Browse Topic: Buses

Items (2,109)

Simulation-Based Investigation and its experimental Validation of the Thermal Behaviour of a Battery Electric City Bus

2025-01-0266To be published on 07/02/2025

Electrification of city busses is an important factor for decarbonisation of the public transport sector. Due to its strictly scheduled routes and regular idle times the public transport sector is an ideal use case for battery electric vehicles (BEV). In this context the thermal management has a high potential to decrease the energy demand respectively to increase the mileage of the vehicle [1]. The thermal management of an electric city bus comprises the thermal behaviour of the components of the powertrain, such as engine and inverters, as well as the conditioning of the battery system and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) of the drivers’ front box and the passenger room. The focus of the research is the modelling of the thermal management of an electric city bus in MATLAB/Simscape including real world driving cycles. The heating of the components, geometry and behaviour of the cooling circuits as well as the different mechanisms of heat transfer are modelled

Schäfer, Henrik, Meywerk, Martin

Overview of Indian Government Policies, Regulations and Automotive Company Strategies toward Net-zero Emissions

2025-01-0184To be published on 06/16/2025

The automotive sector in India is undergoing a transformation, driven by government policies and regulations aimed at achieving net-zero carbon emissions. In alignment with global climate goals, the Indian government has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a focus on promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs). Initiatives like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme, along with tax incentives, subsidies, and charging infrastructure development, are designed to accelerate the adoption of cleaner vehicles. The introduction of stricter emission standards and the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) further underscores the push toward sustainable mobility. In response, Indian automotive companies are shifting strategies to align with these government directives. Major players are significantly increasing investments in EV technology, focusing on enhancing battery performance

Patil, NIKHIL, Saurabh, Saurabh, Gawhade, Ravikant, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya

Noise Management in Electric Vehicle Compressors for Superior Cabin Comfort

2025-01-0191To be published on 06/16/2025

“This research addresses the issue of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in electric buses, which can hinder their widespread adoption despite their environmental benefits. With the absence of traditional engines, NVH control in electric vehicles focuses on auxiliary components like the air compressor. In this study, the air compressor was identified as a major source of vibration, causing harsh contact between its oil sump and mounting bracket. Analyzing the vibrations revealed that the sump and bracket were not moving freely, increasing noise. Modifying the bracket design to allow more movement between the components successfully reduced both noise and vibration. The paper details the experimental process, findings, and structural damping methods to mitigate NVH in electric buses”.

Paroche, Sonu, Patel, Shubhanshi

A Low-Entry Bus Body Structure Performance under the Conditions of the New Car Assessment Program Frontal Crash Tests

09-13-02-0007

04/09/2025

The New Car Assessment Program (e.g., US NCAP and EuroNCAP) frontal crash tests are an essential part of vehicle safety evaluations, which are mandatory for the certification of civil means of transport prior to normal road exploitation. The presented research is focused on the behavior of a tubular low-entry bus frame during a frontal impact test at speeds of 32 and 56 km/h, perpendicular to a rigid wall surface. The deformation zones in the bus front and roof parts were estimated using Ansys LS-DYNA and considered such factors as the additional mass (1630 kg) of electric batteries following the replacement of a diesel engine with an electric one. This caused stabilization of the electric bus body along the transverse axis, with deviations decreased by 19.9%. Speed drop from 56 to 32 km/h showed a reduction of the front window sill deformations from 172 to 132 mm, and provided a twofold margin (159.4 m/s2) according to the 30g ThAC criterion of R80. This leads to the conclusion about

Holenko, Kostyantyn, Dykha, Aleksandr, Koda, Eugeniusz, Kernytskyy, Ivan, Royko, Yuriy, Horbay, Orest, Berezovetska, Oksana, Rys, Vasyl, Humeniuk, Ruslan, Berezovetskyi, Serhii, Chalecki, Marek

Learning-Based Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell City Buses Considering Power Source Degradation

02-18-02-0012

04/02/2025

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer a promising solution for achieving environmentally friendly transportation and improving fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS), as a critical technology for FCVs, faces significant challenges of achieving a balanced coordination among the fuel economy, power battery life, and durability of fuel cell across diverse environments. To address these challenges, a learning-based EMS for fuel cell city buses considering power source degradation is proposed. First, a fuel cell degradation model and a power battery aging model from the literature are presented. Then, based on the deep Q-network (DQN), four factors are incorporated into the reward function, including comprehensive hydrogen consumption, fuel cell performance degradation, power battery life degradation, and battery state of charge deviation. The simulation results show that compared to the dynamic programming–based EMS (DP-EMS), the proposed EMS improves the fuel cell durability while

Song, Dafeng, Yan, Jinxing, Zeng, Xiaohua, Zhang, Yunhe

Lightweight Optimization of an Electric Bus Body Frame Based on the C ² oDE Algorithm

2025-01-8654

04/01/2025

In this work, design optimization for the lightweight of the body frame of a commercial electric bus with the requirements of stiffness, strength and crashworthiness is presented. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is applied to calculate the components that have a great impact on the output response of the static modal model and the rear-end collision model. The thickness of the five components with the highest contribution in the two models is determined as the final design variable. Design of experiment (DOE) is carried out based on the Latin Hypercube sampling method, and then the surrogate models are fitted by the least squares regression (LSR) method based on the DOE sampling data. The error analysis of the surrogate model is carried out to determine whether it can replace the finite element (FE) model for optimization, then the optimization scheme for lightweight optimization of electric bus frame is implemented based on the algorithm of

Yang, Xiujian, Tian, Dekuan, Liu, Jiaqi, Cui, Yan, Lin, Qiang

Analysis of the Design Space for Battery- and Fuel Cell-Powered Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks Based on a Simplified Cost of Ownership Evaluation

2025-01-8600

04/01/2025

Diverse solutions will likely be needed to decarbonize the commercial truck sector in the United States. Battery-powered vehicles play a predominant role but in some cases, fuel cell trucks are more advantageous for the consumer. This study examines several medium- and heavy-duty applications designed for different driving range requirements to identify the design space where battery and fuel cell trucks are attractive. Also considered are the impacts of purchase price, fuel cost, and vehicle usage. We examine the top 10 truck classes as well as bus applications based on vehicle population, fuel usage, and driving distances. We assume a 2030 scenario where both batteries and FC systems become less costly and more efficient, as targeted by the U.S. Department of Energy. Even for smaller-class vehicles, where battery electric vehicles are expected to be the most economical among clean vehicle solutions, the results are not straightforward. Based on vehicle design, usage, and external

Vijayagopal, Ram, Birky, Alicia

Optimizing Charging Infrastructure Management for Enhanced Grid Resilience

2025-01-8120

04/01/2025

This study addresses the challenges of electrifying heavy-duty vehicle fleets, particularly school buses, by focusing on the development of dedicated depot charging infrastructure and grid resilience. A key challenge is managing recharging limitations while considering grid resilience in the electrification of school bus fleets. Using real operational data, the study introduces a two-phase approach to optimize both charging infrastructure and scheduling. In the first phase, the optimal number of chargers is determined to ensure sustainable fleet operations. In the second phase, charging schedules are refined to reduce peak power demand and improve grid resilience. Experimental results demonstrate that approximately half the fleet size is required in chargers, with distributed charging and peak shaving strategies reducing peak power demand by 20% to nearly 45%. These findings offer practical insights for fleet managers, grid operators, and policymakers on enhancing grid resilience and

Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer

Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector

2025-01-8539

04/01/2025

Marine ports are an important source of emissions in many urban areas, and many ports are implementing plans to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases using zero-emission cargo handling equipment. This paper evaluates the performance and activity profiles for various zero-emission (ZE) cargo transport equipment being demonstrated at different ports in California. This included 23 battery-electric (BE) 8,000 lb. (8K) and 36,000 lb. (36K) forklifts, a BE railcar mover, and an electrified rubber-tired gantry crane (eRTG). The study focused on evaluating the performance of the ZE equipment in terms of activity patterns and the potential emissions reductions. Data loggers were used to collect activity data, including hours of use, energy consumption, and charging information over periods from 6 to 21 months. The results showed that the BE forklifts, BE railcar mover, and the eRTG averaged 2-3 hours, 5 hours, and 14 hours of use per day of operation, respectively. The average energy use for

Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, Makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Thomas, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, Alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela

Windshield Defrosting Systems Test Procedure and Performance Requirements - Trucks, Buses, and Multipurpose Vehicles

J381_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures and performance requirements for the defrosting system of enclosed cab trucks, buses, and multipurpose vehicles. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. For laboratory evaluation of defroster systems, current engineering practice prescribes that an ice coating of known thickness be applied to the windshield and left- and right-hand side windows to provide more uniform and repeatable test results, even though - under actual conditions - such a coating would necessarily be scraped off before driving. The test condition, therefore, represents a more severe condition than the actual condition, where the defroster system must merely be capable of maintaining a cleared viewing area. Because of the special nature of the operation of most of these vehicles (where vehicles are generally kept in a garage or warmed up before driving), and since

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

Windshield Wiper Systems - Trucks, Buses, and Multipurpose Vehicles

J198_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes testing methods and performance requirements for windshield wiping systems on trucks, buses, and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 4500 kg (10000 pounds) or greater and light-duty utility vehicles with a GVWR of less than 4500 kg (10000 pounds). The test procedures and minimum performance requirements outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed.

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

A Cooperative Control Approach of Transit Signal and Trajectory Optimization for Bus Priority at Connected Intersection

2025-01-7196

02/21/2025

This paper proposes a cooperative control of transit signal priority and speed guidance strategy for connected buses at intersections, which aims to reduce travel delays and improve driving comfort. The connected bus could pass the intersection with the green light while minimizing the impact on the social traffic flow or reduce bus waiting time at intersections. The cooperative optimal problem is described as a mixed-integer programming problem. Serval simulation tests are conducted in SUMO platform, which is proved that the total passenger delay is reduced and the average vehicle cumulative queue length at intersections is reduced, and the bus travel efficiency is improved.

Wang, Xiaoliang, Ma, Shufang, Yu, Qin, Song, Wen, Peng, Hongrui, Hu, Yiming

Dynamic Evaluation Method for Public Transport Operation Indicators Based on Rank Transformation

2025-01-7219

02/21/2025

This study presents a method to evaluate the daily operation of traditional public transportation using multi-source data and rank transformation. In contrast with previous studies, we focuses on dynamic indicators generated during vehicle operation, while ignoring static indicators. This provides a better reference value for the daily operation management of public transport vehicles. Initially, we match on-board GPS data with network and stop coordinates to extract arrival and departure timetable. This helps us calculate dynamic operational metrics such as dwell time, arrival interval, and frequency of vehicle bunching and large interval. By integrating IC card data with arrival timetable, we can also estimate the number of people boarding at each stop and derive passenger arrival time, waiting time, and average waiting time. Finally, we developed a comprehensive dynamic evaluation method of public transportation performance, covering the three dimensions: bus stops, vehicles, and

Zhou, Yang, Shao, Yichang, Han, Zhongyi, Ye, Zhirui

Truck and Bus Lane Departure Warning Systems Test Procedure and Minimum Performance Requirements

J3045_202502 (Current)

02/07/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform, powered vehicle test procedure and minimum performance requirement for lane departure warning systems used in highway trucks and buses greater than 4546 kg (10000 pounds) gross vehicle weight (GVW). Systems similar in function but different in scope and complexity, including lane keeping/lane assist and merge assist, are not included in this document. This document does not apply to trailers, dollies, etc. This document does not intend to exclude any particular system or sensor technology. This document will test the functionality of the lane departure warning system (LDWS) (e.g., ability to detect lane presence and ability to detect an unintended lane departure), its ability to indicate LDWS engagement, its ability to indicate LDWS disengagement, and its ability to determine the point at which the LDWS notifies the human machine interface (HMI) or vehicle control system that a lane departure event is detected. Moreover, this

Truck and Bus Automation Safety Committee

Development and Numerical and Experimental Validation of an Anti-Intrusion Device for Protecting the Battery Compartment in Electric Buses

2024-36-0091

12/20/2024

The behavior of mechanical structures subjected to impacts is a topic of great relevance, with one of its applications being in the context of collisions on urban roads. According to data obtained from the electric bus monitoring platform E-Bus Radar, the fleet of vehicles with this means of propulsion has grown significantly in the last 6 years. Just from 2022 to 2023, the growth was 51%, jumping from 2669 to 4020 registered vehicles in Latin America. In this context, the present study investigated the behavior of the rear structure of an electric bus - EB in a rear-end collision scenario. The study of this region was motivated by the fact that it houses 4 out of the 12 battery packs and other electrical components. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of the anti-intrusion and impact absorption mechanism to ensure the integrity of the batteries. Since damage in a collision can release different types of flammable electrolytes and even trigger a fire, posing a

Menino, Bruno G., Sordi, Alexsandro, Braida, Claudio A. B., Biondo, Felipe, Spengler, Felipe, Magnabosco, Guilherme

Transit Bus System Electrification Transition Planning Review

2024-36-0067

12/20/2024

The world’s commitment towards the mitigation of climate changes has driven many sectors into an effort to reduce their carbon footprint. The transit bus sector, which currently strongly relies on diesel fueled buses, is challenged to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as to reduce the emission of criteria pollutant and noise, which negatively affect the world cities’ population, especially those living nearby the large transit bus corridors. In this context, the Battery Electric Buses (BEB), has been set as the transit sector’s workhorse for reaching the global, regional and local environmental targets. However, despite the relative maturity level of both the electric powertrain and the energy storage devices (ESD) technologies, the bus electrification transition is a disruptive process, from both a technological, operational and managerial standpoint, which might take into account both the (electrical) infrastructure, as well as the operational customization requirements. Moreover

Barbosa, Fábio Coelho

Campus Bus Station Layout Planning in Mountainous Universities Based on User Needs

13-06-01-0006

12/13/2024

The planning of mountain campus bus routes needs to take into account user demand, convenience, and other factors. This study adopts a comprehensive research method that combines quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. From the perspective of university students, this article studies the demand of campus public transportation and proposes the layout of campus bus routes in mountainous universities to meet the needs of users. The psychological needs questionnaire was used to investigate college students’ expectation of bus station service function. Taking three mountain universities as examples, the integration and selectivity of campus road networks are evaluated by using space syntax analysis, which provides valuable insights into the quality of bus stop areas. This article discusses the correlation between psychological needs assessment of college students and objective conditions of campus road network. The study concludes with the following findings: (1) The pedestrian environment

Duan, Ran, Tang, Rui, Wang, Zhigang, Zhao, Yixue, Wang, Qida, Yang, Jiyi, Su, Jiafu

Bus Body Heating System Test

J2233_202412 (Current)

12/06/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform cold weather test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of bus that are all vehicles designed to transport 10 or more passengers. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for bus occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. Required test equipment, facilities, and definitions are included. There are two options for producing hot coolant in this recommended practice. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

Truck and Bus Grade Parking Performance Test Procedure

J360_202412 (Current)

12/06/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes methods to determine grade parking performance with respect to: a Ability of the parking brake system to lock the braked wheels. b The vehicle holding or sliding on the grade, fully loaded or unloaded. c Applied manual effort. d Unburnished or burnished brake lining friction conditions. e Down and up grade directions.

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

Electric Windshield Washer Switch - Trucks, Buses, and Multipurpose Vehicles

J2348_202412 (Current)

12/06/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose passenger vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a Minimum performance requirements for the switch for activating electric or electro-pneumatic windshield washer systems. b Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document, are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield washing system performance is developed.

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

Electric Windshield Wiper Switch - Trucks, Buses, and Multipurpose Vehicles

J2349_202412 (Current)

12/06/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a Minimum performance requirements for the switch for electrically or electro-pneumatically powered windshield wiping systems. b Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed.

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

Performance Evaluation of Battery Cooling System for Electric Bus Applications Using MATLAB

2024-28-0145

12/05/2024

As the electrification of transportation continues to gain momentum, the thermal management of onboard batteries remains a critical aspect to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity. To address this challenge, a standalone cooling system with a cooling capacity has been developed, specifically tailored for electric buses. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance comparison between simulation and testing data for a standalone battery cooling system designed for electric bus applications. The study encompasses two primary components: numerical simulation using MATLAB Simulink and experimental testing. In the experimental phase, rigorous tests were conducted in a laboratory environment to evaluate the system's cooling performance under various operating conditions. Key metrics such as cooling capacity, temperature profile, and power consumption were measured and recorded to assess the system's effectiveness. A detailed numerical simulation model was

Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh, Shukla, Ankit

CATL expands battery range for heavy-duty trucks and buses

24TOFHP12_05

12/01/2024

Chinese battery manufacturer CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd.) completed the launch of its TECTRANS battery system for the commercial transport sector at IAA Transportation, which took place in September in Hanover, Germany. CATL added its heavy-duty truck and bus/coach battery ranges to the light-truck range that the company launched in China in July 2024. For heavy-duty trucks, CATL offers two alternatives: the TECTRANS - T Superfast Charging Edition and the TECTRANS - T Long Life Edition. As the name suggests, the Superfast Charging Edition is designed to offer rapid charging capability for operators needing to recharge during a duty cycle. CATL quotes a 4C peak charging rate, which would permit a charge to 70% in 15 minutes.

Kendall, John, Gehm, Ryan

Antilock Brake Systems Energy Consumption Test Procedure for Air-Brake-Equipped Truck Tractors, Buses, Trailers, and Dollies

J2255_202411 (Current)

11/22/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways.

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

Battery Electric Transit Bus Safety and Performance Testing: A Review of Current Practices and Correlation to Battery Failure Modes

2024-01-4330

11/05/2024

Transit agencies around the world have been investing in more battery electric buses (BEB) in an effort to combat the growing negative externalities stemming from the use of petrochemicals in combustion transit vehicles. These buses use new propulsion systems based primarily on lithium-ion batteries to cut carbon pollution and promote cleaner, faster, and safer rides. As new electrification technologies continue to penetrate the bus transit market, there is a continuous need to evaluate the safety and performance of these battery electric systems. To meet the safety and performance needs of technologies in transit buses, regulations and standards have been established to define best testing and industry practices. This paper details the current state of battery standards and regulations in automotive and transit vehicles, with consideration of battery failure modes and effects. Various governments and standard organizations have established numerous different regulations and standards

Jankord, Gregory, Gravante, Emanuele, D'Arpino, Matilde

Understanding Energy Footprints of the Existing School Bus Fleets - A Case Study

2024-01-4335

11/05/2024

Vehicle electrification has gained prominence in various industries and offers sustainability opportunities, especially in the context of heavy-duty vehicles such as school buses. Despite the prevalence of conventional diesel school buses (CDSB), the adoption of electric school bus (ESB) and other eco-friendly alternatives is increasing. In the United States alone, there has been a notable increase in the adoption of ESBs, indicating substantial growth. The electrification of school buses not only promises energy savings, but also offers health benefits to children, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and environmentally friendly transportation practices, aligned with broader eco-friendly initiatives. This paper investigates the potential for energy savings and reduction in environmental footprint through electrification of school buses in the Columbus, OH area. Analyzing current bus routes and road terrain data allows one to estimate energy demand and environmental impact, accounting

Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer

A Step towards Pragmatic Carbon Emission Reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants

2024-01-4303

11/05/2024

With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and retain the economic feasibility offered by present diesel fuelled vehicle fleets. With implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS VI) emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complaint diesel fuel started and BS VI complaint vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices started to come which made present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. The present research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of

Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Towards Automation of Reference Data Generation for ADAS/AD Functions Development – ALiVA Framework

2024-28-0022

10/17/2024

The advancements towards autonomous driving have propelled the need for reference/ground truth data for development and validation of various functionalities. Traditional data labelling methods are time consuming, skills intensive and have many drawbacks. These challenges are addressed through ALiVA (automatic lidar, image & video annotator), a semi-automated framework assisting for event detection and generation of reference data through annotation/labelling of video & point-cloud data. ALiVA is capable of processing large volumes of camera & lidar sensor data. Main pillars of framework are object detection-classification models, object tracking algorithms, cognitive algorithms and annotation results review functionality. Automatic object detection functionality creates a precise bounding box around the area of interest and assigns class labels to annotated objects. Object tracking algorithms tracks detected objects in video frames, provides a unique object id for each object and

Mardhekar, Amogh, Pawar, Rushikesh, Mohod, Rucha, Shirudkar, Rohit, Hivarkar, Umesh N.

Enhancing Availability of Autonomous Shuttle Services: A Conceptual Approach toward Challenges and Opportunities

12-08-03-0023

10/09/2024

Autonomous vehicle technologies have become increasingly popular over the last few years. One of their most important application is autonomous shuttle buses that could radically change public transport systems. In order to enhance the availability of shuttle service, this article outlines a series of interconnected challenges and innovative solutions to optimize the operation of autonomous shuttles based on the experience within the Shuttle Modellregion Oberfranken (SMO) project. The shuttle shall be able to work in every weather condition, including the robustness of the perception algorithm. Besides, the shuttle shall react to environmental changes, interact with other traffic participants, and ensure comfortable travel for passengers and awareness of VRUs. These challenging situations shall be solved alone or with a teleoperator’s help. Our analysis considers the basic sense–plan–act architecture for autonomous driving. Critical components like object detection, pedestrian tracking

Dehghani, Ali, Salaar, Hamza, Srinivasan, Shanmuga Priya, Zhou, Lixian, Arbeiter, Georg, Lindner, Alisa, Patino-Studencki, Lucila

BROWNOUT FOR COMMERCIAL-VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION?

24TOFHP10_01

10/01/2024

Outsized costs for charging infrastructure could slow implementation of battery-electric CVs. The high cost of batteries to electrify on-road commercial vehicles is one thing. But some connected with or studying electrification for the CV sector now are concerned that the cost of installing high-capacity recharging infrastructure for EV versions of trucks, buses and other on-road commercial vehicles is the latest factor with potential to derail the growth of CV electrification. One prominent study from earlier this year pegged the cost to the freight industry and utilities at a resounding near-$1 trillion to fully electrify all commercial vehicles over the course of roughly 20 years. And that cost is for infrastructure only, exclusive of the vehicles themselves, “which can be two to three times as expensive as their diesel-powered equivalents,” the report asserted.

Visnic, Bill

CFD Method for Predicting Thermal Cool-Down Behavior of a School Bus Cabin

2024-28-0103

09/19/2024

Passenger vehicles like buses tend to soak up heat when they are parked under an open sky. The temperatures inside the vehicle can get very high during daytime due to heating, which reduces the thermal comfort levels. All three modes of heat transfer, i.e., conduction, convection and radiation contribute to the heating process. Cool-down tests are performed to replicate this thermal behaviour and evaluate the time required for cooling the internal bus volume to comfortable temperatures. The phenomenon can also be analysed using CFD, and accounts of numerous such studies are available however, the effects of all three modes of heat transfer for practical application are rarely studied. In view of this, an effort has been made to develop a fast and reasonably accurate transient numerical method to predict the thermal behaviour of the cool-down process for a school bus cabin. The effects of all three modes of heating (conduction, convection, and solar radiation) have been evaluated, and

Sharma, Shantanu, Singh, Ramanand, Zucker, James, Moore, Chris

Efficient GPS Route Matching Method for Battery Electric Bus Fleets

2024-24-0026

09/18/2024

A challenge of public transportation GPS data is the frequent utilization of monitoring systems with low sampling rates, primarily driven by the high costs associated with cellular data transmission of large datasets. Altitude data is often imprecise or not recorded at all in regions without large elevation changes. The low data quality limits the use of the data for further detailed investigations like a realistic energy consumption forecast for assessing the electrical grid load resulting from charging the vehicle fleet. Modern research often reconstructs speed data only, or uses additional GPS loggers, which is associated with increased costs in the vehicle fleet. The importance of precise and high-quality altitude data and specialized expertise in mountainous regions are frequently overlooked. This paper introduces an efficient new route matching method to reconstruct speed and respective road slope data of a GPS signal sampled at low frequency for a public transportation electric

Hitz, Arne, Konzept, Anja, Reick, Benedikt, Rheinberger, Klaus

Next-gen Urban Buses: Autonomy and Connectivity

EPR2024019

08/26/2024

The deployment of autonomous urban buses brings with it the hope of addressing concerns associated with safety and aging drivers. However, issues related autonomous vehicle (AV) positioning and interactions with road users pose challenges to realizing these benefits. This report covers unsettled issues and potential solutions related to the operation of autonomous urban buses, including the crucial need for all-weather localization capabilities to ensure reliable navigation in diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, minimizing the gap between AVs and platforms during designated parking requires precise localization. Next-gen Urban Buses: Autonomy and Connectivity addresses the challenge of predicting the intentions of pedestrians, vehicles, and obstacles for appropriate responses, the detection of traffic police gestures to ensure compliance with traffic signals, and the optimization of traffic performance through urban platooning—including the need for advanced communication

Hsu, Tsung-Ming

Wheel End Assembly and Axle Spindle Interface Dimensions - Truck and Bus

J2475_202407 (Current)

07/26/2024

This recommended practice contains dimensions and tolerances for spindles in the interface area. Interfacing components include axle spindle, bearing cones, bearing spacer, and seal. This recommended practice is intended for axles commonly used on Class 7 and 8 commercial vehicles. Included are SAE axle configurations FF, FL, I80, L, N, P, R, U, and W.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Analysis of Motor Cooling Lines of Electric Buses with 1D Models and Verification with Experiments

2024-01-5070

07/18/2024

Improving the overall thermal management strategy in electric vehicles can directly or indirectly improve battery efficiency and vehicle range. The aim of this study is to simulate and improve the performance of motor cooling lines developed for an electric bus using 1D computational fluid dynamics models. In the study, simulation studies were carried out for the 12-m EV Citivolt vehicle of Anadolu Isuzu. Design parameters such as placement of flow lines and component selection were decided thanks to 1D models developed. The design obtained at the end of the study was supported by tests and experimental studies. As a result, it was seen that the components in the line correctly detected the flow rate and pressure losses with a maximum error rate of 8% and an average error rate of 4.8%. Additionally, the components on the line were added to the model via their own characteristic dp-Q curves. In this way, it has been seen that these components, which contain complex flow lines, can be

Turan, Azim, Yaki, Emrah, Birgül, Çağrı Emre, Kaya, Hakan

The Effect of Battery Thermal Management System Unit on the Roof of a Bus on Passenger Air-Conditioning Performance

2024-01-5066

06/24/2024

While cooling comfort is important in city buses compared to other vehicles, it is also difficult to keep the cooling performance at a high level. Roof AC units used in commercial vehicles may vary in performance depending on many factors. Therefore, while the design works are in progress, there are some points to be considered while the units are in the packaging phase. These points are that the air used for condenser cooling in the air conditioner suction zone is at low temperature with high flow rate. In this study, it is aimed that the air conditioner and battery cooling unit placed on the roof of a bus developed by ANADOLU ISUZU are not adversely affected by each other. For this reason, in the related study, design and analysis studies were carried out to reduce the negative effects of the hot air coming out of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) in the cooling circuit when the air conditioner is activated. The aim of the study is to ensure that the air-conditioning unit

Küçükbayram, Hamdi

Parking Brake Structural Integrity Test Procedure Vehicles Over 4500 kg (10 000 lb) GVWR—Truck and Bus

J1476_202405 (Current)

05/29/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a method of evaluating the structural integrity of the parking brake system of all new trucks, buses, and combination vehicles designed for roadway use in the following classifications: TRACTOR, TRAILER, TRUCK, AND BUS: over 4500 kg (10 000 lb) GVWR.

Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee

Combined Cornering and Braking Test for Truck and Bus Tires

J2675_202405 (Current)

05/09/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under combined cornering and braking conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of slip angle, normal force, and slip ratio. Slip angle and normal force are changed incrementally using a sequence specified in this document. At each normal force and slip angle increment, the slip ratio is continually changed by application of a braking torque ramp. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this recommended practice may modify the recommended protocols to satisfy the needs of specific use-cases, e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

The New Future of Public Transportation

R-56904/11/2024

Discover the highly anticipated Second Edition to the Amazon #1 Best Seller, The Future of Public Transportation. Delve into 30 expertly crafted chapters brimming with insights from leading public transportation figures. From hydrogen-fueled buses to AI-driven advancements and cybersecurity, this book offers an unparalleled glimpse into the future of transit. Navigate the complexities of transit planning in a post-COVID world, where innovative solutions are essential to tackle infrastructure challenges and workforce shortages. Learn how AI is revolutionizing transit planning, enhancing outcomes for riders. Explore cutting-edge transit technology, including autonomous vehicles and zero-emission initiatives, with a focus on sustainability and customer experience. Whether you're a seasoned professional or new to the field, this book is your roadmap to success, empowering you to drive positive change in your organization. Join us on the journey towards a more efficient, sustainable, and

Comfort, Paul

Observational Study of Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses

2024-01-2753

04/09/2024

In 1983, a seat belt use rate survey was published in which 9% shoulder belt use was observed for front-outboard passengers. Nearly forty years later the national estimate of seat belt use has achieved a record high of 91.6% belt use by adult front-seat passengers in 2022. In contrast, there have been very few studies conducted in order to determine seat belt use within large buses and motorcoaches. In 2013, the NHTSA published a final rule amending FMVSS 208 to require seat belts for each seating position in all new over-the-road buses. Beginning in 2016, newly manufactured buses were required to be equipped with lap and shoulder belts for each driver and passenger seat. Recent studies have reported that seat belt use on motorcoaches with relatively long routes was only 2.6%. Similarly, seat belt use in airport shuttle buses was reported to be only 1%. The present observational study was conducted to determine an updated seat belt usage rate of passengers on airport shuttle buses. The

Gregg, Richard H.

Frontal Crash Oriented Robust Optimization of the Electric Bus Body Frame Considering Tolerance Design

2024-01-2459

04/09/2024

For the design optimization of the electric bus body frame orienting frontal crash, considering the uncertainties that may affect the crashworthiness performance, a robust optimization scheme considering tolerance design is proposed, which maps the acceptable variations in objectives and feasibility into the parameter space, allowing for the analysis of robustness. Two contribution analysis methods, namely the entropy weight and TOPSIS method, along with the grey correlation calculations method, are adopted to screen all the design variables. Fifteen shape design variables with a relatively high impact are chosen for design optimization. A symmetric tolerance and interval model is used to depict the uncertainty associated with the 15 shape design variables of key components in the bus body frame to form an uncertainty optimization problem in the form of an interval, and a triple-objective robust optimization model is developed to optimize the shape design variables and tolerances

Yang, Xiujian, Liu, Beizhen

Efficient Electric School Bus Operations: Simulation-Based Auxiliary Load Analysis

2024-01-2404

04/09/2024

The study emphasizes transitioning school buses from diesel to electric to mitigate their environmental impact, addressing challenges like limited driving range through predictive models. This research introduces a comprehensive control-oriented model for estimating auxiliary loads in electric school buses. It begins by developing a transient thermal model capturing cabin behavior, divided into passenger and driver zones. Integrated with a control-oriented HVAC model, it estimates heating and cooling loads for desired cabin temperatures under various conditions. Real-world operational data from school bus specifications enhance the model’s practicality. The models are calibrated using experimental cabin-HVAC data, resulting in a remarkable overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.35°C and 1.88°C between experimental and simulated cabin temperatures. A lateral powertrain model has been developed that encompasses vehicle dynamics, electric machinery, transmission, and electrical loads

Nawaz, Muneebullah, Alsharif, Khaled, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer

Influence of Working Conditions and Operating Parameters on the Energy Consumption of a Full-Electric Bus. Experimental Assessment

2024-01-2174

04/09/2024

Given the growing interest in improving the efficiency of the bus fleet in public transportation systems, this paper presents an analysis of the energy consumption of a battery electric bus. During the experimental campaign, a battery electric bus was loaded using sand payloads to simulate the passenger load on board and followed another bus during regular service. Data related to the energy consumed by various bus utilities were published on the vehicle’s CAN network using the FMS standard and sampled at a frequency of 1 Hz. The collected experimental data were initially analyzed on a daily basis and then on a per-route basis. The results reveal the breakdown of energy consumption among various utilities over the course of each day of the experiment, highlighting those responsible for the highest energy consumption. Subsequently, the relationship between the energy consumption of the traction motor and the climate control system was investigated concerning environmental parameters

Belloni, Mattia, Tarsitano, Davide, Sabbioni, Edoardo

Heavy Duty Truck and Bus Electrical Circuit Performance Requirement for 12/24-Volt Electric Starter Motors

J3053_202403 (Current)

03/22/2024

The recommended practice describes a design standard that defines the maximum recommended voltage drop of the starting motor main circuits, as well as control system circuits, for 12/24-V starter systems. The battery technologies used in developing this document include the flooded lead acid, gel cell, and AGM. Starting systems supported by NiCd, Lithium Ion, NiZn, etc., or Ultracaps are not included in this document. This document is not intended to be updated or modified to include starter motors rated at voltages above the nominal 24-V electrical system. The starter is basically an electrical-to-mechanical power converter. If you double the available battery power in, you double the peak mechanical power out and double the heat losses. This means that we have to pay special attention to how battery power changes when we change the battery voltage and the effects it may have in overpowering the cranking system. A new stand-alone document would need to be developed to address

null, null

Proposal for Gemba-Kaizen Implementation to Enhance Efficiency in the Medium-Scale Bus Body Fabrication Industry

2023-01-5132

02/23/2024

The basic needs of people are met by the building, fabric, and farming sectors. In addition, the automobile industry significantly contributes to human mobility and is essential to India’s economic expansion. There are numerous research strategies available to improve the bus body building industries. Several investigative approaches for enhancing bus body building industries are available. However, several of these studies merely look at it from the perspective of shop floor activity. Accordingly, when it comes to the execution of process design approaches, there is little practical evidence for accepting Gemba kaizen’s attitude. Hence, the purpose of this article is to present a continuous improvement redesign framework tailored to a specific bus body building industrial sector. The proposed model is structured after a critical examination of Gemba and Kaizen. The results showed that by implementing the improvement initiatives, the number of process activities decreased from 44 to 25

Balakrishnan, S., Senthilkumar, K., Rajkumar, V., Jerold John Britto , J.

Diesel Fuel-Fired Heater Emissions from a Battery Electric Transit Bus in Real-World Conditions

2024-01-5011

02/01/2024

Battery electric transit buses sold in Canada generally include a fuel-fired diesel auxiliary heater for cabin heating in cold weather. This report details a test project, performed in collaboration with OC Transpo, to capture and quantify the emissions from such a fuel-fired heater (FFH) installed on a New Flyer XE40 battery electric transit bus from OC Transpo’s fleet in Ottawa, Canada. The FFH was tested while the bus was both stationary and being driven on-road in cold conditions. The results include the emissions rates of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and methane, and soot. Additionally, total particulate matter results were obtained during stationary testing. The results of stationary testing were compared to the California Air Resources Board and European Union standards for FFH emissions, even though these standards do not apply directly to buses operated outside of these jurisdictions. During stationary testing, average emissions of carbon

Humphries, Kieran, Rashid, Hussein, Araji, Fadi

Safer Buses for Passengers and Pedestrians: Crashes and Injury Analyses from Indian and German In-Depth Data

2024-26-0004

01/16/2024

Bus transport is an important element in a sustainable transport strategy. The objective of this study is to understand crashes and injuries involving buses, suggest potential passive-safety interventions, estimate their effectiveness, and compare their effectiveness between Germany and India. Descriptive analysis of crash data from the German In-depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and the Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) database was performed in two parts: First, bus passengers and their injuries were analyzed and second, pedestrian injuries in bus-to-pedestrian crashes were analyzed. Lastly, interventions were suggested, and their effectiveness was estimated. Analysis of bus passengers showed that most moderate-to-critical injuries in the GIDAS data were to the head caused by interior bus components. In the RASSI data, head injuries were also frequent, often due to bus interior contact, but also due to ejection and impact to the ground or bus exterior. As many as 31% of all

Ranmal, Aarti, Jeppsson, Hanna, Strandroth, Johan, Lubbe, Nils

“Test Methodology Development for Rig Level Validation of Light Weight Stabilizer Link of EV Bus Suspension”

2024-26-0357

01/16/2024

In the modern and fast growing automotive sector, reliability & durability are two terms of utmost importance along with weight & cost optimization. Therefore it is important to explore new technology which has less weight, low manufacturing cost and better strength. The new technology developed always seek for a quick, cost effective and reliable methodology for its design validation so that any modification can be made by identifying the failures. This paper presents the rig level test methodology to validate and to correlate the CAE derived strain levels, life cycle & failure mode of newly developed light weight stabilizer link for EV Bus suspension

Tangade, Atul Bandu, Babar, Sunil, Bankar, Milind Achyutrao, Mehendale, Ravindra, Dhumal, Kailas, Bhusari, Deepak

School Bus Safety: Enhanced Security through People Counter and Face Recognition System

2024-26-0236

01/16/2024

The safety of students during transportation on school buses is a paramount concern for both parents and schools. Although GPS (Global Positioning System) tracking systems are commonly used, they are limited in their ability to identify which students are on board. To ensure the safety and security of the students, this paper proposes a student authentication system based on facial recognition, people counter along with GPS vehicle tracking. This is intended to explore the advantages of these three technologies combined together for student authentication, the implementation process, and how it can improve the safety of school bus transportation.

Deshmukh, Kaustubh

Simulation Methodology Development for Vibration Test of Bus Body Structure Code AIS-153:2018

2024-26-0249

01/16/2024

A bus is integral part of public transportation in both rural and urban areas. It is also used for scheduled transport, tourism, and school transport. Buses are the common mode of transport all over the world. The growth in economy, the electrification of public transport, demand in shared transport, etc., is leading to a surge in the demand for buses and accelerating the overall growth of the bus industry. With the increased number of buses, the issue of safety of passengers and the crew assumes special importance. The comfort of driver and passenger in the vehicle involves the vibration performance and therefore, the structural integrity of buses is critically important. Bus safety act depicts the safety and comfort of bus operations, management of safety risks, continuous improvement in bus safety management, public confidence in the safety of bus transport, appropriate stakeholder involvement and the existence of a safety culture among bus service providers. In order to provide

Bijwe, Vilas B., Mahajan, Rahul, Vaidya, Rohit, Patel, Kaustubh, Hiwale, Diwakar, Walke, Abhijit Ashok

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