Browse Topic: Vehicles and equipment

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S-cam brake is a drum-type foundation brake used in heavy commercial vehicles. It is a safety-critical device; hence, thorough validation of its performance by lab test rigs and field tests is essential. During prototype testing, an unusual impact was observed during dynamic braking at high pressure application, specifically when the brake drum is rotating, after a period of operation of about 10,000 cycles. This phenomenon was then observed even at static braking when the brake drum was at rest. From initial inspection, it is due to the cam roller, which rides on the web-slot provided at the shoe assembly, while the S-cam is rotating and falls back instantly. This phenomenon occurs repeatedly and creates an audible noise, which needs to be eliminated. The study aims to correlate the phenomenon using finite element analysis (FEA) as in a prototype test and to identify the root cause and optimize the design variables. Since the friction coefficient at the cam roller–web interface is unknown after a period of operation, different values of friction coefficient, ranging from 0.1 to 0.8, are iterated and simulated by rotating the S-cam until the braking effort is reached. The dynamic implicit analysis procedure in Abaqus standard is used to simulate this condition. Based on the results, design variables were improved to mitigate the issue. A quick solution, achieved by modifying a minor feature, successfully prevented the fallback behavior and was validated through physical testing. Furthermore, a permanent solution was developed to eliminate both the “ride-on” and “fallback” phenomena by optimizing component dimensions. This FEA methodology helps to validate the design in an initial concept phase itself for future variants. Using this method, even the structural and fatigue performance of braking parts can be validated at a system-level simulation with better accuracy.
Dinesh Kumar, J.Riyaz Mohamed, D.Vasanth Bharath, S.Rajkumar, S.Murugan, S.
Aircraft assembly systems, as a critical phase in aerospace manufacturing, face significant challenges in maintaining production efficiency and ensuring product quality. This complex manufacturing system exhibits two distinct characteristics: (1) tightly coupled interactions among manufacturing elements involving process sequences, material flows, and equipment utilization; and (2) dynamic resource allocation and material distribution plans. The inherent variability in production element configurations often leads to operational instability and schedule deviations, which may result in abnormal production states. To address these challenges, this study proposes a data-driven predictive framework that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks with multi-criteria evaluation. The developed LSTM-based model effectively forecasts two critical production indicators of cycle time and balance rate, achieving temporal prediction through historical operational data analysis. The proposed methodology facilitates timely anomaly detection and early warning, allowing proactive risk mitigation and ensuring sustained production system stability. This research contributes to advancing intelligent monitoring and control strategies for aircraft assembly operations within data-driven manufacturing environments.
Chen, BolinWu, JunjieSun, JinfengWang, Kai
In the marine environment, navigation safety and operational effectiveness depend heavily on the precision of liquid level/capacity measurement equipment and systems. In order to examine their measurement accuracy under complex operational situations, including ship navigation states and water tank sloshing, this study employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodologies. The numerical technique performs a thorough examination of how various operating conditions impact measurement accuracy and integrates the volume of fluid (VOF) model and laminar flow model with appropriately defined boundary conditions and solver settings. The findings indicate that constant-speed navigation has minimal impact on accuracy, horizontal acceleration causes moderate deviations, and accelerated diving greatly reduces precision. The amplitude of water tank sloshing has a positive correlation with measurement error. When sloshing amplitudes are less than 1 m, the integration of the resulting acceleration efficiently lowers deviations while preserving excellent accuracy. In light of these results, we advise adding accelerometers to differential pressure transmitters to improve measurement precision. This investigation provides data-driven references and technical solutions for system design and operational standard formulation in marine measurement systems.
Shang, JinQin, ZimingWang, YingweiWu, ChaoZhao, FenggangChen, LiangXia, WeiYan, JinChen, MinChen, Guoao
To precisely simulate the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a robotic arm grasping cylindrical objects from storage units, this study establishes a dynamic model of the robotic grasping process incorporating Coulomb and viscous friction models to characterize frictional properties. Furthermore, to effectively identify unknown parameters in the dynamic model, a parameter identification method based on the Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) is proposed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the displacement responses from the dynamic model and the experimentally acquired displacement data serves as the optimization objective. Multiple sets of experimental data are utilized to identify the unknown parameters of the dynamic model. The results demonstrate that when the identified parameters are applied to the dynamic model, the goodness-of-fit between the model’s response displacement data and the experimental displacement data exceeds 0.999. This validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for identifying unknown parameters in dynamic models.
Shen, ShaofengYang, LiuWang, ZihanHan, Qunyi
In view of the practical problem that the air-conditioner outdoor units in the spacecraft test workshops of coastal launch sites are severely damaged under the influence of super typhoon, this paper employs the finite-element simulation method to establish a finite-element model of the outdoor units. The implicit Euler solution method is used to calculate the stress conditions of each component of the unit under the influence of typhoons with wind speeds of 50.9 m/s and 61.2 m/s respectively. By combining with the material yield strength, the weak links in the design are identified, and targeted improvement measures are proposed. The simulation results demonstrate good agreement with the actual impact of the typhoon, which can effectively guide the typhoon-resistance optimization design of subsequent air-conditioning units.
Gu, YufeiChen, ShaojiangShi, YunShanFu, YuanmingChen, XiYang, Degang
To fulfill the multi-tube launch requirements for a specific folding-wing UAV, this study improves the structure of the existing storage-launch container. Based on the finite element method, a parametric model of the container is established, and a multi-condition mechanical analysis is carried out for various storage, transportation, and launch conditions. The difference between the first six natural frequencies of the free mode and the prestressed mode is compared and analyzed. The modal analysis model considering prestress is used to identify the optimization area of the container. The variable density method (SIMP) is used to optimize the topology of the container, with the volume of the container as the constraint condition and the minimum strain energy as the optimization goal. The optimization results show that the first-order modal natural frequency of the container is increased by 108%, and the first six natural frequencies are increased to a safe range, which effectively avoids the resonance risk. At the same time, the quality is reduced by 29%, and good optimization results are achieved.
Yuan, WeiyangJi, YuguoLiu, ZhipengYu, Wenxin
The malfunction of the aircraft windshield electric heating system, particularly arc discharge, poses a serious threat to flight safety by causing glass breakage. A systematic study was conducted on the causes and effects of arc faults on windshield structural integrity, employing macroscopic observation, microscopic analysis, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) following a windshield fracture incident. The results indicate that arc discharge typically occurs at the interface between the heating film busbar and adjacent structures. Localized high temperatures cause the outer glass to fracture, generating radial cracks. The ablation of the busbar silver coating and the carbonization of the PVB interlayer are direct evidence of arc action, whereas the heating wire remains a passive component affected by the high-temperature environment. The fault is primarily attributed to local disbonding at the busbar interface and moisture ingress. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed for process optimization and inspection method improvement, providing a basis for the safe design and maintenance of windshield structures.
Chen, LiFeng, YanpengDing, Keqin
The propeller-driven Bernoulli adsorption device (PBD) has both propulsion and adsorption functions, being suitable for dual-mode underwater robots. Currently, there have been studies on the adsorption performance of PBD on the flat surface. However, the surface morphology of underwater engineering structures is different, and PBD’s adsorption performance on irregular walls still remains unknown. In this letter, based on the potential application scenarios of underwater dual-mode robots, we established four types of irregular wall models to investigate PBD’s adsorption performance on irregular walls. Through CFD simulations and experiments, the adsorption state was analyzed, and the adsorption performance was quantitatively studied.
Liu, SiyueHua, ZhongYang, Canjun
In the process of replacing the rollers of the fabric cart of the tobacco storage cabinet, in order to solve the problems of low replacement efficiency and high safety risk.This article proposes a specialized lifting tool for fabric cart rollers with a self-locking and adopts the screw lifting structure, which facilitates roller maintenance operations, and conducts SolidWorks Simulation calculations and dynamic simulation methods. Jinan Cigarette Factory fine cigarettes special line leaf silk temporary storage cabinet fabric car roller replacement, for example, the results show that: the average operating personnel reduced by 50%, the replacement time from 6.7h to 1.2h, efficiency increased by 458%, This innovation significantly reduces the labor intensity of maintenance personnel and ensures a safe and reliable replacement process.
Zhang, LeiXue, YifeiZhang, GeSun, YanzhaoWang, HongbinCheng, Linfeng
Low-frequency vibrations in ships have detrimental effects on the lifespan of onboard equipment and the comfort of crew members, thereby highlighting the importance of developing efficient vibration-damping materials as a critical research area. This study investigates the application of Mn-Cu damping alloys for mitigating vibrations within the 0–1000 Hz frequency range, which is typical of ship environments. The vibration-damping characteristics of the material were examined through a combination of experimental and numerical simulations. A numerical simulation framework was developed to predict the vibration response of manganese-copper damping alloys, incorporating a frequency-dependent damping ratio model derived from experimental characterization. Comparative analyses validated the accuracy of vibration simulations that incorporate frequency-dependent damping ratios and demonstrated the superior vibration attenuation performance of the Mn-Cu damping alloy across the 0-1000 Hz frequency band. Deck application analysis revealed that manganese-copper damping devices reduced the root mean square (RMS) vibration acceleration of the ship deck by up to 17.5% in the 0-1000 Hz frequency range compared to aluminum alloy counterparts. The damping effect was particularly significant in the 400–1000 Hz range, where vibration energy dissipation was most effective due to the material's intrinsic damping mechanisms. Additional engineering evaluation confirmed that the Mn-Cu alloy components maintain structural integrity while providing enhanced damping performance under typical marine environmental conditions. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the design of ship vibration-damping materials, expands the potential applications of damping alloys in marine engineering, and provides valuable reference data for material selection and vibration control design in shipbuilding and offshore engineering applications.
Yao, SitongTian, AliZhao, Xianghua
Regarding the external sling load system of heavy-lift helicopters, the influence of the law of lifting point position on flight control stability characteristics has not been distinctly explained. To address this challenge, this paper constructs a sling load flight simulation model based on multi-body dynamics. Overall, the proposed model consists of four parts, including the rotor aeroelastic coupling model, the fuselage rigid body dynamics model, the flexible sling model, and the slung object rigid body model. Furthermore, through the hub six-degree-of-freedom rigid model and the flexible sling model, this paper realizes the dynamic coupling between the components. On this basis, taking the CH-53E heavy-lift helicopter as the research object, this paper utilizes real flight test data to validate the multi-body dynamic model. Subsequently, this paper systematically analyzes the influence of different lifting points’ lateral position, sling load mode, load-mass ratio, and forward flying speed on helicopter control stability characteristics. Simulation results indicate that the lifting point location exerts a significant impact on the helicopter’s trim attitude angles and dynamic stability. Of them, the lifting point location of the front center of gravity is the optimal in terms of trim characteristics and eigenvalue distribution. Furthermore, within a certain flight speed range, the lifting point of the front center of gravity demonstrates superior speed adaptability and system robustness. Apart from providing a solid theoretical basis for the lifting point layout design of the external sling load system of heavy-lift helicopters, the research results have important engineering application value for improving the safety of sling load flight of heavy-lift helicopters.
Wang, ZixinZhang, HonglinMeng, XiaoweiZhang, Yunrui
To facilitate the development and application of bulb-flat titanium alloys in aerospace and automotive industries, this study selects TC4 as the research material and employs finite element simulation software to simulate the hot rolling process of TC4 bulb flat titanium. The temperature field, strain field, and metal flow velocity in each rolling pass are analyzed, and rolling experiments are conducted after optimizing the roll pass system. The results indicate that during the rolling process of TC4 bulb flat titanium, the head undergoes relatively smaller deformation, resulting in a slower temperature decrease, whereas the waist experiences greater deformation and a faster temperature drop. A significant temperature difference exists between the core and surface, which can be mitigated by appropriately increasing the roll temperature to reduce heat transfer. Prior to the K4 pass, the billet temperature drops to a level that may affect rolling performance, necessitating furnace reheating. Strain increases progressively with each rolling pass, with higher values observed at the waist compared to the head. A gradual strain transition occurs at the interface between the head and waist. Furthermore, the irregular design of the roll pass leads to a considerable difference in metal flow velocity between the upper and lower surfaces. During the K1 pass rolling, this imbalance can cause the guide guard to be displaced upward and result in roll wrapping. Without altering the roll diameter, shifting the entire roll pass system toward the side with higher metal flow velocity effectively reduces the linear velocity and prevents these issues, ensuring stable billet rolling. Rolling experiments successfully produced the final TC4 bulb flat titanium, thereby validating the feasibility of the optimized roll pass system and the rationality of the selected rolling parameters. It provides the possibility for its development and application in fields such as aircraft and automobiles.
Wu, XiaojuanLiu, DongmingWen, Mingyue
Solar greenhouses in winter or mountainous areas can be at risk of roof snow accumulation, leading to collapse, poor lighting, and sudden drops in temperature. The snow removal technologies presently employed on these greenhouses have the disadvantages of being cumbersome to adjust, being intricately structured, having a high cost, having high energy consumption, and being poorly adaptable to the curvature of the plastic. An intelligent snow removal device for removing snow on a northern solar greenhouse roof, and an automatic alarm safety system were designed to solve the problems. The device consists of a snow-clearing mechanism, a traversing mechanism, and detection-alarm modules. The mechanism for snow removal consists of a crank-slider with a curved guide rail. The snow removal rod is driven by the gear motor, which goes back and forth on the arched top. A bevel gear transmission system drives the gear motor mechanism. Due to this, the transverse mechanism moves with an interrupting jump-action on transverse rails around many different zones. The system for monitoring snow pressure has a distributed sensor that is programmed as a shield using an Arduino software system. The sensors detect the pressure of the snow in real-time. When the snow pressure hits the threshold, it activates the mechanism for coordinated functioning. This mechanism triggers snow clearing when the pressure threshold is achieved to avoid energy consumed through “premature clearing”. It also fits well on the curved surfaces of the greenhouse without any jamming. The snow removal machine’s various components and operations would accomplish full span snow removal and make it possible to overcome high labour intensity, slow manual response, energy waste, and others. The technology can enhance the safety of winter production of northern greenhouse crops and improve the disaster-resistant capacity of modern agriculture facilities. This technology has been granted a patent for invention.
Fu, ChengguoWei, ShanxiangZhang, RongxianDing, XuefengGao, Yulan
With the intensifying global trend of population aging, enhancing public-transport accessibility for seniors and people with disabilities has become critical. Current wheelchair-assist boarding devices on low-floor buses suffer from cumbersome operation, excessive space occupation, poor adaptation to varying curb heights, and an inability to modulate power output dynamically, all of which compromise travel convenience. This study applies TRIZ theory to solve these problems. Functional analysis, causal-chain analysis, and the nine-screen method were used to identify key issues: excessive space use, insufficient dynamic power adjustment, poor curb-height adaptability, and the lack of self-service capability. TRIZ tools— including the contradiction matrix, substance-field models, and the Ideal Final Result (IFR)—generated conceptual solutions such as a foldable ramp, an adaptive tilting mechanism, an intelligent power-assist system, and an automatic extension device. The resulting integrated unit employs a planetary-gear train combined with a four-bar linkage for compact folding, a servo motor with torque-limiting springs for adaptive height adjustment, torque sensors for real-time power modulation, and a scissor-type telescoping mechanism for automatic stowage. Experimental validation through 50 trials showed that the device completes extension/folding in 7 s, achieves angle adjustment within 3.5 s, covers a pitch range of 0°–43°, and attains a 100 % extension success rate. These features significantly increase automation, adaptability, and user independence, thereby improving the quality of accessible bus services.
Zhu, ZongchuangHu, ZhiyongLiu, ZeshuoLiu, YijiaZhang, Ziqian
In order to improve the self-sufficiency rate of key mineral resources in China, it is necessary to develop and research deep-sea mining vehicles to improve the mining capacity of seabed mineral resources. The deep-sea mining vehicle is a heavy-duty underwater robot, and its main frame structure, as a critical component, must be designed to be lightweight to improve payload capacity and mining efficiency. This paper first conducted static analysis for the initial main frame structure. Finite element analysis results indicate that the initial structure fails to meet the strength requirements for lifting and recovery operations. The power index penalty factor was introduced into the topology optimization, which was based on the variable density method. The topology optimization objective was set to minimize structural compliance, with the maximum element stress and volume fraction used as constraints. The optimization process finally obtained the optimal material distribution. According to the results of topology optimization and space requirements of the installed equipment on the deep-sea mining vehicle, the new frame structure of the mining vehicle was re-established in the secondary modelling. According to the results of the analysis, the weight of the frame structure was reduced by 2.9%, and at the same time, the maximum stress was reduced by 57.2%, the maximum displacement was reduced by 47.2%, and the first-order natural frequency was increased by 54%. The strength and stiffness of the frame structure were greatly improved.
Tao, YichunYang, Mingyu
Focusing on the requirements engineering activities, this study analyzed the problems in the implementation process of the forward design practice of commercial aircraft airframe, introduced the breakthrough methods, including the convergence and integration with the traditional design process, the supporting work organization model, process optimization, and specification, and proposed the airframe stakeholder need capture model based on the theory of systems engineering. Practice has shown that the requirements engineering implementation strategy introduced in this paper can effectively resolve conflicts and redundancies between the requirements system and the original top-level document system requirements. It ensures clear requirements sources, sufficient basis, reasonable allocation, controllable changes, adequate change assessments, clear design status, and controllable design risks. It effectively overcomes human resource bottlenecks during the early stage of requirements engineering implementation while cultivating talent reserves for systems engineering implementation, saving approximately 23.5 person-years in labor costs. It significantly optimizes non-value-added processes, reducing approximately 100 reports. It unifies the team’s understanding of requirements work, improves coordination efficiency, and significantly improves the requirements validation rate between aircraft-level and system-level requirements by an average of approximately 46%. It assists stakeholders and engineers in systematically and scientifically capturing product requirements during the design phase, with original product design specifications covering approximately 70% of subsystem specifications on average. Given its generality across the airframe forward design domain, the airframe requirement management paradigm established by this implementation strategy holds significant importance for the comprehensive and in-depth application of systems engineering methods in commercial aircraft development.
Sun, LuyanChang, Liang
Aiming at the measurement of buckling deformation defects of submarine pipelines in turbid waters, a precise measurement method for submarine pipeline deformation was proposed based on ultrasonic ranging technology. A unified underwater coordinate system for submarine pipelines and measurement sensors is established, and a three-dimensional model of the pipeline outer surface is constructed on this basis to provide a basis for calculating pipeline deformation elements. On the basis of underwater ultrasonic velocity correction, measurement accuracy control measures were proposed. Two types of ultrasonic measurement transducers and measurement systems were designed, and engineering applications were carried out to measure the deformation of submarine pipelines in the project. The measurement results indicate that the ultrasonic measurement system operates well under harsh sea conditions such as high turbidity, low visibility, and high flow velocity in the construction sea area, with high measurement accuracy. The three-dimensional model of the deformed pipeline is constructed accurately, and the deformation characteristics of the pipeline can be accurately calculated, meeting the requirements of engineering applications and providing effective data support for submarine pipeline maintenance.
Wang, KekuanHe, YazhangWang, HongZhang, TaoCheng, PeiliangSun, XinyanBai, Qian
The Core Module of the space station is the first module of China’s Space Station, responsible for controlling the key parameters such as orbit, speed, and pressure of the entire space station, and serving as the control center of the assembly. The Solar Array Drive Assembly is a part of the Core Module. It needs to participate in the functional requirements of the whole cabin sealing of the cabin body, so it adopts the design scheme of semi-sealed. By adjusting the compression ratio and volume fraction of the sealing ring, and the roughness of the sealing surface, the overall sealing performance is improved. A small cavity leak detection hole is added to realize the sealing effect of detecting the second-layer seal separately. The real leakage rate of the drive mechanism is detected effectively by using multiple calibration schemes in the leak detection process, and the semi-sealing technology of the Solar Array Drive Assembly is verified, which has guidance and reference significance for the subsequent spacecraft design requiring a sealing function.
Dai, FeiZhu, JiahaoHuang, MengzheQian, Zhiyuan
With the development of the power industry, 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) are increasingly widely applied in power grids. When performing power-off maintenance or testing on 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) at substations, maintenance personnel require transport carts to move the equipment to suitable locations for operation. Traditional transfer carts suffer from structural design flaws and significant shortcomings. These include difficulty operating in the confined spaces of switchgear cabinets, high risks associated with manual handling, low efficiency in secondary transfers, and poor adaptability across multiple workstations. These issues collectively pose safety hazards during power-off maintenance or testing. When operating in a 3m×5m high-voltage room, traditional maintenance carts achieve less than 0.5 units transported per hour, with equipment damage rates reaching 3% annually due to drops, resulting in low work efficiency. To address these challenges, a 10kV switch cart maintenance platform has been developed. This standardized equipment facilitates 10kV switch cart maintenance, supporting the intelligent upgrade of power grid operation and maintenance.
Yang, SenZhou, HanSu, HainanYu, XinHu, YutaoWang, Xisheng
Fleet heterogeneity, from manufacturing variations and diverse operating conditions, complicates reliability analysis by obscuring true failure patterns in aero-engines. This is a critical challenge in an industry as inaccurate Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) estimates threaten safety and inflate operational costs, by forcing a choice between inefficiently conservative maintenance or the risk of in-service failures. Conventional analysis often fails by pooling all fleet data. To address this, our paper presents an analytical framework that improves predictive accuracy by filtering, rather than aggregating statistical noise. The methodology uses a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and ANOVA hypothesis test to screen a diverse dataset and isolate statistically homogeneous subgroups. This filtration identifies a core fleet with a consistent failure signature, providing a purified dataset for modeling. This refined data is then modeled using both Weibull and the Exponentiated Inverse Weibull distributions to ensure the results are robust and not model-dependent. Applying this framework to a 25-engine dataset that experienced 66 failures, we isolated a stable failure pattern, yielding a primary MTBF of 171.16 hours and a cross-validated MTBF of 176.35 hours. The close 3% convergence between these models validates our approach. By providing a dependable MTBF, this work establishes a stronger foundation for data-driven Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). It empowers maintenance planners to move toward evidence-based intervals, safely extending engine time-on-wing, optimizing spare parts inventory, and significantly reducing direct operational costs for airlines.
Jubaid, Mayin UddinBebe, GibsonBigyen, Musa PethuelAnik, S M Kullul MehedeeYasmin, AshrafiSahran, Mohamed Sideek Mohamed
To enhance the service life of cemented carbide brazed circular saw blades used in sand willow stump cutting machines and to mitigate the problem of uneven stress distribution on saw teeth during cutting, this study investigates the circular saw blade as the research object. Sand willow, widely distributed in arid and desertification-prone regions of northern China, plays a vital role in ecological restoration and biomass utilization. However, due to the high density and toughness of its stems, conventional saw blades often experience severe tooth wear and premature failure, limiting the efficiency and stability of stump cutting operations. In this work, the dynamic simulation module of ABAQUS was employed to establish a finite element model of the cutting process. A Box–Behnken Design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology was then applied to systematically evaluate the influence of key tooth parameters on stress distribution. Using the maximum equivalent stress at critical nodes as the optimization criterion, a cooperative optimization strategy was developed to balance tooth strength and cutting efficiency. The optimized design markedly improved the mechanical performance of the saw teeth. Compared with conventional blades, the maximum stress value was reduced by 51%, resulting in enhanced reliability and prolonged service life. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating finite element simulation with statistical optimization for tool design in forestry machinery, and provide both theoretical insights and practical support for advancing specialized sand willow cutting equipment, thereby contributing to ecological restoration and sustainable biomass utilization in desertification-affected regions.
Li, ZhongZhang, BinbinHan, YiliangHe, JinjunRen, YuyanYang, JianjunWang, HaichaoPei, Zhiyong
The dynamic characteristics of the electric drive axle of the new energy commercial vehicle is an important performance to evaluate its quality, and the dynamic performance of the two-stage helical gear transmission system in the electric drive axle reducer directly reflects the dynamic performance of the electric drive axle. This study focuses on the secondary gear transmission system of the electric drive axle reducer of the new energy commercial vehicle, and mainly studies the influence of the tooth surface contact stiffness with the change of meshing on the vibration performance of the transmission system. Through establishing the coupled nonlinear dynamic model of torque-begear shaft of high-speed helical gear, the dynamic equations of the system under the influence of time-variable contact mesh stiffness are derived. Taking gear error excitation and support stiffness into consideration, a 3D model software is used to build the simulation virtual model of bevel gear of electric drive axle reducer, and the dynamic simulation analysis of its transmission system is carried out. By setting different tooth contact stiffness coefficients, the variation rules of translational vibration acceleration, angular acceleration and spectrum response of transmission gears are studied systematically. Simulation results indicate that selecting the contact stiffness coefficient within 80% to 90% of the average mesh stiffness value leads to improved meshing performance in the gear transmission system of an electric drive axle reducer. This configuration results in reduced vibration amplitude, narrower sidebands, and decreased dynamic transmission error, thereby effectively enhancing the NVH performance of the transmission system. The findings also provide an important reference for optimizing the meshing behavior of electric drive axle reducers.
Pan, YunpingSong, JunchenDu, ShuaiWu, ChangquanLiao, Lieping
High-Voltage Battery (HVB) protection in lateral pole impact is very important due to severe nature of the impact. Unlike frontal impacts, vehicles have limited range of space and capacity to absorb kinetic energy in lateral side impacts. Nowadays, computer-aided engineering (CAE) using finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized routinely to simulate high-speed crash events of varied type, including side pole impact. These CAE applications focus on the analysis and design of HVB when the vehicle structure is well-developed. CAE methods are time-consuming and are not suited during the pre-program stage when the structure is only in a concept stage and not even a reasonable CAD is available/developed in any sense to use these methods. There is no analytical tool available to understand how to define the characteristics of the structure that surrounds and protects the HVB. The primary motive of this publication is to help with this aspect of vehicle planning/development. Needless to state that this procedure can also be used in planning/developing of internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid vehicles, as well. The objective therefore is to develop a simple method/procedure that can give reasonably accurate estimation of the collapse/crush force required for a specified crush space and hence protect the critical components, such as HVB and fuel tank. This analytical method also gives some insight into the optimal use of the upper body (rocker and floor cross-members) and underbody (ladder frame) parts. It was found, for a problem under consideration, optimum kinetic energy to be absorbed by the upper body is 32.5% to avoid intrusion into HVB.
Alavandi, BhimaraddiMidoun, DjamalFrank, Randy
Improving the efficiency of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions can help to extend the driving range of EVs, and the EV oil used in these transmissions plays an important role. In this study, in order to enhance energy efficiency, we examined the effects of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction in EV oil. While friction modifiers (FMs) have been widely used as friction reduction technologies in the field of tribology for many years, we previously developed a new FM that reduces friction in drive units. We found that a combination of lowering viscosity and using the developed FM was effective for better energy efficiency. The oil formulated with the developed FM improved efficiency by approximately +0.8% to +0.9% compared to commercial EV oil. EV oil also requires cooling performance. We assumed that reducing heat generation through friction reduction would improve cooling performance and examined the effect of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction. Consequently, it was found that a combination of lowering traction and applying the developed FM is effective for reduction in parasitic heat losses. We also examined durability, which is an issue when reducing viscosity. The results suggested that the oil formulated with the developed FM had good durability for gears and bearings. Thus, we succeeded in developing an ultra-low-viscosity EV oil that has excellent energy efficiency and high cooling performance.
Nakamura, ToshitakaFuruse, TakashiHasegawa, ShinjiAkahori, ShinyaItou, KimikazuSakurada, SoichiroAkiguchi, Junnosuke
With the rapid development of the global economy, issues such as the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become increasingly severe. Owing to their environmental friendliness, structural simplicity, and high energy efficiency, electric vehicles have attracted widespread attention. Electric drive technology serves as the most promising and versatile propulsion solution for battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. As an advanced mechatronic transmission system, the electric drive axle offers high transmission efficiency, flexible packaging, and ease of digital and active chassis control integration, and has thus been increasingly adopted in modern vehicle architectures. The differential is a key component within the electric drive axle, responsible for regulating the rotational speed difference between the left and right wheels and ensuring balanced torque distribution. It plays a decisive role in vehicle stability and traction performance. This study focuses on the reliability testing methodology for differentials in electric drive axles, primarily including the extraction of reliability test conditions and the feasibility analysis of the proposed testing scheme. Specifically, based on the parameters of a given electric vehicle, a Simulink model of the motor and differential is established, and a complete four-wheel-drive vehicle model is constructed. Through simulation under typical driving conditions, operational data of the rear-drive axle differential are obtained. The collected data are then preprocessed and subjected to dimensionality reduction using Principal Component Analysis. The selected principal components are further analyzed using K-means clustering to construct representative differential reliability test conditions. The limitations of existing testing methods are analyzed based on the simulated results and relevant literature. Finally, a reinforced fatigue testing method for the differential is designed according to the extracted test conditions, and the feasibility of the corresponding test bench is evaluated.
Zheng, HongyuLi, ZiyuWang, DajiangTian, Kai
As the energy density of electric vehicle power batteries continues to increase, efficient and uniform heat dissipation has become critical to their safety and performance. The liquid cooling plate serves as the core component of the battery thermal management system, with its flow channel structure directly impacting heat dissipation efficiency and system energy consumption. Current liquid cooling plate flow channel designs often rely on empirical methods, making it challenging to simultaneously optimize both heat dissipation uniformity and flow resistance performance. This paper focuses on a single lithium battery as the research subject, employing a topology optimization approach to design the liquid cooling plate flow channel structure. Optimization targets include minimizing pressure drop at the inlet/outlet and minimizing temperature difference across the contact surface between the plate and the battery. Under constant inlet cross-sectional dimensions and flow velocity, numerical simulation of fluid heat transfer processes revealed an 11.17% reduction in temperature difference across the contact surface. This enhances lithium battery heat dissipation uniformity while reducing inlet/outlet pressure drop by approximately 10.98%. This approach reduces the system energy consumption of liquid cooling. It enables multi-objective co-optimization design for power battery liquid cooling plate structures. It provides new technical references for the refined design of cooling systems in automotive power battery packs.
Ma, HonghuiZheng, YuqingYang, Minghao
The corner module is an innovative design that combines drive, steering, suspension, and other vehicle structures into a single wheel unit. This achieves a high level of integration for chassis functions. A chassis built on this module can perform more complex movements. Suspension is a key part that decides how the vehicle moves. However, current suspension design approaches lack a systematic methodology for configuration synthesis and analytical verification for the multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) requirements of the corner module. This study introduces a new method for designing the corner module suspension based on the Position and Orientation Characteristic theory (POC theory). First, the type of suspension DOF is derived from chassis functional requirements by treating the required corner module motion as the target suspension DOF. Then, we decide the number of chains, links, and joints in the mechanism and perform configuration synthesis of suspension mechanism. Next, we combine the selected kinematic pairs and select suspension mechanisms that meet the requirements of suspension DOF. There are two steps of calculation in this process. In this study, the goal is to design a suspension with three links, two loops, and two degrees of freedom. Seven suspension mechanisms with specific loops and components were obtained using the proposed process. Finally, the paper presents the process of mechanism verification. Using the steering link and ground excitation as inputs, theoretical calculations and simulation analysis were conducted to verify that the mechanisms obtained meets the suspension design objectives. This proves that the POC theory-based method for creating multi-DOF suspension is effective.
Kong, WenkaiZhu, WenfengZeng, Zhixuan
Ship propulsion shaft systems are subjected to ice load excitation when ships are navigating in polar ice regions. Compared to conventional hydrodynamic effects, the ice load imposes higher requirements on the shaft system’s ability to withstand torsional stresses. To improve the power of the ship propulsion system when sailing in ice areas and reduce the power loss of the shaft system, while considering the vibration performance. In this paper, a multi-objective optimal design of the shaft system is carried out using the Non-dominated Sorted Whale Optimization Algorithm (NSWOA) to reduce stresses on both the motor shaft and the intermediate shaft. The coupled system model of motor-shaft system-propeller structural components is established, and the system dynamics response model is obtained by solving using the Newmark-β method. Based on the response model, a multi-objective whale optimization algorithm is used to optimize the power and vibration performance of the shaft system simultaneously. The optimized results show that the shaft system transfer efficiency is improved by 0.27%, and the stress at the shaft end is reduced by 11.8% and 12.3% respectively.
Hu, ChuanxiLi, YaoPan, ShuxianLiu, ZhiyongXie, YutengYe, JunZhou, Ruiping
High-performance composite materials are widely used in the main structural components of satellites. Various cylindrical components will hit the satellite at the time. The cartridge is fixed and unchanging. Honeycomb structure and ceramic honeycomb structure are the same, the cylindrical component is lighter and can attack satellites at a greater speed under the same conditions as the propellant. In terms of mass quality, the speed can reach over 1.6 times, and ceramic honeycomb structure can have minimal kinetic energy loss and can face enemies in combat with thicker steel plates, allowing for continuous destruction. Cylindrical component remaining kinetic energy (∆E) is 3.2968e3 J, but ceramic cylindrical component ∆E is 2.082e3 J, and ceramic cylindrical component have more advantages, and there are fewer arbitrary steel balls flying.
Xu, JianYang, ZhenChang, XuefangLi, QiangZhang, KunQu, Dandan
With the deepening of space exploration, deep space exploration missions face formidable challenges. Among these, intense solar radiation and high-temperature environments pose severe threats to precision instruments and equipment in space. Stray light suppression and protection against external heat flow inputs have emerged as critical technical requirements in the design of modern spacecraft over recent years. To address the demand of space applications, this paper proposes a cylindrical deployable sunshield with axial deployment capability. First, drawing on the 6UU/3UPU/3UKU mechanism as a foundational reference, the basic module was defined through in-depth analysis of the multi-layer Kresling origami pattern. Guided by the modular composition principle, these basic modules were further assembled into an integrated deployable support mechanism. Secondly, the overall kinetic and potential energy of the full mechanism system were computed and incorporated into the second-type Lagrange equation. To verify both the correctness of the established dynamic model and the reliability of follow-up simulation studies, an integrated validation strategy was implemented: SolidWorks was used for three-dimensional modeling and kinematic simulation of the mechanism, while Matlab was employed for numerical solving and result analysis of the dynamic model, with consistent outcomes from both tools confirming the model’s correctness.
Liu, YongyuChang, Boyan
With the advance of high-end manufacturing and the rise of green design, lightweight structures have become a central concern in aerospace. Topology optimization offers a principled route to shed mass while preserving performance, yet most additive manufacturing (AM) studies still emphasize process tuning and new materials rather than structural layouts constrained by AM realities. This work targets a representative wing rib from a specific unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and formulates a multi-objective topology optimization that explicitly embeds AM constraints. Using the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) variable-density framework, we couple static stiffness and strength measures with modal objectives so that the optimized rib not only resists deformation and limits stress but also improves the first three natural frequencies, thereby mitigating adverse vibration interactions at the wing level. A compromise-programming strategy balances these competing objectives under volume and manufacturability requirements, including AM-driven minimum feature scales and related geometric restrictions. Finite-element analyses are used throughout the loop to evaluate displacement, von Mises stress, and eigenfrequencies, ensuring that the emerging material distribution is both efficient and physically meaningful. The resulting topology exhibits clearer load paths and smoother stress flow, reduces peak displacements, and delivers a marked rise in the first three natural frequencies. Overall mass is lowered by approximately 55% while meeting all imposed constraints, achieving the dual aims of structural optimization and lightweighting. The study demonstrates that integrating AM constraints directly into the optimization stage yields designs that are performance-robust and fabrication-ready, and it provides a reusable workflow for thin-walled aerospace components such as wing ribs where stiffness, strength, and vibration behavior must be jointly considered.
Zhao, FeiZhang, HeranLi, XiaotingShi, BowenKong, Xiangwei
Due to the inherent characteristics of large dimensions, complex curved surfaces, and densely distributed protrusions present in aerospace products, conventional offline programming and trajectory planning techniques for robots primarily prioritize the facilitation of uninterrupted grinding processes and the generation of points along trajectories on surfaces characterized by smoothness. However, these methods encounter challenges in identifying and proactively avoiding surface protrusions during the planning phase. The present paper puts forth a proposal for an automated robot trajectory planning method for grinding operations. This method is predicated on the integration of region partitioning and deformation correction. Specifically, this method first identifies protrusions based on curvature features and rule matching, followed by an analysis of the feasible workspace of a six-axis industrial robot equipped with an external axis. The product surface is discretized into multiple regional units according to the distribution characteristics of protrusions and the constraints of the feasible workspace. Subsequently, a parameter-optimized parallel sectioning method is employed to independently plan trajectories for each unit. The utilization of on-site measured point cloud data facilitates the analysis of contour deviations. In addition, grinding trajectories are dynamically corrected to meet high-precision process requirements. This approach effectively overcomes the challenge that trajectory planning for large-scale, complex-shaped products is easily affected by protrusions. According to the established methodology, the development of an offline programming software system for robotic automatic grinding was initiated. To this end, experiments were conducted on aircraft wall panels to plan and modify grinding trajectories using the proposed method. This process was undertaken to validate the effectiveness and engineering practicability of the proposed method.
Fan, ChanghaoWang, MingyangLv, RuiqiangZhou, Peng
Considering the spatial harmonic and time harmonic excitation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the dynamic meshing excitation of gear pairs, this paper constructs one electromechanical coupling torsional vibration model. The torsional vibration characteristics of the electric drive transmission system in pure electric vehicles are investigated. Key electromechanical parameters are obtained by numerical calculations, and the electromechanical coupling system model is solved using the Runge-Kutta method. Finally, the system dynamic response characteristics at rated speed of 3000 r/min are analyzed. The results indicate that the significant bidirectional coupling exists between the electromagnetic excitation of the motor and the mechanical excitation of the gear transmission system. The current spectrum contains fundamental and harmonic components, along with components of gear meshing frequencies and their modulated sideband characteristics relative to the electrical frequency. The electromagnetic torque spectrum exhibits components of gear meshing frequencies, and gear angular velocity fluctuations are influenced by motor harmonic excitation. Under multi-source excitation, this study reveals the frequency modulation mechanism of torsional vibrations in electromechanical coupling drive systems, providing a theoretical basis for vibration and noise suppression.
Luo, YaouZhao, KaihuaFu, Shengping
Ultrasonic guided waves enable long-range, low-intrusion inspection of pipelines. This study examines how array topology and axial spacing influence the quality of defect echoes when the longitudinal axisymmetric mode L(0,2) is used. We build COMSOL finite-element models of a steel pipe and excite it with PZT-4 at 80 kHz; three practical layouts are compared: (i) odd–even receiving, (ii) 8-transmit/8-receive, and (iii) 16-transmit/8-receive, arranged as two axially separated groups. The spacing between the groups is chosen to suppress parasitic modes such as L(0,1) and to strengthen L(0,2). Results show that the two-group configuration sharpens the defect echo and reduces modal interference; increasing the number of transmitters further raises the defect-wave amplitude and improves the separation from end-reflection echoes. Among the schemes, 8×8 performs well for small-defect identification, while 16×8 yields the clearest boundaries and fastest defect indication. These findings clarify how sensor number and placement govern modal purity and sensitivity, and they offer practical guidance for designing guided-wave arrays that improve the reliability of long-range pipeline inspection. - Ultrasonic guided waves Pipeline non-destructive testing L(0,2) mode; Sensor array layout; Finite element simulation; Guided wave signal processing.
Liao, WeiLi, TengfeiZhang, WenhuiLin, QingmingGuo, Yanbing
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses the subject of aircraft inlet-swirl distortion. A structured methodology for characterizing steady-state swirl distortion in terms of swirl descriptors and for correlating the swirl descriptors with loss in stability pressure ratio is presented. The methodology is to be considered in conjunction with other SAE inlet distortion methodologies. In particular, the combined effects of swirl and total-pressure distortion on stability margin are considered. However, dynamic swirl, i.e., time-variant swirl, is not considered. The implementation of the swirl assessment methodology is shown through both computational and experimental examples. Different types of swirl distortion encountered in various engine installations and operations are described, and case studies which highlight the impact of swirl on engine stability are provided. Supplemental material is included in the appendices. This AIR is issued to bring together information and ideas required to address the inlet-swirl problem for which common industry practice has yet to be established. This document should foster the tests and analyses necessary to mature the ideas proposed by the committee to a recommended practice. These tests and analyses must include information that justifies three main features of the proposed swirl methodology: (1) swirl descriptors for correlating inlet swirl and stability pressure ratio loss, (2) computational techniques for analyzing compression systems (inlets, fans, compressors), and (3) test protocols (instrumentation and test techniques). The committee anticipates serving the industry by using such information to establish the consensus necessary for issuance of an SAE recommended practice.
S-16 Turbine Engine Inlet Flow Distortion Committee
SiC-based power devices are favored for high-voltage and high-power applications due to their superior material properties. However, the demand for higher breakdown voltages and improved channel mobility presents significant challenges to the etching process, especially the micro-trenching effect. In this study, etching results from inductively coupled plasma (ICP) have been presents, which focused on using various SF6/O2/Ar gas ratios to eliminate micro-trenching effect. The profile analysis of micro-trench was taken by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that micro-trenches primarily originate from the coupling effect between ion multi-reflection from sidewalls and redeposition of etch byproducts. Based on this mechanism, we propose a quasi-Bosch process: a combined polymerization and etching step in oxygen-fluorine-rich plasma deposits polymer on exposed SiC and the mask, while removing it from the structure bottom via ion bombardment to enable etching and passivation; then alternates with a short fluorine-plasma step, which consumes sidewall polymer through ion incidence and prevents SiFxOy charge accumulation, cycle etching gradually deepens the structure without micro-trenches. Different gas ratios and etching time not only change the plasma energy distribution but also affect the temporal synchronization between etching and passivation steps. This approach reduces the special demands on ICP equipment capabilities while achieving superior trench profiles. The optimal etching conditions produced a micro-trench-free SiC structure with a vertical sidewall angle and a surface roughness of less than 1 nm. This methodology and resulting structures significantly advance the manufacturability of high-performance SiC power devices, enabling next-generation applications in electric vehicles and grid infrastructure where device yield and reliability are paramount.
Jiang, WenjingYang, ChengyueTang, YidanZhang, RunzeLiu, Yang
Lunar dust consists of extremely fine particles and exhibits electrostatic charging properties and electrostatic adhesion. These characteristics cause lunar dust to be highly susceptible to mobilization during lander touchdowns, rover traversals, and human activities, forming widely distributed dust clouds. Lunar dust contamination not only abrades spacecraft and equipment to impair their performance but also poses a threat to astronauts’ safety. To verify the impact of the lunar dust environment on exploration equipment components, a simulation mechanism adaptable to the thermal vacuum test environment was designed. This mechanism is integrated into the lunar environment simulation system and uses a vacuum stepper motor to drive a ratchet mechanism, enabling precise vibrational injection of simulated lunar dust. It mainly consists of a pretreatment mechanism, a particle sedimentation mechanism, a shielding mechanism, and an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation system. Considering the vacuum operating environment, alternating high and low temperature conditions, as well as the strict requirements for the mechanism’s compact size and high reliability, this paper analyzes in detail a series of problems encountered during the development of the mechanism and their corresponding solutions. Stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were selected as the main materials for the mechanism. Meanwhile, active temperature control measures were adopted to actively regulate the temperature of components such as the motor. Ultimately, the mechanism can withstand alternating high and low temperatures ranging from -150°C to 150°C and a vacuum environment of 5 × 10^–6 Pa. Under this environment, the mechanism can achieve vibration frequency adjustment within the range of 1-5 Hz, and realize the sedimentation of simulated lunar dust particles with a particle size of less than 200 μm over an area of 150 mm × 150 mm. After sedimentation, the simulated lunar dust particles can be charged through the photoelectric effect.
Xu, MenglongLv, ShizengLi, GuohuaGong, Jie
SiC-based power devices are favored for high-voltage and high-power applications due to their superior material properties. However, the demand for higher breakdown voltages and improved channel mobility presents significant challenges to the etching process, especially the micro-trenching effect. In this study, etching results from inductively coupled plasma (ICP) have been presents, which focused on using various SF6/O2/Ar gas ratios to eliminate micro-trenching effect. The profile analysis of micro-trench was taken by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that micro-trenches primarily originate from the coupling effect between ion multi-reflection from sidewalls and redeposition of etch byproducts. Based on this mechanism, we propose a quasi-Bosch process: a combined polymerization and etching step in oxygen-fluorine-rich plasma deposits polymer on exposed SiC and the mask, while removing it from the structure bottom via ion bombardment to enable etching and passivation; then alternates with a short fluorine-plasma step, which consumes sidewall polymer through ion incidence and prevents SiFxOy charge accumulation, cycle etching gradually deepens the structure without micro-trenches. Different gas ratios and etching time not only change the plasma energy distribution but also affect the temporal synchronization between etching and passivation steps. This approach reduces the special demands on ICP equipment capabilities while achieving superior trench profiles. The optimal etching conditions produced a micro-trench-free SiC structure with a vertical sidewall angle and a surface roughness of less than 1 nm. This methodology and resulting structures significantly advance the manufacturability of high-performance SiC power devices, enabling next-generation applications in electric vehicles and grid infrastructure where device yield and reliability are paramount.
Zhao, YingfanDong, ShuangSun, XiaoxuChang, XiangpengLiang, YiweiTong, Weiping
In recent years, with the rapid increase in the market penetration of new energy vehicles, safety issues in electric vehicles, particularly those characterized by thermal runaway of power batteries, especially fire incidents caused by mechanical abuse from underbody impacts, have become a major focus of industry attention and social concern. This paper systematically compiles key data from electric vehicle underbody collision incidents, covering core parameters such as impact location, geometric features of obstacles (shape and size), and vehicle speed during accidents. Based on this data, the study further reviews existing underbody scraping evaluation protocols both domestically and internationally, with a focused comparison of the differences in mechanical load and battery pack response between two typical test methods: horizontal underbody scraping and 3° inclined underbody scraping. The findings of this research aim to provide data support for the refinement of relevant evaluation standards and to offer theoretical foundations and practical references for automotive manufacturers in optimizing the design and validation strategies for underbody protection of battery packs.
Wang, QingguiHe, QikeLi, WenboLi, ChunLi, Xiaodong
This study compares 4 representative tiltrotor platforms: Joby S4, Archer Midnight, Vertical Aerospace VX4, and Uber eCRM-001 in a typical UAM mission profile under standardized rotor and wing assumptions using an integrated OpenVSP-SUAVE-VSPAero framework. This work aims to isolate the influence of eVTOL configuration from proprietary optimizations on thrust generation and aerodynamic interaction by using standard wing airfoils and a consistent rotor design tool. Vehicle geometries were modeled in OpenVSP. Rotor Operating conditions were obtained from the SUAVE conceptual design platform. Mid-fidelity aerodynamic analysis was done using VSPAero. SUAVE results show a decrease in thrust requirements as the tilt angle decreases, with the most complexity occurring in the transition phase where lift shifts from rotors to wing. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show higher hover thrust requirements due to their high takeoff weights. They display localized thrust increase near mid transition due to numerical adjustments made to achieve solver convergence. Joby S4 and Uber eCRM-001 display a smoother thrust requirement trend. VSPAero simulations also show a gradual decrease in thrust from hover to cruise. Joby S4’s continuously active rotor configuration maintained more stable performance than the hybrid configurations, which deactivate lift-only rotors after takeoff. A comparative flight feasibility analysis was conducted, defined as the difference between VSPAero-predicted thrust and SUAVE-required thrust. This analysis reveals that Joby S4 maintains a positive margin across most flight phases. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show a marginal deficit in near-cruise phases. Uber eCRM-001 showed negative margins throughout the mission, indicating limited aerodynamic robustness under standardized assumptions. Rotor-wing interactions enhances rotor thrust across all mission segments, while creating periodic pressure oscillations on the wings. Rotor-rotor interactions provide limited near-field benefits that dissipate in forward flight. The findings of this study highlight the significance of eVTOL configuration in determining performance and aerodynamic efficiency.
Sawron, Md Sadat Shahrier
Crawler tractors are essential equipment for modern agricultural mechanization. Most existing mounted implement leveling systems rely on single-cylinder or dual-cylinder structures. These system can only make small-angle leveling and struggle under complex conditions such as large roll angles and asymmetric obstacle crossing. To address this, a modular auxiliary-frame leveling system (MALS) for agricultural implements is proposed. A 3D model of the leveling mechanism is designed, and a fuzzy adaptive PID control algorithm is implemented. The electric cylinder actuator is modeled via a transfer function linking input voltage to mechanical displacement, This provides a theoretical basis for controller design and dynamic performance evaluation. Subsequently, a crawler tractor asymmetric obstacle-crossing simulation model is constructed in Adams and integrated with Simulink to form a co-simulation platform, analyzing system performance under a 220 mm single-side obstacle condition. Simulation results indicate that the MALS achieves an extreme adjustment range of ±25°. Further validation on the integrated prototype confirms the effectiveness of the simulation model and control strategy. This demonstrated that the system can be adapted for use in complex terrain operations.
Lin, QiangLi, ChenyangChen, YuchenFeng, YangyuShao, GuifangZhu, Qingyuan
The coupled multi-physical field environment in space, including vacuum, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradients, is the key factor affecting the life of the spacecraft’s rotary mechanism. Aiming at the use requirements of long-life space rotary mechanisms, this paper designs a multi-physical field accelerated life test scheme. This scheme simulates the vacuum environment, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradient conditions encountered during on-orbit operation. Ground-based accelerated life tests were conducted based on this scheme to verify the life of the mechanism under a comprehensive environment. Taking a certain type of space rotary mechanism as the test object, an integrated test platform was constructed, incorporating a vacuum simulation system, a temperature gradient control system, and a mechanism performance test system. Corresponding test procedures and failure criteria were established. Test results verified that after accumulating 130,000 ±7° small-angle reciprocating swings, the mechanism’s lifespan indicators met expectations. Post-test, the overall performance of the mechanism still satisfied the design requirements, with key moving components remaining in good condition. This study provides important experimental evidence for the on-orbit application of this mechanism type and offers valuable engineering reference for the design and evaluation of life tests for space mechanisms under multi-physical field coupling conditions.
Wang, HaomiaoDu, YuefeiHuang, MengzheYang, Jinping
Given the braking deviation of commercial vehicles, this paper discusses the influencing factors and uses Adams simulation software to accurately model the vehicle model due to the unreasonable match between the suspension system and the steering system. Through K&C analysis and dynamics analysis of the model, the root cause of braking deviation is identified, and the simulation method is used to quickly realize optimization and verification.
Yan, TangWang, JingxianSun, HongyangWu, Zhen
Historically, the demand for advanced technology, efficiency, and safety has been a primary driving force in the evolution of commercial vehicles, particularly with respect to braking systems. More recently, the increasing levels of vehicle autonomy and electrification have emerged as irreversible trends, significantly accelerating the development of new functionalities and innovative electrical/electronic [E/E] architectures. These advancements are essentially focused on performance optimization, risk mitigation, and enhanced system reliability through the application of functional safety and cybersecurity standards, thereby shaping the current landscape of braking system design. From an efficiency standpoint, braking systems with higher levels of electronic content, functional integration – included with regenerative braking systems - and harmonization have been developed to improve energy efficiency and support global scalability. Concurrently, new system configurations are continuously being introduced to enhance vehicle safety and advanced driver assistance capabilities, in alignment with evolving regulatory requirements and market expectations. This paper evaluates the impacts of automation and electrification on commercial vehicle pneumatic braking systems, focusing on Anti-lock Braking Systems [ABS], Electronic Braking Systems [EBS] and air management platforms. It provides a technical overview of both architectures, assessing their capabilities to meet modern requirements such as integration with advanced vehicle architecture, regenerative braking for electrified applications, and Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems [ADAS] support. The study details the evolution of air management systems, with emphasis on electrified vehicles, including key functions such as air compressor charge control, Air Processing Unit [APU] desiccant regeneration, and electronic control strategies. Additionally, it examines key drivers of braking system evolution, braking system selection considering ADAS regulatory developments, Net Zero strategies, and automation trends. The paper further evaluates compliance with functional safety and cybersecurity standards and assesses the readiness of both platforms for emerging mobility concepts. Finally, it highlights the risks of deploying higher levels of autonomy in heavy-duty towing vehicles when operating with non- ABS semi-trailers, identifying this as a critical area for further investigation.
Guarenghi, Vinícius MendesNicora, FabioPizzi, Rafael FortunaResende, Angelo Roberto RodriguesPinto, Gustavo Laranjeira
This study presents a comparative analysis of the braking performance of a heavy commercial vehicle under in-gear and out-of- gear conditions, combining experimental tests conducted at 60 km/h with high-fidelity computational simulation. The numerical model incorporates real engine torque, power, and motoring/braking curves, full brake system parameters, dynamic load transfer, tire–road friction characteristics, and ABS actuation. Simulation results were validated against experimental MFDD and stopping distance measurements. The simulation demonstrated a high correlation with the experimental MFDD values (5.3 vs. 5.36 m/s2 in the in-gear condition and 5.6 vs. 5.37 m/s2 in the out-of-gear condition), confirming the robustness of the model. Differences in stopping distance were attributed primarily to the real-world behavior of the ABS and to variability in the road surface friction coefficient. The study concludes that braking with the vehicle in gear provides improved longitudinal stability due to the resistive contribution of engine drag torque, which also reduces the thermal load on the service brakes. Overall, the results reinforce the essential role of simulation as a development, optimization, and certification tool for brake systems.
Junior, Getulio SoaresCanale, Antônio Carlosde Oliveira, Sergio Henrique FidelisPizzi, Rafael Fortuna
This study investigates the influence of wheel structural stiffness and wheel configuration (single- and dual-tire) on brake drum deformation in commercial vehicles equipped with pneumatically actuated drum brakes. A comprehensive multi-method approach was adopted, combining on-vehicle measurements, controlled bench testing using two- and three-dimensional optical metrology, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the rear axle assembly. Three- wheel configurations were evaluated: a dual-tire arrangement (Configuration A) and two single-tire designs with distinct stiffness characteristics (Configurations B and C). Radial distortion was quantified using the displacement difference between the bottom and top regions of the brake drum (ΔZ). The results demonstrate that wheel stiffness and the offset between the wheel-disc attachment point and the ground reaction force are dominant factors governing brake drum deformation. The brake drum equipped with dual-tire configurations exhibited minimal ΔZ, whereas the brake drums equipped with single-tire configurations, particularly the least stiff Configuration C, showed pronounced outward radial displacement and increased deformation asymmetry. Design evaluations conducted under the worst-case configuration confirmed these findings, showing an effective reduction in brake drum deformation achieved by increasing the brake drum collar thickness (–36.1%; +6 kg) and by increasing the wheel rim thickness (–27.8%; +4.5 kg).
de Souza, Cassio Belo ClementeSantana, Flávio ArcanjoHenze, SteffenPulju, HendrikFilho, William Manjud Maluf
The anti-lock braking system (ABS) plays a fundamental role in preventing wheel lockup and preserving vehicle steerability and stability during braking. In Brazil, ABS is mandatory for commercial vehicles since 2014, following CONTRAN Resolution 380/11, with the objective of improving traffic safety and reducing road accidents. The performance of an ABS is directly influenced by the characteristics of the vehicle’s braking system, including its pneumatic architecture and mechanical component sizing, which determine brake-force distribution and the frequency of ABS intervention. Regardless of these characteristics, developers must ensure that ABS efficiency complies with applicable regulatory requirements. For performance assessment, NBR 10966 Part 6 establishes procedures for measuring and calculating the adhesion utilization of ABS. Represented by the letter epsilon (ε), adhesion utilization quantifies the relationship between the braking performance achieved with ABS active and that corresponding to the vehicle’s maximum braking capacity without wheel slip. This metric provides an indirect evaluation of system efficiency. This work presents a case study conducted during the development of the ABS for a medium-heavy truck equipped with more than two axles. The study consisted of the analysis of results obtained following the adhesion utilization determination methodology defined in NBR 10966 Part 6, and of the evaluation of its applicability to multi-axle vehicles. Despite the braking system and vehicle configuration meeting all minimum static and dynamic performance requirements, the measured adhesion utilization fell below expectations. This outcome prompted a detailed investigation of both the measurement approach used for this vehicle category and the factors affecting the tire–road friction coefficient, which are independent of the braking system itself. The analysis indicated potential improvements in the test methodology for vehicles with more than two axles and highlighted the significant influence of test-track surface conditions on the results obtained.
Dias, Eduardo MirandaRudek, ClaudemirTravaglia, Carlos Abílio Passos
Embedded electronics are becoming increasingly common in solutions developed for commercial vehicles. Technological advancements enabled the development of electronic solutions that provide braking systems with functions to improve safety, comfort, performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness of wear components. In this context, the electronic braking system, EBS, has become increasingly present in the electronic architecture of commercial vehicles. Considering the functions that can be developed within the electronic braking system, the following stand out: the pedal characterization, which potentially improves comfort and increases the sensation of safety during braking; and the brake force distribution, which can be adjusted to ensure that the vehicle achieves an optimal balance between performance and friction material’s durability. This work consists of the presentation of tests and results of technical activities required to develop an EBS for medium-heavy and heavy-duty vehicles designed for a variety of applications. EBS was developed to prioritize comfort and safety, with optimized braking sensation and performance without compromising the durability of the wear components of the vehicles. Activities started with the experimental determination of the brake factor—a value that transmits to EBS the braking capacity of the truck. In sequence, brake pedal setup was performed based on data extracted from a vehicle equipped with a mechanical braking system and validated by subjective assessment. In addition, the braking force distribution definition started by establishing its target: friction material’s wear equalization or braking performance; went through balancing the mechanical braking power per axle; and finished being validated by data obtained from vehicles in use. Results showed that the implementation of electronic braking systems in commercial vehicles brought several benefits to the product, in particular, improvement of braking feeling when pressing the brake pedal, and in both braking performance and friction material’s durability, which resulted in a better balance between maintenance costs and technical advantages.
Travaglia, Carlos A. P.Rodrigues, AndréRudek, ClaudemirDias, Eduardo MirandaSilveira, Juliana
Violent shaking induced by motion excitation in a dynamic environment can generate significant additional forces and moments in liquid propellants, affecting spacecraft stability and attitude control. This study employs the CEL method to establish a fluid-structure interaction model for a launch vehicle fuel tank. The penalty function approach addresses FSI and hinged contact behavior, while the control volume method quantifies liquid pressure on anti-sloshing plates and propellant volume changes. Initial filling angles were used to simulate motion excitation equivalently. For partial filling conditions, the effects of equivalent filling height, initial filling angle, and anti-shake plate thickness on impact resistance were analyzed. Results indicate that at a fixed initial liquid filling angle, increasing the equivalent liquid filling height elevates both the maximum pressure and displacement of the anti-sloshing plate, though the rate of increase diminishes with greater plate thickness. At a fixed equivalent liquid filling height, increasing the initial liquid filling angle raises the maximum pressure, while the enlarged liquid-solid contact volume suppresses propellant sloshing, thereby reducing the displacement of the anti-sloshing plate. This study provides theoretical support for the structural design of anti-sloshing plates in rocket tanks.
Jiang, LongxuanLe, Guigao
As multi-vehicle cooperation becomes an increasingly important operational mode for armored vehicles, the performance of cooperative crews plays a crucial role in accomplishing coordinated missions and enhancing the functionality of the human–machine system. In this study, the influencing factors of crew performance in multi-vehicle cooperation of armored vehicles were initially extracted through a literature review. The Delphi method was then employed to collect expert opinions and perform a preliminary simplification of the indicator system, followed by an optimization of the system using exploratory factor analysis. The final indicator system consisted of 11 indicators, and the DEMATEL–TAISM method was further employed to analyze the interaction relationships among the identified key influencing factors. In terms of the interrelationships among influencing factors, the fundamental determinants of armored vehicle crew performance include individual capability and experience, operational characteristics, shared screen and auditory design, display–control interface and cabin layout, and intelligent and automated design. The findings suggest that improving crew capability and experience through training, optimizing the interface, cabin, and auditory design, and promoting intelligent and automated system design can significantly enhance armored vehicle crew performance.
Wang, RulanChen, XingjiangZhou, YueXie, FangWanyan, XiaoruLiu, Shuang
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