actions. The

Zonetti, Daniele, Sciarretta, Antonio, De Nunzio, Giovanni

A Critical Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Boosting EV Efficiency

2025-24-0147To be published on 09/07/2025

Effective thermal management in battery packs is a key technology for enhancing the efficiency and longevity of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Traditional active cooling systems can consume significant amounts of energy, thereby impacting the vehicle's overall efficiency. This paper explores the use of phase change materials (PCMs) as a complementary cooling technology, enabling both an improved active and an extended passive conditioning of battery packs. By leveraging the unique properties of PCMs, it is possible to partially operate the battery system without active cooling, thus reducing the overall energy consumption and improving vehicle autonomy. The phase change phenomenon further offers the benefit of a homogeneous temperature distribution within the battery pack. This study addresses the potential of PCMs as a thermal management solution for battery packs by firstly identifying suitable materials meeting requirements specific to such application. In addition, the paper

Fandakov, Alexander, Nolte, Oliver, Herzog, Alexander, Sens, Marc

Heat Flux Temporal Variation and Turbulent Structures on Diesel Flame-Impinged Wall by Comparing High-Speed Infrared Thermography and MEMS Sensor Measurements

2025-24-0039To be published on 09/07/2025

For a more detailed understanding of the highly complex mechanism of wall heat transfer during diesel flame impingement, heat flux measurement results obtained using two relatively new approaches—high-speed infrared thermography and a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) heat flux sensor—were compared. Both measurements were conducted on a chamber wall impinged by a diesel flame in a constant-volume combustion vessel under similar experimental conditions.　　High-speed thermography utilizes the world’s fastest infrared camera (TELOPS M3k, 13,000 fps, 128×128 pixels) to capture time-series temperature and heat flux distributions on the wall surface, enabling detailed visualization of near-wall turbulent structures reflected in the heat flux with a spatial resolution of 70 microns (9 mm/128 pixels). The MEMS sensor consists of multiple closely aligned (520-micron spacing) highly sensitive thin-film Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) of 235×235 microns, allowing estimation of near

Shimizu, Fumika, Morooka, Masato, Aizawa, Tetsuya, Dejima, Kazuhito, Nakabeppu, Osamu

Towards Effective SCR System Optimization: A 3D-CFD and Experimental Study Enabling Faster Deposit Formation Risk Assessment

2025-24-0087To be published on 09/07/2025

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a key technology for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. In this process, a urea-water solution (UWS) is injected upstream of the catalyst to generate ammonia, which reacts with NOx to form nitrogen. However, liquid urea can adhere to system walls, undergoing secondary reactions that lead to the formation of solid deposits. These deposits must be minimized to ensure the long-term durability and efficiency of the system. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations play a crucial role in optimizing SCR performance during the design phase. However, accurately predicting deposit formation requires detailed chemical modelling, which is computationally expensive and introduces uncertainties related to reaction mechanisms definition. To address this challenge, simplified CAE approaches are needed to assess deposit formation risks while maintaining computational efficiency. This study presents an improved Deposit Risk Index (DRI

Bianco, Andrea, Prestifilippo, Mattia, Robino, Cristina, Petrafesa, Giovanni, Postrioti, Lucio, Buitoni, Giacomo

Battery datasets for neural network-based State-of-Health estimators: a review and implementative workflow

2025-24-0139To be published on 09/07/2025

Correct management of the battery systems for electric vehicles, at pack, module and cell level, has critical importance to ensure safe and efficient operation. Proper control at cell level, requires estimation of battery statuses, such as the State-of-Charge and the State-of-Health, as they cannot directly measured during vehicle operation. With the increasing advances in sensor availability, edge computing and the development of big data, data-driven approaches have gained increasing interest. In particular, due to their great flexibility and potential in mapping non-linear relations within data, application of machine learning (ML) and neural networks (NNs) in SoH estimation have been thoroughly investigated. The numerous studies available in literature leveraged extracted different features from data to train NNs, or directly used measurements signal as input. Additionally, many studies available in literature are based on a limited number of publicly available datasets, which

Chianese, Giovanni, Capasso, Clemente, Veneri, Ottorino

Investigation of Micro Gas Turbines Topped with Wave Rotors for a Hybrid Vehicle Range Extender Engine

2025-24-0106To be published on 09/07/2025

Micro gas turbines are gaining renewed interest as range-extender engines in hybrid vehicles due to their superior power-to-weight ratio, fuel flexibility, and robust steady-state performance. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by modest efficiency and high component costs, particularly from recuperators. This study investigates the thermodynamic performance enhancement of two commercial micro gas turbines, the Capstone C-30 and C-60, through wave rotor integration as a topping device. Using Aspen Plus and Aspen Custom Modeler, three configurations were analyzed: a recuperated engine with a single wave rotor, and unrecuperated engines with a single and two cascaded wave rotors, respectively. Key performance metrics—including brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and specific work—were evaluated across a range of wave rotor pressure ratios. Results show that the wave rotor significantly improves power output and pressure ratio while maintaining or improving

Babaji, Badamasi, Kenkoh, Kesty Yong, Turner, James W.G.

Vehicle Under-Hood Thermal Management: Development of a Reduced-Order Model for Accurate and Computationally Efficient Temperature Distribution Simulations

2025-24-0118To be published on 09/07/2025

Electrified vehicle energy management plays a crucial role in the context of the European Green Deal by facilitating the transition toward sustainable mobility. The development of predictive and robust simulation tools is essential to implement and test different energy management strategies. This study aligns with this objective by presenting the development of an under-hood flows model designed for integration into a 1D vehicle simulator, which is used to perform vehicle simulations about longitudinal performances, energy consumption and range. Vehicle under-hood thermal management is inherently complex due to the interplay of internal flow dynamics and multiple heat transfer mechanisms. A purely 1D modeling approach lacks the spatial resolution required to capture detailed flow field characteristics, while a fully 3D CFD model is computationally prohibitive for scenarios requiring efficient simulations. To address this trade-off, a reduced-order model (ROM) approach is proposed. The

Miccio, Stefano, Grattarola, Federico, Baratta, Mirko, Giraudo, Gabriele, Frezza, Davide, Bartolucci, Lorenzo

Use of Model-Based Datasets and Neural-Networks to support Real-Time Driving Suggestions System for Components Preservation in Battery Electric Vehicles

2025-24-0115To be published on 09/07/2025

Nowadays, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are considered an attractive solution to support the transition towards more sustainable transportation systems. Although their well-known advantages in terms of overall propulsion efficiency and exhaust emissions, the diffusion of BEVs on the market is still reduced by some technical bottlenecks. Among those, the uncertainty about the expected durability of the vehicle's onboard battery packs plays a key role in affecting customer choice. In this context, this paper proposes the use of model-based datasets for training a driving support system based on machine learning techniques to be installed on board. The objective of this system is to acquire vehicle, environmental, and traffic information from sensor’ networks and provide real-time smart suggestions to the driver to preserve the remaining useful life of vehicle components, with particular reference to the battery pack and brakes. For the generation of the training dataset, first, a set

Bernardi, Mario Luca, Capasso, Clemente, Iannucci, Luigi, Sequino, Luigi

Reducing Range Prediction Uncertainty in Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Using a Route-Informed Transformer-Based Model

2025-24-0122To be published on 09/07/2025

Electrification of heavy-duty on-road trucks used for regional freight transportation is a viable option for fleets to reduce operation and maintenance costs and lower their carbon footprint. However, there is considerable uncertainty in projecting their daily range because highly variable payload mass, among other factors, confounds battery state of charge (SOC) prediction algorithms. Previous work by the authors proposed an electric vehicle range prediction model based on two parallel recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The first RNN used mean-variance estimation to output a predicted mean and variance, and the second used bounded interval estimation to provide bounds on the SOC required to complete a trip. The dual RNN approach resulted in estimating the remaining range and error bands of the SOC over the route. The previous work was limited because it did not incorporate driving conditions, like road type and ambient temperature, that affect driver behavior and energy consumption

Jayaprakash, Bharat, Eagon, Matthew, Northrop, William F.

Combined Virtual and Experimental Approach to Develop Highly Efficient Metallic Catalyst for New World Wide Emission Legislation

2025-24-0080To be published on 09/07/2025

The market penetration of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Europe is not following the foreseen scenario. This is related to several factors, such as uncertainty of the second-hand value of BEV, real driving range under cold conditions and availability of charging stations. Even if the European Community is still planning a full ban of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) by 2035. In the rest of the world a more technology neutral approach is being pursued with car manufacturers developing different powertrain architectures, from mild- to full-hybrid and Range Extenders (REEX). In this context the different emission regulations, and the wide range of powertrain architectures, the focus of the development will be the increase of catalyst efficiency without any big impact on exhaust aftertreatment cost. In this work the authors have used a 1D simulation approach to support the optimization of metallic TWC substrate for the High Power Cold Start use case. Additionally, a 3D CFD was used

Montenegro, Gianluca, Della Torre, Augusto, Marinoni, Andrea, Onorati, Angelo, Klövmark, Henrik, Laurell, Mats, Pace, Lorenzo, Konieczny, Katrin

Experimental Analysis and Model-Based Characterization of the Toyota Mirai II's Electric Machine

2025-24-0136To be published on 09/07/2025

The electrification of the transportation sector relies on extensive research and data availability to accelerate technological advancements. However, for certain key components such as electric machines, detailed operational information remains scarce, which in turn limits the development of accurate system-level models for electrified powertrains. As a contribution to addressing this challenge, this study presents an experimental benchmark of the electric machine in the second-generation Toyota Mirai, a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) featuring a variable DC voltage bus, which was tested on a roller test bench. The proposed methodology aims to characterize the electric machine with minimal instrumentation and prior knowledge of the machine's configuration, by identifying electrical and geometric parameters that are relevant for a steady-state model of the machine, applicable to system-level studies, with the objective of providing a methodology that can be used in future

Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, Kefsi, Laid, Sciarretta, Antonio

A New Methodology to Evaluate In-Service Emissions of Used Vehicles at a Large Scale using a SEMS and Digital Tools

2025-24-0090To be published on 09/07/2025

Air quality is an increasing concern, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Indeed, large European cities have seen pollutant concentrations exceed World Health Organization thresholds, with a significant portion of NOx emissions originating from road transportation. Studies have shown that less than five percent of the vehicle fleet, often including vehicles with defective after-treatment systems, is responsible for a disproportionate share of these emissions. This highlights the importance of not solely relying on the gradual renewal of vehicle fleets to mitigate health risks associated with air pollution. This research, funded by the French Agency for the Ecological Transition (ADEME), introduces an experimental methodology aimed at controlling emissions from vehicles already in circulation. Aramis Group, a European specialist of refurbishment and online sales of used cars, provided several refurbished used vehicles for testing, directly taken from its workflow. These

Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, KERMANI, Joseph, Farcot, Fabrice, Gaie, Fabien

Development of a Euro VII Compliant Diesel Combustion System for Light Commercial Vehicles

2025-24-0035To be published on 09/07/2025

Recent European regulations introduced in the transportation sector have increased stringency on tailpipe CO2 and regulated emissions, starting from 2025. The development of advanced technologies and the utilization of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines play a key role in the short- to mid- term in complying with such regulations and supporting sustainable transition of the transportation sector. In this study, the focus has been to develop an advanced Diesel combustion system for light commercial vehicles application in compliance with the latest Euro VII regulations and with the primary aim to improve fuel economy. The adopted methodology began with the virtual development and optimization of the entire combustion system encompassing bowl shapes, injector nozzles, and intake port specifications, leveraging a Machine Learning approach based on high-fidelity 3D CFD combustion models. Two virtually optimized combustion system “recipes” have been identified and then

Belgiorno, Giacomo, Malagrinò, Gianfranco, Pezza, Vincenzo, Spedicato, Tonio, Storsillo, Vito, Gallone, Alessandro, Alletto, Massimiliano, Pesce, Francesco, Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Formica, Angelo, Lerda, Francesco, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Vitiello, Michele

Methodological approach to Battery Electric Vehicle design: Energy-Based model development from a detailed Digital Twin

2025-24-0098To be published on 09/07/2025

On the path to the decarbonization of the transport sector, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to meeting the targets set by international regulatory bodies. EVs operate with zero tailpipe emissions and offer high energy efficiency and flexibility; however, challenges remain in achieving a fully sustainable electricity supply. In this context, powertrain design plays a fundamental role in determining vehicle performance and mission feasibility, which are strongly influenced by operating conditions and application characteristics, such as driving profiles and ambient temperature. A key challenge is the optimal sizing of components, particularly the battery pack and the electric motor. Therefore, a structured and methodological approach to powertrain design is essential to ensuring an optimal configuration. To this end, the project focuses on an integrated approach based on a master-and-slave modeling framework applied to a light-duty commercial vehicle at two levels

Bartolucci, Lorenzo, Cennamo, Edoardo, Grattarola, Federico, Lombardi, Simone, Mulone, Vincenzo, Tribioli, Laura, Aimo Boot, Marco

When Electric Vehicles Sleep: Investigating Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Precooling in Extreme Temperature Conditions

2025-24-0146To be published on 09/07/2025

Effective thermal management is essential for optimizing the performance and longevity of lithium-ion battery packs, particularly in electric vehicles facing extreme temperature conditions. This study investigates the performance of an indirect liquid cooling system used for pre-cooling stationary electric vehicle battery packs, focusing on scenarios such as vehicle sleep mode in high-temperature conditions. The cooling system, which utilizes a water-glycol mixture flowing at 1.2 L/min, was tested on a battery pack consisting of 36 prismatic battery cells in a thermally isolated chamber, subjected to initial temperatures of 50.0°C, 60.0°C, and 69.5°C. To assess the thermal behavior, 25 thermocouples were strategically positioned on the battery surface, and inlet coolant temperature was monitored via an additional thermocouple. An exponential cooling response was observed across all temperature cases, with maximum temperature difference between the hottest and coldest cells reaching 7.6

Darvish, Hossein, Carlucci, Antonio Paolo, Ficarella, Antonio, Laforgia, Domenico

Electric Machines with Reconfigurable Windings for Automotive Applications

2025-24-0131To be published on 09/07/2025

The performance of electric machines for automotive applications is characterised by a high transient torque capability for low speed tractability and a large speed range of high energy conversion efficiency to achieve a desirable vehicle range. Inevitably, these conflicting requirements will introduce a compromise in the design process of electric machines and drives, generally resulting in heavier machines and overrated drive specifications. This paper will discuss the use of electric machines with reconfigurable windings for automotive applications. Reconfigurable windings allow an electric machine to switch between two or more different winding configurations, optimised for both high torque and high speed. Actively changing the armature winding connections of an electric machine can be leveraged to increase the torque density, power density, and extend the speed range of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) without requiring further modifications to the machine geometries or

Best, Joshua, Noori Asiabar, Aria, Wang, Bo, Herzog, Matic, Trinchuk, Danylo, Romih, Jaka, Vagg, Christopher

Multi-Objective Optimization of the Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Examination of Sensitivities between Fuel Consumption, Electric Driving and Driving Comfort

2025-24-0103To be published on 09/07/2025

The combination of the electric drive and the internal combustion engine (ICE) in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) requires the implementation of an Energy Management Strategy (EMS). The task of the EMS is to split the driving demand between the two energy converters. The design of the EMS in charge-sustaining operation is commonly targeted at the minimization of fuel consumption. For in-vehicle implementation of the EMS, supplementary objectives, such as the electric driving (ED) experience or the driving comfort, influenced by the frequency of state shifts, are considered. Therefore, this work extends the framework for EMS optimization from the fuel-optimal design to multi-objective target spaces. First, the general multi-objective optimal control problem (MOOCP) is formulated. In a next step the central target space for EMS calibration consisting of fuel consumption, ED time and number of ICE starts is considered and the resulting MOOCP is solved using Dynamic Programming (DP). The

Ehrenberg, Bastian, Engbroks, Lukas, Schmiedler, Stefan, Geringer, Bernhard, Hofmann, Peter

Optimum design and sizing approach for a series-hybrid vehicle

2025-24-0099To be published on 09/07/2025

The need to reduce pollutant emissions has pushed the automotive industry towards sustainable mobility promoting new technological solutions, among which the use of hybrid powertrains stands out. The development of a hybrid architecture is very complex and demands proper components sizing and the determination of optimized power-split strategies among different power sources, for example: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), electric generator/motor and batteries. Moreover, the experimental analysis regarding performance and emissions requires that the whole propulsive system must be set up on the test bench, hence, negatively affecting the cost of the entire design phase. In this scenario, an optimum design and sizing approach for a series-hybrid electric vehicle (S-HEV) is proposed aiming at a design cost reduction. The presented procedure relies on numerical modelling of the hybrid powertrain and on the optimization of the fuel consumption and the driving range. The series-hybrid

Lisi, Leonardo, Saponaro, Gianmarco, Episcopo, Domenico, Torresi, Marco, Camporeale, Sergio Mario

Practical Mixed Parameter Obtention Framework for Li-Ion Battery Electrochemical and Degradation Models Based on Parameter Classification and Physical Measurement

2025-24-0141To be published on 09/07/2025

Prediction of EV performance through lifetime is a crucial task. However, accurate prediction of states of LIBs remains a challenge due to the complexity of detailed electrochemical models, absence of a single universally accepted approach for the identification of model parameters and limitations in invasive and non-invasive parameter obtention methods. Classification and estimation of the most relevant parameters under different steps will enhance the identifiability of parameters in P2D models operating under various conditions. On the other hand, reliable estimation of the internal state of batteries can be drawn with proper integration of material parameters into the battery model. In this study, a systematic classification framework of parameter obtention was proposed through multi-steps for P2D electrochemical and degradation models. Furthermore, a practical mixed approach is developed for parameter obtention of P2D models with optimization-based calibration methodology and

Mehranfar, Sadegh, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Garcia, Antonio, Micó, Carlos, Elkourchi, Imad, Bekaert, Emilie, Herran, Alvaro, Konno, Juho

ACTIVE TEMPERATURE CONTROL STRATEGIES WITH LIQUID COOLING THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR LI-ION BATTERIES

2025-24-0148To be published on 09/07/2025

Nowadays, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered one of the most promising solutions for reducing pollutant emissions related to the road transportation sector. Although these vehicles have achieved a high level of reliability, various challenges about Li-ion storage systems and their thermal management systems remain unresolved. This work proposes a numerical and experimental study of a lithium-ion storage cell with a scaled battery thermal management system (BTMS). In particular, a channel plate for liquid cooling is specifically designed and manufactured for the cell under test. The BTMS is based on the development of an indirect liquid cooling system with optimal control of the coolant flow rate to fulfill the thermal requirements of the system. A lumped parameters approach is used to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of the system and to analyze the effects of real-time control strategies on the temperature of the cell under test. An ad-hoc experimental test rig is set up for

Capasso, Clemente, Castiglione, Teresa, Perrone, Diego, Sequino, Luigi

Model-based optimization of Diesel/OMEx fuelled CI engine under multiple blending conditions

2025-24-0038To be published on 09/07/2025

The search for alternative solutions for vehicle electrification, while reducing the carbon footprint during the transition to green mobility, leads to the investigation of electro-fuels (e-fuels) in conventional internal combustion engines. Leveraging previous research, the present study focuses on the optimisation of a Compression Ignition (CI) engine combustion control in response to the use of the Oxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (OMEx) blended with conventional diesel. The selected e-fuel is the OME3, which is expected to be used as a drop-in solution and to easily achieve a reduction in soot emissions due to both its high oxygen content and lack of direct carbon bonds in its molecular structure. To verify its potential, a 1D single-cylinder CI multi-zone engine model has been exploited to simulate various diesel/OME3 blends in a wide engine operating range. The first step deals with the evaluation of performance and emissions to demonstrate the differences, particularly in terms of

Foglia, Antonio, CERVONE, Davide, Frasci, Emmanuele, Arsie, Ivan, Polverino, Pierpaolo, Pianese, Cesare

Understanding and Qualifying Hydrogen combustion related phenomena for Low-Carbon Mobility

2025-24-0057To be published on 09/07/2025

The reduction of the overall greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from ground vehicles is mandatory to fight against global warming and health issues. Moreover, regarding the increasing demand related to the population growth, the energy requirement for mobility may significantly increase during coming years. Meeting greenhouse gas emission targets is not only about commitment to regulations but also fundamentally about enhancing human well-being. Consequently, the diversification of low-carbon energy sources is of huge interest. The use of Hydrogen (H2) as a sustainable energy source in ground transportation is an alternative or a complementary solution to the full electric vehicles. Hydrogen for mobility can be used in two types of energy converters: The Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell or the H2 adapted Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE). This last has the advantage of its strong maturity with the reuse of existing production infrastructures from conventional ICE and low raw

Laget, Olivier, Bardi, Michele, Quintens, Hugo, Giuffrida, Vincent, Bramoullé, Clément, sikic, Ivan

On a NMPC-based supervisory control logic for Energy Management purposes in Aeronautical Hybrid Propulsion Systems

2025-24-0102To be published on 09/07/2025

Eco-sustainability is one of the main aspects focused on motor industries, including those related to air transport, which work to realize alternative propulsion systems, such as Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems, for reducing CO2 emissions. Despite the minor CO2 emission produced by Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems, these categories of propulsors require a proper control architecture for managing combustion and electric energies based on driver decisions and the flight mission set. A supervisory control logic, based on a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC), is presented in this work to guarantee a specific State of Charge level of batteries coupled with the minimization of fuel consumption of an aeronautical Hybrid Propulsion System. These two goals are achieved by the designed NMPC, which provides the best amount of torque between the propulsors belonging to the analyzed aeronautical powertrain, consisting of an Internal Combustion Engine and an Electric Machine. The

Tordela, Ciro, Fornaro, Enrico

Comparative Analysis of Battery Degradation in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Through Integrated System-level Simulation

2025-24-0143To be published on 09/07/2025

This study presents the development and validation of a numerical model for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV), with a focus on analyzing battery degradation under various driving scenarios and modes. The proposed model integrates a comprehensive vehicle dynamics framework with a detailed battery model to evaluate the impact of different driving conditions on battery performance and longevity. The vehicle model captures the hybrid powertrain's behavior, including energy management strategies, while the battery model incorporates electrochemical dynamics to predict degradation mechanisms such as capacity fade and resistance increase. Two primary driving scenarios are examined: urban driving, characterized by frequent stops, accelerations, and transitions between aggressive and relaxed driving styles, and long-distance highway driving, where cruising speeds and driving patterns vary. The urban scenario emphasizes the effects of stop-and-go traffic and

Martinez, Santiago, Merola, Simona, Irimescu, Adrian, Bibiloni Ipata, Sebastian

Design comparison between copper and aliminum hairpin windings

2025-24-0127To be published on 09/07/2025

Copper demand, driven by the electrification of transport as a way to tackle climate change, is set to outpace availability and increase market volatility. In such a context, replacing copper with aluminum in e-motor windings is tempting. Indeed, despite the higher resistivity and consequent DC losses, aluminum bears cost and weight reduction potential that this paper aims to assess while also taking into consideration environmental impacts. To this end, the finite element method is used to design two configurations with aluminum and copper hairpins meeting the same specifications in terms of peak performance. A comparative analysis is performed in terms of maximum and continuous torque, power-speed curve and efficiency. In addition, the efficiency of each configuration is assessed using the WLTC Class 3 driving cycle, which reflects the actual performance of electric vehicles. Finaly their compromises in terms of weight, cost and CO2-eq. emissions are analyzed.

Abdelli, Abdenour, Reveille, Benjamin, Milosavljevic, Misa, bureau, Gildas, Mermaz-Rollet, Guillaume, Nègre, Edouard

Experimental Simulation of a Real Mission for Identifying a Telematics-Based Diagnostic Model in Connected Light Commercial Vehicles

2025-24-0124To be published on 09/07/2025

Remote monitoring of commercial vehicles is taking an increasingly central position in automotive companies, driven by the growth of the on-road freight transportation sector. Specifically, telematics devices are increasingly gaining importance in monitoring powertrain operability, performance, reliability, sustainability, and maintainability. These systems enable real-time data collection and analysis, offering valuable support in resolving issues that may occur on the road. Moreover, the fault codes, called Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), that arise during actual road driving constitute fundamental information when combined with several engine parameters updated every second. This integration provides a more accurate assessment of vehicle conditions, allowing proactive maintenance strategies. The principal goal is to deliver an even faster response for resolving sudden issues, thus minimizing vehicle downtime. High-resolution data transmission and failure event information

D'Agostino, Valerio, Cardone, Massimo, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Marialto, Renato

An optimized particle collection system for PM10 and PM2.5 tyre wear emission factors under real-world conditions

2025-24-0093To be published on 09/07/2025

The growing demand for greener transport along with progress in vehicle electrification has led to an increased focus on accurate Emission Factors (EFs) for non-exhaust sources like tyres. Tyre wear arises through mechanical and thermal processes, generating Tyre Road Wear Particles (TRWP) composed of rubber polymers, fillers, and road particles. This research aims to establish precise tyre airborne EFs for real-world conditions, emphasizing in an efficient collection system to generate accurate PM10 and PM2.5 EFs from passenger car tyres. Particle generation replicates typical driving on asphalt road for a wide selection of tyres (different manufacturers, price ranges, fuel economy rating). Factors such as tyre load, speed and vehicle acceleration are also considered to cover various driving characteristics. The collection phase focuses on separating tyre wear particles from potential contaminants, such as brake particles and other road particles, while maintaining high capture

Kontses, Dimitrios, Dimaratos, Athanasios, Kaimakamis, Thomas, Vizvizis, George, Ouzounis, Rafail, Koutsokeras, Odysseas, Samaras, Zissis

Experimental Investigation of Usage Limits of Various Alcohol-Based Fuels in Spark Ignition Engine

2025-24-0031To be published on 09/07/2025

Current ambitious targets of transport utilized fossil fuels replacement pose a considerable challenge while transportation affordability, energetic and precious materials security are to be maintained. Most of current solutions oriented to passenger cars fossil fuel replacement by more renewable resources are dependent on one method only. On other hand, each of them exhibits some drawbacks and benefits while a reasonable combination could mitigate number of limitations and include many of advantages. Such solution could be usage of wide range liquid fuels from renewable resources in a suitable spark ignition engine accompanied by common battery electricity storage. The aim of this experimental work was to develop and demonstrate possibilities and results of an uncomplex engine adaptation to a wide range of fuels obtainable from renewable resources suitable as a range extender to commonly proposed electric cars. The approach chosen used standard gasoline as a starting fuel followed by

Pechout, Martin

In situ DRIFT-MS insight into the thermal evolution of battery materials

2025-24-0151To be published on 09/07/2025

Currently, the Li-ion battery is the reference technology adopted by most of automotive manufacturers (OEMs) to ensure the energy storage required for electrified vehicles. However, these batteries can be the source of incidents with potentially severe consequences, commonly referred to as thermal runaway (TR). Thermal runaway mechanisms are generally studied at the macroscopic scale through the analysis of the gases and heat emitted during this event. However, the chemical reactions occurring at the surface, interface, and interphase of the battery's constituent materials remain poorly documented. Obtaining information on the thermal decomposition processes of battery materials is challenging and rarely accessible. In this work, we propose an analytical approach to characterize the evolution of battery materials during a temperature increase from 20 to 350 °C in controlled atmosphere. The developed experimental setup combines diffuse reflectance infrared FT (DRIFT) analysis at the

Lecompte, Matthieu, Rivallan, Mickael, Girod, Nicolas, Clemencon, Isabelle, Chaudoy, Victor, Tant, Sylvain

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