Browse Topic: Railway vehicles and equipment

Items (397)
A rotatable pressure vessel transfer device has been designed to meet the positioning requirements of pressure vessels in old factory buildings with limited lifting space or insufficient crane lifting capacity, as well as small factory buildings with limited overall space. The device consists of a main driving rail car, a cable reel, a control box, and a towed transport car. In order to test the load-bearing capacity, passability, and stability of the transfer device for hill parking, experiments were conducted at the factory. The experimental results show that under full load conditions, the transfer device can park stably on the sloping track without any sliding phenomenon. The curved track passes smoothly without any jamming or derailment, meeting the design requirements.
Chen, JinshanSun, YeZhu, JialeiLiang, XiaodongWang, Hongfei
Rail transportation in North America consumes over 4 billion gallons of diesel fuel [1]. This is raising energy security and supply chain resilience concerns. Adopting renewable or alternative fuels is a practical approach to reduce petroleum dependence and improve supply security. The objective of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel and renewable diesel as drop-in fuels without engine modification. In this study, a single-cylinder, four-stroke locomotive engine was employed to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of four fuels: conventional diesel No. 2, plant-based biodiesel, animal-based biodiesel, and renewable diesel. The experimental campaign was carried out under both part-load and full-load operating conditions, with injection duration adjusted to achieve the targeted engine load and speed. Results indicate that both biodiesel fuels and renewable diesel deliver comparable peak in-cylinder pressure and brake thermal. efficiency relative to No. 2 diesel, demonstrating their possible use as drop-in fuels. Reductions in smoke emissions were observed for both biodiesels and renewable diesel fuels. However, plant-based and animal-based biodiesels both showed increases in NOx emissions under part-load conditions. At full load, elevated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratios suppressed NOx formation across fuels, limiting assessment of biodiesel-specific NOx effects. Among the fuels tested, renewable diesel provided an additional advantage: reduced CO₂ emissions compared to both biodiesels. This study suggests that renewable diesel is a promising option for rail applications, combining operational performance comparable to petroleum diesel with reduced smoke and CO₂ emissions. Biodiesel, while effective at reducing smoke, may require further strategies to control NOx emissions.
Ewphun, Pop-PaulBiruduganti, MunidharEl-Hannouny, EssamLongman, DouglasFu, XiaoSubramanya, Raghavendra
This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform optimized for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption and component performance under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates detailed sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined cycle- and calendar-aging model using the rainflow algorithm to extract charge cycles, while cost models include capital, fuel, maintenance, track fees, and staffing. Results show that battery-electric configurations achieve 1 kWh/km energy use, while hybrid systems range from 2–4 kWh/km depending on fuel and secondary power unit. Control strategies that enable deeper cycling of the traction battery reduce fuel consumption by 7–18 %, with further savings possible from larger battery or genset capacities. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions vary widely: from near-zero for renewable fuels and clean electricity mixes to over 1,000 gCO2/kWh for fossil-based options. Lifecycle cost analysis indicates that while fuel may represent up to 25 % of total costs, track and station fees dominate operational expenses. Autonomous operation could eliminate oboard staffing costs, amounting to 25–35 %.
Ahrling, ChristofferTuner, MartinGainey, BrianTorkiharchegani, AmirScharmach, MarcelHertel, BenediktAlaküla, Mats
Objective:Methods:Conclusion:
Dai, HongzhouLi, JianZhao, DiLiu, Haoran
In the context of the accelerating urbanization process, the problem of urban traffic congestion has become more severe. Rail transit, with its advantages of high efficiency, convenience, and environmental friendliness, has become a key force in alleviating urban traffic pressure. An in - depth exploration of passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit is of great significance for optimizing urban traffic planning, improving the service quality of rail transit, and promoting the sustainable development of cities. This article starts from two dimensions: objective factors and passengers’ subjective perceptions, and comprehensively uses a variety of research methods to conduct an in - depth study on passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit. In terms of objective factors, this article analyzes the differences in subjective perceptions among different passenger groups from the perspectives of gender, age, education level, and occupation. In terms of subjective perceptions, this article deeply analyzes the impact of passengers’ perceptions of the internal value, external value, and comfort of rail transit on their travel willingness.
Wang, GangHuang, LeiYang, Yihao
Cross-line operation is a key direction for the integrated development of multi-level rail transit systems in urban agglomerations. Optimizing train operation under cross-line conditions is essential for improving the overall efficiency and service quality of rail networks. This paper addresses the joint problem of suburban railway cross-line operation and express–local train coordination. This paper develops a train scheduling optimization framework that jointly selects service patterns and departure schedules, with the objective of reducing overall costs, including passenger travel time and operating expenses. To solve the model efficiently, an extended Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm is developed. The proposed approach provides a practical framework for timetable planning in complex cross-line rail systems and contributes to enhancing integrated transit operations.
Zhu, JingyiGuo, XinPan, Jianju
At present, the rail transit network in China is well-developed and has become an important means of daily travel for residents. Rail transit stations usually achieve seamless connections with other transportation modes such as buses, taxis, and shared bicycles. It will evolve into an integrated transportation hub, effectively alleviating the pressure on urban surface transportation and playing a pivotal role in dispersing a large number of commuters. Meanwhile, with the vigorous development of rail transit, its energy consumption is increasing. It results in considerable carbon emissions, which poses a huge challenge to China’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. In this paper, the building energy consumption simulation tool DesignBuilder is used to model the Tongyuan Road South Station of Suzhou Rail Transit. The energy consumption generated during its operation stage is simulated, and the carbon emissions produced by Tongyuan Road South Station at this stage are calculated. Finally, carbon reduction strategies during the operation period are provided from the perspective of energy consumption.
Zhu, Ning
The demand for lightweight and cost-effective materials in rail transportation is increasing. Low nickel nitrogen austenitic stainless steel is considered a promising alternative for stainless steel car body structures because of its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Due to the complexity and large scale of such structures, the structural reliability of car bodies made from this material is regarded as a critical concern. This issue is also addressed in the present study. Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed using ABAQUS to evaluate the structural performance of a low nickel stainless steel car body under various operational conditions. Based on the material specifications outlined in GB/T 7928-2003 “Stainless Steel for Urban Rail Transit Vehicles,” the structural design requirements of EN 12663-2010 “Railway Applications - Structural Requirements of Railway Vehicle Bodies,” and the experimental requirements of TB/T 3502-2018 “Modal Test Method and Evaluation Standard for Railway Passenger Cars and EMUs,” finite element simulations of strength, stiffness, and modal characteristics were conducted on the train car body to assess its overall reliability. The results demonstrate that the car body meets the relevant standards in terms of both stiffness and static strength. Furthermore, the first-order vertical bending, torsional, and lateral bending mode frequencies of the car body all exceed the critical natural frequency threshold of 10.0 Hz. This confirms the structural integrity and reliability of the low-nickel stainless steel car body. The feasibility of using low nickel stainless steel in rail vehicle manufacturing is validated in this study. A robust analytical framework is provided for the future optimization of lightweight and cost-effective car body designs.
Jiang, LongXie, KunAn, ZiliangZuo, Yiwen
The rotational resistance coefficient of the bogie is a critical parameter for assessing the operational safety of vehicles, significantly influencing the stability of the vehicle’s snaking motion and the safety of curve negotiation. This paper conducts measurements of the rotational resistance coefficient using a 6- degree-of-freedom bogie test rig, evaluating the variation patterns of the indicator under different vehicle load conditions and air spring inflation states. By establishing a SIMPACK dynamic model of the 6-DOF platform, it is possible to obtain actuator displacement control curves that comply with the EN 14363 standard. Taking a specific subway trailer bogie as an example, the rotational resistance coefficient under various operating conditions was measured. The test results indicate that under the condition of air spring deflation, the rotational resistance coefficient is significantly higher than that under air spring inflation. Moreover, under the condition of air spring deflation, the effect of vehicle load on the rotational resistance coefficient is negligible. Due to assembly errors and the approximate methods used in calculations, the hysteresis curve of the rotational resistance torque-angle measured by the 6-DOF test rig exhibits minor fluctuations, which have a minimal impact on the results, and there is room for further optimization. The method proposed in this paper can provide a basis for vehicle design optimization, reduce the risk of derailment, and also assist in vehicle maintenance and repair during the operation stage to ensure safe operation. It has been widely applied in the design and operation practice of subway vehicles.
Li, LiHu, Jie
Building a green and ecological railway transportation system that incorporates the “Dual-Carbon” Strategy is a central focus and challenge in current industry research. In the western mountainous regions with complex engineering geological conditions and fragile ecosystems, it is particularly important to explore the optimal railway route under the framework of the “Dual-Carbon” strategy. By analyzing the characteristics of the geographic environment of the western mountainous areas and the trend of low-carbon railroad construction, and referring to the relevant principles of railroad line selection, the method of quantifying the carbon emissions during the construction phase of the railroad and the carbon sequestration capacity of the land lost as a result of the railroad project’s land occupation is proposed by selecting 23 indicators from the five aspects of engineering adaptability, low-carbon adaptability, economic adaptability, environmental adaptability, and social adaptability as the entry point. The evaluation index system for the preferred railroad line scheme in the western mountainous area, developed in the context of the “Dual-Carbon” strategy, incorporates both subjective and objective weighting of the evaluation indexes using the G1 and CRITIC methods, respectively. Additionally, symmetric cross entropy sorting method is introduced to determine the combined weights of the indexes, effectively balancing the variability and conflicts between the indexes while considering subjective experience and the authenticity of the objective data. Finally, to address issues in the traditional TOPSIS method—such as the irrationality of directly combining benefit-type and cost-type indicators and the significant difference in their magnitudes—a railroad line scheme preference model based on osculating value improvement TOPSIS approach is developed and validated through engineering case studies. The calculation results indicate that the corrected osculating values of the four line schemes in the region are 0, 1.623, 0.700, and 2.000, respectively. The scheme with the highest corrected osculating value is selected as the optimal choice. The preferred results based on the model align with the actual engineering scheme, verifying the model’s reliability. This approach holds significant value for application in the selection of low-carbon railroad lines in western mountainous areas.
Wang, Yibo
To delay the formation and development of local periodic fluctuations on the surface of rail structures and improve the durability of rail facilities, the dynamic response and wheel-rail interaction of rail structures were studied in depth based on frequency-modulated rail dampers (TRDs). A fully-coupled 3-D FE framework of the wheel–rail assembly, integrating frequency-modulated rail dampers (TRDs), was developed to quantify vibration energy dissipation. Simulated decay curves revealed a marked rise (> 50 %) in lateral damping efficiency within 600–1 000 Hz, confirming TRD’s targeted suppression of rail transverse motion. Then, the suppression effect of rail corrugation after TRD installation was tested, and the data collection was carried out in the test section to calculate the frequency of rail corrugation. It was found that the possibility of corrugation deterioration of the rail structure was greatly reduced after the installation of the rail damper, and the suppression effect of the frequency modulation rail damper on the rail vibration was analyzed, which provided a reliable empirical reference for the evaluation of the effect of TRD damper.
Li, ChengshunLei, Zhenyu
In the development of virtual prototyping for rail vehicles, industrial design plays a bridging role between art and engineering. In the present industrial design process, on account of problems such as too many types of software were used and difficulties in model conversion, the research proposes a collaborative design method for industrial design based on the 3DE platform, aiming to establish a unified “3D data mainline” to achieve continuous development of industrial design and engineering design. Taking a certain urban rail vehicle as an example, the industrial design procedure is analyzed, including demand input, rapid modeling, real-time rendering, curve modeling, etc. It is hoped that this method can reduce development costs, shorten the time cycle, and improve work efficiency in the development process of virtual prototyping for rail vehicles.
Ji, XiranHuang, ShuoWang, ChuweiSun, Bowen
Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status monitoring of the train, the real-time communication of the virtual train, as well as the information cloud sharing of the train running on the same line. Train information cloud sharing. As verified by the semi-physical test bench, the total transmission delay is less than 1.5ms, which is 5000 times higher than the transmission rate of traditional air tube, and the technical index meets the requirement of synchronous execution of commands for heavy-duty trains.
Meng, XiangzhenLi, ChuanhuZhu, Youlong
The height valve adjusting rod is an important part of the suspension system, used to adjust the height of the train to adapt to the train through the curve, slope or uneven track when the height valve adjusting rod fracture failure, the train’s suspension system can not be adjusted normally, may lead to the height of the train is too high or too low, affecting the stability of the train and the driving safety. In this paper, an underground vehicle height valve adjusting rod fracture failure of the problem was studied and analysed, the specific conclusions are as follows: height valve adjusting rod there are two main vibration frequency, 60Hz and 340Hz, 60Hz main frequency has always existed, and 340Hz vibration frequency are present in part of the interval, but also caused by the vehicle vibration of the main reason for the local larger; height valve adjusting rod stress there is also a significant vibration The main frequency of 340Hz, similar to the vibration characteristics of the vibration response, the main frequency of vibration only exists in part of the interval, and is the main reason for the stress is locally large; comprehensive consideration of the vehicle vibration state and stress level, 340Hz rail grinding frequency is the main reason for the height valve regulator vibration level and the stress level is obviously increased, but also led to the failure of the height valve regulator; can be achieved by grinding rail Or improve the structure of the crossbar so that the inherent modal frequency of the crossbar is far away from the wave abrasion frequency, which can provide a certain reference significance for other urban rail vehicle projects to solve such problems.
Wang, ChaoYang, ChenPan, Minkai
This article analyses the fundamental curving mechanics in the context of conditions of perfect steering off-flanging and on-flanging. Then conventional, radial, and asymmetric suspension bogie frame models are presented, and expressions of overall bending stiffness kb and overall shear stiffness ks of each model are derived to formulate the uniform equations of motion on a tangent and circular track. A 4 degree of freedom steady-state curving model is formulated, and performance indices such as stability, curving, and several parameters including angle of attack, tread wear index, and off-flanging performance are investigated for different bogie frame configurations. The compatibility between stability and curving is analyzed concerning those configurations and compared. The critical parameters influencing hunting stability and curving ability are evaluated, and a trade-off between them is analyzed. For the verification, the damped natural frequencies and mean square acceleration response (MSAR) of the mathematical model are analyzed with the same determined from the finite element model and experimental test, respectively. The results determined from mathematical and finite element simulation and experimental tests are found to be similar; therefore, the formulated mathematical model is verified.
Sharma, Rakesh ChandmalSharma, Sunil KumarPalli, SrihariRallabandi, Sivasankara RajuSharma, Neeraj
Marine ports are an important source of emissions in many urban areas, and many ports are implementing plans to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases using zero-emission cargo handling equipment. This paper evaluates the performance and activity profiles for various zero-emission (ZE) cargo transport equipment being demonstrated at different ports in California. This included 23 battery-electric (BE) 8,000 lb. (8K) and 36,000 lb. (36K) forklifts, a BE railcar mover, and an electrified rubber-tired gantry crane (eRTG). The study focused on evaluating the performance of the ZE equipment in terms of activity patterns and the potential emissions reductions. Data loggers were used to collect activity data, including hours of use, energy consumption, and charging information over periods from 6 to 21 months. The results showed that the BE forklifts, BE railcar mover, and the eRTG averaged 2-3 hours, 5 hours, and 14 hours of use per day of operation, respectively. The average energy use for the 8k and 36k, railcar mover, and eRTG were 7.5 kWh, 17.2 kWh, 130.7 kWh and 605 kWh, respectively. Energy consumption per day of operation in terms of battery state of charge (SOC) use, for the 8K and 36K forklifts were on average, 40% and 26%, respectively. The study provides valuable insights into the operational characteristics of ZE port equipment. The annual emissions of the conventional port equipment are estimated and compared with estimated emissions generated by electricity generation that would be required to operate the electric equipment. This comparison showed nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions could be reduced 76% to 99% for the BE equipment, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be reduced from 76% to 95% compared to the conventional equipment for the BE forklifts and the eRTG and 26% for the railcar mover, and particulate matter (PM) emissions for the electric equipment would negligible.
Frederickson, ChasVu, AlexanderMakki, MaedehJohnson, KentDurbin, ThomasBurnette, AndrewHuang, EddyAlvarado, EricaRao, Leela
Accurate prediction of the demand for shared bicycles is not only conducive to the operation of relevant enterprises, but also conducive to improving the image of the city, facilitating people’s travel, and solving the balance between supply and demand of bicycles in the region. To precisely predict the demand of shared bicycles, a model combining temporal convolution network (TCN) and bidirectional gating recurrent unit (BiGRU) model is proposed, and the Chernobyl disaster optimizer (CDO) is used to optimize its hyperparameters. It has the ability of TCN to extract sequence features and gated recurrent unit (GRU) to mine time series data and combine the characteristics of CDO with fast convergence and high global search ability, so as to reduce the influence of model hyperparameters. This article selects the shared bicycles travel data in Washington, analyzes its multi-characteristics, and trains it as the input characteristics of the model. In the experiments, we performed comparison study and ablation study. The results show that the prediction error of the proposed model is less than other comparative models. Therefore, CDO-TCN-BiGRU model has the characteristics of high prediction precision and good stability.
Ma, ChangxiHuang, XiaoyuZhao, YongpengWang, TaoDu, Bo
Considered one of the greenest forms of transport, the rail industry is at an exciting point pursuing several key initiatives to decarbonise its operations, assets, and supply chains. Therefore, having a brake shoe with a lower carbon footprint is essential for achieving the goals related to decarbonizing the operation, as it is a wear item. For this purpose, a carbon footprint measurement methodology was applied to the development of a friction material for railway brake shoes in order to reduce the carbon footprint generated in the production of the material, combining a sustainable material with greater durability in operation, thus reducing the total cost of ownership. In order to assess the advantages of the new product, a comparative analysis was carried out of the carbon footprint of the conventional shoe and the new railway shoe proposal, both used in the same application, considering the performance and environmental impact of each raw material and stage of the production process. This assessment was carried out by compiling and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions throughout the entire life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, through all the links in its production chain to the gate, in accordance with ABNT ISO/TS 14067:2018. Performance was also assessed based on the AAR M-926 standard using a 1:1 scale inertial dynamometer capable of simulating the various operating conditions following the specifications of the Brazilian market. The comparative analysis showed that the new railway shoe is a more sustainable option, as it emits 43% less greenhouse gases than the conventional shoe (avoiding 4.7 kg of CO2e in the environment). The performance results also indicated a durability gain of 20% compared to conventional brake shoes.
Casagrande, R.B.De Souza, A.R.A.Finimundi, A.V.Pereira, C.H.SMasotti, D.Rombaldi, R.J.Gotardo, T.
The heavy-duty off-road industry continues to expand efforts to reduce fuel consumption and CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions. Many manufacturers are pursuing electrification to decrease fuel consumption and emissions. Future policies will likely require electrification for CO2e savings, as seen in light-duty on-road vehicles. Electrified architectures vary widely in the heavy-duty off-road space, with parallel hybrids in some applications and series hybrids in others. The diverse applications for different types of equipment mean different electrified configurations are required. Companies must also determine the value in pursuing electrified architectures; this work analyzes a range of electrified architectures, from micro hybrids to parallel hybrids to series hybrids to a BEV, looking at the total cost, total CO2e, and cost per CO2e (cost of carbon abatement, or cost of carbon reduction) using data for the year 2021. This study is focused on a heavy-duty off-road material handler, the Pettibone Cary-Lift 204i. This machine’s specialty application, including events like unloading large oil pipes from a railcar, requires a unique electrified architecture that suits its specific needs. However, the results from this study may be extrapolated to similar machinery to inform fuel savings options across the heavy-duty off-road industry. In this study, a unique electrified architecture is determined for the Cary-Lift. This architecture is informed by multiple rounds of a Pugh matrix decision analysis to select a shortened list of desirable electrified architectures. The shortened list is modeled and simulated to determine CO2e, cost, and cost per CO2e. A final architecture is determined as a plug-in series hybrid that reduces fuel consumption by 65%, targeting the large fuel and CO2e savings that are likely to be required for the future of the heavy-duty off-road industry.
Goodenough, BryantCzarnecki, AlexanderRobinette, DarrellWorm, JeremyBurroughs, BrianLatendresse, PhilWestman, John
Analysis of Variables Influencing Towing Limits in Rail Track Maintenance EquipmentSAE-PP-003975/23/2024
The towing limits for self-propelled rail track maintenance equipment depends on various factors such as equipment type, weight, speed, braking capabilities, track and weather conditions, traction, engine power, driveline performance, coupler/towing link, and safety regulations. These variables collectively determine the towing limits for rail vehicles. In self-propelled rail track maintenance equipment (SP-TME), the concept of towing limits differs from traditional sense, as the SP-TME can move independently and has operational constraints and specifications that need to be observed to ensure safe and efficient functioning. This technical paper investigates the towing limits and factors affecting the towing limits of the Tamper Equipment, a type of track maintenance selfpropelled machine that packs the ballast under the rail tracks for safe and efficient rail operation. Often, this equipment needs to tow other smaller equipment, trailers, or be towed by other vehicles for transportation or rescue. The variables studied in this work include the structural and buckling strength of the towing structure, engine power, traction, driveline parts performance, track conditions, weather conditions, and braking capabilities. The equipment was evaluated for designed towing situation and additional towing situations involving overuse or misuse of the machine in towing higher loads than designed under various track conditions. This paper also explores unusual but possible scenarios, the non-rolling wheel scenario triggered by equipment breakdown on an incline. The study summarizes results of the influence of variables under study on equipment towing.
Patil, Dipak
The internal combustion engine (ICE) has long dominated the heavy-duty sector by using liquid fossil fuels such as diesel but global commitments by countries and OEMs to reduce lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has garnered interest in alternative fuels like hydrogen. Hydrogen is a unique gaseous fuel that contains zero carbon atoms and has desired thermodynamic properties of high energy density per unit mass and high flame speeds. However, there are challenges related to its adoption to the heavy-duty sector as a drop-in fuel replacement for compression ignition (CI) diesel combustion given its high autoignition resistance. To overcome this fundamental barrier, engine manufacturers are exploring dual fuel combustion engines by substituting a fraction of the diesel fuel with hydrogen which enables fuel flexibility when there is no infrastructure and retrofittability to existing platforms. This work studies the implications of mixing port-injected hydrogen fuel in a large-bore rail engine operating with hydrogen-diesel dual fuel combustion. Previous work was done to validate a single-cylinder computational model to data collected on this engine when operating with dual fuel combustion of natural gas and diesel. This model was then modified to employ gaseous hydrogen as the port injected fuel. First, a grid sensitivity study was performed, and it was concluded that the computational mesh was refined enough to minimize numerical error. Modeling implications are then investigated by comparing two RANS turbulence models in terms of their prediction of turbulent mixing predictions of hydrogen and air. It was seen that both had minimal differences in bulk mass flow trends, but choice of RANS turbulence model could impact qualitative predictions of fuel-air stratification. Lastly, hydrogen injection timing and flow rate were varied, and it was concluded that the highest injection flow rate is best for both premixing hydrogen with air and reducing hydrogen mass left in the intake. Additionally, given the potential limitations of hydrogen injection pressure, injection timing can be advanced to allow more time for mixing when injection velocity is maximized.
O'Donnell, PatrickKazmouz, SamuelWu, SicongAmeen, MuhsinKlingbeil, AdamLavertu, ThomasJayakar, VijayaselvanSheth, PushkarWijeyakulasuriya, Sameera
The study investigates the ride comfort of a rail vehicle with semi-active suspension control and its effect on train vertical dynamics. The Harmony Search algorithm optimizes the gains of a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller using the self-adaptive global best harmony search method (SGHS) due to its effectiveness in reducing the tuning time and offering the least objective function value. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are highly valuable semi-active devices for vibration control applications rather than active actuators in terms of reliability and implementation cost. A quarter-rail vehicle model consisting of six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software to evaluate the proposed controller's effectiveness. The simulated results show that the optimized PID significantly improves ride comfort compared to passive.
Ali, Shaimaa A.Metered, HassanBassiuny, A. M.Abdel-Ghany, A.M.
The use of appropriate loads and regulations is of great importance in weld fatigue assessment of rail on-track maintenance equipment and similar vehicles for optimized design. The regulations and available loads, however, are often generalized for several categories, which proves to be overly conservative for some specific categories of machines. EN (European Norm) and AAR (Association of American Railroads) regulations play a pivotal role in determining the applicable loads and acceptance criteria within this study. The availability of track-induced fatigue load data for the cumulative damage approach in track maintenance machines is often limited. Consequently, the FEA-based validation of rail track maintenance equipment often resorts to the infinite life approach rather than cumulative damage approach for track-induced travel loads, resulting in overly conservative designs. The work presented in this article evaluates and compares the weld fatigue damage of track maintenance equipment for EN loads using infinite life approach and AAR loads using cumulative damage approach and highlights the need of having distinct category for track maintenance machines in regulations based on its usage and application to have close representative loads for the endurance limit approach or suitable loads for the cumulative damage approach. Additionally, the study utilizes the BS7608 regulation to determine weld class and predict weld fatigue damage. Both nominal and hot-spot stress approaches are employed to thoroughly investigate and calculate fatigue damage, providing a comprehensive analysis of weld fatigue in rail maintenance equipment.
Patil, DipakPetersen, Michael
Indian cities are among the most polluted in the world. The transportation sector is one of the major sources of gaseous pollutants. In recent years, also the effects of climate change and global warming have been felt across the globe. India has therefore committed at the CoP26 summit in 2021 to reduce its CO2 emissions by 45% till the year 2030. The Indian automotive sector is already addressing the problem with implementation of the Stage 2 BS VI norms, CAFÉ & Stage V standards and pursuing rapid electrification with application of zero emission vehicles. India also has the largest rail network of Asia, and a significant proportion of greenhouse gases is emitted by this sector. Deployment of zero emission fuel cell trains would be one of the solutions to meet India’s emission reduction targets. Indian Railways has already started its journey towards zero emissions and has set a target to launch hydrogen fuel cell trains on some routes soon as part of the “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative. In this study, the application of fuel cell technology in an Indian metro train is investigated. The dimensioning of the major powertrain components like the fuel cell system, HV battery pack, and the hydrogen storage system for the fuel cell train are presented. Also, a retrofit approach will be developed, which includes a packaging study of the major powertrain components in the engine and passenger coaches of the existing train. System simulations with validated models allow an assessment of the system weight and costs for the new fuel cell metro train.
Emran, AshrafGarg, ShivamMertes, SimonGautam, AnirudhSchmidt, MarvinWick, MaximilianWalters, MariusWagh, SachinSharma, Vijay
Weld Fatigue Assessment of Rail Track Maintenance Machinery: Regulatory Compliance and Practical InsightsSAE-PP-003589/26/2023
The use of appropriate loads and regulations is of great importance in weld fatigue assessment of rail on-track maintenance equipment and similar vehicles for optimized design. The regulations and available loads however are often generalized for several categories which proves to be overly conservative for some specific categories of machines. The work presented in this paper is about the strength and weld fatigue assessment of self-propelled rail on-track maintenance machines or similar equipment. It outlines the methodology and challenges associated with utilizing existing regulatory loads for weld fatigue assessment, specifically employing the endurance limit approach, also known as the infinite life approach. In cases where an endurance limit is undefined, particularly for welds, the fatigue strength limit at expected life cycles can be employed within the endurance limit approach. Availability of track-induced fatigue load data for the cumulative damage approach in track maintenance machines is often limited. Consequently, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based validation of rail TME often resorts to the infinite life approach rather than cumulative damage approach for track induced travel loads, resulting in overly conservative designs. This work compares the EN (European Norm) and AAR (Association of American Railroads) approaches in using specified loads in FEA-based weld fatigue assessment concerning track-induced vertical fatigue loads. It explains how the choice of available regulatory load affects the fatigue life predictions in self-propelled TME, highlighting the necessity for the regulatory loads that closely represent the endurance limit approach or loads suitable for the cumulative damage approach in the context of rail track maintenance machines. The EN and AAR regulations play a pivotal role in determining the applicable loads and acceptance criteria within this study. Additionally, the BS7608 regulation is used to determine weld class and predict weld fatigue damage. The study employs both nominal and Hot-Spot stress approaches to investigate and calculate fatigue damage.
Patil, DipakPetersen, Michael
Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporates a wide variety of machines not intended for the transport of passengers or goods on the road. This includes small gardening equipment, construction, mining, agricultural, and forestry machinery up to locomotives and inland waterway vessels, mostly using an internal combustion engine. NRMM was often overlooked and neglected in the past when considering pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their high diversity, they are hard to categorize, resulting in a lack of available data. As emissions from road transport are being tackled by regulations, the emissions of NRMM become an increasing part of total transport emissions. An alternative to fossil fuels will be required for the energy supply of NRMM to fully commit to the CO2 reduction goals, and to fulfil the future requirements of legislators and public opinion. This study provides a report on the energy needs of different applications, mainly focusing on the larger machinery, as well as an overview of existing and expected technology. To conduct the analysis, a straddle carrier, excavator, locomotive, and inland water vessel were selected as case studies to cover a broad range of NRMM, ranging from 100kW to 1MW engines within different working environments. The intention is to match these, and similar applications, with the most appropriate currently available as well as future expected technology. A selection is made from the possibilities of different energy carriers, such as battery-electric, hydrogen, methane (LNG + CNG), ammonia, methanol, and HVO, in combination with a suitable energy converter, be it an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell or a hybrid system. A multi-criteria decision approach is used to analyse the performance of each option with the varying requirements of the applications in mind, covering environmental, technical, and economic aspects.
Dejaegere, QuintenVerhelst, Sebastian
With the sustainable development of the social economy and the continuous maturity of science and technology, urban rail transit has developed rapidly. It solved the problems of urban road load and people’s travel and brought about the problem of rail transit passenger congestion. The image detection algorithm for rail transit congestion is established based on the convolutional neural networks (CNN) structure to realize intelligent video image monitoring. The CNN structure is optimized through the backpropagation (BP) algorithm so that the model can detect and analyze the riding environment through the monitoring camera and extract the relevant motion characteristics of passengers from the image. Furthermore, the crowding situation of the riding environment is analyzed to warn the rail transit operators. In practical application, the detection accuracy of the algorithm reached 91.73%, and the image processing speed met the second-level processing. In the performance test, the proposed algorithm had the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE). In Part B, the MAE and MSE values of the model were 16.3 and 24.9, respectively. The error values were small, so the performance was excellent. The purpose of this study is to reduce the possibility of abnormal crowd accidents at stations and provide new ideas for intelligent management of rail transit.
Lin, XinWu, Shuang
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
This analysis applies to crane types as covered by ASME B30.5.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
According to the International Energy Agency, of world energy consumption, fuel oil and natural coal, as primary sources of energy for some process, correspond to about 60% of the total. This consumption has been increasing for decades, mainly in the transport sector, including railways. In Brazil, in 2019, the transport sector represented 32.7% of energy consumption. At VLI Logística, a company that operates 7,000 km of railways in Brazil, consumption in 2020 was 203 million litres of diesel, which generated a cost of US$ 86 million. In this context, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency in the sector and, for this, the feasibility of recovering waste heat from the internal combustion engine (ICE) of a locomotive must be verified. The present study was carried out considering a GE 7FDL engine, 16 cylinders, turbocharged, with water cooling and 4,020 HP (2,998.92 kW) of power. The simulations of ORC cycles, using the cooling water system and the exhaust gases of the ICE, developed in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES), point to a heat recovery capacity that can generate up to 10% of the electrical power of the ICE, with the cooling water system generating 89.9 kW, and the exhaust gas system producing 271.9 kW. Applying an arrangement with preheating, using the 2 systems, the generated power reached 314.4 kW. Fuel savings can reach 9.44%, depending on the locomotive's operating time at each acceleration point. Regarding the economic viability, the internal rate of project return was 3.10%. The payback time on invested capital was 20.4 years. Even after a sensitivity analysis of the economic viability of the project in relation to the price of diesel and the exchange rate of the Dollar, none of the ORC arrangements studied presented results that adhered to the indicators adopted for new projects in the VLI.
dos Santos Juvencio, RondinelliMartins Cunha, Carla CesarConceição Soares Santos, José Joaquim
The riding-comfort of high-speed trains affects the travel experience of passengers, and the lightweight design technology of the carbody increases the flexible vibration and reduces passenger comfort. To this end, a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicles is established to demonstrate the potential of using passive inerter-based suspensions to reduce the flexible vibration of the carbody and improve riding-comfort. According to the characteristics of the inerter component, an appropriate inerter-based suspension is applied to the railway vehicle to reduce low-frequency resonance. The sum of the comfort indexes of the three reference points of the carbody is optimized as the objective function to improve the passenger comfort of the whole vehicle. The results reveal that the inerter-based suspension applied to the primary or secondary suspension has different effects on vehicle vibration. Compared with the traditional suspension, the riding-comfort using the inerter in both the primary and secondary suspension is improved by 21.3%, 9.3%, and 6.6%, respectively.
He, X.L.Chen, J.Tang, D. Y.Peng, S.Tang, B.B.
This article investigates the lateral dynamic behavior of a two-wheel axle bogie frame of an Indian railway vehicle. The influence of the different parameters of the vehicle on stability is investigated. The model is formulated by assigning 10 degrees of freedom (DoF) to the system with yaw and lateral DoF assigned to the bogie frame and vertical, lateral, roll, and yaw DoF assigned to each wheel axle. Linear creep force and moments suggested by Kalker’s linear theory of creep have been accounted for in the analysis. The stability analysis is carried out by transforming the second-order differential equations into first-order differential equations using state-space representation. The present model is validated by comparing the eigenvalues of the analytical model with the same obtained from the finite element (FE) model. The results obtained from the analytical and FE model are in good agreement. The present model is also validated by correlating the lateral acceleration in the bogie frame obtained from simulation and experimental testing. For this purpose, the system is subjected to random vertical and lateral inputs, and these inputs are experimentally measured and modeled using a track recording car (TRC). The experimental and simulated results are correlated well and the model is justified.
Sharma, Rakesh ChandmalGopala Rao, L.V.V.Sharma, Sunil KumarPalli, SrihariSatyanarayana, V.S.V.
This analysis applies to crane types as covered by ASME B30.5.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
While it will likely be many years before fully automated busses and trains are readily available for transportation across all use cases, technological advancements are moving faster than legacy routing, policy, and infrastructure decisions can be planned. The increased deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) for transit presents a variety of health, economic, and accessibility benefits, including the potential to save lives by preventing accidents caused by driver error. Infrastructure Enablers and Automated Vehicles: Transit focuses on the unresolved issues in transit-specific AV technology. As higher levels of automation are reached, public infrastructure needs to be in place to unlock the full intended benefits. To effectively function at a high level of automation, transit AVs require the integration of sensor data with complex decision-making algorithms and the ability to quickly respond to changing roadway conditions. Both physical and digital infrastructure are necessary to help enable automated transit operations. Click here to access The Mobility Frontier: Accelerating Infrastructure Readiness for Autonomy Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Coyner, KelleyBittner, Jason
Energy flow control and management in a vehicle is an essential aspect of the design process. These solutions are particularly important in the case of vehicles that do not have an external energy source, such as railway vehicles equipped with innovative energy storage technologies. The article presents analyzes of the theoretical energy consumption in a three-car passenger rail vehicle of Polish production, which was equipped with electric energy storage for the purposes of the simulation. An algorithm was developed in the Matlab program for research purposes, which was used to calculate the energy flow in a vehicle traveling along the test route between stations A and B, 73.5 km long, with 18 intermediate stations. During one simulation, the vehicle travels this route back and forth. The article presents the results of six theoretical test runs, which differed in the charging procedure of the vehicle energy storage systems during the travel along the test route. For the test drive simulations in the first variant, it was assumed that the vehicle does not consume energy from the overhead catenary, or from a stationary energy source, during stops at stations. In this situation, the train must have accumulated sufficient energy to cover the entire route back and forth before departing from station A. For the test drive simulations in the second variant, it was established that between stations A and B there are two sections with an overhead catenary, each about 10 km long, where the energy storage systems will be charged, i.e. four charging sections on the whole route. The drive simulations in the third variant are identical to the ones in the second variant, with the difference that the station B in the middle of the journey (30 minutes into the drive test) causes additional energy consumption during the vehicle stop. The simulations have shown that compared to the first variant tested a drive in the second variant could be carried out with an energy storage system of only half the original capacity, while in the third variant a storage system with only a quarter of the original capacity would be sufficient.
Bryk, KarolUrbański, PatrykGallas, DawidTarnawski, PiotrMichalak, PiotrStobnicki, Paweł
This document contains general criteria for the planning, design, and construction of military and commercial ground based aviation fueling facilities that receive, store, distribute, and dispense liquid aviation turbine fuels at airports to both fixed and rotary wing aircraft.
AE-5C Aviation Ground Fueling Systems Committee
The railway network is the backbone of the transportation system in India, connecting remote villages and towns with metropolitan cities across the country. Recent government initiatives aim to revamp and modernize the entire network by 2030 and the past couple of years have brought many changes to the rail system.
The present article analyzes the influence of the track and rail vehicle vibrations on the biodynamic human subject. A mathematical model of 47 degrees of freedom (DoF) human body-vehicle-track vibratory system is formulated for the analysis of ride behavior of the vehicle and human body system. The human body, vehicle, and track system are assigned 7 DoF, 37 DoF, and 3 DoF, respectively, and the system is formulated using Newton’s method. Stationary random irregularities of the track are accounted for in the analysis, represented by the power spectral density (PSD) function, and are used as an input to the system. The ride comfort of the rail vehicle is examined based on the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) comfort specifications. The biodynamic human subject, vehicle, and track system are evaluated independently and integrated to examine the response of one system due to the excitation of another.
Sharma, Rakesh ChandmalSharma, NeerajSingh, GurpreetPalli, Srihari
Multi-Machine Traction Drive Based on Parallel-Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Integrated with Regulating Differential Mechanisms: Topology and ControlSAE-PP-001809/17/2021
To improve dynamic performance and energy efficiency of railway vehicles, this paper investigates a new single-converter traction-drive system, in which both tractive and braking efforts of each wheel-axle can be controlled by an individual traction Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM). As the speed of each wheel-axle may differ from the others, an electrically controlled differential mechanism is put forward based on a servo-controlled epicyclic gear train which is added to each wheelset drive, removing the speed differences among the paralleled PMSMs. Besides, a cascaded controller is developed for the shared converter, regulating the speeds and the torques of parallel connected PMSMs. The reference voltages of the shared converter are extracted from the reference currents of the traction machines, through an intended collective current controller which works based on a suggested deadbeat predictive control method. Furthermore, to neutralize parameters mismatch and uncertainties in the system model used in the current controller, the reference currents of each PMSM are obtained separately by using a proposed sliding mode control scheme, in an individual speed control loop. Through these suggestions, the transient response of the drive controller can be improved during critical situations, especially under low adhesion conditions and in regenerative braking. Moreover, since all traction PMSMs in each bogie can be controlled by a shared converter, both volume and weight of rail-wagon can be reduced, and the installation costs be lowered. The accuracy and the robustness of the proposed multi-machine traction drive and its controller are demonstrated by both simulations and experimental results.
Mohammadi Pirouz, Hassan
This paper describes a system-level view of a fully automated transit system comprising a fleet of automated vehicles (AVs) in driverless operation, each with an SAE level 4 Automated Driving System, along with its related safety infrastructure and other system equipment. This AV system-level control is compared to the automatic train control system used in automated guideway transit technology, particularly that of communications-based train control (CBTC). Drawing from the safety principles, analysis methods, and risk assessments of CBTC systems, comparable functional subsystem definitions are proposed for AV fleets in driverless operation. With the prospect of multiple AV fleets operating within a single automated mobility district, the criticality of protecting roadway junctions requires an approach like that of automated fixed-guideway transit systems, in which a guideway switch zone “interlocking” at each junction location deconflicts railway traffic, affirming safe passage. The analogous AV protection safety subsystem is defined as fail-safe equipment that monitors roadway intersections and junctions, communicates traffic signal status, perceives and communicates alerts and signals to AV connected vehicles concerning potential unsafe conditions, and performs related primary safety functions. Conclusions are drawn that the AV protection roadway intersection functions must be performed by local roadside equipment dedicated to protecting each roadway intersection and junction. Further, it is concluded that the communications technology connecting the infrastructure with the vehicle to perform this vital, fail-safe protection should meet specific functional and performance criteria.
Lott, J. SamYoung, StanleyZhu, Lei
Under the action of strong wind, the aerodynamic behavior of a locomotive at high velocity changes significantly, which declines the safe operation of the vehicle. Using the shape of a locomotive used in India, the aerodynamic characteristics of a locomotive are investigated with the help of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation method, which is based on a variation of aerodynamics force and moment with wind speed, train speed, and nose shape. Moreover, determining a correlation between different design parameters and the aerodynamic drag requires complicated algorithms. In this paper, the objective is to optimize the locomotive drag and aerodynamics force using the multi-objective optimization method (MOOM). In this technique, the evolutionary algorithm, configuration parameterization method, and computer simulation are used The Pareto optimal results are determined by the calculation of 10th generation evolutionary with 512 individuals. The outcome of the analysis indicates that both the objectives are effectively optimized, which suggests that the optimization technique used in this research work efficiently enhances the optimization performance and matches the practical aspects.
Sharma, Sunil KumarSharma, Rakesh Chandmal
Petroleum products are used to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). Emissions and depletion of petroleum reserves are important questions that need to be answered to ensure existence of ICEs. Indian Railways (IR) operates diesel locomotives, which emit large volume of pollutants into the environment. IR is looking for an alternative to diesel for powering the Locomotives. Methanol has emerged as a replacement for petroleum fuels because it can be produced from renewable resources as well as from non-renewable resources in large quantities on a commercially viable scale. It has similar/superior physico-chemical properties, which reduce tailpipe emissions significantly. It is therefore necessary to understand the in-cylinder phenomenon in methanol fueled engines before its implementation on a large-scale. In this study, efforts have been made to understand the in-cylinder phenomenon in large-bore locomotive engines using CFD tools. 3-D model was prepared and validated using the experimental data of the baseline diesel. Afterward, this validated model was modified for 90% diesel replacement (on energy basis) by methanol in the engine by employing high pressure direct injection (HPDI) technique via a co-axial injector. Pilot diesel injection was used to ignite the methanol-air mixture. Optimized dimensions of co-axial injector obtained from 1-D simulation were used as primary inputs to the 3-D model. This study provided insights into complex combustion phenomenon of methanol-fueled locomotive engine using HPDI technique. 3-D model was used to understand spatial and temporal variations of different combustion parameters such as in-cylinder pressure variations, temperature variations, fuel-air mixing processes, etc. From the simulation study, it was concluded that locomotive engine fueled with methanol and pilot diesel shows more homogeneous fuel-air mixture compared to only diesel fueling. Also, the maximum in-cylinder temperature for methanol fueled locomotive was found significantly lesser vis-à-vis diesel-fueled which led to lesser NOx formation.
Kumar, DhananjayValera, HardikkAgarwal, Avinash Kumar
By my count, more than 40 new electric vehicles are due to enter the North American market in 2021-2022. They're just the tip of a pipeline loaded with many more EVs to come. How will consumers respond? The electrified onrush arrives in parallel with new U.S. president Joe Biden, whose agenda includes rejoining the Paris Climate Accord and proposed clean-energy and infrastructure initiatives worth $3.5 trillion. Included is his pledge to create 550,000 EV charging stations nationwide. Additionally, Biden's interconnected environmental and surface transportation plans (what we know of them so far) include zero-emissions public transit for every U.S. city of more than 100,000 residents and a tripling of funding for Amtrak's passenger-rail network. To be sure, the Democrat-led federal government will be “green” and regulatorily energized across the mobility fronts.
Brooke, Lindsay
Intake Air Conditioning for Fuel Cell Systems1285911/4/2020
As part of the rise of E-mobility, fuel cells continue to expand as an alternative powertrain option for a variety of industries (e.g. automotive, marine, locomotive, and material handling). At first glance, the requirements for a fuel cell (FC) air intake system are no different from a traditional internal combustion engine (ICE). The purpose in both powertrain systems is maximizing long driving range, with acceptable pressure losses. While these traditional objectives remain important, fuel cell powertrain requires additional protection & functionality to obtain best performance of the FC stack. The first is protection against the ambient environment. Tailpipe emissions, industrial exhaust and road dust contribute to small particles (PM1.0, PM10) with high concentrations and hazardous gases/ odors like NOx, SO2, H2S, Hydrocarbons, Ammonia. An ICE air intake system is well equipped to deal with the wear and tear of atmospheric particles but offers no protection against the poisonous gasses. Part one of this paper will discuss the harmful impact of these hazardous gases to the fuel cell stack and present filtration solution with chemical protection. The second is additional �air conditioning� required for the FC air intake system. For an ICE the humidity of the intake air is an input variable for the air/fuel mixture but is not necessary for combustion to occur. The opposite is true for a FC system; in order to maintain the chemical reaction the proton exchange membrane must retain moisture to achieve the best energy density and lifetime performance. The second part of this paper will discuss the effects of humidity on FC performance and present technology of a passive humidification effectiveness for FC systems. The conclusion of this paper will highlight the growing applications for FC systems, filtration technologies for air intake system to maintain high performance over the life of the Fuel Cell.
Holmgren, Robert
Circumstances of Railway Transport Hydrogenization in Poland126019/17/2020
Hydrogen Fuel-Cell (HFC) technology is popular in Asia (mainly Japan), the US (chiefly California) and Europe. HFC is mostly used in passenger cars and urban buses. HFC technology is also being introduced to railway transport. Hydrogen-powered trains are an attractive alternative to diesel trains, in particular on nonelectrified railways - where roughly 70% of the world?s 200 000 locomotives operate today - and in the markets of Europe and the US (together about 55 000 diesel locomotives today). Besides avoiding carbon emissions, hydrogen trains reduce noise and eliminate local emissions of NOX and particulates. Since they use significant amounts of hydrogen, the required infrastructure is limited and can be immediately utilised. Hydrogen-powered trains are already being introduced for light-rail vehicles and regional railways - such as the trams produced by the China South Rail Corporation. Other models, including regional trains by Alstom, are expected to be deployed in the coming years. By 2030, one in ten trains sold for currently nonelectrified railways could be powered by hydrogen, by 2050, one in five trains running on nonelectrified railways or one in ten trains overall could run on fuel cells. Presently, two Coradia Lint trains are operated in Germany. In Poland by the end of 2018, 19 235 km of railways were used, of which 7 341 km (38%) were nonelectrified lines, mostly single-track (63%). Commodity transport was performed with 1470 electrical locomotives, 2070 diesel locomotives and 170 other rail transport vehicles. The objective of the article is to analyse the rationality of introducing HFC technology in Poland e.g. in terms of reduced CO2 emissions, based on current French, Romania, Spanish and Dutch experiences in multiple units and Latvian, German and Polish in shunters or Estonian, German and Swedish in mainline locomotives. The case study presented in this article focuses primarily on reducing CO2 emissions from Multiple Units.
Orczyk, Małgorzata
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